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1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	Coro - coroutine process abstraction	3	Coro - the only real threads in perl
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use Coro;	7	use Coro;
8		8
9	async {	9	async {
10	# some asynchronous thread of execution	10	# some asynchronous thread of execution
11	print "2\n";	11	print "2\n";
12	cede; # yield back to main	12	cede; # yield back to main
13	print "4\n";	13	print "4\n";
14	};	14	};
15	print "1\n";	15	print "1\n";
16	cede; # yield to coroutine	16	cede; # yield to coro
17	print "3\n";	17	print "3\n";
18	cede; # and again	18	cede; # and again
19		19
20	# use locking	20	# use locking
		21	use Coro::Semaphore;
21	my $lock = new Coro::Semaphore;	22	my $lock = new Coro::Semaphore;
22	my $locked;	23	my $locked;
23		24
24	$lock->down;	25	$lock->down;
25	$locked = 1;	26	$locked = 1;
26	$lock->up;	27	$lock->up;
27		28
28	=head1 DESCRIPTION	29	=head1 DESCRIPTION
29		30
30	This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar	31	For a tutorial-style introduction, please read the L<Coro::Intro>
31	to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP	32	manpage. This manpage mainly contains reference information.
32	machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also
33	guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
34	necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
35	parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
36	safer than threads programming.
37		33
38	(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a	34	This module collection manages continuations in general, most often in
39	very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This	35	the form of cooperative threads (also called coros, or simply "coro"
40	is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).	36	in the documentation). They are similar to kernel threads but don't (in
		37	general) run in parallel at the same time even on SMP machines. The
		38	specific flavor of thread offered by this module also guarantees you that
		39	it will not switch between threads unless necessary, at easily-identified
		40	points in your program, so locking and parallel access are rarely an
		41	issue, making thread programming much safer and easier than using other
		42	thread models.
41		43
		44	Unlike the so-called "Perl threads" (which are not actually real threads
		45	but only the windows process emulation (see section of same name for
		46	more details) ported to UNIX, and as such act as processes), Coro
		47	provides a full shared address space, which makes communication between
		48	threads very easy. And coro threads are fast, too: disabling the Windows
		49	process emulation code in your perl and using Coro can easily result in
		50	a two to four times speed increase for your programs. A parallel matrix
		51	multiplication benchmark (very communication-intensive) runs over 300
		52	times faster on a single core than perls pseudo-threads on a quad core
		53	using all four cores.
		54
		55	Coro achieves that by supporting multiple running interpreters that share
		56	data, which is especially useful to code pseudo-parallel processes and
		57	for event-based programming, such as multiple HTTP-GET requests running
		58	concurrently. See L<Coro::AnyEvent> to learn more on how to integrate Coro
		59	into an event-based environment.
		60
42	In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +	61	In this module, a thread is defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
43	@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,	62	some package variables + C stack), that is, a thread has its own callchain,
44	its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global	63	its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
45	variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration).	64	variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration and background info).
		65
		66	See also the C<SEE ALSO> section at the end of this document - the Coro
		67	module family is quite large.
		68
		69	=head1 CORO THREAD LIFE CYCLE
		70
		71	During the long and exciting (or not) life of a coro thread, it goes
		72	through a number of states:
		73
		74	=over 4
		75
		76	=item 1. Creation
		77
		78	The first thing in the life of a coro thread is it's creation -
		79	obviously. The typical way to create a thread is to call the C<async
		80	BLOCK> function:
		81
		82	async {
		83	# thread code goes here
		84	};
		85
		86	You can also pass arguments, which are put in C<@_>:
		87
		88	async {
		89	print $_[1]; # prints 2
		90	} 1, 2, 3;
		91
		92	This creates a new coro thread and puts it into the ready queue, meaning
		93	it will run as soon as the CPU is free for it.
		94
		95	C<async> will return a coro object - you can store this for future
		96	reference or ignore it, the thread itself will keep a reference to it's
		97	thread object - threads are alive on their own.
		98
		99	Another way to create a thread is to call the C<new> constructor with a
		100	code-reference:
		101
		102	new Coro sub {
		103	# thread code goes here
		104	}, @optional_arguments;
		105
		106	This is quite similar to calling C<async>, but the important difference is
		107	that the new thread is not put into the ready queue, so the thread will
		108	not run until somebody puts it there. C<async> is, therefore, identical to
		109	this sequence:
		110
		111	my $coro = new Coro sub {
		112	# thread code goes here
		113	};
		114	$coro->ready;
		115	return $coro;
		116
		117	=item 2. Startup
		118
		119	When a new coro thread is created, only a copy of the code reference
		120	and the arguments are stored, no extra memory for stacks and so on is
		121	allocated, keeping the coro thread in a low-memory state.
		122
		123	Only when it actually starts executing will all the resources be finally
		124	allocated.
		125
		126	The optional arguments specified at coro creation are available in C<@_>,
		127	similar to function calls.
		128
		129	=item 3. Running / Blocking
		130
		131	A lot can happen after the coro thread has started running. Quite usually,
		132	it will not run to the end in one go (because you could use a function
		133	instead), but it will give up the CPU regularly because it waits for
		134	external events.
		135
		136	As long as a coro thread runs, it's coro object is available in the global
		137	variable C<$Coro::current>.
		138
		139	The low-level way to give up the CPU is to call the scheduler, which
		140	selects a new coro thread to run:
		141
		142	Coro::schedule;
		143
		144	Since running threads are not in the ready queue, calling the scheduler
		145	without doing anything else will block the coro thread forever - you need
		146	to arrange either for the coro to put woken up (readied) by some other
		147	event or some other thread, or you can put it into the ready queue before
		148	scheduling:
		149
		150	# this is exactly what Coro::cede does
		151	$Coro::current->ready;
		152	Coro::schedule;
		153
		154	All the higher-level synchronisation methods (Coro::Semaphore,
		155	Coro::rouse_*...) are actually implemented via C<< ->ready >> and C<<
		156	Coro::schedule >>.
		157
		158	While the coro thread is running it also might get assigned a C-level
		159	thread, or the C-level thread might be unassigned from it, as the Coro
		160	runtime wishes. A C-level thread needs to be assigned when your perl
		161	thread calls into some C-level function and that function in turn calls
		162	perl and perl then wants to switch coroutines. This happens most often
		163	when you run an event loop and block in the callback, or when perl
		164	itself calls some function such as C<AUTOLOAD> or methods via the C<tie>
		165	mechanism.
		166
		167	=item 4. Termination
		168
		169	Many threads actually terminate after some time. There are a number of
		170	ways to terminate a coro thread, the simplest is returning from the
		171	top-level code reference:
		172
		173	async {
		174	# after returning from here, the coro thread is terminated
		175	};
		176
		177	async {
		178	return if 0.5 < rand; # terminate a little earlier, maybe
		179	print "got a chance to print this\n";
		180	# or here
		181	};
		182
		183	Any values returned from the coroutine can be recovered using C<< ->join
		184	>>:
		185
		186	my $coro = async {
		187	"hello, world\n" # return a string
		188	};
		189
		190	my $hello_world = $coro->join;
		191
		192	print $hello_world;
		193
		194	Another way to terminate is to call C<< Coro::terminate >>, which at any
		195	subroutine call nesting level:
		196
		197	async {
		198	Coro::terminate "return value 1", "return value 2";
		199	};
		200
		201	And yet another way is to C<< ->cancel >> the coro thread from another
		202	thread:
		203
		204	my $coro = async {
		205	exit 1;
		206	};
		207
		208	$coro->cancel; # an also accept values for ->join to retrieve
		209
		210	Cancellation I<can> be dangerous - it's a bit like calling C<exit> without
		211	actually exiting, and might leave C libraries and XS modules in a weird
		212	state. Unlike other thread implementations, however, Coro is exceptionally
		213	safe with regards to cancellation, as perl will always be in a consistent
		214	state.
		215
		216	So, cancelling a thread that runs in an XS event loop might not be the
		217	best idea, but any other combination that deals with perl only (cancelling
		218	when a thread is in a C<tie> method or an C<AUTOLOAD> for example) is
		219	safe.
		220
		221	=item 5. Cleanup
		222
		223	Threads will allocate various resources. Most but not all will be returned
		224	when a thread terminates, during clean-up.
		225
		226	Cleanup is quite similar to throwing an uncaught exception: perl will
		227	work it's way up through all subroutine calls and blocks. On it's way, it
		228	will release all C<my> variables, undo all C<local>'s and free any other
		229	resources truly local to the thread.
		230
		231	So, a common way to free resources is to keep them referenced only by my
		232	variables:
		233
		234	async {
		235	my $big_cache = new Cache ...;
		236	};
		237
		238	If there are no other references, then the C<$big_cache> object will be
		239	freed when the thread terminates, regardless of how it does so.
		240
		241	What it does C<NOT> do is unlock any Coro::Semaphores or similar
		242	resources, but that's where the C<guard> methods come in handy:
		243
		244	my $sem = new Coro::Semaphore;
		245
		246	async {
		247	my $lock_guard = $sem->guard;
		248	# if we reutrn, or die or get cancelled, here,
		249	# then the semaphore will be "up"ed.
		250	};
		251
		252	The C<Guard::guard> function comes in handy for any custom cleanup you
		253	might want to do:
		254
		255	async {
		256	my $window = new Gtk2::Window "toplevel";
		257	# The window will not be cleaned up automatically, even when $window
		258	# gets freed, so use a guard to ensure it's destruction
		259	# in case of an error:
		260	my $window_guard = Guard::guard { $window->destroy };
		261
		262	# we are safe here
		263	};
		264
		265	Last not least, C<local> can often be handy, too, e.g. when temporarily
		266	replacing the coro thread description:
		267
		268	sub myfunction {
		269	local $Coro::current->{desc} = "inside myfunction(@_)";
		270
		271	# if we return or die here, the description will be restored
		272	}
		273
		274	=item 6. Viva La Zombie Muerte
		275
		276	Even after a thread has terminated and cleaned up it's resources, the coro
		277	object still is there and stores the return values of the thread. Only in
		278	this state will the coro object be "reference counted" in the normal perl
		279	sense: the thread code keeps a reference to it when it is active, but not
		280	after it has terminated.
		281
		282	The means the coro object gets freed automatically when the thread has
		283	terminated and cleaned up and there arenot other references.
		284
		285	If there are, the coro object will stay around, and you can call C<<
		286	->join >> as many times as you wish to retrieve the result values:
		287
		288	async {
		289	print "hi\n";
		290	1
		291	};
		292
		293	# run the async above, and free everything before returning
		294	# from Coro::cede:
		295	Coro::cede;
		296
		297	{
		298	my $coro = async {
		299	print "hi\n";
		300	1
		301	};
		302
		303	# run the async above, and clean up, but do not free the coro
		304	# object:
		305	Coro::cede;
		306
		307	# optionally retrieve the result values
		308	my @results = $coro->join;
		309
		310	# now $coro goes out of scope, and presumably gets freed
		311	};
		312
		313	=back
46		314
47	=cut	315	=cut
48		316
49	package Coro;	317	package Coro;
50		318
51	use strict;	319	use common::sense;
52	no warnings "uninitialized";	320
		321	use Carp ();
		322
		323	use Guard ();
53		324
54	use Coro::State;	325	use Coro::State;
55		326
56	use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);	327	use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);
57		328
58	our $idle; # idle handler	329	our $idle; # idle handler
59	our $main; # main coroutine	330	our $main; # main coro
60	our $current; # current coroutine	331	our $current; # current coro
61		332
62	our $VERSION = '4.32';	333	our $VERSION = 5.37;
63		334
64	our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);	335	our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub rouse_cb rouse_wait);
65	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (	336	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
66	prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],	337	prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
67	);	338	);
68	our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));	339	our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
69		340
70	{	341	=head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES
71	my @async;
72	my $init;
73
74	# this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
75	sub import {
76	no strict 'refs';
77
78	Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
79
80	my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
81	*{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
82	my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
83	my @attrs;
84	for (@_) {
85	if ($_ eq "Coro") {
86	push @async, $ref;
87	unless ($init++) {
88	eval q{
89	sub INIT {
90	&async(pop @async) while @async;
91	}
92	};
93	}
94	} else {
95	push @attrs, $_;
96	}
97	}
98	return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;
99	};
100	}
101
102	}
103		342
104	=over 4	343	=over 4
105		344
106	=item $main	345	=item $Coro::main
107		346
108	This coroutine represents the main program.	347	This variable stores the Coro object that represents the main
		348	program. While you cna C<ready> it and do most other things you can do to
		349	coro, it is mainly useful to compare again C<$Coro::current>, to see
		350	whether you are running in the main program or not.
109		351
110	=cut	352	=cut
111		353
112	$main = new Coro;	354	# $main is now being initialised by Coro::State
113		355
114	=item $current (or as function: current)	356	=item $Coro::current
115		357
116	The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value	358	The Coro object representing the current coro (the last
		359	coro that the Coro scheduler switched to). The initial value is
117	is C<$main> (of course).	360	C<$Coro::main> (of course).
118		361
119	This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance	362	This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. You can take copies of the
120	reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the	363	value stored in it and use it as any other Coro object, but you must
121	C<Coro::current> function instead.	364	not otherwise modify the variable itself.
122		365
123	=cut	366	=cut
124		367
125	$main->{desc} = "[main::]";
126
127	# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
128	$main->{_specific} = $current->{_specific}
129	if $current;
130
131	_set_current $main;
132
133	sub current() { $current }	368	sub current() { $current } # [DEPRECATED]
134		369
135	=item $idle	370	=item $Coro::idle
136		371
137	A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines	372	This variable is mainly useful to integrate Coro into event loops. It is
		373	usually better to rely on L<Coro::AnyEvent> or L<Coro::EV>, as this is
		374	pretty low-level functionality.
		375
		376	This variable stores a Coro object that is put into the ready queue when
		377	there are no other ready threads (without invoking any ready hooks).
		378
138	to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and	379	The default implementation dies with "FATAL: deadlock detected.", followed
139	exits, because the program has no other way to continue.	380	by a thread listing, because the program has no other way to continue.
140		381
141	This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and	382	This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::EV> and
142	C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a	383	C<Coro::AnyEvent> to wait on an external event that hopefully wakes up a
143	coroutine so the scheduler can run it.	384	coro so the scheduler can run it.
144		385
145	Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event	386	See L<Coro::EV> or L<Coro::AnyEvent> for examples of using this technique.
146	handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively itself.
147		387
148	=cut	388	=cut
149		389
150	$idle = sub {	390	# ||= because other modules could have provided their own by now
151	require Carp;	391	$idle ||= new Coro sub {
152	Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");	392	require Coro::Debug;
		393	die "FATAL: deadlock detected.\n"
		394	. Coro::Debug::ps_listing ();
153	};	395	};
154		396
155	sub _cancel {
156	my ($self) = @_;
157
158	# free coroutine data and mark as destructed
159	$self->_destroy
160	or return;
161
162	# call all destruction callbacks
163	$_->(@{$self->{_status}})
164	for @{(delete $self->{_on_destroy}) || []};
165	}
166
167	# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine	397	# this coro is necessary because a coro
168	# cannot destroy itself.	398	# cannot destroy itself.
169	my @destroy;	399	our @destroy;
170	my $manager;	400	our $manager;
171		401
172	$manager = new Coro sub {	402	$manager = new Coro sub {
173	while () {	403	while () {
174	(shift @destroy)->_cancel	404	Coro::State::cancel shift @destroy
175	while @destroy;	405	while @destroy;
176		406
177	&schedule;	407	&schedule;
178	}	408	}
179	};	409	};
180	$manager->desc ("[coro manager]");	410	$manager->{desc} = "[coro manager]";
181	$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);	411	$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
182		412
183	# static methods. not really.
184
185	=back	413	=back
186		414
187	=head2 STATIC METHODS	415	=head1 SIMPLE CORO CREATION
188
189	Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only.
190		416
191	=over 4	417	=over 4
192		418
193	=item async { ... } [@args...]	419	=item async { ... } [@args...]
194		420
195	Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object	421	Create a new coro and return its Coro object (usually
196	(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically	422	unused). The coro will be put into the ready queue, so
		423	it will start running automatically on the next scheduler run.
		424
		425	The first argument is a codeblock/closure that should be executed in the
		426	coro. When it returns argument returns the coro is automatically
197	terminated.	427	terminated.
198		428
		429	The remaining arguments are passed as arguments to the closure.
		430
199	See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coroutine	431	See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coro
200	environment in which coroutines run.	432	environment in which coro are executed.
201		433
202	Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside	434	Calling C<exit> in a coro will do the same as calling exit outside
203	the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,	435	the coro. Likewise, when the coro dies, the program will exit,
204	just as it would in the main program.	436	just as it would in the main program.
205		437
		438	If you do not want that, you can provide a default C<die> handler, or
		439	simply avoid dieing (by use of C<eval>).
		440
206	# create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments	441	Example: Create a new coro that just prints its arguments.
		442
207	async {	443	async {
208	print "@_\n";	444	print "@_\n";
209	} 1,2,3,4;	445	} 1,2,3,4;
210		446
211	=cut
212
213	sub async(&@) {
214	my $coro = new Coro @_;
215	$coro->ready;
216	$coro
217	}
218
219	=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]	447	=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]
220		448
221	Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call	449	Similar to C<async>, but uses a coro pool, so you should not call
222	terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine	450	terminate or join on it (although you are allowed to), and you get a
223	that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).	451	coro that might have executed other code already (which can be good
		452	or bad :).
224		453
		454	On the plus side, this function is about twice as fast as creating (and
		455	destroying) a completely new coro, so if you need a lot of generic
		456	coros in quick successsion, use C<async_pool>, not C<async>.
		457
225	Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be	458	The code block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
226	issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as	459	issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
227	C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>	460	C<async> does. As the coro is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
228	will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,	461	will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
229	which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.	462	which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling (but is fine in the
		463	exceptional case).
230		464
231	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, tracing will be	465	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each run, tracing will be
232	disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle	466	disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle
233	gets restored, so you can change alkl these. Otherwise the coroutine will	467	gets restored, so you can change all these. Otherwise the coro will
234	be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coroutine global	468	be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coro global
235	stuff such as C<$/> you need to revert that change, which is most simply	469	stuff such as C<$/> you I<must needs> revert that change, which is most
236	done by using local as in C< local $/ >.	470	simply done by using local as in: C<< local $/ >>.
237		471
238	The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by	472	The idle pool size is limited to C<8> idle coros (this can be
239	changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as	473	adjusted by changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), but there can be as many non-idle
240	required.	474	coros as required.
241		475
242	If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a	476	If you are concerned about pooled coros growing a lot because a
243	single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool	477	single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool
244	{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In	478	{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In
245	addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb	479	addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 32kb
246	(adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit.	480	(adjustable via $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also be destroyed.
247		481
248	=cut	482	=cut
249		483
250	our $POOL_SIZE = 8;	484	our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
251	our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024;	485	our $POOL_RSS = 32 * 1024;
252	our @async_pool;	486	our @async_pool;
253		487
254	sub pool_handler {	488	sub pool_handler {
255	my $cb;
256
257	while () {	489	while () {
258	eval {	490	eval {
259	while () {	491	&{&_pool_handler} while 1;
260	_pool_1 $cb;
261	&$cb;
262	_pool_2 $cb;
263	&schedule;
264	}
265	};	492	};
266		493
267	last if $@ eq "\3async_pool terminate\2\n";
268	warn $@ if $@;	494	warn $@ if $@;
269	}	495	}
270	}	496	}
271		497
272	sub async_pool(&@) {	498	=back
273	# this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
274	my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
275		499
276	$coro->{_invoke} = [@_];	500	=head1 STATIC METHODS
277	$coro->ready;
278		501
279	$coro	502	Static methods are actually functions that implicitly operate on the
280	}	503	current coro.
		504
		505	=over 4
281		506
282	=item schedule	507	=item schedule
283		508
284	Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put	509	Calls the scheduler. The scheduler will find the next coro that is
		510	to be run from the ready queue and switches to it. The next coro
		511	to be run is simply the one with the highest priority that is longest
		512	in its ready queue. If there is no coro ready, it will call the
		513	C<$Coro::idle> hook.
		514
		515	Please note that the current coro will I<not> be put into the ready
285	into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will	516	queue, so calling this function usually means you will never be called
286	never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls	517	again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls C<< ->ready >>,
287	ready.	518	thus waking you up.
288		519
289	The canonical way to wait on external events is this:	520	This makes C<schedule> I<the> generic method to use to block the current
		521	coro and wait for events: first you remember the current coro in
		522	a variable, then arrange for some callback of yours to call C<< ->ready
		523	>> on that once some event happens, and last you call C<schedule> to put
		524	yourself to sleep. Note that a lot of things can wake your coro up,
		525	so you need to check whether the event indeed happened, e.g. by storing the
		526	status in a variable.
290		527
291	{	528	See B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK>, below, for some ways to wait for callbacks.
292	# remember current coroutine
293	my $current = $Coro::current;
294		529
295	# register a hypothetical event handler	530	=item cede
296	on_event_invoke sub {	531
297	# wake up sleeping coroutine	532	"Cede" to other coros. This function puts the current coro into
298	$current->ready;	533	the ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving
299	undef $current;	534	up the current "timeslice" to other coros of the same or higher
		535	priority. Once your coro gets its turn again it will automatically be
		536	resumed.
		537
		538	This function is often called C<yield> in other languages.
		539
		540	=item Coro::cede_notself
		541
		542	Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to I<any>
		543	coro, regardless of priority. This is useful sometimes to ensure
		544	progress is made.
		545
		546	=item terminate [arg...]
		547
		548	Terminates the current coro with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
		549
		550	=item Coro::on_enter BLOCK, Coro::on_leave BLOCK
		551
		552	These function install enter and leave winders in the current scope. The
		553	enter block will be executed when on_enter is called and whenever the
		554	current coro is re-entered by the scheduler, while the leave block is
		555	executed whenever the current coro is blocked by the scheduler, and
		556	also when the containing scope is exited (by whatever means, be it exit,
		557	die, last etc.).
		558
		559	I<Neither invoking the scheduler, nor exceptions, are allowed within those
		560	BLOCKs>. That means: do not even think about calling C<die> without an
		561	eval, and do not even think of entering the scheduler in any way.
		562
		563	Since both BLOCKs are tied to the current scope, they will automatically
		564	be removed when the current scope exits.
		565
		566	These functions implement the same concept as C<dynamic-wind> in scheme
		567	does, and are useful when you want to localise some resource to a specific
		568	coro.
		569
		570	They slow down thread switching considerably for coros that use them
		571	(about 40% for a BLOCK with a single assignment, so thread switching is
		572	still reasonably fast if the handlers are fast).
		573
		574	These functions are best understood by an example: The following function
		575	will change the current timezone to "Antarctica/South_Pole", which
		576	requires a call to C<tzset>, but by using C<on_enter> and C<on_leave>,
		577	which remember/change the current timezone and restore the previous
		578	value, respectively, the timezone is only changed for the coro that
		579	installed those handlers.
		580
		581	use POSIX qw(tzset);
		582
		583	async {
		584	my $old_tz; # store outside TZ value here
		585
		586	Coro::on_enter {
		587	$old_tz = $ENV{TZ}; # remember the old value
		588
		589	$ENV{TZ} = "Antarctica/South_Pole";
		590	tzset; # enable new value
300	};	591	};
301		592
302	# call schedule until event occurred.	593	Coro::on_leave {
303	# in case we are woken up for other reasons	594	$ENV{TZ} = $old_tz;
304	# (current still defined), loop.	595	tzset; # restore old value
305	Coro::schedule while $current;	596	};
		597
		598	# at this place, the timezone is Antarctica/South_Pole,
		599	# without disturbing the TZ of any other coro.
306	}	600	};
307		601
308	=item cede	602	This can be used to localise about any resource (locale, uid, current
		603	working directory etc.) to a block, despite the existance of other
		604	coros.
309		605
310	"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the	606	Another interesting example implements time-sliced multitasking using
311	ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the	607	interval timers (this could obviously be optimised, but does the job):
312	current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.
313		608
314	=item Coro::cede_notself	609	# "timeslice" the given block
		610	sub timeslice(&) {
		611	use Time::HiRes ();
315		612
316	Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any	613	Coro::on_enter {
317	coroutine, regardless of priority, once.	614	# on entering the thread, we set an VTALRM handler to cede
		615	$SIG{VTALRM} = sub { cede };
		616	# and then start the interval timer
		617	Time::HiRes::setitimer &Time::HiRes::ITIMER_VIRTUAL, 0.01, 0.01;
		618	};
		619	Coro::on_leave {
		620	# on leaving the thread, we stop the interval timer again
		621	Time::HiRes::setitimer &Time::HiRes::ITIMER_VIRTUAL, 0, 0;
		622	};
318		623
319	=item terminate [arg...]	624	&{+shift};
		625	}
320		626
321	Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).	627	# use like this:
		628	timeslice {
		629	# The following is an endless loop that would normally
		630	# monopolise the process. Since it runs in a timesliced
		631	# environment, it will regularly cede to other threads.
		632	while () { }
		633	};
		634
322		635
323	=item killall	636	=item killall
324		637
325	Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running	638	Kills/terminates/cancels all coros except the currently running one.
326	one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as
327	usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines.
328		639
329	=cut	640	Note that while this will try to free some of the main interpreter
		641	resources if the calling coro isn't the main coro, but one
		642	cannot free all of them, so if a coro that is not the main coro
		643	calls this function, there will be some one-time resource leak.
330		644
331	sub terminate {	645	=cut
332	$current->cancel (@_);
333	}
334		646
335	sub killall {	647	sub killall {
336	for (Coro::State::list) {	648	for (Coro::State::list) {
337	$_->cancel	649	$_->cancel
338	if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro";	650	if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro";
339	}	651	}
340	}	652	}
341		653
342	=back	654	=back
343		655
344	# dynamic methods
345
346	=head2 COROUTINE METHODS	656	=head1 CORO OBJECT METHODS
347		657
348	These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.	658	These are the methods you can call on coro objects (or to create
		659	them).
349		660
350	=over 4	661	=over 4
351		662
352	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]	663	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]
353		664
354	Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine	665	Create a new coro and return it. When the sub returns, the coro
355	automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were	666	automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
356	called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue	667	called. To make the coro run you must first put it into the ready
357	by calling the ready method.	668	queue by calling the ready method.
358		669
359	See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the	670	See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the
360	coroutine environment.	671	coro environment.
361		672
362	=cut	673	=cut
363		674
364	sub _run_coro {	675	sub _coro_run {
365	terminate &{+shift};	676	terminate &{+shift};
366	}	677	}
367		678
368	sub new {
369	my $class = shift;
370
371	$class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
372	}
373
374	=item $success = $coroutine->ready	679	=item $success = $coro->ready
375		680
376	Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)	681	Put the given coro into the end of its ready queue (there is one
377	and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing	682	queue for each priority) and return true. If the coro is already in
378	and return false.	683	the ready queue, do nothing and return false.
379		684
		685	This ensures that the scheduler will resume this coro automatically
		686	once all the coro of higher priority and all coro of the same
		687	priority that were put into the ready queue earlier have been resumed.
		688
		689	=item $coro->suspend
		690
		691	Suspends the specified coro. A suspended coro works just like any other
		692	coro, except that the scheduler will not select a suspended coro for
		693	execution.
		694
		695	Suspending a coro can be useful when you want to keep the coro from
		696	running, but you don't want to destroy it, or when you want to temporarily
		697	freeze a coro (e.g. for debugging) to resume it later.
		698
		699	A scenario for the former would be to suspend all (other) coros after a
		700	fork and keep them alive, so their destructors aren't called, but new
		701	coros can be created.
		702
		703	=item $coro->resume
		704
		705	If the specified coro was suspended, it will be resumed. Note that when
		706	the coro was in the ready queue when it was suspended, it might have been
		707	unreadied by the scheduler, so an activation might have been lost.
		708
		709	To avoid this, it is best to put a suspended coro into the ready queue
		710	unconditionally, as every synchronisation mechanism must protect itself
		711	against spurious wakeups, and the one in the Coro family certainly do
		712	that.
		713
380	=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready	714	=item $is_ready = $coro->is_ready
381		715
382	Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,	716	Returns true iff the Coro object is in the ready queue. Unless the Coro
		717	object gets destroyed, it will eventually be scheduled by the scheduler.
383		718
		719	=item $is_running = $coro->is_running
		720
		721	Returns true iff the Coro object is currently running. Only one Coro object
		722	can ever be in the running state (but it currently is possible to have
		723	multiple running Coro::States).
		724
		725	=item $is_suspended = $coro->is_suspended
		726
		727	Returns true iff this Coro object has been suspended. Suspended Coros will
		728	not ever be scheduled.
		729
384	=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)	730	=item $coro->cancel (arg...)
385		731
386	Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as	732	Terminates the given Coro and makes it return the given arguments as
387	status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the	733	status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the Coro is the
388	current coroutine.	734	current Coro.
389		735
390	=cut	736	=cut
391		737
392	sub cancel {	738	sub cancel {
393	my $self = shift;	739	my $self = shift;
394	$self->{_status} = [@_];
395		740
396	if ($current == $self) {	741	if ($current == $self) {
397	push @destroy, $self;	742	terminate @_;
398	$manager->ready;
399	&schedule while 1;
400	} else {	743	} else {
401	$self->_cancel;	744	$self->{_status} = [@_];
		745	Coro::State::cancel $self;
402	}	746	}
403	}	747	}
404		748
		749	=item $coro->schedule_to
		750
		751	Puts the current coro to sleep (like C<Coro::schedule>), but instead
		752	of continuing with the next coro from the ready queue, always switch to
		753	the given coro object (regardless of priority etc.). The readyness
		754	state of that coro isn't changed.
		755
		756	This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any
		757	uses for this one.
		758
		759	=item $coro->cede_to
		760
		761	Like C<schedule_to>, but puts the current coro into the ready
		762	queue. This has the effect of temporarily switching to the given
		763	coro, and continuing some time later.
		764
		765	This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any
		766	uses for this one.
		767
		768	=item $coro->throw ([$scalar])
		769
		770	If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception
		771	inside the coro at the next convenient point in time. Otherwise
		772	clears the exception object.
		773
		774	Coro will check for the exception each time a schedule-like-function
		775	returns, i.e. after each C<schedule>, C<cede>, C<< Coro::Semaphore->down
		776	>>, C<< Coro::Handle->readable >> and so on. Most of these functions
		777	detect this case and return early in case an exception is pending.
		778
		779	The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in
		780	C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended
		781	(unlike with C<die>).
		782
		783	This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coro to
		784	end itself, although there is no guarantee that the exception will lead to
		785	termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole
		786	program.
		787
		788	You might also think of C<throw> as being the moral equivalent of
		789	C<kill>ing a coro with a signal (in this case, a scalar).
		790
405	=item $coroutine->join	791	=item $coro->join
406		792
407	Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the	793	Wait until the coro terminates and return any values given to the
408	C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently	794	C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently
409	from multiple coroutines.	795	from multiple coro, and all will be resumed and given the status
		796	return once the C<$coro> terminates.
410		797
411	=cut	798	=cut
412		799
413	sub join {	800	sub join {
414	my $self = shift;	801	my $self = shift;
…		…
425	}	812	}
426		813
427	wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0];	814	wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0];
428	}	815	}
429		816
430	=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)	817	=item $coro->on_destroy (\&cb)
431		818
432	Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,	819	Registers a callback that is called when this coro thread gets destroyed,
433	but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,	820	but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
434	if any.	821	if any, and I<must not> die, under any circumstances.
		822
		823	There can be any number of C<on_destroy> callbacks per coro.
435		824
436	=cut	825	=cut
437		826
438	sub on_destroy {	827	sub on_destroy {
439	my ($self, $cb) = @_;	828	my ($self, $cb) = @_;
440		829
441	push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb;	830	push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb;
442	}	831	}
443		832
444	=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)	833	=item $oldprio = $coro->prio ($newprio)
445		834
446	Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the	835	Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
447	coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority	836	coro thread. Higher priority coro get run before lower priority
448	coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),	837	coros. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),
449	that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio	838	that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio
450	to get then):	839	to get then):
451		840
452	PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN	841	PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN
453	3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4	842	3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4
454		843
455	# set priority to HIGH	844	# set priority to HIGH
456	current->prio(PRIO_HIGH);	845	current->prio (PRIO_HIGH);
457		846
458	The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any	847	The idle coro thread ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any
459	existing coroutine.	848	existing coro.
460		849
461	Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately,	850	Changing the priority of the current coro will take effect immediately,
462	but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not	851	but changing the priority of a coro in the ready queue (but not running)
463	running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that	852	will only take effect after the next schedule (of that coro). This is a
464	coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version.	853	bug that will be fixed in some future version.
465		854
466	=item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change)	855	=item $newprio = $coro->nice ($change)
467		856
468	Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.	857	Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.
469	higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).	858	higher values mean lower priority, just as in UNIX's nice command).
470		859
471	=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)	860	=item $olddesc = $coro->desc ($newdesc)
472		861
473	Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this	862	Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
474	coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.	863	coro thread. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a
		864	coro.
475		865
476	This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given string. You	866	This method simply sets the C<< $coro->{desc} >> member to the given
477	can modify this member directly if you wish.	867	string. You can modify this member directly if you wish, and in fact, this
		868	is often preferred to indicate major processing states that cna then be
		869	seen for example in a L<Coro::Debug> session:
478		870
479	=item $coroutine->throw ([$scalar])	871	sub my_long_function {
480		872	local $Coro::current->{desc} = "now in my_long_function";
481	If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception	873	...
482	inside the coroutine at the next convinient point in time (usually after	874	$Coro::current->{desc} = "my_long_function: phase 1";
483	it gains control at the next schedule/transfer/cede). Otherwise clears the	875	...
484	exception object.	876	$Coro::current->{desc} = "my_long_function: phase 2";
485		877	...
486	The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in	878	}
487	C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended
488	(unlike with C<die>).
489
490	This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coroutine to
491	end itself, although there is no guarentee that the exception will lead to
492	termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole
493	program.
494		879
495	=cut	880	=cut
496		881
497	sub desc {	882	sub desc {
498	my $old = $_[0]{desc};	883	my $old = $_[0]{desc};
499	$_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;	884	$_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
500	$old;	885	$old;
501	}	886	}
502		887
		888	sub transfer {
		889	require Carp;
		890	Carp::croak ("You must not call ->transfer on Coro objects. Use Coro::State objects or the ->schedule_to method. Caught");
		891	}
		892
503	=back	893	=back
504		894
505	=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	895	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
506		896
507	=over 4	897	=over 4
508		898
509	=item Coro::nready	899	=item Coro::nready
510		900
511	Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,	901	Returns the number of coro that are currently in the ready state,
512	i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable	902	i.e. that can be switched to by calling C<schedule> directory or
		903	indirectly. The value C<0> means that the only runnable coro is the
513	coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,	904	currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect, and C<schedule>
514	and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler	905	would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler that wakes up some
515	that wakes up some coroutines.	906	coro.
516		907
517	=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }	908	=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
518		909
519	This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object	910	This function still exists, but is deprecated. Please use the
520	gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be	911	C<Guard::guard> function instead.
521	executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a
522	runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the
523	guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method,
524	C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed.
525		912
526	Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled
527	or the function returns:
528
529	sub do_something {
530	my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 };
531	$busy = 1;
532
533	# do something that requires $busy to be true
534	}
535
536	=cut	913	=cut
537		914
538	sub guard(&) {	915	BEGIN { *guard = \&Guard::guard }
539	bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard"
540	}
541
542	sub Coro::guard::cancel {
543	${$_[0]} = sub { };
544	}
545
546	sub Coro::guard::DESTROY {
547	${$_[0]}->();
548	}
549
550		916
551	=item unblock_sub { ... }	917	=item unblock_sub { ... }
552		918
553	This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,	919	This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
554	returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return	920	returning a new coderef. Unblocking means that calling the new coderef
555	immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code	921	will return immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the
556	ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.	922	original code ref will be called (with parameters) from within another
		923	coro.
557		924
558	The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the	925	The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as
559	venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form	926	the venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not thread-safe (a weaker form
560	of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,	927	of reentrancy). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
561	otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.	928	otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. The only event library
		929	currently known that is safe to use without C<unblock_sub> is L<EV> (but
		930	you might still run into deadlocks if all event loops are blocked).
		931
		932	Coro will try to catch you when you block in the event loop
		933	("FATAL:$Coro::IDLE blocked itself"), but this is just best effort and
		934	only works when you do not run your own event loop.
562		935
563	This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another	936	This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
564	coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy	937	coro where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy
565	is when you use the L<Coro::AIO|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to	938	is when you use the L<Coro::AIO|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to
566	disk.	939	disk, for example.
567		940
568	In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when	941	In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
569	creating event callbacks that want to block.	942	creating event callbacks that want to block.
		943
		944	If your handler does not plan to block (e.g. simply sends a message to
		945	another coro, or puts some other coro into the ready queue), there is
		946	no reason to use C<unblock_sub>.
		947
		948	Note that you also need to use C<unblock_sub> for any other callbacks that
		949	are indirectly executed by any C-based event loop. For example, when you
		950	use a module that uses L<AnyEvent> (and you use L<Coro::AnyEvent>) and it
		951	provides callbacks that are the result of some event callback, then you
		952	must not block either, or use C<unblock_sub>.
570		953
571	=cut	954	=cut
572		955
573	our @unblock_queue;	956	our @unblock_queue;
574		957
…		…
577	# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede	960	# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
578	# inside an event callback.	961	# inside an event callback.
579	our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {	962	our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {
580	while () {	963	while () {
581	while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {	964	while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
582	# this is an inlined copy of async_pool	965	&async_pool (@$cb);
583	my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
584		966
585	$coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
586	$coro->ready;
587	cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool	967	# for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
		968	# as the chance is very high that the async_poll coro will be back
		969	# in the idle state when cede returns
		970	cede;
588	}	971	}
589	schedule; # sleep well	972	schedule; # sleep well
590	}	973	}
591	};	974	};
592	$unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]");	975	$unblock_scheduler->{desc} = "[unblock_sub scheduler]";
593		976
594	sub unblock_sub(&) {	977	sub unblock_sub(&) {
595	my $cb = shift;	978	my $cb = shift;
596		979
597	sub {	980	sub {
598	unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];	981	unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
599	$unblock_scheduler->ready;	982	$unblock_scheduler->ready;
600	}	983	}
601	}	984	}
602		985
		986	=item $cb = rouse_cb
		987
		988	Create and return a "rouse callback". That's a code reference that,
		989	when called, will remember a copy of its arguments and notify the owner
		990	coro of the callback.
		991
		992	See the next function.
		993
		994	=item @args = rouse_wait [$cb]
		995
		996	Wait for the specified rouse callback (or the last one that was created in
		997	this coro).
		998
		999	As soon as the callback is invoked (or when the callback was invoked
		1000	before C<rouse_wait>), it will return the arguments originally passed to
		1001	the rouse callback. In scalar context, that means you get the I<last>
		1002	argument, just as if C<rouse_wait> had a C<return ($a1, $a2, $a3...)>
		1003	statement at the end.
		1004
		1005	See the section B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK> for an actual usage example.
		1006
603	=back	1007	=back
604		1008
605	=cut	1009	=cut
606		1010
		1011	for my $module (qw(Channel RWLock Semaphore SemaphoreSet Signal Specific)) {
		1012	my $old = defined &{"Coro::$module\::new"} && \&{"Coro::$module\::new"};
		1013
		1014	*{"Coro::$module\::new"} = sub {
		1015	require "Coro/$module.pm";
		1016
		1017	# some modules have their new predefined in State.xs, some don't
		1018	*{"Coro::$module\::new"} = $old
		1019	if $old;
		1020
		1021	goto &{"Coro::$module\::new"};
		1022	};
		1023	}
		1024
607	1;	1025	1;
608		1026
		1027	=head1 HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK
		1028
		1029	It is very common for a coro to wait for some callback to be
		1030	called. This occurs naturally when you use coro in an otherwise
		1031	event-based program, or when you use event-based libraries.
		1032
		1033	These typically register a callback for some event, and call that callback
		1034	when the event occured. In a coro, however, you typically want to
		1035	just wait for the event, simplyifying things.
		1036
		1037	For example C<< AnyEvent->child >> registers a callback to be called when
		1038	a specific child has exited:
		1039
		1040	my $child_watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub { ... });
		1041
		1042	But from within a coro, you often just want to write this:
		1043
		1044	my $status = wait_for_child $pid;
		1045
		1046	Coro offers two functions specifically designed to make this easy,
		1047	C<Coro::rouse_cb> and C<Coro::rouse_wait>.
		1048
		1049	The first function, C<rouse_cb>, generates and returns a callback that,
		1050	when invoked, will save its arguments and notify the coro that
		1051	created the callback.
		1052
		1053	The second function, C<rouse_wait>, waits for the callback to be called
		1054	(by calling C<schedule> to go to sleep) and returns the arguments
		1055	originally passed to the callback.
		1056
		1057	Using these functions, it becomes easy to write the C<wait_for_child>
		1058	function mentioned above:
		1059
		1060	sub wait_for_child($) {
		1061	my ($pid) = @_;
		1062
		1063	my $watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => Coro::rouse_cb);
		1064
		1065	my ($rpid, $rstatus) = Coro::rouse_wait;
		1066	$rstatus
		1067	}
		1068
		1069	In the case where C<rouse_cb> and C<rouse_wait> are not flexible enough,
		1070	you can roll your own, using C<schedule>:
		1071
		1072	sub wait_for_child($) {
		1073	my ($pid) = @_;
		1074
		1075	# store the current coro in $current,
		1076	# and provide result variables for the closure passed to ->child
		1077	my $current = $Coro::current;
		1078	my ($done, $rstatus);
		1079
		1080	# pass a closure to ->child
		1081	my $watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub {
		1082	$rstatus = $_[1]; # remember rstatus
		1083	$done = 1; # mark $rstatus as valud
		1084	});
		1085
		1086	# wait until the closure has been called
		1087	schedule while !$done;
		1088
		1089	$rstatus
		1090	}
		1091
		1092
609	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS	1093	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS
610		1094
611	- you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global	1095	=over 4
612	destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
613		1096
		1097	=item fork with pthread backend
		1098
		1099	When Coro is compiled using the pthread backend (which isn't recommended
		1100	but required on many BSDs as their libcs are completely broken), then
		1101	coro will not survive a fork. There is no known workaround except to
		1102	fix your libc and use a saner backend.
		1103
		1104	=item perl process emulation ("threads")
		1105
614	- this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module	1106	This module is not perl-pseudo-thread-safe. You should only ever use this
615	from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future	1107	module from the first thread (this requirement might be removed in the
616	to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow	1108	future to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
617	this).	1109	this). I recommend disabling thread support and using processes, as having
		1110	the windows process emulation enabled under unix roughly halves perl
		1111	performance, even when not used.
		1112
		1113	=item coro switching is not signal safe
		1114
		1115	You must not switch to another coro from within a signal handler (only
		1116	relevant with %SIG - most event libraries provide safe signals), I<unless>
		1117	you are sure you are not interrupting a Coro function.
		1118
		1119	That means you I<MUST NOT> call any function that might "block" the
		1120	current coro - C<cede>, C<schedule> C<< Coro::Semaphore->down >> or
		1121	anything that calls those. Everything else, including calling C<ready>,
		1122	works.
		1123
		1124	=back
		1125
		1126
		1127	=head1 WINDOWS PROCESS EMULATION
		1128
		1129	A great many people seem to be confused about ithreads (for example, Chip
		1130	Salzenberg called me unintelligent, incapable, stupid and gullible,
		1131	while in the same mail making rather confused statements about perl
		1132	ithreads (for example, that memory or files would be shared), showing his
		1133	lack of understanding of this area - if it is hard to understand for Chip,
		1134	it is probably not obvious to everybody).
		1135
		1136	What follows is an ultra-condensed version of my talk about threads in
		1137	scripting languages given on the perl workshop 2009:
		1138
		1139	The so-called "ithreads" were originally implemented for two reasons:
		1140	first, to (badly) emulate unix processes on native win32 perls, and
		1141	secondly, to replace the older, real thread model ("5.005-threads").
		1142
		1143	It does that by using threads instead of OS processes. The difference
		1144	between processes and threads is that threads share memory (and other
		1145	state, such as files) between threads within a single process, while
		1146	processes do not share anything (at least not semantically). That
		1147	means that modifications done by one thread are seen by others, while
		1148	modifications by one process are not seen by other processes.
		1149
		1150	The "ithreads" work exactly like that: when creating a new ithreads
		1151	process, all state is copied (memory is copied physically, files and code
		1152	is copied logically). Afterwards, it isolates all modifications. On UNIX,
		1153	the same behaviour can be achieved by using operating system processes,
		1154	except that UNIX typically uses hardware built into the system to do this
		1155	efficiently, while the windows process emulation emulates this hardware in
		1156	software (rather efficiently, but of course it is still much slower than
		1157	dedicated hardware).
		1158
		1159	As mentioned before, loading code, modifying code, modifying data
		1160	structures and so on is only visible in the ithreads process doing the
		1161	modification, not in other ithread processes within the same OS process.
		1162
		1163	This is why "ithreads" do not implement threads for perl at all, only
		1164	processes. What makes it so bad is that on non-windows platforms, you can
		1165	actually take advantage of custom hardware for this purpose (as evidenced
		1166	by the forks module, which gives you the (i-) threads API, just much
		1167	faster).
		1168
		1169	Sharing data is in the i-threads model is done by transfering data
		1170	structures between threads using copying semantics, which is very slow -
		1171	shared data simply does not exist. Benchmarks using i-threads which are
		1172	communication-intensive show extremely bad behaviour with i-threads (in
		1173	fact, so bad that Coro, which cannot take direct advantage of multiple
		1174	CPUs, is often orders of magnitude faster because it shares data using
		1175	real threads, refer to my talk for details).
		1176
		1177	As summary, i-threads *use* threads to implement processes, while
		1178	the compatible forks module *uses* processes to emulate, uhm,
		1179	processes. I-threads slow down every perl program when enabled, and
		1180	outside of windows, serve no (or little) practical purpose, but
		1181	disadvantages every single-threaded Perl program.
		1182
		1183	This is the reason that I try to avoid the name "ithreads", as it is
		1184	misleading as it implies that it implements some kind of thread model for
		1185	perl, and prefer the name "windows process emulation", which describes the
		1186	actual use and behaviour of it much better.
618		1187
619	=head1 SEE ALSO	1188	=head1 SEE ALSO
620		1189
621	Lower level Configuration, Coroutine Environment: L<Coro::State>.	1190	Event-Loop integration: L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>.
622		1191
623	Debugging: L<Coro::Debug>.	1192	Debugging: L<Coro::Debug>.
624		1193
625	Support/Utility: L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Util>.	1194	Support/Utility: L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Util>.
626		1195
627	Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.	1196	Locking and IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>,
		1197	L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
628		1198
629	Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>.	1199	I/O and Timers: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::AIO>.
630		1200
631	Compatibility: L<Coro::LWP>, L<Coro::Storable>, L<Coro::Select>.	1201	Compatibility with other modules: L<Coro::LWP> (but see also L<AnyEvent::HTTP> for
		1202	a better-working alternative), L<Coro::BDB>, L<Coro::Storable>,
		1203	L<Coro::Select>.
632		1204
633	Embedding: L<Coro::MakeMaker>.	1205	XS API: L<Coro::MakeMaker>.
		1206
		1207	Low level Configuration, Thread Environment, Continuations: L<Coro::State>.
634		1208
635	=head1 AUTHOR	1209	=head1 AUTHOR
636		1210
637	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1211	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
638	http://home.schmorp.de/	1212	http://home.schmorp.de/

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