ViewVC Help

View File | Revision Log | Show Annotations | Download File

/cvs/IO-AIO/AIO.pm

Comparing IO-AIO/AIO.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.100 by root, Sun Jan 7 21:36:58 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.211 by root, Tue Sep 27 12:10:29 2011 UTC

…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
10	my $fh = shift	10	my $fh = shift
11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";	11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";
12	...	12	...
13	};	13	};
14		14
…		…
26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue	26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
27		27
28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };	28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;	29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
30		30
31	# AnyEvent integration
32	open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!";
33	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb });
34
35	# Event integration
36	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
37	poll => 'r',
38	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
39
40	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
41	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
42	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
43
44	# Tk integration
45	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
46	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
47
48	# Danga::Socket integration
49	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
50	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
51
52	=head1 DESCRIPTION	31	=head1 DESCRIPTION
53		32
54	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your	33	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
55	operating system supports.	34	operating system supports. It is implemented as an interface to C<libeio>
		35	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libeio.html>).
56		36
57	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program	37	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program
58	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation	38	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation
59	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This	39	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This
60	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even	40	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even
…		…
62	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are	42	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are
63	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster	43	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster
64	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations	44	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations
65	concurrently.	45	concurrently.
66		46
67	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for example	47	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for
68	sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that support	48	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that
69	nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is very inefficient or	49	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is
70	might not work (aio_read fails on sockets/pipes/fifos). Use an event loop	50	very inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<EV>
71	for that (such as the L<Event|Event> module): IO::AIO will naturally fit	51	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.
72	into such an event loop itself.
73		52
74	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your	53	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your
75	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support	54	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support
76	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible	55	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible
77	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio	56	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio
…		…
79	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal	58	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal
80	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and	59	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and
81	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented	60	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented
82	using threads anyway.	61	using threads anyway.
83		62
84	Although the module will work with in the presence of other (Perl-)	63	Although the module will work in the presence of other (Perl-) threads,
85	threads, it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate	64	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking
86	locking yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or	65	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
87	never call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.	66	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
88		67
89	=head2 EXAMPLE	68	=head2 EXAMPLE
90		69
91	This is a simple example that uses the Event module and loads	70	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
92	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:	71	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
93		72
94	use Fcntl;	73	use Fcntl;
95	use Event;	74	use EV;
96	use IO::AIO;	75	use IO::AIO;
97		76
98	# register the IO::AIO callback with Event	77	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
99	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	78	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
100	poll => 'r',
101	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
102		79
103	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd	80	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd
104	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	81	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
105	my $fh = shift	82	my $fh = shift
106	or die "error while opening: $!";	83	or die "error while opening: $!";
107		84
108	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking	85	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking
109	my $size = -s $fh;	86	my $size = -s $fh;
…		…
118		95
119	# file contents now in $contents	96	# file contents now in $contents
120	print $contents;	97	print $contents;
121		98
122	# exit event loop and program	99	# exit event loop and program
123	Event::unloop;	100	EV::unloop;
124	};	101	};
125	};	102	};
126		103
127	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,	104	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
128	# check for sockets etc. etc.	105	# check for sockets etc. etc.
129		106
130	# process events as long as there are some:	107	# process events as long as there are some:
131	Event::loop;	108	EV::loop;
132		109
133	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME	110	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
134		111
135	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not	112	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
136	directly visible to Perl.	113	directly visible to Perl.
…		…
184		161
185	=cut	162	=cut
186		163
187	package IO::AIO;	164	package IO::AIO;
188		165
189	no warnings;	166	use Carp ();
190	use strict 'vars';	167
		168	use common::sense;
191		169
192	use base 'Exporter';	170	use base 'Exporter';
193		171
194	BEGIN {	172	BEGIN {
195	our $VERSION = '2.32';	173	our $VERSION = '4.0';
196		174
197	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat	175	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
198	aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink	176	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
199	aio_readlink aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link	177	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_realpath aio_sync
200	aio_move aio_copy aio_group aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree);	178	aio_fsync aio_syncfs aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_fallocate
		179	aio_pathsync aio_readahead
		180	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
		181	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
		182	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate
		183	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall
		184	aio_statvfs
		185	aio_wd);
		186
201	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice aio_block));	187	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
202	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush	188	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
203	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle	189	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout
204	nreqs nready npending nthreads	190	nreqs nready npending nthreads
205	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs);	191	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs
		192	sendfile fadvise madvise
		193	mmap munmap munlock munlockall);
		194
		195	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
206		196
207	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	197	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
208		198
209	require XSLoader;	199	require XSLoader;
210	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);	200	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
211	}	201	}
212		202
213	=head1 FUNCTIONS	203	=head1 FUNCTIONS
		204
		205	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW
		206
		207	This section simply lists the prototypes of the most important functions
		208	for quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function
		209	documentation.
		210
		211	aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		212	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
		213	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
		214	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		215	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		216	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
		217	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
		218	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
		219	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
		220	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		221	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		222	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		223	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		224	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		225	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
		226	aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		227	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		228	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		229	aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		230	aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($link)
		231	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		232	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		233	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
		234	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
		235	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		236	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		237	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		238	aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		239	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		240	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		241	aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
		242	aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		243	aio_sync $callback->($status)
		244	aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		245	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
		246	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)
		247	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		248	aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		249	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		250	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		251	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		252	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		253	aio_group $callback->(...)
		254	aio_nop $callback->()
		255
		256	$prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
		257	aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
		258
		259	IO::AIO::poll_wait
		260	IO::AIO::poll_cb
		261	IO::AIO::poll
		262	IO::AIO::flush
		263	IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
		264	IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
		265	IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
		266	IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
		267	IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		268	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		269	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		270	IO::AIO::nreqs
		271	IO::AIO::nready
		272	IO::AIO::npending
		273
		274	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		275	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		276	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice
		277	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect
		278	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		279	IO::AIO::munlockall
214		280
215	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS	281	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
216		282
217	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	283	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
218	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	284	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
219	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	285	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
220	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	286	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with
221	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	287	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike
222	perl, which usually delivers "false") as it's sole argument when the given	288	perl, which usually delivers "false") as its sole argument after the given
223	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	289	syscall has been executed asynchronously.
224		290
225	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	291	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
226	internally until the request has finished.	292	internally until the request has finished.
227		293
228	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow	294	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
229	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.	295	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
230		296
231	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	297	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<should> be absolute. The
232	encoded as octets. The reason for the former is that at the time the	298	reason for this is that at the time the request is being executed, the
233	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	299	current working directory could have changed. Alternatively, you can make
234	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	300	sure that you never change the current working directory anywhere in
235	current working directory anywhere in the program and then use relative	301	the program and then use relative paths. Lastly, you can take advantage
236	paths.	302	of IO::AIOs working directory abstraction - see the description of the
		303	C<IO::AIO::WD> class later in this document.
237		304
238	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass	305	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
239	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without	306	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
240	tinkering, b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	307	tinkering, b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode
241	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	308	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user
242	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	309	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)
243	use something else to ensure your scalar has the correct contents.	310	use something else to ensure your scalar has the correct contents.
244		311
245	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO	312	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
246	handles correctly wether it is set or not.	313	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
247		314
248	=over 4	315	=over 4
249		316
250	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]	317	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
251		318
…		…
271	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {	338	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {
272	...	339	...
273	};	340	};
274	};	341	};
275		342
		343
276	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust	344	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
277		345
278	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current	346	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current
279	priority, so the effect is cumulative.	347	priority, so the effect is cumulative.
		348
280		349
281	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	350	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
282		351
283	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly	352	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly
284	created filehandle for the file.	353	created filehandle for the file.
…		…
290	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.	359	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.
291		360
292	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it	361	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it
293	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,	362	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,
294	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,	363	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,
295	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do).	364	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do). Note that the C<$mode> will be modified
		365	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never
		366	change the umask.
296		367
297	Example:	368	Example:
298		369
299	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	370	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
300	if ($_[0]) {	371	if ($_[0]) {
301	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";	372	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";
302	...	373	...
303	} else {	374	} else {
304	die "open failed: $!\n";	375	die "open failed: $!\n";
305	}	376	}
306	};	377	};
307		378
		379	In addition to all the common open modes/flags (C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>,
		380	C<O_RDWR>, C<O_CREAT>, C<O_TRUNC>, C<O_EXCL> and C<O_APPEND>), the
		381	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on
		382	your system are, as usual, C<0>):
		383
		384	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,
		385	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,
		386	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC> and C<O_TTY_INIT>.
		387
		388
308	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	389	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
309		390
310	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	391	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
311	code. I<WARNING:> although accepted, you should not pass in a perl	392	code.
312	filehandle here, as perl will likely close the file descriptor another
313	time when the filehandle is destroyed. Normally, you can safely call perls
314	C<close> or just let filehandles go out of scope.
315		393
316	This is supposed to be a bug in the API, so that might change. It's	394	Unfortunately, you can't do this to perl. Perl I<insists> very strongly on
317	therefore best to avoid this function.	395	closing the file descriptor associated with the filehandle itself.
		396
		397	Therefore, C<aio_close> will not close the filehandle - instead it will
		398	use dup2 to overwrite the file descriptor with the write-end of a pipe
		399	(the pipe fd will be created on demand and will be cached).
		400
		401	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
		402	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
		403
		404	=cut
318		405
319	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	406	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
320		407
321	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	408	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
322		409
323	Reads or writes C<length> bytes from the specified C<fh> and C<offset>	410	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
324	into the scalar given by C<data> and offset C<dataoffset> and calls the	411	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset>
325	callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on error, just	412	and calls the callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on
326	like the syscall).	413	error, just like the syscall).
		414
		415	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
		416	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
		417
		418	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will
		419	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be
		420	changed by these calls.
		421
		422	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of
		423	C<$data>.
		424
		425	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of
		426	C<$data>.
327		427
328	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request	428	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request
329	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or WW3 (if the	429	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or World War III (if
330	necessary/optional hardware is installed).	430	the necessary/optional hardware is installed).
331		431
332	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at	432	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at
333	offset C<0> within the scalar:	433	offset C<0> within the scalar:
334		434
335	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {	435	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {
336	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";	436	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";
337	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";	437	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";
338	};	438	};
339		439
		440
340	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)	441	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
341		442
342	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	443	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
343	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	444	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
344	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more	445	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more
345	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each	446	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each
346	other.	447	other. The same C<$in_fh> works fine though, as this function does not
		448	move or use the file offset of C<$in_fh>.
347		449
		450	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than
		451	are written, and there is no way to find out how many more bytes have been
		452	read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the
		453	number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals
		454	C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.
		455
		456	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use
		457	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically
		458	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while
		459	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run
		460	into a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then
		461	fails to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the
		462	data in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit
		463	the disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you better control
		464	resource usage.
		465
348	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile> syscall to provide	466	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile>-like syscall to
349	zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to a	467	provide zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to
350	socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to mmap'able file.	468	a socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.
351		469
352	If the native sendfile call fails or is not implemented, it will be	470	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,
353	emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any type of filehandle	471	C<EINVAL>, C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or
		472	C<ENOTSOCK>, it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any
354	regardless of the limitations of the operating system.	473	type of filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.
355		474
356	Please note, however, that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from	475	As native sendfile syscalls (as practically any non-POSIX interface hacked
357	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many	476	together in a hurry to improve benchmark numbers) tend to be rather buggy
358	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only	477	on many systems, this implementation tries to work around some known bugs
359	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result	478	in Linux and FreeBSD kernels (probably others, too), but that might fail,
360	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been	479	so you really really should check the return value of C<aio_sendfile> -
361	read.	480	fewre bytes than expected might have been transferred.
		481
362		482
363	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	483	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
364		484
365	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	485	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
366	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>	486	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>
…		…
372	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.	492	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.
373		493
374	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be	494	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be
375	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.	495	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.
376		496
		497
377	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)	498	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
378		499
379	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)	500	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
380		501
381	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will	502	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will
…		…
386	for an explanation.	507	for an explanation.
387		508
388	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an	509	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an
389	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated	510	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated
390	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.	511	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.
		512
		513	To help interpret the mode and dev/rdev stat values, IO::AIO offers the
		514	following constants and functions (if not implemented, the constants will
		515	be C<0> and the functions will either C<croak> or fall back on traditional
		516	behaviour).
		517
		518	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,
		519	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,
		520	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.
391		521
392	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:	522	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:
393		523
394	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	524	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
395	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	525	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
396	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";	526	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";
397	};	527	};
398		528
		529
		530	=item aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		531
		532	Works like the POSIX C<statvfs> or C<fstatvfs> syscalls, depending on
		533	whether a file handle or path was passed.
		534
		535	On success, the callback is passed a hash reference with the following
		536	members: C<bsize>, C<frsize>, C<blocks>, C<bfree>, C<bavail>, C<files>,
		537	C<ffree>, C<favail>, C<fsid>, C<flag> and C<namemax>. On failure, C<undef>
		538	is passed.
		539
		540	The following POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* constants are defined: C<ST_RDONLY> and
		541	C<ST_NOSUID>.
		542
		543	The following non-POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* flag masks are defined to
		544	their correct value when available, or to C<0> on systems that do
		545	not support them: C<ST_NODEV>, C<ST_NOEXEC>, C<ST_SYNCHRONOUS>,
		546	C<ST_MANDLOCK>, C<ST_WRITE>, C<ST_APPEND>, C<ST_IMMUTABLE>, C<ST_NOATIME>,
		547	C<ST_NODIRATIME> and C<ST_RELATIME>.
		548
		549	Example: stat C</wd> and dump out the data if successful.
		550
		551	aio_statvfs "/wd", sub {
		552	my $f = $_[0]
		553	or die "statvfs: $!";
		554
		555	use Data::Dumper;
		556	say Dumper $f;
		557	};
		558
		559	# result:
		560	{
		561	bsize => 1024,
		562	bfree => 4333064312,
		563	blocks => 10253828096,
		564	files => 2050765568,
		565	flag => 4096,
		566	favail => 2042092649,
		567	bavail => 4333064312,
		568	ffree => 2042092649,
		569	namemax => 255,
		570	frsize => 1024,
		571	fsid => 1810
		572	}
		573
		574
		575	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		576
		577	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
		578	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
		579	syscalls support them.
		580
		581	When called with a pathname, uses utimes(2) if available, otherwise
		582	utime(2). If called on a file descriptor, uses futimes(2) if available,
		583	otherwise returns ENOSYS, so this is not portable.
		584
		585	Examples:
		586
		587	# set atime and mtime to current time (basically touch(1)):
		588	aio_utime "path", undef, undef;
		589	# set atime to current time and mtime to beginning of the epoch:
		590	aio_utime "path", time, undef; # undef==0
		591
		592
		593	=item aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		594
		595	Works like perl's C<chown> function, except that C<undef> for either $uid
		596	or $gid is being interpreted as "do not change" (but -1 can also be used).
		597
		598	Examples:
		599
		600	# same as "chown root path" in the shell:
		601	aio_chown "path", 0, -1;
		602	# same as above:
		603	aio_chown "path", 0, undef;
		604
		605
		606	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		607
		608	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
		609
		610
		611	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		612
		613	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
		614
		615
399	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)	616	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
400		617
401	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	618	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
402	result code.	619	result code.
403		620
		621
404	=item aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)	622	=item aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
405		623
406	[EXPERIMENTAL]	624	[EXPERIMENTAL]
407		625
408	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).	626	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
409		627
410	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:	628	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
411		629
412	aio_mknod $path, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...	630	aio_mknod $pathname, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
		631
		632	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants
		633	and functions.
413		634
414	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	635	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
415		636
416	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	637	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
417	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	638	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
418		639
		640
419	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	641	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
420		642
421	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	643	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
422	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	644	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
423		645
		646
424	=item aio_readlink $path, $callback->($link)	647	=item aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
425		648
426	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to	649	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
427	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the	650	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
428	callback.	651	callback.
429		652
		653
		654	=item aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		655
		656	Asynchronously make the path absolute and resolve any symlinks in
		657	C<$path>. The resulting path only consists of directories (Same as
		658	L<Cwd::realpath>).
		659
		660	This request can be used to get the absolute path of the current working
		661	directory by passing it a path of F<.> (a single dot).
		662
		663
430	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	664	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
431		665
432	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	666	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
433	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	667	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
434		668
		669
		670	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		671
		672	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with
		673	the result code. C<$mode> will be modified by the umask at the time the
		674	request is executed, so do not change your umask.
		675
		676
435	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	677	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
436		678
437	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the	679	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the
438	result code.	680	result code.
		681
439		682
440	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	683	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
441		684
442	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	685	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
443	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	686	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
444	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.	687	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.
445		688
446	The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref	689	The callback is passed a single argument which is either C<undef> or an
447	with the filenames.	690	array-ref with the filenames.
448		691
		692
		693	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		694
		695	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows one to
		696	tune behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
		697	C<undef>.
		698
		699	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
		700	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
		701
		702	=over 4
		703
		704	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
		705
		706	When this flag is off, then the callback gets an arrayref consisting of
		707	names only (as with C<aio_readdir>), otherwise it gets an arrayref with
		708	C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a single directory
		709	entry in more detail.
		710
		711	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
		712
		713	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
		714
		715	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
		716	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
		717	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
		718
		719	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need to
		720	know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed reasons, the C<$type>
		721	scalars are read-only: you can not modify them.
		722
		723	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
		724	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
		725	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
		726
		727	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		728
		729	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order where
		730	likely directories come first, in optimal stat order. This is useful when
		731	you need to quickly find directories, or you want to find all directories
		732	while avoiding to stat() each entry.
		733
		734	If the system returns type information in readdir, then this is used
		735	to find directories directly. Otherwise, likely directories are names
		736	beginning with ".", or otherwise names with no dots, of which names with
		737	short names are tried first.
		738
		739	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
		740
		741	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
		742	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat()
		743	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely
		744	be fastest.
		745
		746	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified, then
		747	the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order.
		748
		749	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		750
		751	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
		752	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
		753	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absence of this flag therefore indicates that all
		754	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
		755
		756	=back
		757
		758
449	=item aio_load $path, $data, $callback->($status)	759	=item aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
450		760
451	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into	761	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
452	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.	762	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
453		763
454	=cut	764	=cut
455		765
456	sub aio_load($$;$) {	766	sub aio_load($$;$) {
457	aio_block {
458	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;	767	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;
459	my $data = \$_[1];	768	my $data = \$_[1];
460		769
461	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	770	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
462	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	771	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		772
		773	aioreq_pri $pri;
		774	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		775	my $fh = shift
		776	or return $grp->result (-1);
463		777
464	aioreq_pri $pri;	778	aioreq_pri $pri;
465	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
466	my ($fh) = @_
467	or return $grp->result (-1);
468
469	aioreq_pri $pri;
470	add $grp aio_read $fh, 0, (-s $fh), $$data, 0, sub {	779	add $grp aio_read $fh, 0, (-s $fh), $$data, 0, sub {
471	$grp->result ($_[0]);	780	$grp->result ($_[0]);
472	};
473	};	781	};
474
475	$grp
476	}	782	};
		783
		784	$grp
477	}	785	}
478		786
479	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	787	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
480		788
481	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	789	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
482	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	790	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
483	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	791	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
484		792
485	This is a composite request that it creates the destination file with	793	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
486	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using	794	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
487	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and	795	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
488	uid/gid, in that order.	796	uid/gid, in that order.
489		797
490	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if	798	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if
…		…
492	errors are being ignored.	800	errors are being ignored.
493		801
494	=cut	802	=cut
495		803
496	sub aio_copy($$;$) {	804	sub aio_copy($$;$) {
497	aio_block {
498	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;	805	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
499		806
500	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	807	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
501	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	808	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
502		809
503	aioreq_pri $pri;	810	aioreq_pri $pri;
504	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	811	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
505	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {	812	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
506	my @stat = stat $src_fh;	813	my @stat = stat $src_fh; # hmm, might block over nfs?
507		814
508	aioreq_pri $pri;	815	aioreq_pri $pri;
509	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {	816	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {
510	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {	817	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
511	aioreq_pri $pri;	818	aioreq_pri $pri;
512	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {	819	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
513	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {	820	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
514	$grp->result (0);	821	$grp->result (0);
515	close $src_fh;	822	close $src_fh;
516		823
517	# those should not normally block. should. should.
518	utime $stat[8], $stat[9], $dst;
519	chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;
520	chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;
521	close $dst_fh;
522	} else {	824	my $ch = sub {
523	$grp->result (-1);
524	close $src_fh;
525	close $dst_fh;
526
527	aioreq $pri;	825	aioreq_pri $pri;
		826	add $grp aio_chmod $dst_fh, $stat[2] & 07777, sub {
		827	aioreq_pri $pri;
		828	add $grp aio_chown $dst_fh, $stat[4], $stat[5], sub {
		829	aioreq_pri $pri;
528	add $grp aio_unlink $dst;	830	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;
		831	}
		832	};
529	}	833	};
		834
		835	aioreq_pri $pri;
		836	add $grp aio_utime $dst_fh, $stat[8], $stat[9], sub {
		837	if ($_[0] < 0 && $! == ENOSYS) {
		838	aioreq_pri $pri;
		839	add $grp aio_utime $dst, $stat[8], $stat[9], $ch;
		840	} else {
		841	$ch->();
		842	}
		843	};
		844	} else {
		845	$grp->result (-1);
		846	close $src_fh;
		847	close $dst_fh;
		848
		849	aioreq $pri;
		850	add $grp aio_unlink $dst;
530	};	851	}
531	} else {
532	$grp->result (-1);
533	}	852	};
		853	} else {
		854	$grp->result (-1);
534	},	855	}
535
536	} else {
537	$grp->result (-1);
538	}	856	},
		857
		858	} else {
		859	$grp->result (-1);
539	};	860	}
540
541	$grp
542	}	861	};
		862
		863	$grp
543	}	864	}
544		865
545	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	866	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
546		867
547	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	868	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
548	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	869	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
549	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	870	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
550		871
551	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If	872	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if
552	rename files with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if	873	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if
553	that is successful, unlinking the C<$srcpath>.	874	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.
554		875
555	=cut	876	=cut
556		877
557	sub aio_move($$;$) {	878	sub aio_move($$;$) {
558	aio_block {
559	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;	879	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
560		880
561	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	881	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
562	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	882	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
563		883
564	aioreq_pri $pri;	884	aioreq_pri $pri;
565	add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {	885	add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {
566	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {	886	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
567	aioreq_pri $pri;	887	aioreq_pri $pri;
568	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {	888	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
569	$grp->result ($_[0]);
570
571	if (!$_[0]) {
572	aioreq_pri $pri;
573	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
574	}
575	};
576	} else {
577	$grp->result ($_[0]);	889	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		890
		891	unless ($_[0]) {
		892	aioreq_pri $pri;
		893	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
		894	}
578	}	895	};
		896	} else {
		897	$grp->result ($_[0]);
579	};	898	}
580
581	$grp
582	}	899	};
		900
		901	$grp
583	}	902	}
584		903
585	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	904	=item aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
586		905
587	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	906	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
588	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of	907	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
589	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot	908	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
590	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).	909	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
…		…
607		926
608	Implementation notes.	927	Implementation notes.
609		928
610	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.	929	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.
611		930
		931	If readdir returns file type information, then this is used directly to
		932	find directories.
		933
612	After reading the directory, the modification time, size etc. of the	934	Otherwise, after reading the directory, the modification time, size etc.
613	directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they match (and	935	of the directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they
614	isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide how many	936	match (and isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide
615	entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the number	937	how many entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the
616	of subdirectories will be assumed.	938	number of subdirectories will be assumed.
617		939
618	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories (everything without	940	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
619	a non-initial dot currently) and likely non-directories (everything	941	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
620	else). Then every entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed,	942	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
621	likely directories first. If that succeeds, it assumes that the entry	943	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
622	is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	944	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
623	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	945	separately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
624	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	946	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
625	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature).	947	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
		948	the filetype information on readdir.
626		949
627	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	950	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
628	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.	951	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.
629		952
630	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which	953	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which
…		…
635	directory counting heuristic.	958	directory counting heuristic.
636		959
637	=cut	960	=cut
638		961
639	sub aio_scandir($$;$) {	962	sub aio_scandir($$;$) {
640	aio_block {
641	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;	963	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;
642		964
643	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	965	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
644		966
645	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	967	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
646		968
647	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;	969	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
		970
		971	# get a wd object
		972
		973	aioreq_pri $pri;
		974	add $grp aio_wd $path, sub {
		975	my $wd = [shift, "."];
648		976
649	# stat once	977	# stat once
650	aioreq_pri $pri;	978	aioreq_pri $pri;
651	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	979	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
652	return $grp->result () if $_[0];	980	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
653	my $now = time;	981	my $now = time;
654	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	982	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
655		983
656	# read the directory entries	984	# read the directory entries
657	aioreq_pri $pri;	985	aioreq_pri $pri;
658	add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {	986	add $grp aio_readdirx $wd, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {
659	my $entries = shift	987	my $entries = shift
660	or return $grp->result ();	988	or return $grp->result ();
661		989
662	# stat the dir another time	990	# stat the dir another time
663	aioreq_pri $pri;	991	aioreq_pri $pri;
664	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	992	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
665	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	993	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
666		994
667	my $ndirs;	995	my $ndirs;
668		996
669	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy	997	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
670	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {	998	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
671	$ndirs = -1;	999	$ndirs = -1;
672	} else {	1000	} else {
673	# if nlink == 2, we are finished	1001	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
674	# on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2	1002	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
675	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2	1003	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
676	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);	1004	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
677	}	1005	}
678		1006
679	# sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
680	# dirs == files without ".", short entries first
681	$entries = [map $_->[0],
682	sort { $b->[1] cmp $a->[1] }
683	map [$_, sprintf "%s%04d", (/.\./ ? "1" : "0"), length],
684	@$entries];
685
686	my (@dirs, @nondirs);	1007	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
687		1008
688	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {	1009	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
689	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);	1010	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
690	};	1011	};
691		1012
692	limit $statgrp $maxreq;	1013	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
693	feed $statgrp sub {	1014	feed $statgrp sub {
694	return unless @$entries;	1015	return unless @$entries;
695	my $entry = pop @$entries;	1016	my $entry = shift @$entries;
696		1017
697	aioreq_pri $pri;	1018	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1019	$wd->[1] = "$entry/.";
698	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$entry/.", sub {	1020	add $statgrp aio_stat $wd, sub {
699	if ($_[0] < 0) {	1021	if ($_[0] < 0) {
700	push @nondirs, $entry;	1022	push @nondirs, $entry;
701	} else {	1023	} else {
702	# need to check for real directory	1024	# need to check for real directory
703	aioreq_pri $pri;	1025	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1026	$wd->[1] = $entry;
704	add $statgrp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {	1027	add $statgrp aio_lstat $wd, sub {
705	if (-d _) {	1028	if (-d _) {
706	push @dirs, $entry;	1029	push @dirs, $entry;
707		1030
708	unless (--$ndirs) {	1031	unless (--$ndirs) {
709	push @nondirs, @$entries;	1032	push @nondirs, @$entries;
…		…
717	};	1040	};
718	};	1041	};
719	};	1042	};
720	};	1043	};
721	};	1044	};
722
723	$grp
724	}	1045	};
		1046
		1047	$grp
725	}	1048	}
726		1049
727	=item aio_rmtree $path, $callback->($status)	1050	=item aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
728		1051
729	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the	1052	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
730	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that	1053	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
731	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink	1054	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
732	everything else.	1055	everything else.
733		1056
734	=cut	1057	=cut
735		1058
736	sub aio_rmtree;	1059	sub aio_rmtree;
737	sub aio_rmtree($;$) {	1060	sub aio_rmtree($;$) {
738	aio_block {
739	my ($path, $cb) = @_;	1061	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
740		1062
741	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	1063	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
742	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	1064	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
743		1065
744	aioreq_pri $pri;	1066	aioreq_pri $pri;
745	add $grp aio_scandir $path, 0, sub {	1067	add $grp aio_scandir $path, 0, sub {
746	my ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_;	1068	my ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_;
747		1069
748	my $dirgrp = aio_group sub {	1070	my $dirgrp = aio_group sub {
749	add $grp aio_rmdir $path, sub {	1071	add $grp aio_rmdir $path, sub {
750	$grp->result ($_[0]);	1072	$grp->result ($_[0]);
751	};
752	};	1073	};
753
754	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_rmtree "$path/$_" for @$dirs;
755	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_unlink "$path/$_" for @$nondirs;
756
757	add $grp $dirgrp;
758	};	1074	};
759		1075
760	$grp	1076	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_rmtree "$path/$_" for @$dirs;
		1077	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_unlink "$path/$_" for @$nondirs;
		1078
		1079	add $grp $dirgrp;
761	}	1080	};
		1081
		1082	$grp
762	}	1083	}
		1084
		1085	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)
		1086
		1087	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.
763		1088
764	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)	1089	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
765		1090
766	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback	1091	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback
767	with the fsync result code.	1092	with the fsync result code.
…		…
771	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the	1096	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the
772	callback with the fdatasync result code.	1097	callback with the fdatasync result code.
773		1098
774	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	1099	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
775	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	1100	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1101
		1102	=item aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		1103
		1104	Asynchronously call the syncfs syscall to sync the filesystem associated
		1105	to the given filehandle and call the callback with the syncfs result
		1106	code. If syncfs is not available, calls sync(), but returns C<-1> and sets
		1107	errno to C<ENOSYS> nevertheless.
		1108
		1109	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		1110
		1111	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
		1112	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
		1113	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns
		1114	ENOSYS, then fdatasync or fsync is being substituted.
		1115
		1116	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
		1117	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
		1118	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
		1119	manpage for details.
		1120
		1121	=item aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		1122
		1123	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
		1124	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
		1125	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
		1126	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
		1127	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,
		1128	not just directories.
		1129
		1130	Future versions of this function might fall back to other methods when
		1131	C<fsync> on the directory fails (such as calling C<sync>).
		1132
		1133	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.
		1134
		1135	=cut
		1136
		1137	sub aio_pathsync($;$) {
		1138	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		1139
		1140	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1141	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1142
		1143	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1144	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		1145	my ($fh) = @_;
		1146	if ($fh) {
		1147	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1148	add $grp aio_fsync $fh, sub {
		1149	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1150
		1151	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1152	add $grp aio_close $fh;
		1153	};
		1154	} else {
		1155	$grp->result (-1);
		1156	}
		1157	};
		1158
		1159	$grp
		1160	}
		1161
		1162	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1163
		1164	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed
		1165	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data
		1166	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the
		1167	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on
		1168	it).
		1169
		1170	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory
		1171	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes
		1172	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>
		1173	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be
		1174	a combination of C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC>, C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE> and
		1175	C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>.
		1176
		1177	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1178
		1179	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1180	scalars.
		1181
		1182	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified
		1183	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same
		1184	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either
		1185	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or
		1186	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory page s(by reading and
		1187	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).
		1188
		1189	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		1190
		1191	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1192	scalars.
		1193
		1194	It reads in all the pages of the underlying storage into memory (if any)
		1195	and locks them, so they are not getting swapped/paged out or removed.
		1196
		1197	If C<$length> is undefined, then the scalar will be locked till the end.
		1198
		1199	On systems that do not implement C<mlock>, this function returns C<-1>
		1200	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1201
		1202	Note that the corresponding C<munlock> is synchronous and is
		1203	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1204
		1205	Example: open a file, mmap and mlock it - both will be undone when
		1206	C<$data> gets destroyed.
		1207
		1208	open my $fh, "<", $path or die "$path: $!";
		1209	my $data;
		1210	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;
		1211	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background
		1212
		1213	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		1214
		1215	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a combination of
		1216	C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT> and C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE>).
		1217
		1218	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>
		1219	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1220
		1221	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is
		1222	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1223
		1224	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.
		1225
		1226	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;
776		1227
777	=item aio_group $callback->(...)	1228	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
778		1229
779	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a	1230	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
780	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle	1231	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
…		…
818	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function	1269	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
819	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.	1270	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
820		1271
821	=back	1272	=back
822		1273
		1274
		1275	=head2 IO::AIO::WD - multiple working directories
		1276
		1277	Your process only has one current working directory, which is used by all
		1278	threads. This makes it hard to use relative paths (some other component
		1279	could call C<chdir> at any time, and it is hard to control when the path
		1280	will be used by IO::AIO).
		1281
		1282	One solution for this is to always use absolute paths. This usually works,
		1283	but can be quite slow (the kernel has to walk the whole path on every
		1284	access), and can also be a hassle to implement.
		1285
		1286	Newer POSIX systems have a number of functions (openat, fdopendir,
		1287	futimensat and so on) that make it possible to specify working directories
		1288	per operation.
		1289
		1290	For portability, and because the clowns who "designed", or shall I write,
		1291	perpetrated this new interface were obviously half-drunk, this abstraction
		1292	cannot be perfect, though.
		1293
		1294	IO::AIO allows you to convert directory paths into a so-called IO::AIO::WD
		1295	object. This object stores the canonicalised, absolute version of the
		1296	path, and on systems that allow it, also a directory file descriptor.
		1297
		1298	Everywhere where a pathname is accepted by IO::AIO (e.g. in C<aio_stat>
		1299	or C<aio_unlink>), one can specify an array reference with an IO::AIO::WD
		1300	object and a pathname instead. If the pathname is absolute, the
		1301	IO::AIO::WD objetc is ignored, otherwise the pathname is resolved relative
		1302	to that IO::AIO::WD object.
		1303
		1304	For example, to get a wd object for F</etc> and then stat F<passwd>
		1305	inside, you would write:
		1306
		1307	aio_wd "/etc", sub {
		1308	my $etcdir = shift;
		1309
		1310	# although $etcdir can be undef on error, there is generally no reason
		1311	# to check for errors here, as aio_stat will fail with ENOENT
		1312	# when $etcdir is undef.
		1313
		1314	aio_stat [$etcdir, "passwd"], sub {
		1315	# yay
		1316	};
		1317	};
		1318
		1319	This shows that creating an IO::AIO::WD object is itself a potentially
		1320	blocking operation, which is why it is done asynchronously.
		1321
		1322	As with normal pathnames, IO::AIO keeps a copy of the working directory
		1323	object and the pathname string, so you could write the following without
		1324	causing any issues due to C<$path> getting reused:
		1325
		1326	my $path = [$wd, undef];
		1327
		1328	for my $name (qw(abc def ghi)) {
		1329	$path->[1] = $name;
		1330	aio_stat $path, sub {
		1331	# ...
		1332	};
		1333	}
		1334
		1335	There are some caveats: when directories get renamed (or deleted), the
		1336	pathname string doesn't change, so will point to the new directory (or
		1337	nowhere at all), while the directory fd, if available on the system,
		1338	will still point to the original directory. Most functions accepting a
		1339	pathname will use the directory fd on newer systems, and the string on
		1340	older systems. Some functions (such as realpath) will always rely on the
		1341	string form of the pathname.
		1342
		1343	So this fucntionality is mainly useful to get some protection against
		1344	C<chdir>, to easily get an absolute path out of a relative path for future
		1345	reference, and to speed up doing many operations in the same directory
		1346	(e.g. when stat'ing all files in a directory).
		1347
		1348	The following functions implement this working directory abstraction:
		1349
		1350	=over 4
		1351
		1352	=item aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		1353
		1354	Asynchonously canonicalise the given pathname and convert it to an
		1355	IO::AIO::WD object representing it. If possible and supported on the
		1356	system, also open a directory fd to speed up pathname resolution relative
		1357	to this working directory.
		1358
		1359	If something goes wrong, then C<undef> is passwd to the callback instead
		1360	of a working directory object and C<$!> is set appropriately. Since
		1361	passing C<undef> as working directory component of a pathname fails the
		1362	request with C<ENOENT>, there is often no need for error checking in the
		1363	C<aio_wd> callback, as future requests using the value will fail in the
		1364	expected way.
		1365
		1366	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
		1367	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1368
		1369	=item IO::AIO::CWD
		1370
		1371	This is a compiletime constant (object) that represents the process
		1372	current working directory.
		1373
		1374	Specifying this object as working directory object for a pathname is as
		1375	if the pathname would be specified directly, without a directory object,
		1376	e.g., these calls are functionally identical:
		1377
		1378	aio_stat "somefile", sub { ... };
		1379	aio_stat [IO::AIO::CWD, "somefile"], sub { ... };
		1380
		1381	=back
		1382
		1383
823	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1384	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
824		1385
825	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1386	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
826	called in non-void context.	1387	called in non-void context.
827		1388
…		…
830	=item cancel $req	1391	=item cancel $req
831		1392
832	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution	1393	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
833	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when	1394	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
834	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise	1395	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
835	untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be	1396	untouched (with the exception of readdir). That means that requests that
836	stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.	1397	currently execute will not be stopped and resources held by the request
		1398	will not be freed prematurely.
837		1399
838	=item cb $req $callback->(...)	1400	=item cb $req $callback->(...)
839		1401
840	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.	1402	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
841		1403
…		…
892	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they	1454	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they
893	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the	1455	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the
894	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to	1456	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to
895	exist.	1457	exist.
896		1458
897	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests. And	1459	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests
898	in the callbacks of those requests, you can add further requests to the	1460	(precisely before the callback has been invoked, which is only done within
899	group. And only when all those requests have finished will the the group	1461	the C<poll_cb>). And in the callbacks of those requests, you can add
900	itself finish.	1462	further requests to the group. And only when all those requests have
		1463	finished will the the group itself finish.
901		1464
902	=over 4	1465	=over 4
903		1466
904	=item add $grp ...	1467	=item add $grp ...
905		1468
…		…
914	=item $grp->cancel_subs	1477	=item $grp->cancel_subs
915		1478
916	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request	1479	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request
917	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.	1480	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.
918		1481
		1482	The group request will finish normally (you cannot add requests to the
		1483	group).
		1484
919	=item $grp->result (...)	1485	=item $grp->result (...)
920		1486
921	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all	1487	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
922	subrequests have finished and set thre groups errno to the current value	1488	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value
923	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,	1489	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,
924	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.	1490	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.
925		1491
926	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])	1492	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])
927		1493
…		…
938	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)	1504	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
939		1505
940	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached	1506	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
941	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,	1507	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
942	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,	1508	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
943	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For	1509	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
944	example, C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat>	1510	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands of C<aio_stat>
945	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.	1511	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
946		1512
947	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can	1513	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
948	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The	1514	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
949	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,	1515	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
…		…
954	not impose any limits).	1520	not impose any limits).
955		1521
956	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be	1522	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
957	automatically removed from the group.	1523	automatically removed from the group.
958		1524
959	If the feed limit is C<0>, it will be set to C<2> automatically.	1525	If the feed limit is C<0> when this method is called, it will be set to
		1526	C<2> automatically.
960		1527
961	Example:	1528	Example:
962		1529
963	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:	1530	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
964		1531
…		…
976	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever	1543	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
977	the group contains less than this many requests.	1544	the group contains less than this many requests.
978		1545
979	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.	1546	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
980		1547
		1548	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder
		1549	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.
		1550
981	=back	1551	=back
982		1552
983	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS	1553	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
984		1554
985	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION	1555	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
…		…
987	=over 4	1557	=over 4
988		1558
989	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno	1559	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno
990		1560
991	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be	1561	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be
992	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. Event or	1562	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. EV, Glib,
993	select, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable you have	1563	select and so on, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable
994	to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.	1564	you have to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.
995		1565
996	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1566	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
997		1567
998	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1568	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
999		1569
1000	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this	1570	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call
1001	regularly. Returns the number of events processed. Returns immediately	1571	this regularly. Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there
1002	when no events are outstanding. The amount of events processed depends on	1572	were no events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever
1003	the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.	1573	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount of
		1574	events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and
		1575	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.
1004		1576
1005	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle	1577	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle
1006	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns.	1578	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you don't have to
		1579	do anything special to have it called later.
		1580
		1581	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes
		1582	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit
		1583	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become
		1584	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes
		1585	over again. This function returns very fast when there are no outstanding
		1586	requests.
1007		1587
1008	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1588	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
1009	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority:	1589	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority (more examples can be found in the
		1590	SYNOPSIS section, at the top of this document):
1010		1591
1011	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1592	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1012	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1593	poll => 'r', async => 1,
1013	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1594	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1595
		1596	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
		1597
		1598	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
		1599	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
		1600	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
		1601	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
		1602
		1603	See C<nreqs> for an example.
		1604
		1605	=item IO::AIO::poll
		1606
		1607	Waits until some requests have been handled.
		1608
		1609	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
		1610	equivalent to:
		1611
		1612	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1613
		1614	=item IO::AIO::flush
		1615
		1616	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
		1617
		1618	Strictly equivalent to:
		1619
		1620	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1621	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
1014		1622
1015	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs	1623	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
1016		1624
1017	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds	1625	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
1018		1626
…		…
1043	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority	1651	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority
1044	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1652	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1045	poll => 'r', nice => 1,	1653	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
1046	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1654	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
1047		1655
1048	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait	1656	=back
1049
1050	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
1051	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
1052	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
1053	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
1054
1055	See C<nreqs> for an example.
1056
1057	=item IO::AIO::poll
1058
1059	Waits until some requests have been handled.
1060
1061	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
1062	equivalent to:
1063
1064	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1065
1066	=item IO::AIO::flush
1067
1068	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
1069
1070	Strictly equivalent to:
1071
1072	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1073	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
1074		1657
1075	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS	1658	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
		1659
		1660	=over
1076		1661
1077	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads	1662	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
1078		1663
1079	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current	1664	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current
1080	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute	1665	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute
…		…
1108		1693
1109	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1694	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
1110		1695
1111	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads	1696	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
1112		1697
1113	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle (i.e.,	1698	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle
1114	threads that did not get a request to process within 10 seconds). That	1699	(i.e., threads that did not get a request to process within the idle
1115	means if a thread becomes idle while C<$nthreads> other threads are also	1700	timeout (default: 10 seconds). That means if a thread becomes idle while
1116	idle, it will free its resources and exit.	1701	C<$nthreads> other threads are also idle, it will free its resources and
		1702	exit.
1117		1703
1118	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)	1704	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)
1119	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources	1705	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources
1120	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).	1706	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).
1121		1707
1122	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread	1708	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread
1123	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might	1709	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might
1124	want to use larger values.	1710	want to use larger values.
1125		1711
		1712	=item IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		1713
		1714	Sets the minimum idle timeout (default 10) after which worker threads are
		1715	allowed to exit. SEe C<IO::AIO::max_idle>.
		1716
1126	=item $oldmaxreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs	1717	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		1718
		1719	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If
		1720	you do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to
		1721	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> (and other functions calling C<poll_cb>, such as
		1722	C<IO::AIO::flush> or C<IO::AIO::poll>) will block until the limit is no
		1723	longer exceeded.
		1724
		1725	In other words, this setting does not enforce a queue limit, but can be
		1726	used to make poll functions block if the limit is exceeded.
1127		1727
1128	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it	1728	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
1129	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better	1729	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
1130	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.	1730	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
1131		1731
1132	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you	1732	It's main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat
1133	to queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to the	1733	a lot of files, you can write somehting like this:
1134	C<poll_cb> (and C<poll_some> and other functions calling C<poll_cb>)
1135	function will block until the limit is no longer exceeded.
1136		1734
1137	The default value is very large, so there is no practical limit on the	1735	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;
1138	number of outstanding requests.
1139		1736
1140	You can still queue as many requests as you want. Therefore,	1737	for my $path (...) {
1141	C<max_oustsanding> is mainly useful in simple scripts (with low values) or	1738	aio_stat $path , ...;
1142	as a stop gap to shield against fatal memory overflow (with large values).	1739	IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1740	}
		1741
		1742	IO::AIO::flush;
		1743
		1744	The call to C<poll_cb> inside the loop will normally return instantly, but
		1745	as soon as more thna C<32> reqeusts are in-flight, it will block until
		1746	some requests have been handled. This keeps the loop from pushing a large
		1747	number of C<aio_stat> requests onto the queue.
		1748
		1749	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no
		1750	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.
		1751
		1752	=back
1143		1753
1144	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION	1754	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
		1755
		1756	=over
1145		1757
1146	=item IO::AIO::nreqs	1758	=item IO::AIO::nreqs
1147		1759
1148	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending	1760	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending
1149	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).	1761	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).
…		…
1163	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,	1775	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
1164	but not yet processed by poll_cb).	1776	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
1165		1777
1166	=back	1778	=back
1167		1779
		1780	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
		1781
		1782	IO::AIO implements some functions that might be useful, but are not
		1783	asynchronous.
		1784
		1785	=over 4
		1786
		1787	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		1788
		1789	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,
		1790	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is
		1791	likely cached already and the output filehandle is set to non-blocking
		1792	operations).
		1793
		1794	Returns the number of bytes copied, or C<-1> on error.
		1795
		1796	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		1797
		1798	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its
		1799	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1800	available: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1801	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,
		1802	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.
		1803
		1804	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns
		1805	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.
		1806
		1807	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice
		1808
		1809	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its
		1810	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1811	available: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1812	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.
		1813
		1814	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns
		1815	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.
		1816
		1817	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect
		1818
		1819	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed
		1820	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect
		1821	constants are available: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,
		1822	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.
		1823
		1824	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns
		1825	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.
		1826
		1827	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]
		1828
		1829	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the
		1830	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar.
		1831
		1832	The only operations allowed on the scalar are C<substr>/C<vec> that don't
		1833	change the string length, and most read-only operations such as copying it
		1834	or searching it with regexes and so on.
		1835
		1836	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.
		1837
		1838	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed
		1839	when the C<$scalar> is destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap> or
		1840	C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called.
		1841
		1842	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual
		1843	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.
		1844
		1845	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual
		1846	filesize.
		1847
		1848	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,
		1849	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,
		1850
		1851	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or
		1852	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>, or a number of system-specific flags (when
		1853	not available, the are defined as 0): C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS>
		1854	(which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this
		1855	constant), C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,
		1856	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE> or
		1857	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>
		1858
		1859	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.
		1860
		1861	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be
		1862	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.
		1863
		1864	Example:
		1865
		1866	use Digest::MD5;
		1867	use IO::AIO;
		1868
		1869	open my $fh, "<verybigfile"
		1870	or die "$!";
		1871
		1872	IO::AIO::mmap my $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh
		1873	or die "verybigfile: $!";
		1874
		1875	my $fast_md5 = md5 $data;
		1876
		1877	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		1878
		1879	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.
		1880
		1881	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		1882
		1883	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous
		1884	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).
		1885
		1886	=item IO::AIO::munlockall
		1887
		1888	Calls the C<munlockall> function.
		1889
		1890	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns
		1891	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.
		1892
		1893	=back
		1894
1168	=cut	1895	=cut
1169		1896
1170	# support function to convert a fd into a perl filehandle
1171	sub _fd2fh {
1172	return undef if $_[0] < 0;
1173
1174	# try to generate nice filehandles
1175	my $sym = "IO::AIO::fd#$_[0]";
1176	local *$sym;
1177
1178	open *$sym, "+<&=$_[0]" # usually works under any unix
1179	or open *$sym, "<&=$_[0]" # cygwin needs this
1180	or open *$sym, ">&=$_[0]" # or this
1181	or return undef;
1182
1183	*$sym
1184	}
1185
1186	min_parallel 8;	1897	min_parallel 8;
1187		1898
1188	END { flush }	1899	END { flush }
1189		1900
1190	1;	1901	1;
1191		1902
		1903	=head1 EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		1904
		1905	It is recommended to use L<AnyEvent::AIO> to integrate IO::AIO
		1906	automatically into many event loops:
		1907
		1908	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
		1909	use AnyEvent::AIO;
		1910
		1911	You can also integrate IO::AIO manually into many event loops, here are
		1912	some examples of how to do this:
		1913
		1914	# EV integration
		1915	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1916
		1917	# Event integration
		1918	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		1919	poll => 'r',
		1920	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1921
		1922	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
		1923	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		1924	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
		1925
		1926	# Tk integration
		1927	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
		1928	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1929
		1930	# Danga::Socket integration
		1931	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
		1932	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1933
1192	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	1934	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
1193		1935
1194	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	1936	Usage of pthreads in a program changes the semantics of fork
		1937	considerably. Specifically, only async-safe functions can be called after
		1938	fork. Perl doesn't know about this, so in general, you cannot call fork
		1939	with defined behaviour in perl if pthreads are involved. IO::AIO uses
		1940	pthreads, so this applies, but many other extensions and (for inexplicable
		1941	reasons) perl itself often is linked against pthreads, so this limitation
		1942	applies to quite a lot of perls.
1195		1943
1196	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	1944	This module no longer tries to fight your OS, or POSIX. That means IO::AIO
1197	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	1945	only works in the process that loaded it. Forking is fully supported, but
1198	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	1946	using IO::AIO in the child is not.
1199	request/result processing, while the child frees the request/result queue
1200	(so that the requests started before the fork will only be handled in the
1201	parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit set in the
1202	parent process has been reached again.
1203		1947
1204	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	1948	You might get around by not I<using> IO::AIO before (or after)
1205	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	1949	forking. You could also try to call the L<IO::AIO::reinit> function in the
1206	yet.	1950	child:
		1951
		1952	=over 4
		1953
		1954	=item IO::AIO::reinit
		1955
		1956	Abandons all current requests and I/O threads and simply reinitialises all
		1957	data structures. This is not an operation supported by any standards, but
		1958	happens to work on GNU/Linux and some newer BSD systems.
		1959
		1960	The only reasonable use for this function is to call it after forking, if
		1961	C<IO::AIO> was used in the parent. Calling it while IO::AIO is active in
		1962	the process will result in undefined behaviour. Calling it at any time
		1963	will also result in any undefined (by POSIX) behaviour.
		1964
		1965	=back
1207		1966
1208	=head2 MEMORY USAGE	1967	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
1209		1968
1210	Per-request usage:	1969	Per-request usage:
1211		1970
…		…
1213	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly	1972	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly
1214	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl	1973	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl
1215	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and	1974	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and
1216	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.	1975	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.
1217		1976
1218	This is now awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a	1977	This is not awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a
1219	problem.	1978	problem.
1220		1979
1221	Per-thread usage:	1980	Per-thread usage:
1222		1981
1223	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for	1982	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for
…		…
1228		1987
1229	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.	1988	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.
1230		1989
1231	=head1 SEE ALSO	1990	=head1 SEE ALSO
1232		1991
1233	L<Coro::AIO>.	1992	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a
		1993	more natural syntax.
1234		1994
1235	=head1 AUTHOR	1995	=head1 AUTHOR
1236		1996
1237	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1997	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1238	http://home.schmorp.de/	1998	http://home.schmorp.de/

Diff Legend

–	Removed lines
+	Added lines
<	Changed lines
>	Changed lines