ViewVC Help
View File | Revision Log | Show Annotations | Download File
/cvs/Coro/Coro.pm
(Generate patch)

Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.22 by root, Mon Jul 23 02:14:19 2001 UTC vs.
Revision 1.163 by root, Mon Dec 17 06:36:24 2007 UTC

6 6
7 use Coro; 7 use Coro;
8 8
9 async { 9 async {
10 # some asynchronous thread of execution 10 # some asynchronous thread of execution
11 print "2\n";
12 cede; # yield back to main
13 print "4\n";
11 }; 14 };
15 print "1\n";
16 cede; # yield to coroutine
17 print "3\n";
18 cede; # and again
12 19
13 # alternatively create an async process like this: 20 # use locking
21 my $lock = new Coro::Semaphore;
22 my $locked;
14 23
15 sub some_func : Coro { 24 $lock->down;
16 # some more async code 25 $locked = 1;
17 } 26 $lock->up;
18
19 cede;
20 27
21=head1 DESCRIPTION 28=head1 DESCRIPTION
22 29
23This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar to 30This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar
24Threads but don't run in parallel. 31to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP
32machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also
33guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
34necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
35parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
36safer than threads programming.
25 37
26This module is still experimental, see the BUGS section below. 38(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a
39very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This
40is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).
27 41
28In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables 42In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
29+ @_ + $_ + $@ + $^W), that is, a coroutine has it's own callchain, it's 43@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,
30own set of lexicals and it's own set of perl's most important global 44its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
31variables. 45variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration).
32
33WARNING: When using this module, make sure that, at program end, no
34coroutines are still running OR just call exit before falling off the
35end. The reason for this is that some coroutine of yours might have called
36into a C function, and falling off the end of main:: results in returning
37to that C function instead if to the main C interpreter.
38
39WARNING: Unless you really know what you are doing, do NOT do context
40switches inside callbacks from the XS level. The reason for this is
41similar to the reason above: A callback calls a perl function, this
42perl function does a context switch, some other callback is called, the
43original function returns from it - to what? To the wrong XS function,
44with totally different return values. Unfortunately, this includes
45callbacks done by perl itself (tie'd variables!).
46
47The only workaround for this is to do coroutines on C level.
48 46
49=cut 47=cut
50 48
51package Coro; 49package Coro;
52 50
51use strict;
52no warnings "uninitialized";
53
53use Coro::State; 54use Coro::State;
54 55
55use base Exporter; 56use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);
56 57
57$VERSION = 0.10; 58our $idle; # idle handler
59our $main; # main coroutine
60our $current; # current coroutine
58 61
62our $VERSION = '4.32';
63
59@EXPORT = qw(async cede schedule terminate current); 64our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);
60@EXPORT_OK = qw($current); 65our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
66 prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
67);
68our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
61 69
62{ 70{
63 my @async; 71 my @async;
72 my $init;
64 73
65 # this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;() 74 # this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
66 sub import { 75 sub import {
76 no strict 'refs';
77
67 Coro->export_to_level(1, @_); 78 Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
79
68 my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE}; 80 my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
69 *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub { 81 *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
70 my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift); 82 my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
71 my @attrs; 83 my @attrs;
72 for (@_) { 84 for (@_) {
73 if ($_ eq "Coro") { 85 if ($_ eq "Coro") {
74 push @async, $ref; 86 push @async, $ref;
87 unless ($init++) {
88 eval q{
89 sub INIT {
90 &async(pop @async) while @async;
91 }
92 };
93 }
75 } else { 94 } else {
76 push @attrs, $_; 95 push @attrs, $_;
77 } 96 }
78 } 97 }
79 return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs; 98 return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;
80 }; 99 };
81 } 100 }
82 101
83 sub INIT {
84 &async(pop @async) while @async;
85 }
86} 102}
103
104=over 4
87 105
88=item $main 106=item $main
89 107
90This coroutine represents the main program. 108This coroutine represents the main program.
91 109
92=cut 110=cut
93 111
94our $main = new Coro; 112$main = new Coro;
95 113
96=item $current (or as function: current) 114=item $current (or as function: current)
97 115
98The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value is C<$main> (of course). 116The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value
117is C<$main> (of course).
99 118
119This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance
120reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the
121C<Coro::current> function instead.
122
100=cut 123=cut
124
125$main->{desc} = "[main::]";
101 126
102# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before... 127# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
103if ($current) {
104 $main->{specific} = $current->{specific}; 128$main->{_specific} = $current->{_specific}
105} 129 if $current;
106 130
107our $current = $main; 131_set_current $main;
108 132
109sub current() { $current } 133sub current() { $current }
110 134
111=item $idle 135=item $idle
112 136
113The coroutine to switch to when no other coroutine is running. The default 137A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines
114implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and exits. 138to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and
139exits, because the program has no other way to continue.
115 140
116=cut 141This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and
142C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
143coroutine so the scheduler can run it.
117 144
118# should be done using priorities :( 145Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event
119our $idle = new Coro sub { 146handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively itself.
120 print STDERR "FATAL: deadlock detected\n"; 147
121 exit(51); 148=cut
149
150$idle = sub {
151 require Carp;
152 Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");
122}; 153};
123 154
124# we really need priorities... 155sub _cancel {
125my @ready; # the ready queue. hehe, rather broken ;) 156 my ($self) = @_;
157
158 # free coroutine data and mark as destructed
159 $self->_destroy
160 or return;
161
162 # call all destruction callbacks
163 $_->(@{$self->{_status}})
164 for @{(delete $self->{_on_destroy}) || []};
165}
166
167# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine
168# cannot destroy itself.
169my @destroy;
170my $manager;
171
172$manager = new Coro sub {
173 while () {
174 (shift @destroy)->_cancel
175 while @destroy;
176
177 &schedule;
178 }
179};
180$manager->desc ("[coro manager]");
181$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
126 182
127# static methods. not really. 183# static methods. not really.
128 184
185=back
186
129=head2 STATIC METHODS 187=head2 STATIC METHODS
130 188
131Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current process only. 189Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only.
132 190
133=over 4 191=over 4
134 192
135=item async { ... } [@args...] 193=item async { ... } [@args...]
136 194
137Create a new asynchronous process and return it's process object 195Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object
138(usually unused). When the sub returns the new process is automatically 196(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically
139terminated. 197terminated.
198
199See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coroutine
200environment in which coroutines run.
201
202Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside
203the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,
204just as it would in the main program.
140 205
141 # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments 206 # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments
142 async { 207 async {
143 print "@_\n"; 208 print "@_\n";
144 } 1,2,3,4; 209 } 1,2,3,4;
145 210
146The coderef you submit MUST NOT be a closure that refers to variables
147in an outer scope. This does NOT work. Pass arguments into it instead.
148
149=cut 211=cut
150 212
151sub async(&@) { 213sub async(&@) {
152 my $pid = new Coro @_; 214 my $coro = new Coro @_;
153 $pid->ready; 215 $coro->ready;
154 $pid; 216 $coro
217}
218
219=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]
220
221Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call
222terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine
223that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).
224
225Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
226issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
227C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
228will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
229which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.
230
231The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, tracing will be
232disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle
233gets restored, so you can change alkl these. Otherwise the coroutine will
234be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coroutine global
235stuff such as C<$/> you need to revert that change, which is most simply
236done by using local as in C< local $/ >.
237
238The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by
239changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as
240required.
241
242If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a
243single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool
244{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In
245addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb
246(adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit.
247
248=cut
249
250our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
251our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024;
252our @async_pool;
253
254sub pool_handler {
255 my $cb;
256
257 while () {
258 eval {
259 while () {
260 _pool_1 $cb;
261 &$cb;
262 _pool_2 $cb;
263 &schedule;
264 }
265 };
266
267 last if $@ eq "\3async_pool terminate\2\n";
268 warn $@ if $@;
269 }
270}
271
272sub async_pool(&@) {
273 # this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
274 my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
275
276 $coro->{_invoke} = [@_];
277 $coro->ready;
278
279 $coro
155} 280}
156 281
157=item schedule 282=item schedule
158 283
159Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current process will not be put 284Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put
160into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will 285into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will
161never be called again. 286never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls
287ready.
162 288
163=cut 289The canonical way to wait on external events is this:
164 290
165my $prev; 291 {
292 # remember current coroutine
293 my $current = $Coro::current;
166 294
167sub schedule { 295 # register a hypothetical event handler
168 # should be done using priorities :( 296 on_event_invoke sub {
169 ($prev, $current) = ($current, shift @ready || $idle); 297 # wake up sleeping coroutine
170 Coro::State::transfer($prev, $current); 298 $current->ready;
171} 299 undef $current;
300 };
301
302 # call schedule until event occurred.
303 # in case we are woken up for other reasons
304 # (current still defined), loop.
305 Coro::schedule while $current;
306 }
172 307
173=item cede 308=item cede
174 309
175"Cede" to other processes. This function puts the current process into the 310"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the
176ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the 311ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the
177current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority. 312current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.
178 313
179=cut 314=item Coro::cede_notself
180 315
181sub cede { 316Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any
182 $current->ready; 317coroutine, regardless of priority, once.
183 &schedule;
184}
185 318
186=item terminate 319=item terminate [arg...]
187 320
188Terminates the current process. 321Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
189 322
190Future versions of this function will allow result arguments. 323=item killall
324
325Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running
326one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as
327usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines.
191 328
192=cut 329=cut
193 330
194sub terminate { 331sub terminate {
195 my $self = $current; 332 $current->cancel (@_);
196 $self->{_results} = [@_]; 333}
197 $current = shift @ready || $idle; 334
198 Coro::State::transfer(delete $self->{_coro_state}, $current); 335sub killall {
199 # cannot return 336 for (Coro::State::list) {
200 die; 337 $_->cancel
338 if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro";
339 }
201} 340}
202 341
203=back 342=back
204 343
205# dynamic methods 344# dynamic methods
206 345
207=head2 PROCESS METHODS 346=head2 COROUTINE METHODS
208 347
209These are the methods you can call on process objects. 348These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.
210 349
211=over 4 350=over 4
212 351
213=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...] 352=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]
214 353
215Create a new process and return it. When the sub returns the process 354Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine
216automatically terminates. To start the process you must first put it into 355automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
356called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue
217the ready queue by calling the ready method. 357by calling the ready method.
218 358
219The coderef you submit MUST NOT be a closure that refers to variables 359See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the
220in an outer scope. This does NOT work. Pass arguments into it instead. 360coroutine environment.
221 361
222=cut 362=cut
223 363
224sub _newcoro { 364sub _run_coro {
225 terminate &{+shift}; 365 terminate &{+shift};
226} 366}
227 367
228sub new { 368sub new {
229 my $class = shift; 369 my $class = shift;
230 bless {
231 _coro_state => (new Coro::State $_[0] && \&_newcoro, @_),
232 }, $class;
233}
234 370
235=item $process->ready 371 $class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
372}
236 373
237Put the current process into the ready queue. 374=item $success = $coroutine->ready
238 375
239=cut 376Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)
377and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing
378and return false.
240 379
241sub ready { 380=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready
242 push @ready, $_[0]; 381
382Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,
383
384=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)
385
386Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as
387status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the
388current coroutine.
389
390=cut
391
392sub cancel {
393 my $self = shift;
394 $self->{_status} = [@_];
395
396 if ($current == $self) {
397 push @destroy, $self;
398 $manager->ready;
399 &schedule while 1;
400 } else {
401 $self->_cancel;
402 }
403}
404
405=item $coroutine->join
406
407Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
408C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently
409from multiple coroutines.
410
411=cut
412
413sub join {
414 my $self = shift;
415
416 unless ($self->{_status}) {
417 my $current = $current;
418
419 push @{$self->{_on_destroy}}, sub {
420 $current->ready;
421 undef $current;
422 };
423
424 &schedule while $current;
425 }
426
427 wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0];
428}
429
430=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)
431
432Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,
433but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
434if any.
435
436=cut
437
438sub on_destroy {
439 my ($self, $cb) = @_;
440
441 push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb;
442}
443
444=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)
445
446Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
447coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority
448coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),
449that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio
450to get then):
451
452 PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN
453 3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4
454
455 # set priority to HIGH
456 current->prio(PRIO_HIGH);
457
458The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any
459existing coroutine.
460
461Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately,
462but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not
463running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that
464coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version.
465
466=item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change)
467
468Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.
469higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).
470
471=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)
472
473Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
474coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.
475
476This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given string. You
477can modify this member directly if you wish.
478
479=item $coroutine->throw ([$scalar])
480
481If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception
482inside the coroutine at the next convinient point in time (usually after
483it gains control at the next schedule/transfer/cede). Otherwise clears the
484exception object.
485
486The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in
487C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended
488(unlike with C<die>).
489
490This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coroutine to
491end itself, although there is no guarentee that the exception will lead to
492termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole
493program.
494
495=cut
496
497sub desc {
498 my $old = $_[0]{desc};
499 $_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
500 $old;
243} 501}
244 502
245=back 503=back
246 504
505=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
506
507=over 4
508
509=item Coro::nready
510
511Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,
512i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable
513coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,
514and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler
515that wakes up some coroutines.
516
517=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
518
519This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object
520gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be
521executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a
522runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the
523guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method,
524C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed.
525
526Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled
527or the function returns:
528
529 sub do_something {
530 my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 };
531 $busy = 1;
532
533 # do something that requires $busy to be true
534 }
535
536=cut
537
538sub guard(&) {
539 bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard"
540}
541
542sub Coro::guard::cancel {
543 ${$_[0]} = sub { };
544}
545
546sub Coro::guard::DESTROY {
547 ${$_[0]}->();
548}
549
550
551=item unblock_sub { ... }
552
553This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
554returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return
555immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code
556ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.
557
558The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the
559venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form
560of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
561otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.
562
563This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
564coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy
565is when you use the L<Coro::AIO|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to
566disk.
567
568In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
569creating event callbacks that want to block.
570
571=cut
572
573our @unblock_queue;
574
575# we create a special coro because we want to cede,
576# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks
577# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
578# inside an event callback.
579our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {
580 while () {
581 while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
582 # this is an inlined copy of async_pool
583 my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
584
585 $coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
586 $coro->ready;
587 cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
588 }
589 schedule; # sleep well
590 }
591};
592$unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]");
593
594sub unblock_sub(&) {
595 my $cb = shift;
596
597 sub {
598 unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
599 $unblock_scheduler->ready;
600 }
601}
602
603=back
604
247=cut 605=cut
248 606
2491; 6071;
250 608
251=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS 609=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS
252 610
253 - could be faster, especially when the core would introduce special 611 - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global
254 support for coroutines (like it does for threads). 612 destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
255 - there is still a memleak on coroutine termination that I could not 613
256 identify. Could be as small as a single SV.
257 - this module is not well-tested.
258 - if variables or arguments "disappear" (become undef) or become
259 corrupted please contact the author so he cen iron out the
260 remaining bugs.
261 - this module is not thread-safe. You must only ever use this module from 614 - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module
262 the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future to 615 from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future
263 allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow this). 616 to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
617 this).
264 618
265=head1 SEE ALSO 619=head1 SEE ALSO
266 620
267L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, 621Lower level Configuration, Coroutine Environment: L<Coro::State>.
268L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Event>. 622
623Debugging: L<Coro::Debug>.
624
625Support/Utility: L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Util>.
626
627Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
628
629Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>.
630
631Compatibility: L<Coro::LWP>, L<Coro::Storable>, L<Coro::Select>.
632
633Embedding: L<Coro::MakeMaker>.
269 634
270=head1 AUTHOR 635=head1 AUTHOR
271 636
272 Marc Lehmann <pcg@goof.com> 637 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
273 http://www.goof.com/pcg/marc/ 638 http://home.schmorp.de/
274 639
275=cut 640=cut
276 641

Diff Legend

Removed lines
+ Added lines
< Changed lines
> Changed lines