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Revision 1.61 by pcg, Fri May 14 13:25:08 2004 UTC vs.
Revision 1.144 by root, Wed Oct 3 01:48:05 2007 UTC

8 8
9 async { 9 async {
10 # some asynchronous thread of execution 10 # some asynchronous thread of execution
11 }; 11 };
12 12
13 # alternatively create an async process like this: 13 # alternatively create an async coroutine like this:
14 14
15 sub some_func : Coro { 15 sub some_func : Coro {
16 # some more async code 16 # some more async code
17 } 17 }
18 18
19 cede; 19 cede;
20 20
21=head1 DESCRIPTION 21=head1 DESCRIPTION
22 22
23This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar to 23This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar
24threads but don't run in parallel. 24to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP
25machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also
26guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
27necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
28parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
29safer than threads programming.
25 30
31(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a
32very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This
33is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).
34
26In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables 35In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
27+ @_ + $_ + $@ + $^W + C stack), that is, a coroutine has it's own 36@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,
28callchain, it's own set of lexicals and it's own set of perl's most 37its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
29important global variables. 38variables.
30 39
31=cut 40=cut
32 41
33package Coro; 42package Coro;
34 43
35BEGIN { eval { require warnings } && warnings->unimport ("uninitialized") } 44use strict;
45no warnings "uninitialized";
36 46
37use Coro::State; 47use Coro::State;
38 48
39use vars qw($idle $main $current); 49use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);
40 50
41use base Exporter; 51our $idle; # idle handler
52our $main; # main coroutine
53our $current; # current coroutine
42 54
43$VERSION = 0.97; 55our $VERSION = '4.0';
44 56
45@EXPORT = qw(async cede schedule terminate current); 57our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);
46%EXPORT_TAGS = ( 58our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
47 prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)], 59 prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
48); 60);
49@EXPORT_OK = @{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}; 61our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
50 62
51{ 63{
52 my @async; 64 my @async;
53 my $init; 65 my $init;
54 66
55 # this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;() 67 # this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
56 sub import { 68 sub import {
69 no strict 'refs';
70
57 Coro->export_to_level(1, @_); 71 Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
72
58 my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE}; 73 my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
59 *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub { 74 *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
60 my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift); 75 my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
61 my @attrs; 76 my @attrs;
62 for (@_) { 77 for (@_) {
89 104
90$main = new Coro; 105$main = new Coro;
91 106
92=item $current (or as function: current) 107=item $current (or as function: current)
93 108
94The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value is C<$main> (of course). 109The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value
110is C<$main> (of course).
95 111
112This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance
113reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the
114C<Coro::current> function instead.
115
96=cut 116=cut
117
118$main->{desc} = "[main::]";
97 119
98# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before... 120# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
99if ($current) {
100 $main->{specific} = $current->{specific}; 121$main->{_specific} = $current->{_specific}
101} 122 if $current;
102 123
103$current = $main; 124_set_current $main;
104 125
105sub current() { $current } 126sub current() { $current }
106 127
107=item $idle 128=item $idle
108 129
109The coroutine to switch to when no other coroutine is running. The default 130A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines
110implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and exits. 131to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and
132exits, because the program has no other way to continue.
111 133
112=cut 134This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and
135C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
136coroutine so the scheduler can run it.
113 137
114# should be done using priorities :( 138Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event
115$idle = new Coro sub { 139handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively.
116 print STDERR "FATAL: deadlock detected\n"; 140
117 exit(51); 141=cut
142
143$idle = sub {
144 require Carp;
145 Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");
118}; 146};
147
148sub _cancel {
149 my ($self) = @_;
150
151 # free coroutine data and mark as destructed
152 $self->_destroy
153 or return;
154
155 # call all destruction callbacks
156 $_->(@{$self->{_status}})
157 for @{(delete $self->{_on_destroy}) || []};
158}
119 159
120# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine 160# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine
121# cannot destroy itself. 161# cannot destroy itself.
122my @destroy; 162my @destroy;
123my $manager; 163my $manager;
164
124$manager = new Coro sub { 165$manager = new Coro sub {
125 while () { 166 while () {
126 # by overwriting the state object with the manager we destroy it 167 (shift @destroy)->_cancel
127 # while still being able to schedule this coroutine (in case it has
128 # been readied multiple times. this is harmless since the manager
129 # can be called as many times as neccessary and will always
130 # remove itself from the runqueue
131 while (@destroy) { 168 while @destroy;
132 my $coro = pop @destroy;
133 $coro->{status} ||= [];
134 $_->ready for @{delete $coro->{join} || []};
135 169
136 # the next line destroys the _coro_state, but keeps the
137 # process itself intact (we basically make it a zombie
138 # process that always runs the manager thread, so it's possible
139 # to transfer() to this process).
140 $coro->{_coro_state} = $manager->{_coro_state};
141 }
142 &schedule; 170 &schedule;
143 } 171 }
144}; 172};
173$manager->desc ("[coro manager]");
174$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
145 175
146# static methods. not really. 176# static methods. not really.
147 177
148=back 178=back
149 179
150=head2 STATIC METHODS 180=head2 STATIC METHODS
151 181
152Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current process only. 182Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only.
153 183
154=over 4 184=over 4
155 185
156=item async { ... } [@args...] 186=item async { ... } [@args...]
157 187
158Create a new asynchronous process and return it's process object 188Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object
159(usually unused). When the sub returns the new process is automatically 189(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically
160terminated. 190terminated.
191
192Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside
193the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,
194just as it would in the main program.
161 195
162 # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments 196 # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments
163 async { 197 async {
164 print "@_\n"; 198 print "@_\n";
165 } 1,2,3,4; 199 } 1,2,3,4;
166 200
167=cut 201=cut
168 202
169sub async(&@) { 203sub async(&@) {
170 my $pid = new Coro @_; 204 my $coro = new Coro @_;
171 $manager->ready; # this ensures that the stack is cloned from the manager
172 $pid->ready; 205 $coro->ready;
173 $pid; 206 $coro
207}
208
209=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]
210
211Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call
212terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine
213that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).
214
215Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
216issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
217C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
218will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
219which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.
220
221The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, otherwise the coroutine
222will be re-used "as-is".
223
224The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by
225changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as
226required.
227
228If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a
229single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool
230{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In
231addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb
232(adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit.
233
234=cut
235
236our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
237our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024;
238our @async_pool;
239
240sub pool_handler {
241 my $cb;
242
243 while () {
244 eval {
245 while () {
246 _pool_1 $cb;
247 &$cb;
248 _pool_2 $cb;
249 &schedule;
250 }
251 };
252
253 last if $@ eq "\3terminate\2\n";
254 warn $@ if $@;
255 }
256}
257
258sub async_pool(&@) {
259 # this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
260 my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
261
262 $coro->{_invoke} = [@_];
263 $coro->ready;
264
265 $coro
174} 266}
175 267
176=item schedule 268=item schedule
177 269
178Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current process will not be put 270Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put
179into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will 271into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will
180never be called again. 272never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls
273ready.
181 274
182=cut 275The canonical way to wait on external events is this:
276
277 {
278 # remember current coroutine
279 my $current = $Coro::current;
280
281 # register a hypothetical event handler
282 on_event_invoke sub {
283 # wake up sleeping coroutine
284 $current->ready;
285 undef $current;
286 };
287
288 # call schedule until event occurred.
289 # in case we are woken up for other reasons
290 # (current still defined), loop.
291 Coro::schedule while $current;
292 }
183 293
184=item cede 294=item cede
185 295
186"Cede" to other processes. This function puts the current process into the 296"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the
187ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the 297ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the
188current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority. 298current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.
189 299
190=cut 300Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
301
302=item Coro::cede_notself
303
304Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any
305coroutine, regardless of priority, once.
306
307Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
191 308
192=item terminate [arg...] 309=item terminate [arg...]
193 310
194Terminates the current process with the given status values (see L<cancel>). 311Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
312
313=item killall
314
315Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running
316one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as
317usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines.
195 318
196=cut 319=cut
197 320
198sub terminate { 321sub terminate {
199 $current->cancel (@_); 322 $current->cancel (@_);
200} 323}
201 324
325sub killall {
326 for (Coro::State::list) {
327 $_->cancel
328 if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro";
329 }
330}
331
202=back 332=back
203 333
204# dynamic methods 334# dynamic methods
205 335
206=head2 PROCESS METHODS 336=head2 COROUTINE METHODS
207 337
208These are the methods you can call on process objects. 338These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.
209 339
210=over 4 340=over 4
211 341
212=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...] 342=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]
213 343
214Create a new process and return it. When the sub returns the process 344Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine
215automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were 345automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
216called. To make the process run you must first put it into the ready queue 346called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue
217by calling the ready method. 347by calling the ready method.
218 348
219=cut 349See C<async> for additional discussion.
220 350
351=cut
352
221sub _newcoro { 353sub _run_coro {
222 terminate &{+shift}; 354 terminate &{+shift};
223} 355}
224 356
225sub new { 357sub new {
226 my $class = shift; 358 my $class = shift;
227 bless {
228 _coro_state => (new Coro::State $_[0] && \&_newcoro, @_),
229 }, $class;
230}
231 359
232=item $process->ready 360 $class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
361}
233 362
234Put the given process into the ready queue. 363=item $success = $coroutine->ready
235 364
236=cut 365Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)
366and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing
367and return false.
237 368
369=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready
370
371Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,
372
238=item $process->cancel (arg...) 373=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)
239 374
240Temrinates the given process and makes it return the given arguments as 375Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as
241status (default: the empty list). 376status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the
377current coroutine.
242 378
243=cut 379=cut
244 380
245sub cancel { 381sub cancel {
246 my $self = shift; 382 my $self = shift;
247 $self->{status} = [@_]; 383 $self->{_status} = [@_];
384
385 if ($current == $self) {
248 push @destroy, $self; 386 push @destroy, $self;
249 $manager->ready; 387 $manager->ready;
250 &schedule if $current == $self; 388 &schedule while 1;
389 } else {
390 $self->_cancel;
391 }
251} 392}
252 393
253=item $process->join 394=item $coroutine->join
254 395
255Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the 396Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
256C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called multiple times 397C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently
257from multiple processes. 398from multiple coroutines.
258 399
259=cut 400=cut
260 401
261sub join { 402sub join {
262 my $self = shift; 403 my $self = shift;
404
263 unless ($self->{status}) { 405 unless ($self->{_status}) {
264 push @{$self->{join}}, $current; 406 my $current = $current;
265 &schedule; 407
408 push @{$self->{_on_destroy}}, sub {
409 $current->ready;
410 undef $current;
411 };
412
413 &schedule while $current;
266 } 414 }
415
267 wantarray ? @{$self->{status}} : $self->{status}[0]; 416 wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0];
268} 417}
269 418
419=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)
420
421Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,
422but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
423if any.
424
425=cut
426
427sub on_destroy {
428 my ($self, $cb) = @_;
429
430 push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb;
431}
432
270=item $oldprio = $process->prio($newprio) 433=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)
271 434
272Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the 435Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
273process. Higher priority processes get run before lower priority 436coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority
274processes. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3), 437coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),
275that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio 438that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio
276to get then): 439to get then):
277 440
278 PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN 441 PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN
279 3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4 442 3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4
282 current->prio(PRIO_HIGH); 445 current->prio(PRIO_HIGH);
283 446
284The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any 447The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any
285existing coroutine. 448existing coroutine.
286 449
287Changing the priority of the current process will take effect immediately, 450Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately,
288but changing the priority of processes in the ready queue (but not 451but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not
289running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that 452running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that
290process). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version. 453coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version.
291 454
292=cut
293
294sub prio {
295 my $old = $_[0]{prio};
296 $_[0]{prio} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
297 $old;
298}
299
300=item $newprio = $process->nice($change) 455=item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change)
301 456
302Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e. 457Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.
303higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix). 458higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).
304 459
305=cut
306
307sub nice {
308 $_[0]{prio} -= $_[1];
309}
310
311=item $olddesc = $process->desc($newdesc) 460=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)
312 461
313Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this 462Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
314process. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a process. 463coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.
464
465This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given string. You
466can modify this member directly if you wish.
315 467
316=cut 468=cut
317 469
318sub desc { 470sub desc {
319 my $old = $_[0]{desc}; 471 my $old = $_[0]{desc};
321 $old; 473 $old;
322} 474}
323 475
324=back 476=back
325 477
478=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
479
480=over 4
481
482=item Coro::nready
483
484Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,
485i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable
486coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,
487and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler
488that wakes up some coroutines.
489
490=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
491
492This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object
493gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be
494executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a
495runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the
496guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method,
497C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed.
498
499Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled
500or the function returns:
501
502 sub do_something {
503 my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 };
504 $busy = 1;
505
506 # do something that requires $busy to be true
507 }
508
509=cut
510
511sub guard(&) {
512 bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard"
513}
514
515sub Coro::guard::cancel {
516 ${$_[0]} = sub { };
517}
518
519sub Coro::guard::DESTROY {
520 ${$_[0]}->();
521}
522
523
524=item unblock_sub { ... }
525
526This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
527returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return
528immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code
529ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.
530
531The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the
532venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form
533of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
534otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.
535
536This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
537coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy
538is when you use the L<Coro::AIO|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to
539disk.
540
541In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
542creating event callbacks that want to block.
543
544=cut
545
546our @unblock_queue;
547
548# we create a special coro because we want to cede,
549# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks
550# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
551# inside an event callback.
552our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {
553 while () {
554 while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
555 # this is an inlined copy of async_pool
556 my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
557
558 $coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
559 $coro->ready;
560 cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
561 }
562 schedule; # sleep well
563 }
564};
565$unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]");
566
567sub unblock_sub(&) {
568 my $cb = shift;
569
570 sub {
571 unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
572 $unblock_scheduler->ready;
573 }
574}
575
576=back
577
326=cut 578=cut
327 579
3281; 5801;
329 581
330=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS 582=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS
331 583
332 - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global 584 - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global
333 destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults). 585 destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
334 586
335 - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module 587 - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module
336 from the same thread (this requirement might be losened in the future 588 from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future
337 to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow 589 to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
338 this). 590 this).
339 591
340=head1 SEE ALSO 592=head1 SEE ALSO
341 593
342L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, 594Support/Utility: L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Util>.
343L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, 595
344L<Coro::L<Coro::RWLock>, Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>. 596Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
597
598Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::Select>.
599
600Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker>
345 601
346=head1 AUTHOR 602=head1 AUTHOR
347 603
348 Marc Lehmann <pcg@goof.com> 604 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
349 http://www.goof.com/pcg/marc/ 605 http://home.schmorp.de/
350 606
351=cut 607=cut
352 608

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