[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/Coro/Coro.pm

Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.20 by root, Sat Jul 21 18:21:45 2001 UTC vs.
Revision 1.128 by root, Wed Sep 19 21:39:15 2007 UTC

…		…
8		8
9	async {	9	async {
10	# some asynchronous thread of execution	10	# some asynchronous thread of execution
11	};	11	};
12		12
13	# alternatively create an async process like this:	13	# alternatively create an async coroutine like this:
14		14
15	sub some_func : Coro {	15	sub some_func : Coro {
16	# some more async code	16	# some more async code
17	}	17	}
18		18
19	yield;	19	cede;
20		20
21	=head1 DESCRIPTION	21	=head1 DESCRIPTION
22		22
23	This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar to	23	This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar
24	Threads but don't run in parallel.	24	to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP
		25	machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also
		26	guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
		27	necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
		28	parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
		29	safer than threads programming.
25		30
26	This module is still experimental, see the BUGS section below.	31	(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a
		32	very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This
		33	is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).
27		34
28	In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables	35	In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
29	+ @_ + $_ + $@ + $^W), that is, a coroutine has it's own callchain, it's	36	@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,
30	own set of lexicals and it's own set of perl's most important global	37	its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
31	variables.	38	variables.
32		39
33	=cut	40	=cut
34		41
35	package Coro;	42	package Coro;
36		43
		44	use strict;
		45	no warnings "uninitialized";
		46
37	use Coro::State;	47	use Coro::State;
38		48
39	use base Exporter;	49	use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);
40		50
41	$VERSION = 0.10;	51	our $idle; # idle handler
		52	our $main; # main coroutine
		53	our $current; # current coroutine
42		54
		55	our $VERSION = '3.7';
		56
43	@EXPORT = qw(async yield schedule terminate current);	57	our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);
44	@EXPORT_OK = qw($current);	58	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
		59	prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
		60	);
		61	our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
45		62
46	{	63	{
47	my @async;	64	my @async;
		65	my $init;
48		66
49	# this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()	67	# this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
50	sub import {	68	sub import {
		69	no strict 'refs';
		70
51	Coro->export_to_level(1, @_);	71	Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
		72
52	my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};	73	my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
53	*{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {	74	*{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
54	my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);	75	my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
55	my @attrs;	76	my @attrs;
56	for (@_) {	77	for (@_) {
57	if ($_ eq "Coro") {	78	if ($_ eq "Coro") {
58	push @async, $ref;	79	push @async, $ref;
		80	unless ($init++) {
		81	eval q{
		82	sub INIT {
		83	&async(pop @async) while @async;
		84	}
		85	};
		86	}
59	} else {	87	} else {
60	push @attrs, $_;	88	push @attrs, $_;
61	}	89	}
62	}	90	}
63	return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;	91	return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;
64	};	92	};
65	}	93	}
66		94
67	sub INIT {
68	&async(pop @async) while @async;
69	}
70	}	95	}
		96
		97	=over 4
71		98
72	=item $main	99	=item $main
73		100
74	This coroutine represents the main program.	101	This coroutine represents the main program.
75		102
76	=cut	103	=cut
77		104
78	our $main = new Coro;	105	$main = new Coro;
79		106
80	=item $current (or as function: current)	107	=item $current (or as function: current)
81		108
82	The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value is C<$main> (of course).	109	The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value
		110	is C<$main> (of course).
		111
		112	This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance
		113	reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the
		114	C<Coro::current> function instead.
83		115
84	=cut	116	=cut
85		117
86	# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...	118	# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
87	if ($current) {
88	$main->{specific} = $current->{specific};	119	$main->{specific} = $current->{specific}
89	}	120	if $current;
90		121
91	our $current = $main;	122	_set_current $main;
92		123
93	sub current() { $current }	124	sub current() { $current }
94		125
95	=item $idle	126	=item $idle
96		127
97	The coroutine to switch to when no other coroutine is running. The default	128	A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines
98	implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and exits.	129	to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and
		130	exits, because the program has no other way to continue.
99		131
100	=cut	132	This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and
		133	C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
		134	coroutine so the scheduler can run it.
101		135
102	# should be done using priorities :(	136	Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event
103	our $idle = new Coro sub {	137	handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively.
104	print STDERR "FATAL: deadlock detected\n";	138
105	exit(51);	139	=cut
		140
		141	$idle = sub {
		142	require Carp;
		143	Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");
106	};	144	};
107		145
108	# we really need priorities...	146	sub _cancel {
109	my @ready; # the ready queue. hehe, rather broken ;)	147	my ($self) = @_;
		148
		149	# free coroutine data and mark as destructed
		150	$self->_destroy
		151	or return;
		152
		153	# call all destruction callbacks
		154	$_->(@{$self->{status}})
		155	for @{(delete $self->{destroy_cb}) \|\| []};
		156	}
		157
		158	# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine
		159	# cannot destroy itself.
		160	my @destroy;
		161	my $manager;
		162
		163	$manager = new Coro sub {
		164	while () {
		165	(shift @destroy)->_cancel
		166	while @destroy;
		167
		168	&schedule;
		169	}
		170	};
		171
		172	$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
110		173
111	# static methods. not really.	174	# static methods. not really.
112		175
		176	=back
		177
113	=head2 STATIC METHODS	178	=head2 STATIC METHODS
114		179
115	Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current process only.	180	Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only.
116		181
117	=over 4	182	=over 4
118		183
119	=item async { ... } [@args...]	184	=item async { ... } [@args...]
120		185
121	Create a new asynchronous process and return it's process object	186	Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object
122	(usually unused). When the sub returns the new process is automatically	187	(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically
123	terminated.	188	terminated.
		189
		190	Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside
		191	the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,
		192	just as it would in the main program.
124		193
125	# create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments	194	# create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments
126	async {	195	async {
127	print "@_\n";	196	print "@_\n";
128	} 1,2,3,4;	197	} 1,2,3,4;
129		198
130	The coderef you submit MUST NOT be a closure that refers to variables
131	in an outer scope. This does NOT work. Pass arguments into it instead.
132
133	=cut	199	=cut
134		200
135	sub async(&@) {	201	sub async(&@) {
136	my $pid = new Coro @_;	202	my $coro = new Coro @_;
137	$pid->ready;	203	$coro->ready;
138	$pid;	204	$coro
		205	}
		206
		207	=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]
		208
		209	Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call
		210	terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine
		211	that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).
		212
		213	Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
		214	issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
		215	C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
		216	will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
		217	which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.
		218
		219	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, otherwise the coroutine
		220	will be re-used "as-is".
		221
		222	The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by
		223	changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as
		224	required.
		225
		226	If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a
		227	single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool {
		228	terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool.
		229
		230	=cut
		231
		232	our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
		233	our @pool;
		234
		235	sub pool_handler {
		236	while () {
		237	eval {
		238	my ($cb, @arg) = @{ delete $current->{_invoke} or return };
		239	$cb->(@arg);
		240	};
		241	warn $@ if $@;
		242
		243	last if @pool >= $POOL_SIZE;
		244	push @pool, $current;
		245
		246	$current->save (Coro::State::SAVE_DEF);
		247	$current->prio (0);
		248	schedule;
		249	}
		250	}
		251
		252	sub async_pool(&@) {
		253	# this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
		254	my $coro = (pop @pool) \|\| do {
		255	my $coro = new Coro \&pool_handler;
		256	$coro->{desc} = "async_pool";
		257	$coro
		258	};
		259
		260	$coro->{_invoke} = [@_];
		261	$coro->ready;
		262
		263	$coro
139	}	264	}
140		265
141	=item schedule	266	=item schedule
142		267
143	Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current process will not be put	268	Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put
144	into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will	269	into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will
145	never be called again.	270	never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls
		271	ready.
146		272
147	=cut	273	The canonical way to wait on external events is this:
148		274
149	my $prev;	275	{
		276	# remember current coroutine
		277	my $current = $Coro::current;
150		278
151	sub schedule {	279	# register a hypothetical event handler
152	# should be done using priorities :(	280	on_event_invoke sub {
153	($prev, $current) = ($current, shift @ready \|\| $idle);	281	# wake up sleeping coroutine
154	Coro::State::transfer($prev, $current);
155	}
156
157	=item yield
158
159	Yield to other processes. This function puts the current process into the
160	ready queue and calls C<schedule>.
161
162	=cut
163
164	sub yield {
165	$current->ready;	282	$current->ready;
166	&schedule;	283	undef $current;
167	}	284	};
168		285
		286	# call schedule until event occurred.
		287	# in case we are woken up for other reasons
		288	# (current still defined), loop.
		289	Coro::schedule while $current;
		290	}
		291
		292	=item cede
		293
		294	"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the
		295	ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the
		296	current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.
		297
		298	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
		299
		300	=item Coro::cede_notself
		301
		302	Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any
		303	coroutine, regardless of priority, once.
		304
		305	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
		306
169	=item terminate	307	=item terminate [arg...]
170		308
171	Terminates the current process.	309	Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
172
173	Future versions of this function will allow result arguments.
174		310
175	=cut	311	=cut
176		312
177	sub terminate {	313	sub terminate {
178	$current->{_results} = [@_];	314	$current->cancel (@_);
179	&schedule;
180	}	315	}
181		316
182	=back	317	=back
183		318
184	# dynamic methods	319	# dynamic methods
185		320
186	=head2 PROCESS METHODS	321	=head2 COROUTINE METHODS
187		322
188	These are the methods you can call on process objects.	323	These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.
189		324
190	=over 4	325	=over 4
191		326
192	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]	327	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]
193		328
194	Create a new process and return it. When the sub returns the process	329	Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine
195	automatically terminates. To start the process you must first put it into	330	automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
		331	called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue
196	the ready queue by calling the ready method.	332	by calling the ready method.
197		333
198	The coderef you submit MUST NOT be a closure that refers to variables	334	See C<async> for additional discussion.
199	in an outer scope. This does NOT work. Pass arguments into it instead.
200		335
201	=cut	336	=cut
202		337
203	sub _newcoro {	338	sub _run_coro {
204	terminate &{+shift};	339	terminate &{+shift};
205	}	340	}
206		341
207	sub new {	342	sub new {
208	my $class = shift;	343	my $class = shift;
209	bless {
210	_coro_state => (new Coro::State $_[0] && \&_newcoro, @_),
211	}, $class;
212	}
213		344
214	=item $process->ready	345	$class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
		346	}
215		347
216	Put the current process into the ready queue.	348	=item $success = $coroutine->ready
217		349
218	=cut	350	Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)
		351	and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing
		352	and return false.
219		353
220	sub ready {	354	=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready
221	push @ready, $_[0];	355
		356	Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,
		357
		358	=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)
		359
		360	Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as
		361	status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the
		362	current coroutine.
		363
		364	=cut
		365
		366	sub cancel {
		367	my $self = shift;
		368	$self->{status} = [@_];
		369
		370	if ($current == $self) {
		371	push @destroy, $self;
		372	$manager->ready;
		373	&schedule while 1;
		374	} else {
		375	$self->_cancel;
		376	}
		377	}
		378
		379	=item $coroutine->join
		380
		381	Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
		382	C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called multiple times
		383	from multiple coroutine.
		384
		385	=cut
		386
		387	sub join {
		388	my $self = shift;
		389
		390	unless ($self->{status}) {
		391	my $current = $current;
		392
		393	push @{$self->{destroy_cb}}, sub {
		394	$current->ready;
		395	undef $current;
		396	};
		397
		398	&schedule while $current;
		399	}
		400
		401	wantarray ? @{$self->{status}} : $self->{status}[0];
		402	}
		403
		404	=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)
		405
		406	Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,
		407	but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
		408	if any.
		409
		410	=cut
		411
		412	sub on_destroy {
		413	my ($self, $cb) = @_;
		414
		415	push @{ $self->{destroy_cb} }, $cb;
		416	}
		417
		418	=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)
		419
		420	Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
		421	coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority
		422	coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),
		423	that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio
		424	to get then):
		425
		426	PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN
		427	3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4
		428
		429	# set priority to HIGH
		430	current->prio(PRIO_HIGH);
		431
		432	The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any
		433	existing coroutine.
		434
		435	Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately,
		436	but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not
		437	running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that
		438	coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version.
		439
		440	=item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change)
		441
		442	Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.
		443	higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).
		444
		445	=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)
		446
		447	Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
		448	coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.
		449
		450	=cut
		451
		452	sub desc {
		453	my $old = $_[0]{desc};
		454	$_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
		455	$old;
222	}	456	}
223		457
224	=back	458	=back
225		459
		460	=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
		461
		462	=over 4
		463
		464	=item Coro::nready
		465
		466	Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,
		467	i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable
		468	coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,
		469	and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler
		470	that wakes up some coroutines.
		471
		472	=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
		473
		474	This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object
		475	gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be
		476	executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a
		477	runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the
		478	guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method,
		479	C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed.
		480
		481	Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled
		482	or the function returns:
		483
		484	sub do_something {
		485	my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 };
		486	$busy = 1;
		487
		488	# do something that requires $busy to be true
		489	}
		490
		491	=cut
		492
		493	sub guard(&) {
		494	bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard"
		495	}
		496
		497	sub Coro::guard::cancel {
		498	${$_[0]} = sub { };
		499	}
		500
		501	sub Coro::guard::DESTROY {
		502	${$_[0]}->();
		503	}
		504
		505
		506	=item unblock_sub { ... }
		507
		508	This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
		509	returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return
		510	immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code
		511	ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.
		512
		513	The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the
		514	venerable L<Event\|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form
		515	of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
		516	otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.
		517
		518	This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
		519	coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy
		520	is when you use the L<Coro::AIO\|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to
		521	disk.
		522
		523	In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
		524	creating event callbacks that want to block.
		525
		526	=cut
		527
		528	our @unblock_queue;
		529
		530	# we create a special coro because we want to cede,
		531	# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks
		532	# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
		533	# inside an event callback.
		534	our $unblock_scheduler = async {
		535	while () {
		536	while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
		537	# this is an inlined copy of async_pool
		538	my $coro = (pop @pool or new Coro \&pool_handler);
		539
		540	$coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
		541	$coro->ready;
		542	cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
		543	}
		544	schedule; # sleep well
		545	}
		546	};
		547
		548	sub unblock_sub(&) {
		549	my $cb = shift;
		550
		551	sub {
		552	unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
		553	$unblock_scheduler->ready;
		554	}
		555	}
		556
		557	=back
		558
226	=cut	559	=cut
227		560
228	1;	561	1;
229		562
230	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS	563	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS
231		564
232	- could be faster, especially when the core would introduce special	565	- you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global
233	support for coroutines (like it does for threads).	566	destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
234	- there is still a memleak on coroutine termination that I could not	567
235	identify. Could be as small as a single SV.
236	- this module is not well-tested.
237	- if variables or arguments "disappear" (become undef) or become
238	corrupted please contact the author so he cen iron out the
239	remaining bugs.
240	- this module is not thread-safe. You must only ever use this module from	568	- this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module
241	the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future to	569	from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future
242	allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow this).	570	to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
		571	this).
243		572
244	=head1 SEE ALSO	573	=head1 SEE ALSO
245		574
246	L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Semaphore>,	575	Support/Utility: L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Util>.
247	L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Event>.	576
		577	Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
		578
		579	Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::Select>.
		580
		581	Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker>
248		582
249	=head1 AUTHOR	583	=head1 AUTHOR
250		584
251	Marc Lehmann <pcg@goof.com>	585	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
252	http://www.goof.com/pcg/marc/	586	http://home.schmorp.de/
253		587
254	=cut	588	=cut
255		589

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Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents): Revision 1.20 by root, Sat Jul 21 18:21:45 2001 UTC vs. Revision 1.128 by root, Wed Sep 19 21:39:15 2007 UTC

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Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.20 by root, Sat Jul 21 18:21:45 2001 UTC vs.
Revision 1.128 by root, Wed Sep 19 21:39:15 2007 UTC