[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/Coro/Coro.pm

Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.146 by root, Wed Oct 3 17:37:33 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.234 by root, Fri Nov 21 06:52:10 2008 UTC

…		…
1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	Coro - coroutine process abstraction	3	Coro - the real perl threads
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use Coro;	7	use Coro;
8		8
9	async {	9	async {
10	# some asynchronous thread of execution	10	# some asynchronous thread of execution
		11	print "2\n";
		12	cede; # yield back to main
		13	print "4\n";
11	};	14	};
12		15	print "1\n";
13	# alternatively create an async coroutine like this:	16	cede; # yield to coroutine
14		17	print "3\n";
15	sub some_func : Coro {	18	cede; # and again
16	# some more async code	19
17	}	20	# use locking
18		21	use Coro::Semaphore;
19	cede;	22	my $lock = new Coro::Semaphore;
		23	my $locked;
		24
		25	$lock->down;
		26	$locked = 1;
		27	$lock->up;
20		28
21	=head1 DESCRIPTION	29	=head1 DESCRIPTION
22		30
23	This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar	31	This module collection manages coroutines, that is, cooperative
24	to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP	32	threads. Coroutines are similar to kernel threads but don't (in general)
25	machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also	33	run in parallel at the same time even on SMP machines. The specific flavor
26	guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless	34	of coroutine used in this module also guarantees you that it will not
27	necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and	35	switch between coroutines unless necessary, at easily-identified points
28	parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much	36	in your program, so locking and parallel access are rarely an issue,
29	safer than threads programming.	37	making coroutine programming much safer and easier than using other thread
		38	models.
30		39
31	(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a	40	Unlike the so-called "Perl threads" (which are not actually real threads
32	very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This	41	but only the windows process emulation ported to unix), Coro provides a
33	is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).	42	full shared address space, which makes communication between coroutines
		43	very easy. And coroutines are fast, too: disabling the Windows process
		44	emulation code in your perl and using Coro can easily result in a two to
		45	four times speed increase for your programs.
34		46
		47	Coro achieves that by supporting multiple running interpreters that share
		48	data, which is especially useful to code pseudo-parallel processes and
		49	for event-based programming, such as multiple HTTP-GET requests running
		50	concurrently. See L<Coro::AnyEvent> to learn more on how to integrate Coro
		51	into an event-based environment.
		52
35	In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +	53	In this module, a coroutines is defined as "callchain + lexical variables
36	@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,	54	+ @_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own
37	its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global	55	callchain, its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important
38	variables.	56	global variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration and background
		57	info).
		58
		59	See also the C<SEE ALSO> section at the end of this document - the Coro
		60	module family is quite large.
39		61
40	=cut	62	=cut
41		63
42	package Coro;	64	package Coro;
43		65
44	use strict;	66	use strict qw(vars subs);
45	no warnings "uninitialized";	67	no warnings "uninitialized";
46		68
47	use Coro::State;	69	use Coro::State;
48		70
49	use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);	71	use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);
50		72
51	our $idle; # idle handler	73	our $idle; # idle handler
52	our $main; # main coroutine	74	our $main; # main coroutine
53	our $current; # current coroutine	75	our $current; # current coroutine
54		76
55	our $VERSION = '4.0';	77	our $VERSION = "5.0";
56		78
57	our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);	79	our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);
58	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (	80	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
59	prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],	81	prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
60	);	82	);
61	our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));	83	our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
62		84
63	{	85	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES
64	my @async;
65	my $init;
66
67	# this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
68	sub import {
69	no strict 'refs';
70
71	Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
72
73	my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
74	*{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
75	my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
76	my @attrs;
77	for (@_) {
78	if ($_ eq "Coro") {
79	push @async, $ref;
80	unless ($init++) {
81	eval q{
82	sub INIT {
83	&async(pop @async) while @async;
84	}
85	};
86	}
87	} else {
88	push @attrs, $_;
89	}
90	}
91	return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;
92	};
93	}
94
95	}
96		86
97	=over 4	87	=over 4
98		88
99	=item $main	89	=item $Coro::main
100		90
101	This coroutine represents the main program.	91	This variable stores the coroutine object that represents the main
		92	program. While you cna C<ready> it and do most other things you can do to
		93	coroutines, it is mainly useful to compare again C<$Coro::current>, to see
		94	whether you are running in the main program or not.
102		95
103	=cut	96	=cut
104		97
105	$main = new Coro;	98	# $main is now being initialised by Coro::State
106		99
107	=item $current (or as function: current)	100	=item $Coro::current
108		101
109	The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value	102	The coroutine object representing the current coroutine (the last
		103	coroutine that the Coro scheduler switched to). The initial value is
110	is C<$main> (of course).	104	C<$Coro::main> (of course).
111		105
112	This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance	106	This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. You can take copies of the
113	reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the	107	value stored in it and use it as any other coroutine object, but you must
114	C<Coro::current> function instead.	108	not otherwise modify the variable itself.
115		109
116	=cut	110	=cut
117		111
118	$main->{desc} = "[main::]";
119
120	# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
121	$main->{_specific} = $current->{_specific}
122	if $current;
123
124	_set_current $main;
125
126	sub current() { $current }	112	sub current() { $current } # [DEPRECATED]
127		113
128	=item $idle	114	=item $Coro::idle
129		115
130	A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines	116	This variable is mainly useful to integrate Coro into event loops. It is
131	to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and	117	usually better to rely on L<Coro::AnyEvent> or LC<Coro::EV>, as this is
132	exits, because the program has no other way to continue.	118	pretty low-level functionality.
		119
		120	This variable stores a callback that is called whenever the scheduler
		121	finds no ready coroutines to run. The default implementation prints
		122	"FATAL: deadlock detected" and exits, because the program has no other way
		123	to continue.
133		124
134	This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and	125	This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and
135	C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a	126	C<Coro::AnyEvent> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
136	coroutine so the scheduler can run it.	127	coroutine so the scheduler can run it.
137		128
		129	Note that the callback I<must not>, under any circumstances, block
		130	the current coroutine. Normally, this is achieved by having an "idle
		131	coroutine" that calls the event loop and then blocks again, and then
		132	readying that coroutine in the idle handler.
		133
		134	See L<Coro::Event> or L<Coro::AnyEvent> for examples of using this
		135	technique.
		136
138	Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event	137	Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event
139	handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively.	138	handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively itself.
140		139
141	=cut	140	=cut
142		141
143	$idle = sub {	142	$idle = sub {
144	require Carp;	143	require Carp;
145	Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");	144	Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");
146	};	145	};
147		146
148	sub _cancel {
149	my ($self) = @_;
150
151	# free coroutine data and mark as destructed
152	$self->_destroy
153	or return;
154
155	# call all destruction callbacks
156	$_->(@{$self->{_status}})
157	for @{(delete $self->{_on_destroy}) \|\| []};
158	}
159
160	# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine	147	# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine
161	# cannot destroy itself.	148	# cannot destroy itself.
162	my @destroy;	149	our @destroy;
163	my $manager;	150	our $manager;
164		151
165	$manager = new Coro sub {	152	$manager = new Coro sub {
166	while () {	153	while () {
167	(shift @destroy)->_cancel	154	Coro::_cancel shift @destroy
168	while @destroy;	155	while @destroy;
169		156
170	&schedule;	157	&schedule;
171	}	158	}
172	};	159	};
173	$manager->desc ("[coro manager]");	160	$manager->{desc} = "[coro manager]";
174	$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);	161	$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
175		162
176	# static methods. not really.
177
178	=back	163	=back
179		164
180	=head2 STATIC METHODS	165	=head1 SIMPLE COROUTINE CREATION
181
182	Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only.
183		166
184	=over 4	167	=over 4
185		168
186	=item async { ... } [@args...]	169	=item async { ... } [@args...]
187		170
188	Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object	171	Create a new coroutine and return it's coroutine object (usually
189	(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically	172	unused). The coroutine will be put into the ready queue, so
		173	it will start running automatically on the next scheduler run.
		174
		175	The first argument is a codeblock/closure that should be executed in the
		176	coroutine. When it returns argument returns the coroutine is automatically
190	terminated.	177	terminated.
191		178
		179	The remaining arguments are passed as arguments to the closure.
		180
192	See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coroutine	181	See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coroutine
193	environment.	182	environment in which coroutines are executed.
194		183
195	Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside	184	Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside
196	the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,	185	the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,
197	just as it would in the main program.	186	just as it would in the main program.
198		187
		188	If you do not want that, you can provide a default C<die> handler, or
		189	simply avoid dieing (by use of C<eval>).
		190
199	# create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments	191	Example: Create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments.
		192
200	async {	193	async {
201	print "@_\n";	194	print "@_\n";
202	} 1,2,3,4;	195	} 1,2,3,4;
203		196
204	=cut	197	=cut
210	}	203	}
211		204
212	=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]	205	=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]
213		206
214	Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call	207	Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call
215	terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine	208	terminate or join on it (although you are allowed to), and you get a
216	that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).	209	coroutine that might have executed other code already (which can be good
		210	or bad :).
217		211
		212	On the plus side, this function is about twice as fast as creating (and
		213	destroying) a completely new coroutine, so if you need a lot of generic
		214	coroutines in quick successsion, use C<async_pool>, not C<async>.
		215
218	Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be	216	The code block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
219	issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as	217	issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
220	C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>	218	C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
221	will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,	219	will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
222	which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.	220	which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling (but is fine in the
		221	exceptional case).
223		222
224	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, tracing will be	223	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each run, tracing will be
225	disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle	224	disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle
226	gets restored, so you can change alkl these. Otherwise the coroutine will	225	gets restored, so you can change all these. Otherwise the coroutine will
227	be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coroutine global	226	be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coroutine global
228	stuff such as C<$/> you need to revert that change, which is most simply	227	stuff such as C<$/> you I<must needs> revert that change, which is most
229	done by using local as in C< local $/ >.	228	simply done by using local as in: C<< local $/ >>.
230		229
231	The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by	230	The idle pool size is limited to C<8> idle coroutines (this can be
232	changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as	231	adjusted by changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), but there can be as many non-idle
233	required.	232	coros as required.
234		233
235	If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a	234	If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a
236	single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool	235	single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool
237	{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In	236	{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In
238	addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb	237	addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 32kb
239	(adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit.	238	(adjustable via $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also be destroyed.
240		239
241	=cut	240	=cut
242		241
243	our $POOL_SIZE = 8;	242	our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
244	our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024;	243	our $POOL_RSS = 32 * 1024;
245	our @async_pool;	244	our @async_pool;
246		245
247	sub pool_handler {	246	sub pool_handler {
248	my $cb;
249
250	while () {	247	while () {
251	eval {	248	eval {
252	while () {	249	&{&_pool_handler} while 1;
253	_pool_1 $cb;
254	&$cb;
255	_pool_2 $cb;
256	&schedule;
257	}
258	};	250	};
259		251
260	last if $@ eq "\3terminate\2\n";
261	warn $@ if $@;	252	warn $@ if $@;
262	}	253	}
263	}	254	}
264		255
265	sub async_pool(&@) {	256	=back
266	# this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
267	my $coro = (pop @async_pool) \|\| new Coro \&pool_handler;
268		257
269	$coro->{_invoke} = [@_];	258	=head1 STATIC METHODS
270	$coro->ready;
271		259
272	$coro	260	Static methods are actually functions that implicitly operate on the
273	}	261	current coroutine.
		262
		263	=over 4
274		264
275	=item schedule	265	=item schedule
276		266
277	Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put	267	Calls the scheduler. The scheduler will find the next coroutine that is
		268	to be run from the ready queue and switches to it. The next coroutine
		269	to be run is simply the one with the highest priority that is longest
		270	in its ready queue. If there is no coroutine ready, it will clal the
		271	C<$Coro::idle> hook.
		272
		273	Please note that the current coroutine will I<not> be put into the ready
278	into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will	274	queue, so calling this function usually means you will never be called
279	never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls	275	again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls C<< ->ready >>,
280	ready.	276	thus waking you up.
281		277
282	The canonical way to wait on external events is this:	278	This makes C<schedule> I<the> generic method to use to block the current
		279	coroutine and wait for events: first you remember the current coroutine in
		280	a variable, then arrange for some callback of yours to call C<< ->ready
		281	>> on that once some event happens, and last you call C<schedule> to put
		282	yourself to sleep. Note that a lot of things can wake your coroutine up,
		283	so you need to check whether the event indeed happened, e.g. by storing the
		284	status in a variable.
283		285
284	{	286	See B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK>, below, for some ways to wait for callbacks.
285	# remember current coroutine
286	my $current = $Coro::current;
287
288	# register a hypothetical event handler
289	on_event_invoke sub {
290	# wake up sleeping coroutine
291	$current->ready;
292	undef $current;
293	};
294
295	# call schedule until event occurred.
296	# in case we are woken up for other reasons
297	# (current still defined), loop.
298	Coro::schedule while $current;
299	}
300		287
301	=item cede	288	=item cede
302		289
303	"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the	290	"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into
304	ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the	291	the ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving
305	current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.	292	up the current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher
		293	priority. Once your coroutine gets its turn again it will automatically be
		294	resumed.
306		295
307	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.	296	This function is often called C<yield> in other languages.
308		297
309	=item Coro::cede_notself	298	=item Coro::cede_notself
310		299
311	Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any	300	Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to I<any>
312	coroutine, regardless of priority, once.	301	coroutine, regardless of priority. This is useful sometimes to ensure
313		302	progress is made.
314	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
315		303
316	=item terminate [arg...]	304	=item terminate [arg...]
317		305
318	Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).	306	Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
319		307
…		…
321		309
322	Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running	310	Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running
323	one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as	311	one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as
324	usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines.	312	usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines.
325		313
326	=cut	314	Note that while this will try to free some of the main programs resources,
		315	you cannot free all of them, so if a coroutine that is not the main
		316	program calls this function, there will be some one-time resource leak.
327		317
328	sub terminate {	318	=cut
329	$current->cancel (@_);
330	}
331		319
332	sub killall {	320	sub killall {
333	for (Coro::State::list) {	321	for (Coro::State::list) {
334	$_->cancel	322	$_->cancel
335	if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro";	323	if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro";
336	}	324	}
337	}	325	}
338		326
339	=back	327	=back
340		328
341	# dynamic methods
342
343	=head2 COROUTINE METHODS	329	=head1 COROUTINE OBJECT METHODS
344		330
345	These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.	331	These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects (or to create
		332	them).
346		333
347	=over 4	334	=over 4
348		335
349	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]	336	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]
350		337
351	Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine	338	Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns, the coroutine
352	automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were	339	automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
353	called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue	340	called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready
354	by calling the ready method.	341	queue by calling the ready method.
355		342
356	See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the	343	See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the
357	coroutine environment.	344	coroutine environment.
358		345
359	=cut	346	=cut
360		347
361	sub _run_coro {	348	sub _terminate {
362	terminate &{+shift};	349	terminate &{+shift};
363	}	350	}
364		351
365	sub new {
366	my $class = shift;
367
368	$class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
369	}
370
371	=item $success = $coroutine->ready	352	=item $success = $coroutine->ready
372		353
373	Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)	354	Put the given coroutine into the end of its ready queue (there is one
374	and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing	355	queue for each priority) and return true. If the coroutine is already in
375	and return false.	356	the ready queue, do nothing and return false.
		357
		358	This ensures that the scheduler will resume this coroutine automatically
		359	once all the coroutines of higher priority and all coroutines of the same
		360	priority that were put into the ready queue earlier have been resumed.
376		361
377	=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready	362	=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready
378		363
379	Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,	364	Return whether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,
380		365
381	=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)	366	=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)
382		367
383	Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as	368	Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as
384	status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the	369	status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the
…		…
386		371
387	=cut	372	=cut
388		373
389	sub cancel {	374	sub cancel {
390	my $self = shift;	375	my $self = shift;
391	$self->{_status} = [@_];
392		376
393	if ($current == $self) {	377	if ($current == $self) {
394	push @destroy, $self;	378	terminate @_;
395	$manager->ready;
396	&schedule while 1;
397	} else {	379	} else {
		380	$self->{_status} = [@_];
398	$self->_cancel;	381	$self->_cancel;
399	}	382	}
400	}	383	}
		384
		385	=item $coroutine->schedule_to
		386
		387	Puts the current coroutine to sleep (like C<Coro::schedule>), but instead
		388	of continuing with the next coro from the ready queue, always switch to
		389	the given coroutine object (regardless of priority etc.). The readyness
		390	state of that coroutine isn't changed.
		391
		392	This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any
		393	uses for this one.
		394
		395	=item $coroutine->cede_to
		396
		397	Like C<schedule_to>, but puts the current coroutine into the ready
		398	queue. This has the effect of temporarily switching to the given
		399	coroutine, and continuing some time later.
		400
		401	This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any
		402	uses for this one.
		403
		404	=item $coroutine->throw ([$scalar])
		405
		406	If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception
		407	inside the coroutine at the next convenient point in time. Otherwise
		408	clears the exception object.
		409
		410	Coro will check for the exception each time a schedule-like-function
		411	returns, i.e. after each C<schedule>, C<cede>, C<< Coro::Semaphore->down
		412	>>, C<< Coro::Handle->readable >> and so on. Most of these functions
		413	detect this case and return early in case an exception is pending.
		414
		415	The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in
		416	C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended
		417	(unlike with C<die>).
		418
		419	This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coroutine to
		420	end itself, although there is no guarantee that the exception will lead to
		421	termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole
		422	program.
		423
		424	You might also think of C<throw> as being the moral equivalent of
		425	C<kill>ing a coroutine with a signal (in this case, a scalar).
401		426
402	=item $coroutine->join	427	=item $coroutine->join
403		428
404	Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the	429	Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
405	C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently	430	C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently
406	from multiple coroutines.	431	from multiple coroutines, and all will be resumed and given the status
		432	return once the C<$coroutine> terminates.
407		433
408	=cut	434	=cut
409		435
410	sub join {	436	sub join {
411	my $self = shift;	437	my $self = shift;
…		…
426		452
427	=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)	453	=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)
428		454
429	Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,	455	Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,
430	but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,	456	but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
431	if any.	457	if any, and I<must not> die, under any circumstances.
432		458
433	=cut	459	=cut
434		460
435	sub on_destroy {	461	sub on_destroy {
436	my ($self, $cb) = @_;	462	my ($self, $cb) = @_;
…		…
466	higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).	492	higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).
467		493
468	=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)	494	=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)
469		495
470	Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this	496	Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
471	coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.	497	coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a
		498	coroutine.
472		499
473	This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given string. You	500	This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given
474	can modify this member directly if you wish.	501	string. You can modify this member directly if you wish.
475		502
476	=cut	503	=cut
477		504
478	sub desc {	505	sub desc {
479	my $old = $_[0]{desc};	506	my $old = $_[0]{desc};
480	$_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	507	$_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
481	$old;	508	$old;
482	}	509	}
483		510
		511	sub transfer {
		512	require Carp;
		513	Carp::croak ("You must not call ->transfer on Coro objects. Use Coro::State objects or the ->schedule_to method. Caught");
		514	}
		515
484	=back	516	=back
485		517
486	=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	518	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
487		519
488	=over 4	520	=over 4
489		521
490	=item Coro::nready	522	=item Coro::nready
491		523
492	Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,	524	Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,
493	i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable	525	i.e. that can be switched to by calling C<schedule> directory or
		526	indirectly. The value C<0> means that the only runnable coroutine is the
494	coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,	527	currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect, and C<schedule>
495	and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler	528	would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler that wakes up some
496	that wakes up some coroutines.	529	coroutines.
497		530
498	=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }	531	=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
499		532
500	This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object	533	This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object
501	gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be	534	gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be
…		…
530		563
531		564
532	=item unblock_sub { ... }	565	=item unblock_sub { ... }
533		566
534	This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,	567	This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
535	returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return	568	returning a new coderef. Unblocking means that calling the new coderef
536	immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code	569	will return immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the
537	ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.	570	original code ref will be called (with parameters) from within another
		571	coroutine.
538		572
539	The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the	573	The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the
540	venerable L<Event\|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form	574	venerable L<Event\|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form
541	of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,	575	of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
542	otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.	576	otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. The only event library
		577	currently known that is safe to use without C<unblock_sub> is L<EV>.
543		578
544	This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another	579	This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
545	coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy	580	coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy
546	is when you use the L<Coro::AIO\|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to	581	is when you use the L<Coro::AIO\|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to
547	disk.	582	disk, for example.
548		583
549	In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when	584	In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
550	creating event callbacks that want to block.	585	creating event callbacks that want to block.
		586
		587	If your handler does not plan to block (e.g. simply sends a message to
		588	another coroutine, or puts some other coroutine into the ready queue),
		589	there is no reason to use C<unblock_sub>.
		590
		591	Note that you also need to use C<unblock_sub> for any other callbacks that
		592	are indirectly executed by any C-based event loop. For example, when you
		593	use a module that uses L<AnyEvent> (and you use L<Coro::AnyEvent>) and it
		594	provides callbacks that are the result of some event callback, then you
		595	must not block either, or use C<unblock_sub>.
551		596
552	=cut	597	=cut
553		598
554	our @unblock_queue;	599	our @unblock_queue;
555		600
…		…
558	# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede	603	# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
559	# inside an event callback.	604	# inside an event callback.
560	our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {	605	our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {
561	while () {	606	while () {
562	while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {	607	while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
563	# this is an inlined copy of async_pool	608	&async_pool (@$cb);
564	my $coro = (pop @async_pool) \|\| new Coro \&pool_handler;
565		609
566	$coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
567	$coro->ready;
568	cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool	610	# for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
		611	# as the chance is very high that the async_poll coro will be back
		612	# in the idle state when cede returns
		613	cede;
569	}	614	}
570	schedule; # sleep well	615	schedule; # sleep well
571	}	616	}
572	};	617	};
573	$unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]");	618	$unblock_scheduler->{desc} = "[unblock_sub scheduler]";
574		619
575	sub unblock_sub(&) {	620	sub unblock_sub(&) {
576	my $cb = shift;	621	my $cb = shift;
577		622
578	sub {	623	sub {
579	unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];	624	unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
580	$unblock_scheduler->ready;	625	$unblock_scheduler->ready;
581	}	626	}
582	}	627	}
583		628
		629	=item $cb = Coro::rouse_cb
		630
		631	Create and return a "rouse callback". That's a code reference that, when
		632	called, will save its arguments and notify the owner coroutine of the
		633	callback.
		634
		635	See the next function.
		636
		637	=item @args = Coro::rouse_wait [$cb]
		638
		639	Wait for the specified rouse callback (or the last one tht was created in
		640	this coroutine).
		641
		642	As soon as the callback is invoked (or when the calback was invoked before
		643	C<rouse_wait>), it will return a copy of the arguments originally passed
		644	to the rouse callback.
		645
		646	See the section B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK> for an actual usage example.
		647
584	=back	648	=back
585		649
586	=cut	650	=cut
587		651
588	1;	652	1;
589		653
		654	=head1 HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK
		655
		656	It is very common for a coroutine to wait for some callback to be
		657	called. This occurs naturally when you use coroutines in an otherwise
		658	event-based program, or when you use event-based libraries.
		659
		660	These typically register a callback for some event, and call that callback
		661	when the event occured. In a coroutine, however, you typically want to
		662	just wait for the event, simplyifying things.
		663
		664	For example C<< AnyEvent->child >> registers a callback to be called when
		665	a specific child has exited:
		666
		667	my $child_watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub { ... });
		668
		669	But from withina coroutine, you often just want to write this:
		670
		671	my $status = wait_for_child $pid;
		672
		673	Coro offers two functions specifically designed to make this easy,
		674	C<Coro::rouse_cb> and C<Coro::rouse_wait>.
		675
		676	The first function, C<rouse_cb>, generates and returns a callback that,
		677	when invoked, will save it's arguments and notify the coroutine that
		678	created the callback.
		679
		680	The second function, C<rouse_wait>, waits for the callback to be called
		681	(by calling C<schedule> to go to sleep) and returns the arguments
		682	originally passed to the callback.
		683
		684	Using these functions, it becomes easy to write the C<wait_for_child>
		685	function mentioned above:
		686
		687	sub wait_for_child($) {
		688	my ($pid) = @_;
		689
		690	my $watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => Coro::rouse_cb);
		691
		692	my ($rpid, $rstatus) = Coro::rouse_wait;
		693	$rstatus
		694	}
		695
		696	In the case where C<rouse_cb> and C<rouse_wait> are not flexible enough,
		697	you can roll your own, using C<schedule>:
		698
		699	sub wait_for_child($) {
		700	my ($pid) = @_;
		701
		702	# store the current coroutine in $current,
		703	# and provide result variables for the closure passed to ->child
		704	my $current = $Coro::current;
		705	my ($done, $rstatus);
		706
		707	# pass a closure to ->child
		708	my $watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		709	$rstatus = $_[1]; # remember rstatus
		710	$done = 1; # mark $rstatus as valud
		711	});
		712
		713	# wait until the closure has been called
		714	schedule while !$done;
		715
		716	$rstatus
		717	}
		718
		719
590	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS	720	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS
591		721
592	- you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global	722	=over 4
593	destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
594		723
		724	=item fork with pthread backend
		725
		726	When Coro is compiled using the pthread backend (which isn't recommended
		727	but required on many BSDs as their libcs are completely broken), then
		728	coroutines will not survive a fork. There is no known workaround except to
		729	fix your libc and use a saner backend.
		730
		731	=item perl process emulation ("threads")
		732
595	- this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module	733	This module is not perl-pseudo-thread-safe. You should only ever use this
596	from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future	734	module from the same thread (this requirement might be removed in the
597	to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow	735	future to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
598	this).	736	this). I recommend disabling thread support and using processes, as having
		737	the windows process emulation enabled under unix roughly halves perl
		738	performance, even when not used.
		739
		740	=item coroutine switching not signal safe
		741
		742	You must not switch to another coroutine from within a signal handler
		743	(only relevant with %SIG - most event libraries provide safe signals).
		744
		745	That means you I<MUST NOT> call any function that might "block" the
		746	current coroutine - C<cede>, C<schedule> C<< Coro::Semaphore->down >> or
		747	anything that calls those. Everything else, including calling C<ready>,
		748	works.
		749
		750	=back
		751
599		752
600	=head1 SEE ALSO	753	=head1 SEE ALSO
601		754
		755	Event-Loop integration: L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
		756
		757	Debugging: L<Coro::Debug>.
		758
602	Support/Utility: L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Util>.	759	Support/Utility: L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Util>.
603		760
604	Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.	761	Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
605		762
606	Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::Select>.	763	IO/Timers: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::AIO>.
607		764
608	Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker>	765	Compatibility: L<Coro::LWP>, L<Coro::BDB>, L<Coro::Storable>, L<Coro::Select>.
		766
		767	XS API: L<Coro::MakeMaker>.
		768
		769	Low level Configuration, Coroutine Environment: L<Coro::State>.
609		770
610	=head1 AUTHOR	771	=head1 AUTHOR
611		772
612	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	773	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
613	http://home.schmorp.de/	774	http://home.schmorp.de/

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Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents): Revision 1.146 by root, Wed Oct 3 17:37:33 2007 UTC vs. Revision 1.234 by root, Fri Nov 21 06:52:10 2008 UTC

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Comparing Coro/Coro.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.146 by root, Wed Oct 3 17:37:33 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.234 by root, Fri Nov 21 06:52:10 2008 UTC