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Revision 1.14 by root, Wed Oct 31 10:53:53 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.29 by root, Tue Nov 6 17:20:42 2007 UTC

1=head1 NAME 1=head1 NAME
2 2
3EV - perl interface to libevent, monkey.org/~provos/libevent/ 3EV - perl interface to libev, a high performance full-featured event loop
4 4
5=head1 SYNOPSIS 5=head1 SYNOPSIS
6 6
7 use EV; 7 use EV;
8 8
9 # TIMER 9 # TIMERS
10 10
11 my $w = EV::timer 2, 0, sub { 11 my $w = EV::timer 2, 0, sub {
12 warn "is called after 2s"; 12 warn "is called after 2s";
13 }; 13 };
14 14
… …
16 warn "is called roughly every 2s (repeat = 1)"; 16 warn "is called roughly every 2s (repeat = 1)";
17 }; 17 };
18 18
19 undef $w; # destroy event watcher again 19 undef $w; # destroy event watcher again
20 20
21 my $w = EV::timer_abs 0, 60, sub { 21 my $w = EV::periodic 0, 60, sub {
22 warn "is called every minute, on the minute, exactly"; 22 warn "is called every minute, on the minute, exactly";
23 }; 23 };
24 24
25 # IO 25 # IO
26 26
27 my $w = EV::io \*STDIN, EV::READ | EV::PERSIST, sub { 27 my $w = EV::io *STDIN, EV::READ, sub {
28 my ($w, $events) = @_; # all callbacks get the watcher object and event mask 28 my ($w, $revents) = @_; # all callbacks get the watcher object and event mask
29 if ($events & EV::TIMEOUT) {
30 warn "nothing received on stdin for 10 seconds, retrying";
31 } else {
32 warn "stdin is readable, you entered: ", <STDIN>; 29 warn "stdin is readable, you entered: ", <STDIN>;
33 }
34 };
35 $w->timeout (10);
36
37 my $w = EV::timed_io \*STDIN, EV::READ, 30, sub {
38 my ($w, $events) = @_;
39 if ($_[1] & EV::TIMEOUT) {
40 warn "nothing entered within 30 seconds, bye bye.\n";
41 $w->stop;
42 } else {
43 my $line = <STDIN>;
44 warn "you entered something, you again have 30 seconds.\n";
45 }
46 }; 30 };
47 31
48 # SIGNALS 32 # SIGNALS
49 33
50 my $w = EV::signal 'QUIT', sub { 34 my $w = EV::signal 'QUIT', sub {
… …
52 }; 36 };
53 37
54 my $w = EV::signal 3, sub { 38 my $w = EV::signal 3, sub {
55 warn "sigquit received (this is GNU/Linux, right?)\n"; 39 warn "sigquit received (this is GNU/Linux, right?)\n";
56 }; 40 };
41
42 # CHILD/PID STATUS CHANGES
43
44 my $w = EV::child 666, sub {
45 my ($w, $revents) = @_;
46 # my $pid = $w->rpid;
47 my $status = $w->rstatus;
48 };
57 49
58 # MAINLOOP 50 # MAINLOOP
59 EV::dispatch; # loop as long as watchers are active 51 EV::loop; # loop until EV::loop_done is called
60 EV::loop; # the same thing
61 EV::loop EV::LOOP_ONCE; # block until some events could be handles 52 EV::loop EV::LOOP_ONESHOT; # block until at least one event could be handled
62 EV::loop EV::LOOP_NONBLOCK; # check and handle some events, but do not wait 53 EV::loop EV::LOOP_NONBLOCK; # try to handle same events, but do not block
63 54
64=head1 DESCRIPTION 55=head1 DESCRIPTION
65 56
66This module provides an interface to libevent 57This module provides an interface to libev
67(L<http://monkey.org/~provos/libevent/>). You probably should acquaint 58(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libev.html>).
68yourself with its documentation and source code to be able to use this
69module fully.
70
71Please note thta this module disables the libevent EPOLL method by
72default, see BUGS, below, if you need to enable it.
73 59
74=cut 60=cut
75 61
76package EV; 62package EV;
77 63
78use strict; 64use strict;
79 65
80BEGIN { 66BEGIN {
81 our $VERSION = '0.03'; 67 our $VERSION = '0.51';
82 use XSLoader; 68 use XSLoader;
83 XSLoader::load "EV", $VERSION; 69 XSLoader::load "EV", $VERSION;
84} 70}
85 71
72@EV::Io::ISA =
73@EV::Timer::ISA =
74@EV::Periodic::ISA =
75@EV::Signal::ISA =
76@EV::Idle::ISA =
77@EV::Prepare::ISA =
78@EV::Check::ISA =
79@EV::Child::ISA = "EV::Watcher";
80
86=head1 BASIC INTERFACE 81=head1 BASIC INTERFACE
87 82
88=over 4 83=over 4
89
90=item $EV::NPRI
91
92How many priority levels are available.
93 84
94=item $EV::DIED 85=item $EV::DIED
95 86
96Must contain a reference to a function that is called when a callback 87Must contain a reference to a function that is called when a callback
97throws an exception (with $@ containing thr error). The default prints an 88throws an exception (with $@ containing thr error). The default prints an
98informative message and continues. 89informative message and continues.
99 90
100If this callback throws an exception it will be silently ignored. 91If this callback throws an exception it will be silently ignored.
101 92
93=item $time = EV::time
94
95Returns the current time in (fractional) seconds since the epoch.
96
102=item $time = EV::now 97=item $time = EV::now
103 98
104Returns the time in (fractional) seconds since the epoch. 99Returns the time the last event loop iteration has been started. This
100is the time that (relative) timers are based on, and refering to it is
101usually faster then calling EV::time.
105 102
106=item $version = EV::version
107
108=item $method = EV::method 103=item $method = EV::ev_method
109 104
110Return version string and event polling method used. 105Returns an integer describing the backend used by libev (EV::METHOD_SELECT
106or EV::METHOD_EPOLL).
111 107
112=item EV::loop $flags # EV::LOOP_ONCE, EV::LOOP_ONESHOT 108=item EV::loop [$flags]
113 109
114=item EV::loopexit $after 110Begin checking for events and calling callbacks. It returns when a
111callback calls EV::loop_done.
115 112
116Exit any active loop or dispatch after C<$after> seconds or immediately if 113The $flags argument can be one of the following:
117C<$after> is missing or zero.
118 114
119=item EV::dispatch 115 0 as above
116 EV::LOOP_ONESHOT block at most once (wait, but do not loop)
117 EV::LOOP_NONBLOCK do not block at all (fetch/handle events but do not wait)
120 118
121Same as C<EV::loop 0>. 119=item EV::loop_done [$how]
122 120
123=item EV::event $callback 121When called with no arguments or an argument of 1, makes the innermost
122call to EV::loop return.
124 123
125Creates a new event watcher waiting for nothing, calling the given callback. 124When called with an agrument of 2, all calls to EV::loop will return as
125fast as possible.
126 126
127=back
128
129=head2 WATCHER
130
131A watcher is an object that gets created to record your interest in some
132event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to become readable, you
133would create an EV::io watcher for that:
134
135 my $watcher = EV::io *STDIN, EV::READ, sub {
136 my ($watcher, $revents) = @_;
137 warn "yeah, STDIN should not be readable without blocking!\n"
138 };
139
140All watchers can be active (waiting for events) or inactive (paused). Only
141active watchers will have their callbacks invoked. All callbacks will be
142called with at least two arguments: the watcher and a bitmask of received
143events.
144
145Each watcher type has its associated bit in revents, so you can use the
146same callback for multiple watchers. The event mask is named after the
147type, i..e. EV::child sets EV::CHILD, EV::prepare sets EV::PREPARE,
148EV::periodic sets EV::PERIODIC and so on, with the exception of IO events
149(which can set both EV::READ and EV::WRITE bits), and EV::timer (which
150uses EV::TIMEOUT).
151
152In the rare case where one wants to create a watcher but not start it at
153the same time, each constructor has a variant with a trailing C<_ns> in
154its name, e.g. EV::io has a non-starting variant EV::io_ns and so on.
155
156Please note that a watcher will automatically be stopped when the watcher
157object is destroyed, so you I<need> to keep the watcher objects returned by
158the constructors.
159
160Also, all methods changing some aspect of a watcher (->set, ->priority,
161->fh and so on) automatically stop and start it again if it is active,
162which means pending events get lost.
163
164=head2 WATCHER TYPES
165
166Now lets move to the existing watcher types and asociated methods.
167
168The following methods are available for all watchers. Then followes a
169description of each watcher constructor (EV::io, EV::timer, EV::periodic,
170EV::signal, EV::child, EV::idle, EV::prepare and EV::check), followed by
171any type-specific methods (if any).
172
173=over 4
174
175=item $w->start
176
177Starts a watcher if it isn't active already. Does nothing to an already
178active watcher. By default, all watchers start out in the active state
179(see the description of the C<_ns> variants if you need stopped watchers).
180
181=item $w->stop
182
183Stop a watcher if it is active. Also clear any pending events (events that
184have been received but that didn't yet result in a callback invocation),
185regardless of wether the watcher was active or not.
186
187=item $bool = $w->is_active
188
189Returns true if the watcher is active, false otherwise.
190
191=item $current_cb = $w->cb
192
193=item $old_cb = $w->cb ($new_cb)
194
195Queries the callback on the watcher and optionally changes it. You can do
196this at any time without the watcher restarting.
197
198=item $current_priority = $w->priority
199
200=item $old_priority = $w->priority ($new_priority)
201
202Queries the priority on the watcher and optionally changes it. Pending
203watchers with higher priority will be invoked first. The valid range of
204priorities lies between EV::MAXPRI (default 2) and EV::MINPRI (default
205-2). If the priority is outside this range it will automatically be
206normalised to the nearest valid priority.
207
208The default priority of any newly-created weatcher is 0.
209
210=item $w->trigger ($revents)
211
212Call the callback *now* with the given event mask.
213
214
127=item my $w = EV::io $fileno_or_fh, $eventmask, $callback 215=item $w = EV::io $fileno_or_fh, $eventmask, $callback
128 216
129=item my $w = EV::io_ns $fileno_or_fh, $eventmask, $callback 217=item $w = EV::io_ns $fileno_or_fh, $eventmask, $callback
130 218
131As long as the returned watcher object is alive, call the C<$callback> 219As long as the returned watcher object is alive, call the C<$callback>
132when the events specified in C<$eventmask> happen. Initially, the timeout 220when the events specified in C<$eventmask>.
133is disabled.
134 221
135You can additionall set a timeout to occur on the watcher, but note that
136this timeout will not be reset when you get an I/O event in the EV::PERSIST
137case, and reaching a timeout will always stop the watcher even in the
138EV::PERSIST case.
139
140If you want a timeout to occur only after a specific time of inactivity, set
141a repeating timeout and do NOT use EV::PERSIST.
142
143Eventmask can be one or more of these constants ORed together: 222The $eventmask can be one or more of these constants ORed together:
144 223
145 EV::READ wait until read() wouldn't block anymore 224 EV::READ wait until read() wouldn't block anymore
146 EV::WRITE wait until write() wouldn't block anymore 225 EV::WRITE wait until write() wouldn't block anymore
147 EV::PERSIST stay active after a (non-timeout) event occured
148 226
149The C<io_ns> variant doesn't add/start the newly created watcher. 227The C<io_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
150 228
151=item my $w = EV::timed_io $fileno_or_fh, $eventmask, $timeout, $callback 229=item $w->set ($fileno_or_fh, $eventmask)
152 230
153=item my $w = EV::timed_io_ns $fileno_or_fh, $eventmask, $timeout, $callback 231Reconfigures the watcher, see the constructor above for details. Can be
232called at any time.
154 233
155Same as C<io> and C<io_ns>, but also specifies a timeout (as if there was 234=item $current_fh = $w->fh
156a call to C<< $w->timeout ($timout, 1) >>. The persist flag is not allowed
157and will automatically be cleared. The watcher will be restarted after each event.
158 235
159If the timeout is zero or undef, no timeout will be set, and a normal 236=item $old_fh = $w->fh ($new_fh)
160watcher (with the persist flag set!) will be created.
161 237
162This has the effect of timing out after the specified period of inactivity 238Returns the previously set filehandle and optionally set a new one.
163has happened.
164 239
165Due to the design of libevent, this is also relatively inefficient, having 240=item $current_eventmask = $w->events
166one or two io watchers and a separate timeout watcher that you reset on
167activity (by calling its C<start> method) is usually more efficient.
168 241
242=item $old_eventmask = $w->events ($new_eventmask)
243
244Returns the previously set event mask and optionally set a new one.
245
246
169=item my $w = EV::timer $after, $repeat, $callback 247=item $w = EV::timer $after, $repeat, $callback
170 248
171=item my $w = EV::timer_ns $after, $repeat, $callback 249=item $w = EV::timer_ns $after, $repeat, $callback
172 250
173Calls the callback after C<$after> seconds. If C<$repeat> is true, the 251Calls the callback after C<$after> seconds. If C<$repeat> is non-zero,
174timer will be restarted after the callback returns. This means that the 252the timer will be restarted (with the $repeat value as $after) after the
175callback would be called roughly every C<$after> seconds, prolonged by the 253callback returns.
176time the callback takes.
177 254
255This means that the callback would be called roughly after C<$after>
256seconds, and then every C<$repeat> seconds. "Roughly" because the time of
257callback processing is not taken into account, so the timer will slowly
258drift. If that isn't acceptable, look at EV::periodic.
259
260The timer is based on a monotonic clock, that is if somebody is sitting
261in front of the machine while the timer is running and changes the system
262clock, the timer will nevertheless run (roughly) the same time.
263
178The C<timer_ns> variant doesn't add/start the newly created watcher. 264The C<timer_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
179 265
266=item $w->set ($after, $repeat)
267
268Reconfigures the watcher, see the constructor above for details. Can be at
269any time.
270
271=item $w->again
272
273Similar to the C<start> method, but has special semantics for repeating timers:
274
275If the timer is active and repeating, reset the timeout to occur
276C<$repeat> seconds after now.
277
278If the timer is active and non-repeating, it will be stopped.
279
280If the timer is in active and repeating, start it.
281
282Otherwise do nothing.
283
284This behaviour is useful when you have a timeout for some IO
285operation. You create a timer object with the same value for C<$after> and
286C<$repeat>, and then, in the read/write watcher, run the C<again> method
287on the timeout.
288
289
290=item $w = EV::periodic $at, $interval, $callback
291
180=item my $w = EV::timer_abs $at, $interval, $callback 292=item $w = EV::periodic_ns $at, $interval, $callback
181
182=item my $w = EV::timer_abs_ns $at, $interval, $callback
183 293
184Similar to EV::timer, but the time is given as an absolute point in time 294Similar to EV::timer, but the time is given as an absolute point in time
185(C<$at>), plus an optional C<$interval>. 295(C<$at>), plus an optional C<$interval>.
186 296
187If the C<$interval> is zero, then the callback will be called at the time 297If the C<$interval> is zero, then the callback will be called at the time
188C<$at> if that is in the future, or as soon as possible if its in the 298C<$at> if that is in the future, or as soon as possible if it is in the
189past. It will not automatically repeat. 299past. It will not automatically repeat.
190 300
191If the C<$interval> is nonzero, then the watcher will always be scheduled 301If the C<$interval> is nonzero, then the watcher will always be scheduled
192to time out at the next C<$at + integer * $interval> time. 302to time out at the next C<$at + N * $interval> time.
193 303
194This can be used to schedule a callback to run at very regular intervals, 304This can be used to schedule a callback to run at very regular intervals,
195as long as the processing time is less then the interval (otherwise 305as long as the processing time is less then the interval (otherwise
196obviously events will be skipped). 306obviously events will be skipped).
197 307
198Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that 308Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
199C<timer_abs> will try to tun the callback at the next possible time where 309EV::periodic will try to run the callback at the next possible time where
200C<$time = $at (mod $interval)>, regardless of any time jumps. 310C<$time = $at (mod $interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
201 311
312This periodic timer is based on "wallclock time", that is, if the clock
313changes (C<ntp>, C<date -s> etc.), then the timer will nevertheless run at
314the specified time. This means it will never drift (it might jitter, but
315it will not drift).
316
202The C<timer_abs_ns> variant doesn't add/start the newly created watcher. 317The C<periodic_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
203 318
319=item $w->set ($at, $interval)
320
321Reconfigures the watcher, see the constructor above for details. Can be at
322any time.
323
324
204=item my $w = EV::signal $signal, $callback 325=item $w = EV::signal $signal, $callback
205 326
206=item my $w = EV::signal_ns $signal, $callback 327=item $w = EV::signal_ns $signal, $callback
207 328
208Call the callback when $signal is received (the signal can be specified 329Call the callback when $signal is received (the signal can be specified
209by number or by name, just as with kill or %SIG). Signal watchers are 330by number or by name, just as with kill or %SIG).
210persistent no natter what.
211 331
212EV will grab the signal for the process (the kernel only allows one 332EV will grab the signal for the process (the kernel only allows one
213component to receive signals) when you start a signal watcher, and 333component to receive a signal at a time) when you start a signal watcher,
214removes it again when you stop it. Pelr does the same when you add/remove 334and removes it again when you stop it. Perl does the same when you
215callbacks to %SIG, so watch out. 335add/remove callbacks to %SIG, so watch out.
216 336
217Unfortunately, only one handler can be registered per signal. Screw 337You can have as many signal watchers per signal as you want.
218libevent.
219 338
220The C<signal_ns> variant doesn't add/start the newly created watcher. 339The C<signal_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
340
341=item $w->set ($signal)
342
343Reconfigures the watcher, see the constructor above for details. Can be at
344any time.
345
346=item $current_signum = $w->signal
347
348=item $old_signum = $w->signal ($new_signal)
349
350Returns the previously set signal (always as a number not name) and
351optionally set a new one.
352
353
354=item $w = EV::child $pid, $callback
355
356=item $w = EV::child_ns $pid, $callback
357
358Call the callback when a status change for pid C<$pid> (or any pid
359if C<$pid> is 0) has been received. More precisely: when the process
360receives a SIGCHLD, EV will fetch the outstanding exit/wait status for all
361changed/zombie children and call the callback.
362
363You can access both status and pid by using the C<rstatus> and C<rpid>
364methods on the watcher object.
365
366You can have as many pid watchers per pid as you want.
367
368The C<child_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
369
370=item $w->set ($pid)
371
372Reconfigures the watcher, see the constructor above for details. Can be at
373any time.
374
375=item $current_pid = $w->pid
376
377=item $old_pid = $w->pid ($new_pid)
378
379Returns the previously set process id and optionally set a new one.
380
381=item $exit_status = $w->rstatus
382
383Return the exit/wait status (as returned by waitpid, see the waitpid entry
384in perlfunc).
385
386=item $pid = $w->rpid
387
388Return the pid of the awaited child (useful when you have installed a
389watcher for all pids).
390
391
392=item $w = EV::idle $callback
393
394=item $w = EV::idle_ns $callback
395
396Call the callback when there are no pending io, timer/periodic, signal or
397child events, i.e. when the process is idle.
398
399The process will not block as long as any idle watchers are active, and
400they will be called repeatedly until stopped.
401
402The C<idle_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
403
404
405=item $w = EV::prepare $callback
406
407=item $w = EV::prepare_ns $callback
408
409Call the callback just before the process would block. You can still
410create/modify any watchers at this point.
411
412See the EV::check watcher, below, for explanations and an example.
413
414The C<prepare_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
415
416
417=item $w = EV::check $callback
418
419=item $w = EV::check_ns $callback
420
421Call the callback just after the process wakes up again (after it has
422gathered events), but before any other callbacks have been invoked.
423
424This is used to integrate other event-based software into the EV
425mainloop: You register a prepare callback and in there, you create io and
426timer watchers as required by the other software. Here is a real-world
427example of integrating Net::SNMP (with some details left out):
428
429 our @snmp_watcher;
430
431 our $snmp_prepare = EV::prepare sub {
432 # do nothing unless active
433 $dispatcher->{_event_queue_h}
434 or return;
435
436 # make the dispatcher handle any outstanding stuff
437
438 # create an IO watcher for each and every socket
439 @snmp_watcher = (
440 (map { EV::io $_, EV::READ, sub { } }
441 keys %{ $dispatcher->{_descriptors} }),
442 );
443
444 # if there are any timeouts, also create a timer
445 push @snmp_watcher, EV::timer $event->[Net::SNMP::Dispatcher::_TIME] - EV::now, 0, sub { }
446 if $event->[Net::SNMP::Dispatcher::_ACTIVE];
447 };
448
449The callbacks are irrelevant, the only purpose of those watchers is
450to wake up the process as soon as one of those events occurs (socket
451readable, or timer timed out). The corresponding EV::check watcher will then
452clean up:
453
454 our $snmp_check = EV::check sub {
455 # destroy all watchers
456 @snmp_watcher = ();
457
458 # make the dispatcher handle any new stuff
459 };
460
461The callbacks of the created watchers will not be called as the watchers
462are destroyed before this cna happen (remember EV::check gets called
463first).
464
465The C<check_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
221 466
222=back 467=back
223 468
224=head1 THE EV::Event CLASS
225
226All EV functions creating an event watcher (designated by C<my $w =>
227above) support the following methods on the returned watcher object:
228
229=over 4
230
231=item $w->add ($timeout)
232
233Stops and (re-)starts the event watcher, setting the optional timeout to
234the given value, or clearing the timeout if none is given.
235
236=item $w->start
237
238Stops and (re-)starts the event watcher without touching the timeout.
239
240=item $w->del
241
242=item $w->stop
243
244Stop the event watcher if it was started.
245
246=item $current_callback = $w->cb
247
248=item $old_callback = $w->cb ($new_callback)
249
250Return the previously set callback and optionally set a new one.
251
252=item $current_fh = $w->fh
253
254=item $old_fh = $w->fh ($new_fh)
255
256Returns the previously set filehandle and optionally set a new one (also
257clears the EV::SIGNAL flag when setting a filehandle).
258
259=item $current_signal = $w->signal
260
261=item $old_signal = $w->signal ($new_signal)
262
263Returns the previously set signal number and optionally set a new one (also sets
264the EV::SIGNAL flag when setting a signal).
265
266=item $current_eventmask = $w->events
267
268=item $old_eventmask = $w->events ($new_eventmask)
269
270Returns the previously set event mask and optionally set a new one.
271
272=item $w->timeout ($after, $repeat)
273
274Resets the timeout (see C<EV::timer> for details).
275
276=item $w->timeout_abs ($at, $interval)
277
278Resets the timeout (see C<EV::timer_abs> for details).
279
280=item $w->priority_set ($priority)
281
282Set the priority of the watcher to C<$priority> (0 <= $priority < $EV::NPRI).
283
284=back
285
286=head1 THREADS 469=head1 THREADS
287 470
288Threads are not supported by this in any way. Perl pseudo-threads is evil 471Threads are not supported by this in any way. Perl pseudo-threads is evil
289and must die. 472stuff and must die.
290
291=head1 BUGS
292
293Lots. Libevent itself isn't well tested and rather buggy, and this module
294is quite new at the moment.
295
296Please note that the epoll method is not, in general, reliable in programs
297that use fork (even if no libveent calls are being made in the forked
298process). If your program behaves erratically, try setting the environment
299variable C<EVENT_NOEPOLL> first when running the program.
300
301In general, if you fork, then you can only use the EV module in one of the
302children.
303 473
304=cut 474=cut
305 475
306our $DIED = sub { 476our $DIED = sub {
307 warn "EV: error in callback (ignoring): $@"; 477 warn "EV: error in callback (ignoring): $@";
308}; 478};
309 479
310init; 480default_loop
481 or die 'EV: cannot initialise libev backend. bad $ENV{LIBEV_METHODS}?';
311 482
312push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [EV => "EV::AnyEvent"]; 483push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [EV => "EV::AnyEvent"];
313 484
3141; 4851;
315 486
316=head1 SEE ALSO 487=head1 SEE ALSO
317 488
318 L<EV::DNS>, L<event(3)>, L<event.h>, L<evdns.h>.
319 L<EV::AnyEvent>. 489 L<EV::DNS>, L<EV::AnyEvent>.
320 490
321=head1 AUTHOR 491=head1 AUTHOR
322 492
323 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> 493 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
324 http://home.schmorp.de/ 494 http://home.schmorp.de/

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