ViewVC Help
View File | Revision Log | Show Annotations | Download File
/cvs/EV/EV.pm
(Generate patch)

Comparing EV/EV.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.6 by root, Sat Oct 27 07:30:10 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.31 by root, Thu Nov 8 02:21:02 2007 UTC

1=head1 NAME 1=head1 NAME
2 2
3EV - perl interface to libevent, monkey.org/~provos/libevent/ 3EV - perl interface to libev, a high performance full-featured event loop
4 4
5=head1 SYNOPSIS 5=head1 SYNOPSIS
6 6
7 use EV; 7 use EV;
8 8
9 # TIMER 9 # TIMERS
10 10
11 my $w = EV::timer 2, 0, sub { 11 my $w = EV::timer 2, 0, sub {
12 warn "is called after 2s"; 12 warn "is called after 2s";
13 }; 13 };
14 14
15 my $w = EV::timer 2, 1, sub { 15 my $w = EV::timer 2, 1, sub {
16 warn "is called roughly every 2s (repeat = 1)"; 16 warn "is called roughly every 2s (repeat = 1)";
17 }; 17 };
18 18
19 undef $w; # destroy event watcher again 19 undef $w; # destroy event watcher again
20 20
21 # IO
22
23 my $w = EV::timer_abs 0, 60, sub { 21 my $w = EV::periodic 0, 60, 0, sub {
24 warn "is called every minute, on the minute, exactly"; 22 warn "is called every minute, on the minute, exactly";
25 }; 23 };
26 24
25 # IO
26
27 my $w = EV::io \*STDIN, EV::READ | EV::PERSIST, sub { 27 my $w = EV::io *STDIN, EV::READ, sub {
28 my ($w, $events) = @_; # all callbacks get the watcher object and event mask 28 my ($w, $revents) = @_; # all callbacks get the watcher object and event mask
29 if ($events & EV::TIMEOUT) {
30 warn "nothign received on stdin for 10 seconds, retrying";
31 } else {
32 warn "stdin is readable, you entered: ", <STDIN>; 29 warn "stdin is readable, you entered: ", <STDIN>;
33 }
34 }; 30 };
35 $w->timeout (10); 31
32 # SIGNALS
33
34 my $w = EV::signal 'QUIT', sub {
35 warn "sigquit received\n";
36 };
37
38 my $w = EV::signal 3, sub {
39 warn "sigquit received (this is GNU/Linux, right?)\n";
40 };
36 41
42 # CHILD/PID STATUS CHANGES
43
44 my $w = EV::child 666, sub {
45 my ($w, $revents) = @_;
46 # my $pid = $w->rpid;
47 my $status = $w->rstatus;
48 };
49
37 # MAINLOOP 50 # MAINLOOP
38 EV::dispatch; # loop as long as watchers are active 51 EV::loop; # loop until EV::loop_done is called
39 EV::loop; # the same thing 52 EV::loop EV::LOOP_ONESHOT; # block until at least one event could be handled
40 EV::loop EV::LOOP_ONCE; 53 EV::loop EV::LOOP_NONBLOCK; # try to handle same events, but do not block
41 EV::loop EV::LOOP_ONSHOT;
42 54
43=head1 DESCRIPTION 55=head1 DESCRIPTION
44 56
45This module provides an interface to libevent 57This module provides an interface to libev
46(L<http://monkey.org/~provos/libevent/>). You probably should acquaint 58(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libev.html>).
47yourself with its documentation and source code to be able to use this
48module fully.
49
50Please note thta this module disables the libevent EPOLL method by
51default, see BUGS, below, if you need to enable it.
52 59
53=cut 60=cut
54 61
55package EV; 62package EV;
56 63
57use strict; 64use strict;
58 65
59BEGIN { 66BEGIN {
60 our $VERSION = '0.01'; 67 our $VERSION = '0.51';
61 use XSLoader; 68 use XSLoader;
62 XSLoader::load "EV", $VERSION; 69 XSLoader::load "EV", $VERSION;
63} 70}
64 71
65=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE 72@EV::Io::ISA =
73@EV::Timer::ISA =
74@EV::Periodic::ISA =
75@EV::Signal::ISA =
76@EV::Idle::ISA =
77@EV::Prepare::ISA =
78@EV::Check::ISA =
79@EV::Child::ISA = "EV::Watcher";
80
81=head1 BASIC INTERFACE
66 82
67=over 4 83=over 4
68 84
69=item $EV::NPRI 85=item $EV::DIED
70 86
71How many priority levels are available. 87Must contain a reference to a function that is called when a callback
88throws an exception (with $@ containing thr error). The default prints an
89informative message and continues.
90
91If this callback throws an exception it will be silently ignored.
92
93=item $time = EV::time
94
95Returns the current time in (fractional) seconds since the epoch.
72 96
73=item $time = EV::now 97=item $time = EV::now
74 98
75Returns the time in (fractional) seconds since the epoch. 99Returns the time the last event loop iteration has been started. This
100is the time that (relative) timers are based on, and refering to it is
101usually faster then calling EV::time.
76 102
77=item $version = EV::version
78
79=item $method = EV::method 103=item $method = EV::ev_method
80 104
81Return version string and event polling method used. 105Returns an integer describing the backend used by libev (EV::METHOD_SELECT
106or EV::METHOD_EPOLL).
82 107
83=item EV::loop $flags # EV::LOOP_ONCE, EV::LOOP_ONESHOT 108=item EV::loop [$flags]
84 109
85=item EV::loopexit $after 110Begin checking for events and calling callbacks. It returns when a
111callback calls EV::loop_done.
86 112
87Exit any active loop or dispatch after C<$after> seconds or immediately if 113The $flags argument can be one of the following:
88C<$after> is missing or zero.
89 114
90=item EV::dispatch 115 0 as above
116 EV::LOOP_ONESHOT block at most once (wait, but do not loop)
117 EV::LOOP_NONBLOCK do not block at all (fetch/handle events but do not wait)
91 118
92Same as C<EV::loop 0>. 119=item EV::loop_done [$how]
93 120
94=item EV::event $callback 121When called with no arguments or an argument of 1, makes the innermost
122call to EV::loop return.
95 123
96Creates a new event watcher waiting for nothing, calling the given callback. 124When called with an agrument of 2, all calls to EV::loop will return as
125fast as possible.
97 126
127=back
128
129=head2 WATCHER
130
131A watcher is an object that gets created to record your interest in some
132event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to become readable, you
133would create an EV::io watcher for that:
134
135 my $watcher = EV::io *STDIN, EV::READ, sub {
136 my ($watcher, $revents) = @_;
137 warn "yeah, STDIN should not be readable without blocking!\n"
138 };
139
140All watchers can be active (waiting for events) or inactive (paused). Only
141active watchers will have their callbacks invoked. All callbacks will be
142called with at least two arguments: the watcher and a bitmask of received
143events.
144
145Each watcher type has its associated bit in revents, so you can use the
146same callback for multiple watchers. The event mask is named after the
147type, i..e. EV::child sets EV::CHILD, EV::prepare sets EV::PREPARE,
148EV::periodic sets EV::PERIODIC and so on, with the exception of IO events
149(which can set both EV::READ and EV::WRITE bits), and EV::timer (which
150uses EV::TIMEOUT).
151
152In the rare case where one wants to create a watcher but not start it at
153the same time, each constructor has a variant with a trailing C<_ns> in
154its name, e.g. EV::io has a non-starting variant EV::io_ns and so on.
155
156Please note that a watcher will automatically be stopped when the watcher
157object is destroyed, so you I<need> to keep the watcher objects returned by
158the constructors.
159
160Also, all methods changing some aspect of a watcher (->set, ->priority,
161->fh and so on) automatically stop and start it again if it is active,
162which means pending events get lost.
163
164=head2 WATCHER TYPES
165
166Now lets move to the existing watcher types and asociated methods.
167
168The following methods are available for all watchers. Then followes a
169description of each watcher constructor (EV::io, EV::timer, EV::periodic,
170EV::signal, EV::child, EV::idle, EV::prepare and EV::check), followed by
171any type-specific methods (if any).
172
173=over 4
174
175=item $w->start
176
177Starts a watcher if it isn't active already. Does nothing to an already
178active watcher. By default, all watchers start out in the active state
179(see the description of the C<_ns> variants if you need stopped watchers).
180
181=item $w->stop
182
183Stop a watcher if it is active. Also clear any pending events (events that
184have been received but that didn't yet result in a callback invocation),
185regardless of wether the watcher was active or not.
186
187=item $bool = $w->is_active
188
189Returns true if the watcher is active, false otherwise.
190
191=item $current_data = $w->data
192
193=item $old_data = $w->data ($new_data)
194
195Queries a freely usable data scalar on the watcher and optionally changes
196it. This is a way to associate custom data with a watcher:
197
198 my $w = EV::timer 60, 0, sub {
199 warn $_[0]->data;
200 };
201 $w->data ("print me!");
202
203=item $current_cb = $w->cb
204
205=item $old_cb = $w->cb ($new_cb)
206
207Queries the callback on the watcher and optionally changes it. You can do
208this at any time without the watcher restarting.
209
210=item $current_priority = $w->priority
211
212=item $old_priority = $w->priority ($new_priority)
213
214Queries the priority on the watcher and optionally changes it. Pending
215watchers with higher priority will be invoked first. The valid range of
216priorities lies between EV::MAXPRI (default 2) and EV::MINPRI (default
217-2). If the priority is outside this range it will automatically be
218normalised to the nearest valid priority.
219
220The default priority of any newly-created weatcher is 0.
221
222=item $w->trigger ($revents)
223
224Call the callback *now* with the given event mask.
225
226
98=item my $w = EV::io $fileno_or_fh, $eventmask, $callback 227=item $w = EV::io $fileno_or_fh, $eventmask, $callback
99 228
100=item my $w = EV::io_ns $fileno_or_fh, $eventmask, $callback 229=item $w = EV::io_ns $fileno_or_fh, $eventmask, $callback
101 230
102As long as the returned watcher object is alive, call the C<$callback> 231As long as the returned watcher object is alive, call the C<$callback>
103when the events specified in C<$eventmask> happen. Initially, the timeout 232when the events specified in C<$eventmask>.
104is disabled.
105 233
106The C<io_ns> variant doesn't add/start the newly created watcher.
107
108Eventmask can be one or more of these constants ORed together: 234The $eventmask can be one or more of these constants ORed together:
109 235
110 EV::READ wait until read() wouldn't block anymore 236 EV::READ wait until read() wouldn't block anymore
111 EV::WRITE wait until write() wouldn't block anymore 237 EV::WRITE wait until write() wouldn't block anymore
112 EV::PERSIST stay active after an event occured
113 238
239The C<io_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
240
241=item $w->set ($fileno_or_fh, $eventmask)
242
243Reconfigures the watcher, see the constructor above for details. Can be
244called at any time.
245
246=item $current_fh = $w->fh
247
248=item $old_fh = $w->fh ($new_fh)
249
250Returns the previously set filehandle and optionally set a new one.
251
252=item $current_eventmask = $w->events
253
254=item $old_eventmask = $w->events ($new_eventmask)
255
256Returns the previously set event mask and optionally set a new one.
257
258
114=item my $w = EV::timer $after, $repeat, $callback 259=item $w = EV::timer $after, $repeat, $callback
115 260
116=item my $w = EV::timer_ns $after, $repeat, $callback 261=item $w = EV::timer_ns $after, $repeat, $callback
117 262
118Calls the callback after C<$after> seconds. If C<$repeat> is true, the 263Calls the callback after C<$after> seconds. If C<$repeat> is non-zero,
119timer will be restarted after the callback returns. This means that the 264the timer will be restarted (with the $repeat value as $after) after the
120callback would be called roughly every C<$after> seconds, prolonged by the 265callback returns.
121time the callback takes.
122 266
267This means that the callback would be called roughly after C<$after>
268seconds, and then every C<$repeat> seconds. "Roughly" because the time of
269callback processing is not taken into account, so the timer will slowly
270drift. If that isn't acceptable, look at EV::periodic.
271
272The timer is based on a monotonic clock, that is if somebody is sitting
273in front of the machine while the timer is running and changes the system
274clock, the timer will nevertheless run (roughly) the same time.
275
123The C<timer_ns> variant doesn't add/start the newly created watcher. 276The C<timer_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
124 277
125=item my $w = EV::timer_abs $at, $interval, $callback 278=item $w->set ($after, $repeat)
126 279
127=item my $w = EV::timer_abs_ns $at, $interval, $callback 280Reconfigures the watcher, see the constructor above for details. Can be at
281any time.
128 282
129Similar to EV::timer, but the time is given as an absolute point in time 283=item $w->again
130(C<$at>), plus an optional C<$interval>.
131 284
132If the C<$interval> is zero, then the callback will be called at the time 285Similar to the C<start> method, but has special semantics for repeating timers:
133C<$at> if that is in the future, or as soon as possible if its in the
134past. It will not automatically repeat.
135 286
136If the C<$interval> is nonzero, then the watcher will always be scheduled 287If the timer is active and repeating, reset the timeout to occur
137to time out at the next C<$at + integer * $interval> time. 288C<$repeat> seconds after now.
138 289
139This can be used to schedule a callback to run at very regular intervals, 290If the timer is active and non-repeating, it will be stopped.
140as long as the processing time is less then the interval (otherwise
141obviously events will be skipped).
142 291
143The C<timer_abs_ns> variant doesn't add/start the newly created watcher. 292If the timer is in active and repeating, start it.
144 293
145=item my $w = EV::signal $signum, $callback 294Otherwise do nothing.
146 295
147=item my $w = EV::signal_ns $signum, $callback 296This behaviour is useful when you have a timeout for some IO
297operation. You create a timer object with the same value for C<$after> and
298C<$repeat>, and then, in the read/write watcher, run the C<again> method
299on the timeout.
148 300
149Call the callback when signal $signum is received.
150 301
151The C<signal_ns> variant doesn't add/start the newly created watcher. 302=item $w = EV::periodic $at, $interval, $reschedule_cb, $callback
303
304=item $w = EV::periodic_ns $at, $interval, $reschedule_cb, $callback
305
306Similar to EV::timer, but is not based on relative timeouts but on
307absolute times. Apart from creating "simple" timers that trigger "at" the
308specified time, it can also be used for non-drifting absolute timers and
309more complex, cron-like, setups that are not adversely affected by time
310jumps (i.e. when the system clock is changed by explicit date -s or other
311means such as ntpd). It is also the most complex watcher type in EV.
312
313It has three distinct "modes":
314
315=over 4
316
317=item * absolute timer ($interval = $reschedule_cb = 0)
318
319This time simply fires at the wallclock time C<$at> and doesn't repeat. It
320will not adjust when a time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run
321at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the system time reaches or
322surpasses this time.
323
324=item * non-repeating interval timer ($interval > 0, $reschedule_cb = 0)
325
326In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the
327next C<$at + N * $interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat,
328regardless of any time jumps.
329
330This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
331time:
332
333 my $hourly = EV::periodic 0, 3600, 0, sub { print "once/hour\n" };
334
335That doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
336but only that the the clalback will be called when the system time shows a
337full hour (UTC).
338
339Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
340EV::periodic will try to run the callback in this mode at the next
341possible time where C<$time = $at (mod $interval)>, regardless of any time
342jumps.
343
344=item * manual reschedule mode ($reschedule_cb = coderef)
345
346In this mode $interval and $at are both being ignored. Instead, each time
347the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the first callback ($reschedule_cb)
348will be called with the watcher as first, and the current time as second
349argument.
350
351I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy this or any other periodic
352watcher, ever>. If you need to stop it, return 1e30 and stop it
353afterwards.
354
355It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
356(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
357will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
358might be called at other times, too.
359
360This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
361triggers on each midnight, local time (actually 24 hours after the last
362midnight, to keep the example simple. If you know a way to do it correctly
363in about the same space (without requiring elaborate modules), drop me a
364note :):
365
366 my $daily = EV::periodic 0, 0, sub {
367 my ($w, $now) = @_;
368
369 use Time::Local ();
370 my (undef, undef, undef, $d, $m, $y) = localtime $now;
371 86400 + Time::Local::timelocal 0, 0, 0, $d, $m, $y
372 }, sub {
373 print "it's midnight or likely shortly after, now\n";
374 };
152 375
153=back 376=back
154 377
155=head1 THE EV::Event CLASS 378The C<periodic_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
156 379
157All EV functions creating an event watcher (designated by C<my $w => 380=item $w->set ($at, $interval, $reschedule_cb)
158above) support the following methods on the returned watcher object:
159 381
160=over 4 382Reconfigures the watcher, see the constructor above for details. Can be at
383any time.
161 384
162=item $w->add ($timeout) 385=item $w->again
163 386
164Stops and (re-)starts the event watcher, setting the optional timeout to 387Simply stops and starts the watcher again.
165the given value, or clearing the timeout if none is given.
166 388
167=item $w->start
168 389
169Stops and (re-)starts the event watcher without touching the timeout. 390=item $w = EV::signal $signal, $callback
170 391
171=item $w->del 392=item $w = EV::signal_ns $signal, $callback
172 393
394Call the callback when $signal is received (the signal can be specified
395by number or by name, just as with kill or %SIG).
396
397EV will grab the signal for the process (the kernel only allows one
398component to receive a signal at a time) when you start a signal watcher,
399and removes it again when you stop it. Perl does the same when you
400add/remove callbacks to %SIG, so watch out.
401
402You can have as many signal watchers per signal as you want.
403
404The C<signal_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
405
406=item $w->set ($signal)
407
408Reconfigures the watcher, see the constructor above for details. Can be at
409any time.
410
411=item $current_signum = $w->signal
412
413=item $old_signum = $w->signal ($new_signal)
414
415Returns the previously set signal (always as a number not name) and
416optionally set a new one.
417
418
419=item $w = EV::child $pid, $callback
420
421=item $w = EV::child_ns $pid, $callback
422
423Call the callback when a status change for pid C<$pid> (or any pid
424if C<$pid> is 0) has been received. More precisely: when the process
425receives a SIGCHLD, EV will fetch the outstanding exit/wait status for all
426changed/zombie children and call the callback.
427
428You can access both status and pid by using the C<rstatus> and C<rpid>
429methods on the watcher object.
430
431You can have as many pid watchers per pid as you want.
432
433The C<child_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
434
173=item $w->stop 435=item $w->set ($pid)
174 436
175Stop the event watcher if it was started. 437Reconfigures the watcher, see the constructor above for details. Can be at
438any time.
176 439
177=item $current_callback = $w->cb
178
179=item $old_callback = $w->cb ($new_callback)
180
181Return the previously set callback and optionally set a new one.
182
183=item $current_fh = $w->fh 440=item $current_pid = $w->pid
184 441
185=item $old_fh = $w->fh ($new_fh) 442=item $old_pid = $w->pid ($new_pid)
186 443
187Returns the previously set filehandle and optionally set a new one.
188
189=item $current_eventmask = $w->events
190
191=item $old_eventmask = $w->events ($new_eventmask)
192
193Returns the previously set event mask and optionally set a new one. 444Returns the previously set process id and optionally set a new one.
194 445
195=item $w->timeout ($after, $repeat) 446=item $exit_status = $w->rstatus
196 447
197Resets the timeout (see C<EV::timer> for details). 448Return the exit/wait status (as returned by waitpid, see the waitpid entry
449in perlfunc).
198 450
199=item $w->timeout_abs ($at, $interval) 451=item $pid = $w->rpid
200 452
201Resets the timeout (see C<EV::timer_abs> for details). 453Return the pid of the awaited child (useful when you have installed a
454watcher for all pids).
202 455
203=item $w->priority_set ($priority)
204 456
205Set the priority of the watcher to C<$priority> (0 <= $priority < $EV::NPRI). 457=item $w = EV::idle $callback
458
459=item $w = EV::idle_ns $callback
460
461Call the callback when there are no pending io, timer/periodic, signal or
462child events, i.e. when the process is idle.
463
464The process will not block as long as any idle watchers are active, and
465they will be called repeatedly until stopped.
466
467The C<idle_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
468
469
470=item $w = EV::prepare $callback
471
472=item $w = EV::prepare_ns $callback
473
474Call the callback just before the process would block. You can still
475create/modify any watchers at this point.
476
477See the EV::check watcher, below, for explanations and an example.
478
479The C<prepare_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
480
481
482=item $w = EV::check $callback
483
484=item $w = EV::check_ns $callback
485
486Call the callback just after the process wakes up again (after it has
487gathered events), but before any other callbacks have been invoked.
488
489This is used to integrate other event-based software into the EV
490mainloop: You register a prepare callback and in there, you create io and
491timer watchers as required by the other software. Here is a real-world
492example of integrating Net::SNMP (with some details left out):
493
494 our @snmp_watcher;
495
496 our $snmp_prepare = EV::prepare sub {
497 # do nothing unless active
498 $dispatcher->{_event_queue_h}
499 or return;
500
501 # make the dispatcher handle any outstanding stuff
502
503 # create an IO watcher for each and every socket
504 @snmp_watcher = (
505 (map { EV::io $_, EV::READ, sub { } }
506 keys %{ $dispatcher->{_descriptors} }),
507 );
508
509 # if there are any timeouts, also create a timer
510 push @snmp_watcher, EV::timer $event->[Net::SNMP::Dispatcher::_TIME] - EV::now, 0, sub { }
511 if $event->[Net::SNMP::Dispatcher::_ACTIVE];
512 };
513
514The callbacks are irrelevant, the only purpose of those watchers is
515to wake up the process as soon as one of those events occurs (socket
516readable, or timer timed out). The corresponding EV::check watcher will then
517clean up:
518
519 our $snmp_check = EV::check sub {
520 # destroy all watchers
521 @snmp_watcher = ();
522
523 # make the dispatcher handle any new stuff
524 };
525
526The callbacks of the created watchers will not be called as the watchers
527are destroyed before this cna happen (remember EV::check gets called
528first).
529
530The C<check_ns> variant doesn't start (activate) the newly created watcher.
206 531
207=back 532=back
208 533
209=head1 BUGS 534=head1 THREADS
210 535
211Lots. Libevent itself isn't well tested and rather buggy, and this module 536Threads are not supported by this in any way. Perl pseudo-threads is evil
212is quite new at the moment. 537stuff and must die.
213
214Please note that the epoll method is not, in general, reliable in
215programs that use fork (even if no libveent calls are being made in the
216forked process). Since this is such a common issue, this module will
217force the epoll method in EV to be off *unless* the global variable
218$EV::ENABLE_EPOLL is set to 1 *before* loading this module for the first
219time.
220 538
221=cut 539=cut
222 540
223our $NPRI = 4; 541our $DIED = sub {
224our $BASE; 542 warn "EV: error in callback (ignoring): $@";
225our $ENABLE_EPOLL; 543};
226 544
227{ 545default_loop
228 local $ENV{EVENT_NOEPOLL}; 546 or die 'EV: cannot initialise libev backend. bad $ENV{LIBEV_METHODS}?';
229 $ENV{EVENT_NOEPOLL} = 1 unless $ENABLE_EPOLL;
230 $BASE = init;
231}
232
233priority_init $NPRI;
234 547
235push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [EV => "EV::AnyEvent"]; 548push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [EV => "EV::AnyEvent"];
236 549
2371; 5501;
238 551
239=head1 SEE ALSO 552=head1 SEE ALSO
240 553
241 L<EV::DNS>, L<event(3)>, L<event.h>, L<evdns.h>.
242 L<EV::AnyEvent>. 554 L<EV::DNS>, L<EV::AnyEvent>.
243 555
244=head1 AUTHOR 556=head1 AUTHOR
245 557
246 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> 558 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
247 http://home.schmorp.de/ 559 http://home.schmorp.de/

Diff Legend

Removed lines
+ Added lines
< Changed lines
> Changed lines