ViewVC Help

View File | Revision Log | Show Annotations | Download File

/cvs/IO-AIO/AIO.pm

Comparing IO-AIO/AIO.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.124 by root, Sat May 10 19:25:33 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.245 by root, Sat Jan 25 00:15:52 2014 UTC

…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
10	my $fh = shift	10	my $fh = shift
11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";	11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";
12	...	12	...
13	};	13	};
14		14
…		…
26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue	26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
27		27
28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };	28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;	29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
30		30
31	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, urxvt, pureperl...)
32	open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!";
33	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb });
34
35	# EV integration
36	my $w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
37
38	# Event integration
39	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
40	poll => 'r',
41	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
42
43	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
44	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
45	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
46
47	# Tk integration
48	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
49	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
50
51	# Danga::Socket integration
52	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
53	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
54
55	=head1 DESCRIPTION	31	=head1 DESCRIPTION
56		32
57	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your	33	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
58	operating system supports.	34	operating system supports. It is implemented as an interface to C<libeio>
		35	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libeio.html>).
59		36
60	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program	37	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program
61	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation	38	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation
62	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This	39	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This
63	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even	40	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even
…		…
67	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations	44	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations
68	concurrently.	45	concurrently.
69		46
70	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for	47	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for
71	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that	48	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that
72	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is very	49	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is
73	inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<Event|Event>	50	very inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<EV>
74	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.	51	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.
75		52
76	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your	53	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your
77	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support	54	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support
78	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible	55	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible
…		…
88	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never	65	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
89	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.	66	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
90		67
91	=head2 EXAMPLE	68	=head2 EXAMPLE
92		69
93	This is a simple example that uses the Event module and loads	70	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
94	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:	71	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
95		72
96	use Fcntl;
97	use Event;	73	use EV;
98	use IO::AIO;	74	use IO::AIO;
99		75
100	# register the IO::AIO callback with Event	76	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
101	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	77	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
102	poll => 'r',
103	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
104		78
105	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd	79	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd
106	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	80	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
107	my $fh = shift	81	my $fh = shift
108	or die "error while opening: $!";	82	or die "error while opening: $!";
109		83
110	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking	84	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking
111	my $size = -s $fh;	85	my $size = -s $fh;
…		…
120		94
121	# file contents now in $contents	95	# file contents now in $contents
122	print $contents;	96	print $contents;
123		97
124	# exit event loop and program	98	# exit event loop and program
125	Event::unloop;	99	EV::unloop;
126	};	100	};
127	};	101	};
128		102
129	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,	103	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
130	# check for sockets etc. etc.	104	# check for sockets etc. etc.
131		105
132	# process events as long as there are some:	106	# process events as long as there are some:
133	Event::loop;	107	EV::loop;
134		108
135	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME	109	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
136		110
137	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not	111	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
138	directly visible to Perl.	112	directly visible to Perl.
…		…
188		162
189	package IO::AIO;	163	package IO::AIO;
190		164
191	use Carp ();	165	use Carp ();
192		166
193	no warnings;	167	use common::sense;
194	use strict 'vars';
195		168
196	use base 'Exporter';	169	use base 'Exporter';
197		170
198	BEGIN {	171	BEGIN {
199	our $VERSION = '3.0';	172	our $VERSION = 4.2;
200		173
201	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close	174	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_seek aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
202	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir	175	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
203	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_sync aio_fsync	176	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_realpath aio_sync
		177	aio_fsync aio_syncfs aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_allocate
204	aio_fdatasync aio_pathsync aio_readahead	178	aio_pathsync aio_readahead aio_fiemap
205	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group	179	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
206	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown	180	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
207	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate);	181	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate
		182	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall
		183	aio_statvfs
		184	aio_wd);
208		185
209	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));	186	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
210	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush	187	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
211	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle	188	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout
212	nreqs nready npending nthreads	189	nreqs nready npending nthreads
213	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs);	190	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs
		191	sendfile fadvise madvise
		192	mmap munmap munlock munlockall);
		193
		194	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
214		195
215	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	196	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
216		197
217	require XSLoader;	198	require XSLoader;
218	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);	199	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
219	}	200	}
220		201
221	=head1 FUNCTIONS	202	=head1 FUNCTIONS
222		203
223	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS	204	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW
		205
		206	This section simply lists the prototypes most of the functions for
		207	quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function
		208	documentation.
		209
		210	aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		211	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
		212	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
		213	aio_seek $fh,$offset,$whence, $callback->($offs)
		214	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		215	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		216	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
		217	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
		218	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
		219	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
		220	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		221	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		222	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		223	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		224	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		225	aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		226	aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		227	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
		228	aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		229	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		230	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		231	aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		232	aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($link)
		233	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		234	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		235	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
		236	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
		237	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		238	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		239	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		240	aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
		241	aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		242	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		243	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		244	aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		245	aio_sync $callback->($status)
		246	aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		247	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
		248	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)
		249	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		250	aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		251	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		252	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		253	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		254	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		255	aio_group $callback->(...)
		256	aio_nop $callback->()
		257
		258	$prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
		259	aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
		260
		261	IO::AIO::poll_wait
		262	IO::AIO::poll_cb
		263	IO::AIO::poll
		264	IO::AIO::flush
		265	IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
		266	IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
		267	IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
		268	IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
		269	IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		270	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		271	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		272	IO::AIO::nreqs
		273	IO::AIO::nready
		274	IO::AIO::npending
		275
		276	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		277	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		278	IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags[, $fh[, $offset]]
		279	IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		280	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice
		281	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect
		282	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		283	IO::AIO::munlockall
		284
		285	=head2 API NOTES
224		286
225	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	287	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
226	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	288	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
227	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	289	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
228	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	290	which must be a code reference. This code reference will be called after
229	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	291	the syscall has been executed in an asynchronous fashion. The results
230	perl, which usually delivers "false") as it's sole argument when the given	292	of the request will be passed as arguments to the callback (and, if an
231	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	293	error occured, in C<$!>) - for most requests the syscall return code (e.g.
		294	most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike perl, which usually delivers
		295	"false").
		296
		297	Some requests (such as C<aio_readdir>) pass the actual results and
		298	communicate failures by passing C<undef>.
232		299
233	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	300	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
234	internally until the request has finished.	301	internally until the request has finished.
235		302
236	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow	303	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
237	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.	304	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
238		305
239	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	306	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<should> be absolute. The
240	encoded as octets. The reason for the former is that at the time the	307	reason for this is that at the time the request is being executed, the
241	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	308	current working directory could have changed. Alternatively, you can
242	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	309	make sure that you never change the current working directory anywhere
243	current working directory anywhere in the program and then use relative	310	in the program and then use relative paths. You can also take advantage
244	paths.	311	of IO::AIOs working directory abstraction, that lets you specify paths
		312	relative to some previously-opened "working directory object" - see the
		313	description of the C<IO::AIO::WD> class later in this document.
245		314
246	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass	315	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
247	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without	316	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
248	tinkering, b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	317	tinkering, b) are in your native filesystem encoding, c) use the Encode
249	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	318	module and encode your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in
250	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	319	effect in the user environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on
251	use something else to ensure your scalar has the correct contents.	320	unicode filenames or e) use something else to ensure your scalar has the
		321	correct contents.
252		322
253	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO	323	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
254	handles correctly wether it is set or not.	324	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
		325
		326	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
255		327
256	=over 4	328	=over 4
257		329
258	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]	330	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
259		331
…		…
289		361
290		362
291	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	363	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
292		364
293	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly	365	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly
294	created filehandle for the file.	366	created filehandle for the file (or C<undef> in case of an error).
295		367
296	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,	368	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,
297	for an explanation.	369	for an explanation.
298		370
299	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a	371	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a
…		…
306	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never	378	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never
307	change the umask.	379	change the umask.
308		380
309	Example:	381	Example:
310		382
311	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	383	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
312	if ($_[0]) {	384	if ($_[0]) {
313	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";	385	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";
314	...	386	...
315	} else {	387	} else {
316	die "open failed: $!\n";	388	die "open failed: $!\n";
317	}	389	}
318	};	390	};
319		391
		392	In addition to all the common open modes/flags (C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>,
		393	C<O_RDWR>, C<O_CREAT>, C<O_TRUNC>, C<O_EXCL> and C<O_APPEND>), the
		394	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on
		395	your system are, as usual, C<0>):
		396
		397	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,
		398	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,
		399	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC> and C<O_TTY_INIT>.
		400
320		401
321	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	402	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
322		403
323	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	404	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
324	code.	405	code.
…		…
333	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be	414	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
334	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.	415	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
335		416
336	=cut	417	=cut
337		418
		419	=item aio_seek $fh, $offset, $whence, $callback->($offs)
		420
		421	Seeks the filehandle to the new C<$offset>, similarly to perl's
		422	C<sysseek>. The C<$whence> can use the traditional values (C<0> for
		423	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_SET>, C<1> for C<IO::AIO::SEEK_CUR> or C<2> for
		424	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_END>).
		425
		426	The resulting absolute offset will be passed to the callback, or C<-1> in
		427	case of an error.
		428
		429	In theory, the C<$whence> constants could be different than the
		430	corresponding values from L<Fcntl>, but perl guarantees they are the same,
		431	so don't panic.
		432
		433	As a GNU/Linux (and maybe Solaris) extension, also the constants
		434	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_DATA> and C<IO::AIO::SEEK_HOLE> are available, if they
		435	could be found. No guarantees about suitability for use in C<aio_seek> or
		436	Perl's C<sysseek> can be made though, although I would naively assume they
		437	"just work".
		438
338	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	439	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
339		440
340	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	441	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
341		442
342	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from the specified C<$fh> and C<$offset>	443	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
343	into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset> and calls the	444	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset>
344	callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on error, just	445	and calls the callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on
345	like the syscall).	446	error, just like the syscall).
		447
		448	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
		449	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
346		450
347	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will	451	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will
348	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be	452	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be
349	changed by these calls.	453	changed by these calls.
350		454
351	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of C<$data>.	455	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of
		456	C<$data>.
352		457
353	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of	458	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of
354	C<$data>.	459	C<$data>.
355		460
356	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request	461	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request
…		…
370		475
371	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	476	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
372	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	477	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
373	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more	478	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more
374	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each	479	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each
375	other.	480	other. The same C<$in_fh> works fine though, as this function does not
		481	move or use the file offset of C<$in_fh>.
376		482
		483	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than
		484	are written, and there is no way to find out how many more bytes have been
		485	read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the
		486	number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals
		487	C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.
		488
		489	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use
		490	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically
		491	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while
		492	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run
		493	into a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then
		494	fails to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the
		495	data in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit
		496	the disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you better control
		497	resource usage.
		498
377	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile> syscall to provide	499	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile>-like syscall to
378	zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to a	500	provide zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to
379	socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to mmap'able file.	501	a socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.
380		502
381	If the native sendfile call fails or is not implemented, it will be	503	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,
382	emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any type of filehandle	504	C<EINVAL>, C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or
		505	C<ENOTSOCK>, it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any
383	regardless of the limitations of the operating system.	506	type of filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.
384		507
385	Please note, however, that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from	508	As native sendfile syscalls (as practically any non-POSIX interface hacked
386	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many	509	together in a hurry to improve benchmark numbers) tend to be rather buggy
387	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only	510	on many systems, this implementation tries to work around some known bugs
388	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result	511	in Linux and FreeBSD kernels (probably others, too), but that might fail,
389	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been	512	so you really really should check the return value of C<aio_sendfile> -
390	read.	513	fewre bytes than expected might have been transferred.
391		514
392		515
393	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	516	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
394		517
395	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	518	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
…		…
418		541
419	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an	542	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an
420	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated	543	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated
421	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.	544	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.
422		545
		546	To help interpret the mode and dev/rdev stat values, IO::AIO offers the
		547	following constants and functions (if not implemented, the constants will
		548	be C<0> and the functions will either C<croak> or fall back on traditional
		549	behaviour).
		550
		551	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,
		552	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,
		553	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.
		554
423	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:	555	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:
424		556
425	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	557	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
426	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	558	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
427	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";	559	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";
428	};	560	};
429		561
430		562
		563	=item aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		564
		565	Works like the POSIX C<statvfs> or C<fstatvfs> syscalls, depending on
		566	whether a file handle or path was passed.
		567
		568	On success, the callback is passed a hash reference with the following
		569	members: C<bsize>, C<frsize>, C<blocks>, C<bfree>, C<bavail>, C<files>,
		570	C<ffree>, C<favail>, C<fsid>, C<flag> and C<namemax>. On failure, C<undef>
		571	is passed.
		572
		573	The following POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* constants are defined: C<ST_RDONLY> and
		574	C<ST_NOSUID>.
		575
		576	The following non-POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* flag masks are defined to
		577	their correct value when available, or to C<0> on systems that do
		578	not support them: C<ST_NODEV>, C<ST_NOEXEC>, C<ST_SYNCHRONOUS>,
		579	C<ST_MANDLOCK>, C<ST_WRITE>, C<ST_APPEND>, C<ST_IMMUTABLE>, C<ST_NOATIME>,
		580	C<ST_NODIRATIME> and C<ST_RELATIME>.
		581
		582	Example: stat C</wd> and dump out the data if successful.
		583
		584	aio_statvfs "/wd", sub {
		585	my $f = $_[0]
		586	or die "statvfs: $!";
		587
		588	use Data::Dumper;
		589	say Dumper $f;
		590	};
		591
		592	# result:
		593	{
		594	bsize => 1024,
		595	bfree => 4333064312,
		596	blocks => 10253828096,
		597	files => 2050765568,
		598	flag => 4096,
		599	favail => 2042092649,
		600	bavail => 4333064312,
		601	ffree => 2042092649,
		602	namemax => 255,
		603	frsize => 1024,
		604	fsid => 1810
		605	}
		606
		607	Here is a (likely partial - send me updates!) list of fsid values used by
		608	Linux - it is safe to hardcode these when C<$^O> is C<linux>:
		609
		610	0x0000adf5 adfs
		611	0x0000adff affs
		612	0x5346414f afs
		613	0x09041934 anon-inode filesystem
		614	0x00000187 autofs
		615	0x42465331 befs
		616	0x1badface bfs
		617	0x42494e4d binfmt_misc
		618	0x9123683e btrfs
		619	0x0027e0eb cgroupfs
		620	0xff534d42 cifs
		621	0x73757245 coda
		622	0x012ff7b7 coh
		623	0x28cd3d45 cramfs
		624	0x453dcd28 cramfs-wend (wrong endianness)
		625	0x64626720 debugfs
		626	0x00001373 devfs
		627	0x00001cd1 devpts
		628	0x0000f15f ecryptfs
		629	0x00414a53 efs
		630	0x0000137d ext
		631	0x0000ef53 ext2/ext3
		632	0x0000ef51 ext2
		633	0x00004006 fat
		634	0x65735546 fuseblk
		635	0x65735543 fusectl
		636	0x0bad1dea futexfs
		637	0x01161970 gfs2
		638	0x47504653 gpfs
		639	0x00004244 hfs
		640	0xf995e849 hpfs
		641	0x958458f6 hugetlbfs
		642	0x2bad1dea inotifyfs
		643	0x00009660 isofs
		644	0x000072b6 jffs2
		645	0x3153464a jfs
		646	0x6b414653 k-afs
		647	0x0bd00bd0 lustre
		648	0x0000137f minix
		649	0x0000138f minix 30 char names
		650	0x00002468 minix v2
		651	0x00002478 minix v2 30 char names
		652	0x00004d5a minix v3
		653	0x19800202 mqueue
		654	0x00004d44 msdos
		655	0x0000564c novell
		656	0x00006969 nfs
		657	0x6e667364 nfsd
		658	0x00003434 nilfs
		659	0x5346544e ntfs
		660	0x00009fa1 openprom
		661	0x7461636F ocfs2
		662	0x00009fa0 proc
		663	0x6165676c pstorefs
		664	0x0000002f qnx4
		665	0x858458f6 ramfs
		666	0x52654973 reiserfs
		667	0x00007275 romfs
		668	0x67596969 rpc_pipefs
		669	0x73636673 securityfs
		670	0xf97cff8c selinux
		671	0x0000517b smb
		672	0x534f434b sockfs
		673	0x73717368 squashfs
		674	0x62656572 sysfs
		675	0x012ff7b6 sysv2
		676	0x012ff7b5 sysv4
		677	0x01021994 tmpfs
		678	0x15013346 udf
		679	0x00011954 ufs
		680	0x54190100 ufs byteswapped
		681	0x00009fa2 usbdevfs
		682	0x01021997 v9fs
		683	0xa501fcf5 vxfs
		684	0xabba1974 xenfs
		685	0x012ff7b4 xenix
		686	0x58465342 xfs
		687	0x012fd16d xia
		688
431	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)	689	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
432		690
433	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime	691	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
434	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying	692	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
435	syscalls support them.	693	syscalls support them.
…		…
462	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)	720	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
463		721
464	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).	722	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
465		723
466		724
		725	=item aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		726
		727	Allocates or freed disk space according to the C<$mode> argument. See the
		728	linux C<fallocate> docuemntation for details.
		729
		730	C<$mode> can currently be C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>
		731	to allocate space, or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE |
		732	IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>, to deallocate a file range.
		733
		734	The file system block size used by C<fallocate> is presumably the
		735	C<f_bsize> returned by C<statvfs>.
		736
		737	If C<fallocate> isn't available or cannot be emulated (currently no
		738	emulation will be attempted), passes C<-1> and sets C<$!> to C<ENOSYS>.
		739
		740
467	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)	741	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
468		742
469	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.	743	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
470		744
471		745
…		…
473		747
474	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	748	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
475	result code.	749	result code.
476		750
477		751
478	=item aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)	752	=item aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
479		753
480	[EXPERIMENTAL]	754	[EXPERIMENTAL]
481		755
482	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).	756	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
483		757
484	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:	758	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
485		759
486	aio_mknod $path, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...	760	aio_mknod $pathname, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
487		761
		762	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants
		763	and functions.
488		764
489	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	765	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
490		766
491	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	767	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
492	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	768	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
…		…
496		772
497	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	773	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
498	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	774	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
499		775
500		776
501	=item aio_readlink $path, $callback->($link)	777	=item aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
502		778
503	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to	779	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
504	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the	780	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
505	callback.	781	callback.
506		782
507		783
		784	=item aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		785
		786	Asynchronously make the path absolute and resolve any symlinks in
		787	C<$path>. The resulting path only consists of directories (same as
		788	L<Cwd::realpath>).
		789
		790	This request can be used to get the absolute path of the current working
		791	directory by passing it a path of F<.> (a single dot).
		792
		793
508	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	794	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
509		795
510	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	796	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
511	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	797	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
		798
		799	On systems that support the AIO::WD working directory abstraction
		800	natively, the case C<[$wd, "."]> as C<$srcpath> is specialcased - instead
		801	of failing, C<rename> is called on the absolute path of C<$wd>.
512		802
513		803
514	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)	804	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
515		805
516	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with	806	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with
…		…
521	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	811	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
522		812
523	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the	813	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the
524	result code.	814	result code.
525		815
		816	On systems that support the AIO::WD working directory abstraction
		817	natively, the case C<[$wd, "."]> is specialcased - instead of failing,
		818	C<rmdir> is called on the absolute path of C<$wd>.
		819
526		820
527	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	821	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
528		822
529	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	823	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
530	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	824	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
531	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.	825	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.
532		826
533	The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref	827	The callback is passed a single argument which is either C<undef> or an
534	with the filenames.	828	array-ref with the filenames.
535		829
536		830
		831	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		832
		833	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows one to
		834	tune behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
		835	C<undef>.
		836
		837	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
		838	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
		839
		840	=over 4
		841
		842	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
		843
		844	When this flag is off, then the callback gets an arrayref consisting of
		845	names only (as with C<aio_readdir>), otherwise it gets an arrayref with
		846	C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a single directory
		847	entry in more detail.
		848
		849	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
		850
		851	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
		852
		853	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
		854	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
		855	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
		856
		857	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need to
		858	know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed reasons, the C<$type>
		859	scalars are read-only: you can not modify them.
		860
		861	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
		862	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
		863	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
		864
		865	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		866
		867	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order where
		868	likely directories come first, in optimal stat order. This is useful when
		869	you need to quickly find directories, or you want to find all directories
		870	while avoiding to stat() each entry.
		871
		872	If the system returns type information in readdir, then this is used
		873	to find directories directly. Otherwise, likely directories are names
		874	beginning with ".", or otherwise names with no dots, of which names with
		875	short names are tried first.
		876
		877	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
		878
		879	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
		880	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat()
		881	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely
		882	be fastest.
		883
		884	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified, then
		885	the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order.
		886
		887	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		888
		889	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
		890	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
		891	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absence of this flag therefore indicates that all
		892	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
		893
		894	=back
		895
		896
537	=item aio_load $path, $data, $callback->($status)	897	=item aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
538		898
539	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into	899	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
540	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.	900	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
541		901
542	=cut	902	=cut
…		…
564		924
565	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	925	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
566		926
567	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	927	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
568	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	928	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
569	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	929	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
570		930
571	This is a composite request that it creates the destination file with	931	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
572	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using	932	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
573	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and	933	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
574	uid/gid, in that order.	934	uid/gid, in that order.
575		935
576	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if	936	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if
…		…
586	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	946	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
587		947
588	aioreq_pri $pri;	948	aioreq_pri $pri;
589	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	949	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
590	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {	950	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
591	my @stat = stat $src_fh;	951	my @stat = stat $src_fh; # hmm, might block over nfs?
592		952
593	aioreq_pri $pri;	953	aioreq_pri $pri;
594	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {	954	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {
595	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {	955	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
596	aioreq_pri $pri;	956	aioreq_pri $pri;
597	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {	957	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
598	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {	958	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
599	$grp->result (0);	959	$grp->result (0);
600	close $src_fh;	960	close $src_fh;
601		961
602	# those should not normally block. should. should.	962	my $ch = sub {
603	utime $stat[8], $stat[9], $dst;	963	aioreq_pri $pri;
604	chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;	964	add $grp aio_chmod $dst_fh, $stat[2] & 07777, sub {
605	chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;	965	aioreq_pri $pri;
		966	add $grp aio_chown $dst_fh, $stat[4], $stat[5], sub {
		967	aioreq_pri $pri;
		968	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;
		969	}
		970	};
		971	};
606		972
607	aioreq_pri $pri;	973	aioreq_pri $pri;
608	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;	974	add $grp aio_utime $dst_fh, $stat[8], $stat[9], sub {
		975	if ($_[0] < 0 && $! == ENOSYS) {
		976	aioreq_pri $pri;
		977	add $grp aio_utime $dst, $stat[8], $stat[9], $ch;
		978	} else {
		979	$ch->();
		980	}
		981	};
609	} else {	982	} else {
610	$grp->result (-1);	983	$grp->result (-1);
611	close $src_fh;	984	close $src_fh;
612	close $dst_fh;	985	close $dst_fh;
613		986
…		…
630		1003
631	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	1004	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
632		1005
633	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	1006	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
634	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	1007	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
635	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	1008	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
636		1009
637	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If	1010	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if
638	rename files with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if	1011	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if
639	that is successful, unlinking the C<$srcpath>.	1012	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.
640		1013
641	=cut	1014	=cut
642		1015
643	sub aio_move($$;$) {	1016	sub aio_move($$;$) {
644	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;	1017	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
…		…
651	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {	1024	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
652	aioreq_pri $pri;	1025	aioreq_pri $pri;
653	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {	1026	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
654	$grp->result ($_[0]);	1027	$grp->result ($_[0]);
655		1028
656	if (!$_[0]) {	1029	unless ($_[0]) {
657	aioreq_pri $pri;	1030	aioreq_pri $pri;
658	add $grp aio_unlink $src;	1031	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
659	}	1032	}
660	};	1033	};
661	} else {	1034	} else {
…		…
664	};	1037	};
665		1038
666	$grp	1039	$grp
667	}	1040	}
668		1041
669	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	1042	=item aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
670		1043
671	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	1044	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
672	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of	1045	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
673	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot	1046	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
674	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).	1047	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
…		…
691		1064
692	Implementation notes.	1065	Implementation notes.
693		1066
694	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.	1067	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.
695		1068
		1069	If readdir returns file type information, then this is used directly to
		1070	find directories.
		1071
696	After reading the directory, the modification time, size etc. of the	1072	Otherwise, after reading the directory, the modification time, size etc.
697	directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they match (and	1073	of the directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they
698	isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide how many	1074	match (and isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide
699	entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the number	1075	how many entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the
700	of subdirectories will be assumed.	1076	number of subdirectories will be assumed.
701		1077
702	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories (everything without	1078	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
703	a non-initial dot currently) and likely non-directories (everything	1079	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
704	else). Then every entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed,	1080	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
705	likely directories first. If that succeeds, it assumes that the entry	1081	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
706	is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	1082	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
707	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	1083	separately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
708	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	1084	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
709	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature).	1085	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
		1086	the filetype information on readdir.
710		1087
711	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	1088	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
712	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.	1089	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.
713		1090
714	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which	1091	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which
…		…
727		1104
728	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	1105	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
729		1106
730	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;	1107	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
731		1108
732	# stat once	1109	# get a wd object
733	aioreq_pri $pri;	1110	aioreq_pri $pri;
734	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1111	add $grp aio_wd $path, sub {
		1112	$_[0]
735	return $grp->result () if $_[0];	1113	or return $grp->result ();
736	my $now = time;
737	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
738		1114
739	# read the directory entries	1115	my $wd = [shift, "."];
		1116
		1117	# stat once
740	aioreq_pri $pri;	1118	aioreq_pri $pri;
741	add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {	1119	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
742	my $entries = shift
743	or return $grp->result ();	1120	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
		1121	my $now = time;
		1122	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
744		1123
745	# stat the dir another time	1124	# read the directory entries
746	aioreq_pri $pri;	1125	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1126	add $grp aio_readdirx $wd, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {
		1127	my $entries = shift
		1128	or return $grp->result ();
		1129
		1130	# stat the dir another time
		1131	aioreq_pri $pri;
747	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1132	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
748	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1133	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
749		1134
750	my $ndirs;	1135	my $ndirs;
751		1136
752	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy	1137	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
753	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {	1138	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
754	$ndirs = -1;	1139	$ndirs = -1;
755	} else {	1140	} else {
756	# if nlink == 2, we are finished	1141	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
757	# on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2	1142	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
758	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2	1143	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
759	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);	1144	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
760	}	1145	}
761		1146
762	# sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
763	# dirs == files without ".", short entries first
764	$entries = [map $_->[0],
765	sort { $b->[1] cmp $a->[1] }
766	map [$_, sprintf "%s%04d", (/.\./ ? "1" : "0"), length],
767	@$entries];
768
769	my (@dirs, @nondirs);	1147	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
770		1148
771	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {	1149	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
772	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);	1150	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
773	};	1151	};
774		1152
775	limit $statgrp $maxreq;	1153	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
776	feed $statgrp sub {	1154	feed $statgrp sub {
777	return unless @$entries;	1155	return unless @$entries;
778	my $entry = pop @$entries;	1156	my $entry = shift @$entries;
779		1157
780	aioreq_pri $pri;	1158	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1159	$wd->[1] = "$entry/.";
781	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$entry/.", sub {	1160	add $statgrp aio_stat $wd, sub {
782	if ($_[0] < 0) {	1161	if ($_[0] < 0) {
783	push @nondirs, $entry;	1162	push @nondirs, $entry;
784	} else {	1163	} else {
785	# need to check for real directory	1164	# need to check for real directory
786	aioreq_pri $pri;	1165	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1166	$wd->[1] = $entry;
787	add $statgrp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {	1167	add $statgrp aio_lstat $wd, sub {
788	if (-d _) {	1168	if (-d _) {
789	push @dirs, $entry;	1169	push @dirs, $entry;
790		1170
791	unless (--$ndirs) {	1171	unless (--$ndirs) {
792	push @nondirs, @$entries;	1172	push @nondirs, @$entries;
793	feed $statgrp;	1173	feed $statgrp;
		1174	}
		1175	} else {
		1176	push @nondirs, $entry;
794	}	1177	}
795	} else {
796	push @nondirs, $entry;
797	}	1178	}
798	}	1179	}
799	}	1180	};
800	};	1181	};
801	};	1182	};
802	};	1183	};
803	};	1184	};
804	};	1185	};
805		1186
806	$grp	1187	$grp
807	}	1188	}
808		1189
809	=item aio_rmtree $path, $callback->($status)	1190	=item aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
810		1191
811	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the	1192	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
812	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that	1193	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
813	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink	1194	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
814	everything else.	1195	everything else.
815		1196
816	=cut	1197	=cut
817		1198
…		…
856	callback with the fdatasync result code.	1237	callback with the fdatasync result code.
857		1238
858	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	1239	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
859	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	1240	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
860		1241
		1242	=item aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		1243
		1244	Asynchronously call the syncfs syscall to sync the filesystem associated
		1245	to the given filehandle and call the callback with the syncfs result
		1246	code. If syncfs is not available, calls sync(), but returns C<-1> and sets
		1247	errno to C<ENOSYS> nevertheless.
		1248
		1249	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		1250
		1251	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
		1252	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
		1253	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns
		1254	ENOSYS, then fdatasync or fsync is being substituted.
		1255
		1256	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
		1257	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
		1258	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
		1259	manpage for details.
		1260
861	=item aio_pathsync $path, $callback->($status)	1261	=item aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
862		1262
863	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a	1263	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
864	composite request intended tosync directories after directory operations	1264	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
865	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any	1265	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
866	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get	1266	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
867	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,	1267	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,
868	not just directories.	1268	not just directories.
		1269
		1270	Future versions of this function might fall back to other methods when
		1271	C<fsync> on the directory fails (such as calling C<sync>).
869		1272
870	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.	1273	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.
871		1274
872	=cut	1275	=cut
873		1276
…		…
894	};	1297	};
895		1298
896	$grp	1299	$grp
897	}	1300	}
898		1301
		1302	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1303
		1304	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed
		1305	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data
		1306	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the
		1307	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on
		1308	it).
		1309
		1310	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory
		1311	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes
		1312	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>
		1313	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be
		1314	a combination of C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC>, C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE> and
		1315	C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>.
		1316
		1317	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1318
		1319	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1320	scalars.
		1321
		1322	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified
		1323	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same
		1324	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either
		1325	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or
		1326	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory pages (by reading and
		1327	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).
		1328
		1329	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		1330
		1331	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1332	scalars.
		1333
		1334	It reads in all the pages of the underlying storage into memory (if any)
		1335	and locks them, so they are not getting swapped/paged out or removed.
		1336
		1337	If C<$length> is undefined, then the scalar will be locked till the end.
		1338
		1339	On systems that do not implement C<mlock>, this function returns C<-1>
		1340	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1341
		1342	Note that the corresponding C<munlock> is synchronous and is
		1343	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1344
		1345	Example: open a file, mmap and mlock it - both will be undone when
		1346	C<$data> gets destroyed.
		1347
		1348	open my $fh, "<", $path or die "$path: $!";
		1349	my $data;
		1350	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;
		1351	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background
		1352
		1353	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		1354
		1355	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a combination of
		1356	C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT> and C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE>).
		1357
		1358	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>
		1359	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1360
		1361	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is
		1362	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1363
		1364	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.
		1365
		1366	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;
		1367
		1368	=item aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		1369
		1370	Queries the extents of the given file (by calling the Linux C<FIEMAP>
		1371	ioctl, see L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/IO-AIO/doc/fiemap.txt> for details). If
		1372	the ioctl is not available on your OS, then this request will fail with
		1373	C<ENOSYS>.
		1374
		1375	C<$start> is the starting offset to query extents for, C<$length> is the
		1376	size of the range to query - if it is C<undef>, then the whole file will
		1377	be queried.
		1378
		1379	C<$flags> is a combination of flags (C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> or
		1380	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR> - C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAGS_COMPAT> is also
		1381	exported), and is normally C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> to query
		1382	the data portion.
		1383
		1384	C<$count> is the maximum number of extent records to return. If it is
		1385	C<undef>, then IO::AIO queries all extents of the range. As a very special
		1386	case, if it is C<0>, then the callback receives the number of extents
		1387	instead of the extents themselves (which is unreliable, see below).
		1388
		1389	If an error occurs, the callback receives no arguments. The special
		1390	C<errno> value C<IO::AIO::EBADR> is available to test for flag errors.
		1391
		1392	Otherwise, the callback receives an array reference with extent
		1393	structures. Each extent structure is an array reference itself, with the
		1394	following members:
		1395
		1396	[$logical, $physical, $length, $flags]
		1397
		1398	Flags is any combination of the following flag values (typically either C<0>
		1399	or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST> (1)):
		1400
		1401	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN>,
		1402	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_ENCODED>,
		1403	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_ENCRYPTED>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED>,
		1404	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_TAIL>,
		1405	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED> or
		1406	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_SHARED>.
		1407
		1408	At the time of this writing (Linux 3.2), this requets is unreliable unless
		1409	C<$count> is C<undef>, as the kernel has all sorts of bugs preventing
		1410	it to return all extents of a range for files with large number of
		1411	extents. The code works around all these issues if C<$count> is undef.
		1412
899	=item aio_group $callback->(...)	1413	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
900		1414
901	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a	1415	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
902	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle	1416	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
903	many requests into a single, composite, request with a definite callback	1417	many requests into a single, composite, request with a definite callback
…		…
940	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function	1454	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
941	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.	1455	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
942		1456
943	=back	1457	=back
944		1458
		1459
		1460	=head2 IO::AIO::WD - multiple working directories
		1461
		1462	Your process only has one current working directory, which is used by all
		1463	threads. This makes it hard to use relative paths (some other component
		1464	could call C<chdir> at any time, and it is hard to control when the path
		1465	will be used by IO::AIO).
		1466
		1467	One solution for this is to always use absolute paths. This usually works,
		1468	but can be quite slow (the kernel has to walk the whole path on every
		1469	access), and can also be a hassle to implement.
		1470
		1471	Newer POSIX systems have a number of functions (openat, fdopendir,
		1472	futimensat and so on) that make it possible to specify working directories
		1473	per operation.
		1474
		1475	For portability, and because the clowns who "designed", or shall I write,
		1476	perpetrated this new interface were obviously half-drunk, this abstraction
		1477	cannot be perfect, though.
		1478
		1479	IO::AIO allows you to convert directory paths into a so-called IO::AIO::WD
		1480	object. This object stores the canonicalised, absolute version of the
		1481	path, and on systems that allow it, also a directory file descriptor.
		1482
		1483	Everywhere where a pathname is accepted by IO::AIO (e.g. in C<aio_stat>
		1484	or C<aio_unlink>), one can specify an array reference with an IO::AIO::WD
		1485	object and a pathname instead (or the IO::AIO::WD object alone, which
		1486	gets interpreted as C<[$wd, "."]>). If the pathname is absolute, the
		1487	IO::AIO::WD object is ignored, otherwise the pathname is resolved relative
		1488	to that IO::AIO::WD object.
		1489
		1490	For example, to get a wd object for F</etc> and then stat F<passwd>
		1491	inside, you would write:
		1492
		1493	aio_wd "/etc", sub {
		1494	my $etcdir = shift;
		1495
		1496	# although $etcdir can be undef on error, there is generally no reason
		1497	# to check for errors here, as aio_stat will fail with ENOENT
		1498	# when $etcdir is undef.
		1499
		1500	aio_stat [$etcdir, "passwd"], sub {
		1501	# yay
		1502	};
		1503	};
		1504
		1505	That C<aio_wd> is a request and not a normal function shows that creating
		1506	an IO::AIO::WD object is itself a potentially blocking operation, which is
		1507	why it is done asynchronously.
		1508
		1509	To stat the directory obtained with C<aio_wd> above, one could write
		1510	either of the following three request calls:
		1511
		1512	aio_lstat "/etc" , sub { ... # pathname as normal string
		1513	aio_lstat [$wd, "."], sub { ... # "." relative to $wd (i.e. $wd itself)
		1514	aio_lstat $wd , sub { ... # shorthand for the previous
		1515
		1516	As with normal pathnames, IO::AIO keeps a copy of the working directory
		1517	object and the pathname string, so you could write the following without
		1518	causing any issues due to C<$path> getting reused:
		1519
		1520	my $path = [$wd, undef];
		1521
		1522	for my $name (qw(abc def ghi)) {
		1523	$path->[1] = $name;
		1524	aio_stat $path, sub {
		1525	# ...
		1526	};
		1527	}
		1528
		1529	There are some caveats: when directories get renamed (or deleted), the
		1530	pathname string doesn't change, so will point to the new directory (or
		1531	nowhere at all), while the directory fd, if available on the system,
		1532	will still point to the original directory. Most functions accepting a
		1533	pathname will use the directory fd on newer systems, and the string on
		1534	older systems. Some functions (such as realpath) will always rely on the
		1535	string form of the pathname.
		1536
		1537	So this functionality is mainly useful to get some protection against
		1538	C<chdir>, to easily get an absolute path out of a relative path for future
		1539	reference, and to speed up doing many operations in the same directory
		1540	(e.g. when stat'ing all files in a directory).
		1541
		1542	The following functions implement this working directory abstraction:
		1543
		1544	=over 4
		1545
		1546	=item aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		1547
		1548	Asynchonously canonicalise the given pathname and convert it to an
		1549	IO::AIO::WD object representing it. If possible and supported on the
		1550	system, also open a directory fd to speed up pathname resolution relative
		1551	to this working directory.
		1552
		1553	If something goes wrong, then C<undef> is passwd to the callback instead
		1554	of a working directory object and C<$!> is set appropriately. Since
		1555	passing C<undef> as working directory component of a pathname fails the
		1556	request with C<ENOENT>, there is often no need for error checking in the
		1557	C<aio_wd> callback, as future requests using the value will fail in the
		1558	expected way.
		1559
		1560	=item IO::AIO::CWD
		1561
		1562	This is a compiletime constant (object) that represents the process
		1563	current working directory.
		1564
		1565	Specifying this object as working directory object for a pathname is as if
		1566	the pathname would be specified directly, without a directory object. For
		1567	example, these calls are functionally identical:
		1568
		1569	aio_stat "somefile", sub { ... };
		1570	aio_stat [IO::AIO::CWD, "somefile"], sub { ... };
		1571
		1572	=back
		1573
		1574	To recover the path associated with an IO::AIO::WD object, you can use
		1575	C<aio_realpath>:
		1576
		1577	aio_realpath $wd, sub {
		1578	warn "path is $_[0]\n";
		1579	};
		1580
		1581	Currently, C<aio_statvfs> always, and C<aio_rename> and C<aio_rmdir>
		1582	sometimes, fall back to using an absolue path.
		1583
945	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1584	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
946		1585
947	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1586	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
948	called in non-void context.	1587	called in non-void context.
949		1588
…		…
952	=item cancel $req	1591	=item cancel $req
953		1592
954	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution	1593	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
955	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when	1594	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
956	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise	1595	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
957	untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be	1596	untouched (with the exception of readdir). That means that requests that
958	stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.	1597	currently execute will not be stopped and resources held by the request
		1598	will not be freed prematurely.
959		1599
960	=item cb $req $callback->(...)	1600	=item cb $req $callback->(...)
961		1601
962	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.	1602	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
963		1603
…		…
1014	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they	1654	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they
1015	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the	1655	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the
1016	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to	1656	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to
1017	exist.	1657	exist.
1018		1658
1019	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests. And	1659	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests
1020	in the callbacks of those requests, you can add further requests to the	1660	(precisely before the callback has been invoked, which is only done within
1021	group. And only when all those requests have finished will the the group	1661	the C<poll_cb>). And in the callbacks of those requests, you can add
1022	itself finish.	1662	further requests to the group. And only when all those requests have
		1663	finished will the the group itself finish.
1023		1664
1024	=over 4	1665	=over 4
1025		1666
1026	=item add $grp ...	1667	=item add $grp ...
1027		1668
…		…
1035		1676
1036	=item $grp->cancel_subs	1677	=item $grp->cancel_subs
1037		1678
1038	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request	1679	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request
1039	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.	1680	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.
		1681
		1682	The group request will finish normally (you cannot add requests to the
		1683	group).
1040		1684
1041	=item $grp->result (...)	1685	=item $grp->result (...)
1042		1686
1043	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all	1687	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
1044	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value	1688	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value
…		…
1060	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)	1704	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
1061		1705
1062	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached	1706	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
1063	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,	1707	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
1064	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,	1708	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
1065	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For	1709	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
1066	example, C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat>	1710	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands of C<aio_stat>
1067	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.	1711	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
1068		1712
1069	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can	1713	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
1070	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The	1714	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
1071	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,	1715	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
…		…
1076	not impose any limits).	1720	not impose any limits).
1077		1721
1078	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be	1722	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
1079	automatically removed from the group.	1723	automatically removed from the group.
1080		1724
1081	If the feed limit is C<0>, it will be set to C<2> automatically.	1725	If the feed limit is C<0> when this method is called, it will be set to
		1726	C<2> automatically.
1082		1727
1083	Example:	1728	Example:
1084		1729
1085	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:	1730	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
1086		1731
…		…
1098	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever	1743	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
1099	the group contains less than this many requests.	1744	the group contains less than this many requests.
1100		1745
1101	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.	1746	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
1102		1747
		1748	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder
		1749	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.
		1750
1103	=back	1751	=back
1104		1752
1105	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS	1753	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
1106		1754
1107	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION	1755	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
…		…
1109	=over 4	1757	=over 4
1110		1758
1111	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno	1759	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno
1112		1760
1113	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be	1761	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be
1114	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. Event or	1762	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. EV, Glib,
1115	select, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable you have	1763	select and so on, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable
1116	to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.	1764	you have to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.
1117		1765
1118	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1766	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
1119		1767
1120	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1768	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
1121		1769
1122	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this	1770	Process some requests that have reached the result phase (i.e. they have
1123	regularly. Returns the number of events processed. Returns immediately	1771	been executed but the results are not yet reported). You have to call
1124	when no events are outstanding. The amount of events processed depends on	1772	this "regularly" to finish outstanding requests.
1125	the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.
1126		1773
		1774	Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there were no
		1775	events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever
		1776	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount
		1777	of events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req>,
		1778	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time> and C<IO::AIO::max_outstanding>.
		1779
1127	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle	1780	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the poll file
1128	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns.	1781	descriptor will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you
		1782	don't have to do anything special to have it called later.
		1783
		1784	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes
		1785	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit
		1786	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become
		1787	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes
		1788	over again. This function returns very fast when there are no outstanding
		1789	requests.
1129		1790
1130	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1791	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
1131	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority:	1792	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority (more examples can be found in the
		1793	SYNOPSIS section, at the top of this document):
1132		1794
1133	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1795	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1134	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1796	poll => 'r', async => 1,
1135	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1797	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1798
		1799	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
		1800
		1801	Wait until either at least one request is in the result phase or no
		1802	requests are outstanding anymore.
		1803
		1804	This is useful if you want to synchronously wait for some requests to
		1805	become ready, without actually handling them.
		1806
		1807	See C<nreqs> for an example.
		1808
		1809	=item IO::AIO::poll
		1810
		1811	Waits until some requests have been handled.
		1812
		1813	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
		1814	equivalent to:
		1815
		1816	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1817
		1818	=item IO::AIO::flush
		1819
		1820	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
		1821
		1822	Strictly equivalent to:
		1823
		1824	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1825	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
1136		1826
1137	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs	1827	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
1138		1828
1139	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds	1829	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
1140		1830
…		…
1165	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority	1855	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority
1166	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1856	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1167	poll => 'r', nice => 1,	1857	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
1168	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1858	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
1169		1859
1170	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
1171
1172	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
1173	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
1174	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
1175	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
1176
1177	See C<nreqs> for an example.
1178
1179	=item IO::AIO::poll
1180
1181	Waits until some requests have been handled.
1182
1183	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
1184	equivalent to:
1185
1186	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1187
1188	=item IO::AIO::flush
1189
1190	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
1191
1192	Strictly equivalent to:
1193
1194	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1195	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
1196
1197	=back	1860	=back
1198		1861
1199	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS	1862	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
1200		1863
1201	=over	1864	=over
…		…
1234		1897
1235	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1898	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
1236		1899
1237	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads	1900	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
1238		1901
1239	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle (i.e.,	1902	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle
1240	threads that did not get a request to process within 10 seconds). That	1903	(i.e., threads that did not get a request to process within the idle
1241	means if a thread becomes idle while C<$nthreads> other threads are also	1904	timeout (default: 10 seconds). That means if a thread becomes idle while
1242	idle, it will free its resources and exit.	1905	C<$nthreads> other threads are also idle, it will free its resources and
		1906	exit.
1243		1907
1244	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)	1908	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)
1245	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources	1909	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources
1246	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).	1910	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).
1247		1911
1248	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread	1912	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread
1249	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might	1913	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might
1250	want to use larger values.	1914	want to use larger values.
1251		1915
		1916	=item IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		1917
		1918	Sets the minimum idle timeout (default 10) after which worker threads are
		1919	allowed to exit. SEe C<IO::AIO::max_idle>.
		1920
1252	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs	1921	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		1922
		1923	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If
		1924	you do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to
		1925	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> (and other functions calling C<poll_cb>, such as
		1926	C<IO::AIO::flush> or C<IO::AIO::poll>) will block until the limit is no
		1927	longer exceeded.
		1928
		1929	In other words, this setting does not enforce a queue limit, but can be
		1930	used to make poll functions block if the limit is exceeded.
1253		1931
1254	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it	1932	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
1255	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better	1933	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
1256	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.	1934	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
1257		1935
1258	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you	1936	It's main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat
1259	do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to the	1937	a lot of files, you can write somehting like this:
1260	C<poll_cb> (and C<poll_some> and other functions calling C<poll_cb>)
1261	function will block until the limit is no longer exceeded.
1262		1938
1263	The default value is very large, so there is no practical limit on the	1939	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;
1264	number of outstanding requests.
1265		1940
1266	You can still queue as many requests as you want. Therefore,	1941	for my $path (...) {
1267	C<max_outstanding> is mainly useful in simple scripts (with low values) or	1942	aio_stat $path , ...;
1268	as a stop gap to shield against fatal memory overflow (with large values).	1943	IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1944	}
		1945
		1946	IO::AIO::flush;
		1947
		1948	The call to C<poll_cb> inside the loop will normally return instantly, but
		1949	as soon as more thna C<32> reqeusts are in-flight, it will block until
		1950	some requests have been handled. This keeps the loop from pushing a large
		1951	number of C<aio_stat> requests onto the queue.
		1952
		1953	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no
		1954	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.
1269		1955
1270	=back	1956	=back
1271		1957
1272	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION	1958	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
1273		1959
…		…
1293	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,	1979	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
1294	but not yet processed by poll_cb).	1980	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
1295		1981
1296	=back	1982	=back
1297		1983
		1984	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
		1985
		1986	IO::AIO implements some functions that might be useful, but are not
		1987	asynchronous.
		1988
		1989	=over 4
		1990
		1991	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		1992
		1993	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,
		1994	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is
		1995	likely cached already and the output filehandle is set to non-blocking
		1996	operations).
		1997
		1998	Returns the number of bytes copied, or C<-1> on error.
		1999
		2000	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		2001
		2002	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its
		2003	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		2004	available: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		2005	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,
		2006	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.
		2007
		2008	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns
		2009	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.
		2010
		2011	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice
		2012
		2013	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its
		2014	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		2015	available: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		2016	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.
		2017
		2018	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns
		2019	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.
		2020
		2021	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect
		2022
		2023	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed
		2024	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect
		2025	constants are available: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,
		2026	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.
		2027
		2028	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns
		2029	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.
		2030
		2031	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]
		2032
		2033	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the
		2034	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar. Returns true on
		2035	success, and false otherwise.
		2036
		2037	The only operations allowed on the scalar are C<substr>/C<vec> that don't
		2038	change the string length, and most read-only operations such as copying it
		2039	or searching it with regexes and so on.
		2040
		2041	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.
		2042
		2043	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed
		2044	when the C<$scalar> is destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap> or
		2045	C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called.
		2046
		2047	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual
		2048	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.
		2049
		2050	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual
		2051	filesize.
		2052
		2053	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,
		2054	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,
		2055
		2056	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or
		2057	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>, or a number of system-specific flags (when
		2058	not available, the are defined as 0): C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS>
		2059	(which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this
		2060	constant), C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,
		2061	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE> or
		2062	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>
		2063
		2064	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.
		2065
		2066	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be
		2067	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.
		2068
		2069	Example:
		2070
		2071	use Digest::MD5;
		2072	use IO::AIO;
		2073
		2074	open my $fh, "<verybigfile"
		2075	or die "$!";
		2076
		2077	IO::AIO::mmap my $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh
		2078	or die "verybigfile: $!";
		2079
		2080	my $fast_md5 = md5 $data;
		2081
		2082	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		2083
		2084	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.
		2085
		2086	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		2087
		2088	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous
		2089	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).
		2090
		2091	=item IO::AIO::munlockall
		2092
		2093	Calls the C<munlockall> function.
		2094
		2095	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns
		2096	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.
		2097
		2098	=item IO::AIO::splice $r_fh, $r_off, $w_fh, $w_off, $length, $flags
		2099
		2100	Calls the GNU/Linux C<splice(2)> syscall, if available. If C<$r_off> or
		2101	C<$w_off> are C<undef>, then C<NULL> is passed for these, otherwise they
		2102	should be the file offset.
		2103
		2104	C<$r_fh> and C<$w_fh> should not refer to the same file, as splice might
		2105	silently corrupt the data in this case.
		2106
		2107	The following symbol flag values are available: C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MOVE>,
		2108	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK>, C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MORE> and
		2109	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_GIFT>.
		2110
		2111	See the C<splice(2)> manpage for details.
		2112
		2113	=item IO::AIO::tee $r_fh, $w_fh, $length, $flags
		2114
		2115	Calls the GNU/Linux C<tee(2)> syscall, see it's manpage and the
		2116	description for C<IO::AIO::splice> above for details.
		2117
		2118	=item $actual_size = IO::AIO::pipesize $r_fh[, $new_size]
		2119
		2120	Attempts to query or change the pipe buffer size. Obviously works only
		2121	on pipes, and currently works only on GNU/Linux systems, and fails with
		2122	C<-1>/C<ENOSYS> everywhere else. If anybody knows how to influence pipe buffer
		2123	size on other systems, drop me a note.
		2124
		2125	=back
		2126
1298	=cut	2127	=cut
1299		2128
1300	min_parallel 8;	2129	min_parallel 8;
1301		2130
1302	END { flush }	2131	END { flush }
1303		2132
1304	1;	2133	1;
1305		2134
		2135	=head1 EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		2136
		2137	It is recommended to use L<AnyEvent::AIO> to integrate IO::AIO
		2138	automatically into many event loops:
		2139
		2140	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
		2141	use AnyEvent::AIO;
		2142
		2143	You can also integrate IO::AIO manually into many event loops, here are
		2144	some examples of how to do this:
		2145
		2146	# EV integration
		2147	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		2148
		2149	# Event integration
		2150	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2151	poll => 'r',
		2152	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2153
		2154	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
		2155	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2156	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
		2157
		2158	# Tk integration
		2159	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
		2160	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2161
		2162	# Danga::Socket integration
		2163	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
		2164	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2165
1306	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	2166	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
1307		2167
1308	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	2168	Usage of pthreads in a program changes the semantics of fork
		2169	considerably. Specifically, only async-safe functions can be called after
		2170	fork. Perl doesn't know about this, so in general, you cannot call fork
		2171	with defined behaviour in perl if pthreads are involved. IO::AIO uses
		2172	pthreads, so this applies, but many other extensions and (for inexplicable
		2173	reasons) perl itself often is linked against pthreads, so this limitation
		2174	applies to quite a lot of perls.
1309		2175
1310	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	2176	This module no longer tries to fight your OS, or POSIX. That means IO::AIO
1311	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	2177	only works in the process that loaded it. Forking is fully supported, but
1312	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	2178	using IO::AIO in the child is not.
1313	request/result processing, while the child frees the request/result queue
1314	(so that the requests started before the fork will only be handled in the
1315	parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit set in the
1316	parent process has been reached again.
1317		2179
1318	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	2180	You might get around by not I<using> IO::AIO before (or after)
1319	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	2181	forking. You could also try to call the L<IO::AIO::reinit> function in the
1320	yet.	2182	child:
		2183
		2184	=over 4
		2185
		2186	=item IO::AIO::reinit
		2187
		2188	Abandons all current requests and I/O threads and simply reinitialises all
		2189	data structures. This is not an operation supported by any standards, but
		2190	happens to work on GNU/Linux and some newer BSD systems.
		2191
		2192	The only reasonable use for this function is to call it after forking, if
		2193	C<IO::AIO> was used in the parent. Calling it while IO::AIO is active in
		2194	the process will result in undefined behaviour. Calling it at any time
		2195	will also result in any undefined (by POSIX) behaviour.
		2196
		2197	=back
1321		2198
1322	=head2 MEMORY USAGE	2199	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
1323		2200
1324	Per-request usage:	2201	Per-request usage:
1325		2202
…		…
1342		2219
1343	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.	2220	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.
1344		2221
1345	=head1 SEE ALSO	2222	=head1 SEE ALSO
1346		2223
1347	L<Coro::AIO>.	2224	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a
		2225	more natural syntax.
1348		2226
1349	=head1 AUTHOR	2227	=head1 AUTHOR
1350		2228
1351	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2229	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1352	http://home.schmorp.de/	2230	http://home.schmorp.de/

Diff Legend

–	Removed lines
+	Added lines
<	Changed lines
>	Changed lines