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Revision 1.136 by root, Tue Sep 30 14:07:59 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.297 by root, Thu Nov 29 19:53:46 2018 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	IO::AIO - Asynchronous Input/Output	3	IO::AIO - Asynchronous/Advanced Input/Output
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
10	my $fh = shift	10	my $fh = shift
11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";	11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";
12	...	12	...
13	};	13	};
14		14
…		…
26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue	26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
27		27
28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };	28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;	29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
30		30
31	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
32	use AnyEvent::AIO;
33
34	# EV integration
35	my $w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
36
37	# Event integration
38	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
39	poll => 'r',
40	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
41
42	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
43	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
44	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
45
46	# Tk integration
47	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
48	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
49
50	# Danga::Socket integration
51	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
52	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
53
54	=head1 DESCRIPTION	31	=head1 DESCRIPTION
55		32
56	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your	33	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
57	operating system supports.	34	operating system supports. It is implemented as an interface to C<libeio>
		35	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libeio.html>).
58		36
59	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program	37	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program
60	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation	38	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation
61	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This	39	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This
62	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even	40	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even
…		…
66	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations	44	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations
67	concurrently.	45	concurrently.
68		46
69	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for	47	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for
70	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that	48	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that
71	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is very	49	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is
72	inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<Event|Event>	50	very inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<EV>
73	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.	51	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.
74		52
75	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your	53	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your
76	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support	54	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support
77	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible	55	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible
…		…
80	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal	58	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal
81	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and	59	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and
82	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented	60	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented
83	using threads anyway.	61	using threads anyway.
84		62
		63	In addition to asynchronous I/O, this module also exports some rather
		64	arcane interfaces, such as C<madvise> or linux's C<splice> system call,
		65	which is why the C<A> in C<AIO> can also mean I<advanced>.
		66
85	Although the module will work in the presence of other (Perl-) threads,	67	Although the module will work in the presence of other (Perl-) threads,
86	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking	68	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking
87	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never	69	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
88	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.	70	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
89		71
90	=head2 EXAMPLE	72	=head2 EXAMPLE
91		73
92	This is a simple example that uses the Event module and loads	74	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
93	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:	75	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
94		76
95	use Fcntl;
96	use Event;	77	use EV;
97	use IO::AIO;	78	use IO::AIO;
98		79
99	# register the IO::AIO callback with Event	80	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
100	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	81	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
101	poll => 'r',
102	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
103		82
104	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd	83	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd
105	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	84	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
106	my $fh = shift	85	my $fh = shift
107	or die "error while opening: $!";	86	or die "error while opening: $!";
108		87
109	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking	88	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking
110	my $size = -s $fh;	89	my $size = -s $fh;
…		…
119		98
120	# file contents now in $contents	99	# file contents now in $contents
121	print $contents;	100	print $contents;
122		101
123	# exit event loop and program	102	# exit event loop and program
124	Event::unloop;	103	EV::break;
125	};	104	};
126	};	105	};
127		106
128	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,	107	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
129	# check for sockets etc. etc.	108	# check for sockets etc. etc.
130		109
131	# process events as long as there are some:	110	# process events as long as there are some:
132	Event::loop;	111	EV::run;
133		112
134	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME	113	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
135		114
136	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not	115	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
137	directly visible to Perl.	116	directly visible to Perl.
…		…
187		166
188	package IO::AIO;	167	package IO::AIO;
189		168
190	use Carp ();	169	use Carp ();
191		170
192	no warnings;	171	use common::sense;
193	use strict 'vars';
194		172
195	use base 'Exporter';	173	use base 'Exporter';
196		174
197	BEGIN {	175	BEGIN {
198	our $VERSION = '3.1';	176	our $VERSION = 4.6;
199		177
200	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close	178	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_seek aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
201	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir	179	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
202	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_sync aio_fsync	180	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_realpath aio_fcntl aio_ioctl
203	aio_fdatasync aio_pathsync aio_readahead	181	aio_sync aio_fsync aio_syncfs aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range
		182	aio_pathsync aio_readahead aio_fiemap aio_allocate
204	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group	183	aio_rename aio_rename2 aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
205	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown	184	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
206	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate);	185	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate
		186	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall
		187	aio_statvfs
		188	aio_slurp
		189	aio_wd);
207		190
208	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));	191	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
209	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush	192	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
210	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle	193	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout
211	nreqs nready npending nthreads	194	nreqs nready npending nthreads
212	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs);	195	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs
		196	sendfile fadvise madvise
		197	mmap munmap mremap munlock munlockall);
		198
		199	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
213		200
214	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	201	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
215		202
216	require XSLoader;	203	require XSLoader;
217	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);	204	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
218	}	205	}
219		206
220	=head1 FUNCTIONS	207	=head1 FUNCTIONS
221		208
222	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS	209	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW
		210
		211	This section simply lists the prototypes most of the functions for
		212	quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function
		213	documentation.
		214
		215	aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		216	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
		217	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
		218	aio_seek $fh,$offset,$whence, $callback->($offs)
		219	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		220	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		221	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
		222	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
		223	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
		224	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
		225	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		226	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		227	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		228	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		229	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		230	aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		231	aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		232	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
		233	aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		234	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		235	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		236	aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		237	aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		238	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		239	aio_rename2 $srcpath, $dstpath, $flags, $callback->($status)
		240	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		241	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
		242	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
		243	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		244	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		245	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		246	aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
		247	aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		248	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		249	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		250	aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		251	aio_fcntl $fh, $cmd, $arg, $callback->($status)
		252	aio_ioctl $fh, $request, $buf, $callback->($status)
		253	aio_sync $callback->($status)
		254	aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		255	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
		256	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)
		257	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		258	aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		259	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = MS_SYNC, $callback->($status)
		260	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		261	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		262	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		263	aio_group $callback->(...)
		264	aio_nop $callback->()
		265
		266	$prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
		267	aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
		268
		269	IO::AIO::poll_wait
		270	IO::AIO::poll_cb
		271	IO::AIO::poll
		272	IO::AIO::flush
		273	IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
		274	IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
		275	IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
		276	IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
		277	IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		278	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		279	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		280	IO::AIO::nreqs
		281	IO::AIO::nready
		282	IO::AIO::npending
		283	$nfd = IO::AIO::get_fdlimit [EXPERIMENTAL]
		284	IO::AIO::min_fdlimit $nfd [EXPERIMENTAL]
		285
		286	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		287	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		288	IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags[, $fh[, $offset]]
		289	IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		290	IO::AIO::mremap $scalar, $new_length, $flags[, $new_address]
		291	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice
		292	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect
		293	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		294	IO::AIO::munlockall
		295
		296	=head2 API NOTES
223		297
224	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	298	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
225	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	299	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
226	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	300	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
227	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	301	which must be a code reference. This code reference will be called after
228	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	302	the syscall has been executed in an asynchronous fashion. The results
229	perl, which usually delivers "false") as its sole argument after the given	303	of the request will be passed as arguments to the callback (and, if an
230	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	304	error occured, in C<$!>) - for most requests the syscall return code (e.g.
		305	most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike perl, which usually delivers
		306	"false").
		307
		308	Some requests (such as C<aio_readdir>) pass the actual results and
		309	communicate failures by passing C<undef>.
231		310
232	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	311	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
233	internally until the request has finished.	312	internally until the request has finished.
234		313
235	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow	314	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
236	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.	315	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
237		316
238	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	317	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<should> be absolute. The
239	encoded as octets. The reason for the former is that at the time the	318	reason for this is that at the time the request is being executed, the
240	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	319	current working directory could have changed. Alternatively, you can
241	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	320	make sure that you never change the current working directory anywhere
242	current working directory anywhere in the program and then use relative	321	in the program and then use relative paths. You can also take advantage
243	paths.	322	of IO::AIOs working directory abstraction, that lets you specify paths
		323	relative to some previously-opened "working directory object" - see the
		324	description of the C<IO::AIO::WD> class later in this document.
244		325
245	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass	326	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
246	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without	327	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
247	tinkering, b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	328	tinkering, b) are in your native filesystem encoding, c) use the Encode
248	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	329	module and encode your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in
249	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	330	effect in the user environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on
250	use something else to ensure your scalar has the correct contents.	331	unicode filenames or e) use something else to ensure your scalar has the
		332	correct contents.
251		333
252	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO	334	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
253	handles correctly whether it is set or not.	335	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
		336
		337	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
254		338
255	=over 4	339	=over 4
256		340
257	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]	341	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
258		342
…		…
288		372
289		373
290	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	374	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
291		375
292	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly	376	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly
293	created filehandle for the file.	377	created filehandle for the file (or C<undef> in case of an error).
294		378
295	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,	379	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,
296	for an explanation.	380	for an explanation.
297		381
298	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a	382	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a
…		…
305	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never	389	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never
306	change the umask.	390	change the umask.
307		391
308	Example:	392	Example:
309		393
310	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	394	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
311	if ($_[0]) {	395	if ($_[0]) {
312	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";	396	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";
313	...	397	...
314	} else {	398	} else {
315	die "open failed: $!\n";	399	die "open failed: $!\n";
316	}	400	}
317	};	401	};
318		402
		403	In addition to all the common open modes/flags (C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>,
		404	C<O_RDWR>, C<O_CREAT>, C<O_TRUNC>, C<O_EXCL> and C<O_APPEND>), the
		405	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on
		406	your system are, as usual, C<0>):
		407
		408	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,
		409	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,
		410	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC>, C<O_PATH>, C<O_TMPFILE>, C<O_TTY_INIT> and C<O_ACCMODE>.
		411
319		412
320	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	413	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
321		414
322	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	415	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
323	code.	416	code.
…		…
332	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be	425	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
333	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.	426	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
334		427
335	=cut	428	=cut
336		429
		430	=item aio_seek $fh, $offset, $whence, $callback->($offs)
		431
		432	Seeks the filehandle to the new C<$offset>, similarly to perl's
		433	C<sysseek>. The C<$whence> can use the traditional values (C<0> for
		434	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_SET>, C<1> for C<IO::AIO::SEEK_CUR> or C<2> for
		435	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_END>).
		436
		437	The resulting absolute offset will be passed to the callback, or C<-1> in
		438	case of an error.
		439
		440	In theory, the C<$whence> constants could be different than the
		441	corresponding values from L<Fcntl>, but perl guarantees they are the same,
		442	so don't panic.
		443
		444	As a GNU/Linux (and maybe Solaris) extension, also the constants
		445	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_DATA> and C<IO::AIO::SEEK_HOLE> are available, if they
		446	could be found. No guarantees about suitability for use in C<aio_seek> or
		447	Perl's C<sysseek> can be made though, although I would naively assume they
		448	"just work".
		449
337	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	450	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
338		451
339	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	452	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
340		453
341	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from the specified C<$fh> and C<$offset>	454	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
342	into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset> and calls the	455	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset> and
343	callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on error, just	456	calls the callback with the actual number of bytes transferred (or -1 on
344	like the syscall).	457	error, just like the syscall).
		458
		459	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
		460	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
345		461
346	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will	462	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will
347	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be	463	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be
348	changed by these calls.	464	changed by these calls.
349		465
350	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of C<$data>.	466	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of
		467	C<$data>.
351		468
352	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of	469	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of
353	C<$data>.	470	C<$data>.
354		471
355	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request	472	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request
…		…
369		486
370	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	487	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
371	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	488	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
372	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more	489	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more
373	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each	490	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each
374	other.	491	other. The same C<$in_fh> works fine though, as this function does not
		492	move or use the file offset of C<$in_fh>.
375		493
		494	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than
		495	are written, and there is no way to find out how many more bytes have been
		496	read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the
		497	number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals
		498	C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.
		499
		500	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use
		501	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically
		502	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while
		503	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run
		504	into a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then
		505	fails to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the
		506	data in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit
		507	the disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you better control
		508	resource usage.
		509
376	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile> syscall to provide	510	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile>-like syscall to
377	zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to a	511	provide zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to
378	socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to mmap'able file.	512	a socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.
379		513
380	If the native sendfile call fails or is not implemented, it will be	514	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,
381	emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any type of filehandle	515	C<EINVAL>, C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or
		516	C<ENOTSOCK>, it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any
382	regardless of the limitations of the operating system.	517	type of filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.
383		518
384	Please note, however, that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from	519	As native sendfile syscalls (as practically any non-POSIX interface hacked
385	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many	520	together in a hurry to improve benchmark numbers) tend to be rather buggy
386	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only	521	on many systems, this implementation tries to work around some known bugs
387	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result	522	in Linux and FreeBSD kernels (probably others, too), but that might fail,
388	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been	523	so you really really should check the return value of C<aio_sendfile> -
389	read.	524	fewer bytes than expected might have been transferred.
390		525
391		526
392	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	527	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
393		528
394	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	529	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
…		…
398	whole pages, so that offset is effectively rounded down to a page boundary	533	whole pages, so that offset is effectively rounded down to a page boundary
399	and bytes are read up to the next page boundary greater than or equal to	534	and bytes are read up to the next page boundary greater than or equal to
400	(off-set+length). C<aio_readahead> does not read beyond the end of the	535	(off-set+length). C<aio_readahead> does not read beyond the end of the
401	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.	536	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.
402		537
403	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be	538	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your kernel isn't Linux) it will
404	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.	539	be emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.
405		540
406		541
407	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)	542	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
408		543
409	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)	544	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
410		545
411	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will	546	Works almost exactly like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The
412	be called after the stat and the results will be available using C<stat _>	547	callback will be called after the stat and the results will be available
413	or C<-s _> etc...	548	using C<stat _> or C<-s _> and other tests (with the exception of C<-B>
		549	and C<-T>).
414		550
415	The pathname passed to C<aio_stat> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,	551	The pathname passed to C<aio_stat> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,
416	for an explanation.	552	for an explanation.
417		553
418	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an	554	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an
419	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated	555	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated
420	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.	556	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.
		557
		558	To help interpret the mode and dev/rdev stat values, IO::AIO offers the
		559	following constants and functions (if not implemented, the constants will
		560	be C<0> and the functions will either C<croak> or fall back on traditional
		561	behaviour).
		562
		563	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,
		564	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,
		565	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.
		566
		567	To access higher resolution stat timestamps, see L<SUBSECOND STAT TIME
		568	ACCESS>.
421		569
422	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:	570	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:
423		571
424	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	572	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
425	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	573	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
426	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";	574	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";
427	};	575	};
428		576
429		577
		578	=item aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		579
		580	Works like the POSIX C<statvfs> or C<fstatvfs> syscalls, depending on
		581	whether a file handle or path was passed.
		582
		583	On success, the callback is passed a hash reference with the following
		584	members: C<bsize>, C<frsize>, C<blocks>, C<bfree>, C<bavail>, C<files>,
		585	C<ffree>, C<favail>, C<fsid>, C<flag> and C<namemax>. On failure, C<undef>
		586	is passed.
		587
		588	The following POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* constants are defined: C<ST_RDONLY> and
		589	C<ST_NOSUID>.
		590
		591	The following non-POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* flag masks are defined to
		592	their correct value when available, or to C<0> on systems that do
		593	not support them: C<ST_NODEV>, C<ST_NOEXEC>, C<ST_SYNCHRONOUS>,
		594	C<ST_MANDLOCK>, C<ST_WRITE>, C<ST_APPEND>, C<ST_IMMUTABLE>, C<ST_NOATIME>,
		595	C<ST_NODIRATIME> and C<ST_RELATIME>.
		596
		597	Example: stat C</wd> and dump out the data if successful.
		598
		599	aio_statvfs "/wd", sub {
		600	my $f = $_[0]
		601	or die "statvfs: $!";
		602
		603	use Data::Dumper;
		604	say Dumper $f;
		605	};
		606
		607	# result:
		608	{
		609	bsize => 1024,
		610	bfree => 4333064312,
		611	blocks => 10253828096,
		612	files => 2050765568,
		613	flag => 4096,
		614	favail => 2042092649,
		615	bavail => 4333064312,
		616	ffree => 2042092649,
		617	namemax => 255,
		618	frsize => 1024,
		619	fsid => 1810
		620	}
		621
430	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)	622	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
431		623
432	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime	624	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
433	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying	625	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
434	syscalls support them.	626	syscalls support them.
435		627
436	When called with a pathname, uses utimes(2) if available, otherwise	628	When called with a pathname, uses utimensat(2) or utimes(2) if available,
437	utime(2). If called on a file descriptor, uses futimes(2) if available,	629	otherwise utime(2). If called on a file descriptor, uses futimens(2)
438	otherwise returns ENOSYS, so this is not portable.	630	or futimes(2) if available, otherwise returns ENOSYS, so this is not
		631	portable.
439		632
440	Examples:	633	Examples:
441		634
442	# set atime and mtime to current time (basically touch(1)):	635	# set atime and mtime to current time (basically touch(1)):
443	aio_utime "path", undef, undef;	636	aio_utime "path", undef, undef;
…		…
461	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)	654	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
462		655
463	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).	656	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
464		657
465		658
		659	=item aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		660
		661	Allocates or frees disk space according to the C<$mode> argument. See the
		662	linux C<fallocate> documentation for details.
		663
		664	C<$mode> is usually C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE> to allocate
		665	space, or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>,
		666	to deallocate a file range.
		667
		668	IO::AIO also supports C<FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE>, to remove a range
		669	(without leaving a hole), C<FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE>, to zero a range,
		670	C<FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE> to insert a range and C<FALLOC_FL_UNSHARE_RANGE>
		671	to unshare shared blocks (see your L<fallocate(2)> manpage).
		672
		673	The file system block size used by C<fallocate> is presumably the
		674	C<f_bsize> returned by C<statvfs>, but different filesystems and filetypes
		675	can dictate other limitations.
		676
		677	If C<fallocate> isn't available or cannot be emulated (currently no
		678	emulation will be attempted), passes C<-1> and sets C<$!> to C<ENOSYS>.
		679
		680
466	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)	681	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
467		682
468	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.	683	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
469		684
470		685
…		…
472		687
473	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	688	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
474	result code.	689	result code.
475		690
476		691
477	=item aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)	692	=item aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
478		693
479	[EXPERIMENTAL]	694	[EXPERIMENTAL]
480		695
481	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).	696	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
482		697
483	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:	698	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
484		699
485	aio_mknod $path, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...	700	aio_mknod $pathname, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
486		701
		702	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants
		703	and functions.
487		704
488	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	705	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
489		706
490	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	707	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
491	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	708	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
…		…
495		712
496	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	713	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
497	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	714	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
498		715
499		716
500	=item aio_readlink $path, $callback->($link)	717	=item aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
501		718
502	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to	719	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
503	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the	720	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
504	callback.	721	callback.
505		722
506		723
		724	=item aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		725
		726	Asynchronously make the path absolute and resolve any symlinks in
		727	C<$path>. The resulting path only consists of directories (same as
		728	L<Cwd::realpath>).
		729
		730	This request can be used to get the absolute path of the current working
		731	directory by passing it a path of F<.> (a single dot).
		732
		733
507	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	734	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
508		735
509	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	736	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
510	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	737	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
		738
		739	On systems that support the AIO::WD working directory abstraction
		740	natively, the case C<[$wd, "."]> as C<$srcpath> is specialcased - instead
		741	of failing, C<rename> is called on the absolute path of C<$wd>.
		742
		743
		744	=item aio_rename2 $srcpath, $dstpath, $flags, $callback->($status)
		745
		746	Basically a version of C<aio_rename> with an additional C<$flags>
		747	argument. Calling this with C<$flags=0> is the same as calling
		748	C<aio_rename>.
		749
		750	Non-zero flags are currently only supported on GNU/Linux systems that
		751	support renameat2. Other systems fail with C<ENOSYS> in this case.
		752
		753	The following constants are available (missing ones are, as usual C<0>),
		754	see renameat2(2) for details:
		755
		756	C<IO::AIO::RENAME_NOREPLACE>, C<IO::AIO::RENAME_EXCHANGE>
		757	and C<IO::AIO::RENAME_WHITEOUT>.
511		758
512		759
513	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)	760	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
514		761
515	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with	762	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with
…		…
520	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	767	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
521		768
522	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the	769	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the
523	result code.	770	result code.
524		771
		772	On systems that support the AIO::WD working directory abstraction
		773	natively, the case C<[$wd, "."]> is specialcased - instead of failing,
		774	C<rmdir> is called on the absolute path of C<$wd>.
		775
525		776
526	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	777	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
527		778
528	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	779	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
529	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	780	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
530	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.	781	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.
531		782
532	The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref	783	The callback is passed a single argument which is either C<undef> or an
533	with the filenames.	784	array-ref with the filenames.
534		785
535		786
		787	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		788
		789	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows one to
		790	tune behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
		791	C<undef>.
		792
		793	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
		794	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
		795
		796	=over 4
		797
		798	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
		799
		800	Normally the callback gets an arrayref consisting of names only (as
		801	with C<aio_readdir>). If this flag is set, then the callback gets an
		802	arrayref with C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a
		803	single directory entry in more detail:
		804
		805	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
		806
		807	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
		808
		809	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
		810	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
		811	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
		812
		813	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need
		814	to know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed/memory reasons,
		815	the C<$type> scalars are read-only: you must not modify them.
		816
		817	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
		818	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
		819	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
		820
		821	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		822
		823	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order where
		824	likely directories come first, in optimal stat order. This is useful when
		825	you need to quickly find directories, or you want to find all directories
		826	while avoiding to stat() each entry.
		827
		828	If the system returns type information in readdir, then this is used
		829	to find directories directly. Otherwise, likely directories are names
		830	beginning with ".", or otherwise names with no dots, of which names with
		831	short names are tried first.
		832
		833	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
		834
		835	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
		836	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat() most or
		837	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely be
		838	faster.
		839
		840	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified,
		841	then the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order
		842	for stat'ing all entries, but likely a more optimal order for finding
		843	subdirectories.
		844
		845	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		846
		847	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
		848	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
		849	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absence of this flag therefore indicates that all
		850	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
		851
		852	=back
		853
		854
		855	=item aio_slurp $pathname, $offset, $length, $data, $callback->($status)
		856
		857	Opens, reads and closes the given file. The data is put into C<$data>,
		858	which is resized as required.
		859
		860	If C<$offset> is negative, then it is counted from the end of the file.
		861
		862	If C<$length> is zero, then the remaining length of the file is
		863	used. Also, in this case, the same limitations to modifying C<$data> apply
		864	as when IO::AIO::mmap is used, i.e. it must only be modified in-place
		865	with C<substr>. If the size of the file is known, specifying a non-zero
		866	C<$length> results in a performance advantage.
		867
		868	This request is similar to the older C<aio_load> request, but since it is
		869	a single request, it might be more efficient to use.
		870
		871	Example: load F</etc/passwd> into C<$passwd>.
		872
		873	my $passwd;
		874	aio_slurp "/etc/passwd", 0, 0, $passwd, sub {
		875	$_[0] >= 0
		876	or die "/etc/passwd: $!\n";
		877
		878	printf "/etc/passwd is %d bytes long, and contains:\n", length $passwd;
		879	print $passwd;
		880	};
		881	IO::AIO::flush;
		882
		883
536	=item aio_load $path, $data, $callback->($status)	884	=item aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
537		885
538	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into	886	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
539	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.	887	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
		888
		889	Using C<aio_slurp> might be more efficient, as it is a single request.
540		890
541	=cut	891	=cut
542		892
543	sub aio_load($$;$) {	893	sub aio_load($$;$) {
544	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;	894	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;
…		…
563		913
564	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	914	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
565		915
566	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	916	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
567	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	917	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
568	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	918	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
		919
		920	Existing destination files will be truncated.
569		921
570	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with	922	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
571	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using	923	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
572	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and	924	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
573	uid/gid, in that order.	925	uid/gid, in that order.
…		…
585	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	937	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
586		938
587	aioreq_pri $pri;	939	aioreq_pri $pri;
588	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	940	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
589	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {	941	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
590	my @stat = stat $src_fh;	942	my @stat = stat $src_fh; # hmm, might block over nfs?
591		943
592	aioreq_pri $pri;	944	aioreq_pri $pri;
593	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {	945	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {
594	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {	946	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
595	aioreq_pri $pri;	947	aioreq_pri $pri;
596	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {	948	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
597	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {	949	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
598	$grp->result (0);	950	$grp->result (0);
599	close $src_fh;	951	close $src_fh;
600		952
601	# those should not normally block. should. should.	953	my $ch = sub {
602	utime $stat[8], $stat[9], $dst;	954	aioreq_pri $pri;
603	chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;	955	add $grp aio_chmod $dst_fh, $stat[2] & 07777, sub {
604	chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;	956	aioreq_pri $pri;
		957	add $grp aio_chown $dst_fh, $stat[4], $stat[5], sub {
		958	aioreq_pri $pri;
		959	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;
		960	}
		961	};
		962	};
605		963
606	aioreq_pri $pri;	964	aioreq_pri $pri;
607	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;	965	add $grp aio_utime $dst_fh, $stat[8], $stat[9], sub {
		966	if ($_[0] < 0 && $! == ENOSYS) {
		967	aioreq_pri $pri;
		968	add $grp aio_utime $dst, $stat[8], $stat[9], $ch;
		969	} else {
		970	$ch->();
		971	}
		972	};
608	} else {	973	} else {
609	$grp->result (-1);	974	$grp->result (-1);
610	close $src_fh;	975	close $src_fh;
611	close $dst_fh;	976	close $dst_fh;
612		977
…		…
629		994
630	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	995	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
631		996
632	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	997	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
633	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	998	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
634	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	999	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
635		1000
636	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If	1001	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if
637	rename files with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if	1002	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if
638	that is successful, unlinking the C<$srcpath>.	1003	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.
639		1004
640	=cut	1005	=cut
641		1006
642	sub aio_move($$;$) {	1007	sub aio_move($$;$) {
643	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;	1008	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
…		…
650	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {	1015	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
651	aioreq_pri $pri;	1016	aioreq_pri $pri;
652	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {	1017	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
653	$grp->result ($_[0]);	1018	$grp->result ($_[0]);
654		1019
655	if (!$_[0]) {	1020	unless ($_[0]) {
656	aioreq_pri $pri;	1021	aioreq_pri $pri;
657	add $grp aio_unlink $src;	1022	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
658	}	1023	}
659	};	1024	};
660	} else {	1025	} else {
…		…
663	};	1028	};
664		1029
665	$grp	1030	$grp
666	}	1031	}
667		1032
668	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	1033	=item aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
669		1034
670	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	1035	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
671	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of	1036	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
672	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot	1037	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
673	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).	1038	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
674		1039
675	C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that creates of many sub requests_	1040	C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that generates many sub requests.
676	C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio requests that	1041	C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio requests that
677	this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a suitable default	1042	this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a suitable default
678	will be chosen (currently 4).	1043	will be chosen (currently 4).
679		1044
680	On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives	1045	On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives
…		…
690		1055
691	Implementation notes.	1056	Implementation notes.
692		1057
693	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.	1058	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.
694		1059
		1060	If readdir returns file type information, then this is used directly to
		1061	find directories.
		1062
695	After reading the directory, the modification time, size etc. of the	1063	Otherwise, after reading the directory, the modification time, size etc.
696	directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they match (and	1064	of the directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they
697	isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide how many	1065	match (and isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide
698	entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the number	1066	how many entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the
699	of subdirectories will be assumed.	1067	number of subdirectories will be assumed.
700		1068
701	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories (everything without	1069	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
702	a non-initial dot currently) and likely non-directories (everything	1070	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
703	else). Then every entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed,	1071	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
704	likely directories first. If that succeeds, it assumes that the entry	1072	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
705	is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	1073	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
706	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	1074	separately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
707	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	1075	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
708	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature).	1076	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
		1077	the filetype information on readdir.
709		1078
710	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	1079	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
711	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.	1080	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.
712		1081
713	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which	1082	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which
…		…
726		1095
727	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	1096	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
728		1097
729	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;	1098	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
730		1099
731	# stat once	1100	# get a wd object
732	aioreq_pri $pri;	1101	aioreq_pri $pri;
733	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1102	add $grp aio_wd $path, sub {
		1103	$_[0]
734	return $grp->result () if $_[0];	1104	or return $grp->result ();
735	my $now = time;
736	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
737		1105
738	# read the directory entries	1106	my $wd = [shift, "."];
		1107
		1108	# stat once
739	aioreq_pri $pri;	1109	aioreq_pri $pri;
740	add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {	1110	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
741	my $entries = shift
742	or return $grp->result ();	1111	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
		1112	my $now = time;
		1113	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
743		1114
744	# stat the dir another time	1115	# read the directory entries
745	aioreq_pri $pri;	1116	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1117	add $grp aio_readdirx $wd, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {
		1118	my $entries = shift
		1119	or return $grp->result ();
		1120
		1121	# stat the dir another time
		1122	aioreq_pri $pri;
746	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1123	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
747	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1124	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
748		1125
749	my $ndirs;	1126	my $ndirs;
750		1127
751	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy	1128	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
752	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {	1129	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
753	$ndirs = -1;	1130	$ndirs = -1;
754	} else {	1131	} else {
755	# if nlink == 2, we are finished	1132	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
756	# on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2	1133	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
757	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2	1134	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
758	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);	1135	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
759	}	1136	}
760		1137
761	# sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
762	# dirs == files without ".", short entries first
763	$entries = [map $_->[0],
764	sort { $b->[1] cmp $a->[1] }
765	map [$_, sprintf "%s%04d", (/.\./ ? "1" : "0"), length],
766	@$entries];
767
768	my (@dirs, @nondirs);	1138	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
769		1139
770	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {	1140	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
771	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);	1141	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
772	};	1142	};
773		1143
774	limit $statgrp $maxreq;	1144	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
775	feed $statgrp sub {	1145	feed $statgrp sub {
776	return unless @$entries;	1146	return unless @$entries;
777	my $entry = pop @$entries;	1147	my $entry = shift @$entries;
778		1148
779	aioreq_pri $pri;	1149	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1150	$wd->[1] = "$entry/.";
780	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$entry/.", sub {	1151	add $statgrp aio_stat $wd, sub {
781	if ($_[0] < 0) {	1152	if ($_[0] < 0) {
782	push @nondirs, $entry;	1153	push @nondirs, $entry;
783	} else {	1154	} else {
784	# need to check for real directory	1155	# need to check for real directory
785	aioreq_pri $pri;	1156	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1157	$wd->[1] = $entry;
786	add $statgrp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {	1158	add $statgrp aio_lstat $wd, sub {
787	if (-d _) {	1159	if (-d _) {
788	push @dirs, $entry;	1160	push @dirs, $entry;
789		1161
790	unless (--$ndirs) {	1162	unless (--$ndirs) {
791	push @nondirs, @$entries;	1163	push @nondirs, @$entries;
792	feed $statgrp;	1164	feed $statgrp;
		1165	}
		1166	} else {
		1167	push @nondirs, $entry;
793	}	1168	}
794	} else {
795	push @nondirs, $entry;
796	}	1169	}
797	}	1170	}
798	}	1171	};
799	};	1172	};
800	};	1173	};
801	};	1174	};
802	};	1175	};
803	};	1176	};
804		1177
805	$grp	1178	$grp
806	}	1179	}
807		1180
808	=item aio_rmtree $path, $callback->($status)	1181	=item aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
809		1182
810	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the	1183	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
811	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that	1184	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
812	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink	1185	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
813	everything else.	1186	everything else.
814		1187
815	=cut	1188	=cut
816		1189
…		…
838	};	1211	};
839		1212
840	$grp	1213	$grp
841	}	1214	}
842		1215
		1216	=item aio_fcntl $fh, $cmd, $arg, $callback->($status)
		1217
		1218	=item aio_ioctl $fh, $request, $buf, $callback->($status)
		1219
		1220	These work just like the C<fcntl> and C<ioctl> built-in functions, except
		1221	they execute asynchronously and pass the return value to the callback.
		1222
		1223	Both calls can be used for a lot of things, some of which make more sense
		1224	to run asynchronously in their own thread, while some others make less
		1225	sense. For example, calls that block waiting for external events, such
		1226	as locking, will also lock down an I/O thread while it is waiting, which
		1227	can deadlock the whole I/O system. At the same time, there might be no
		1228	alternative to using a thread to wait.
		1229
		1230	So in general, you should only use these calls for things that do
		1231	(filesystem) I/O, not for things that wait for other events (network,
		1232	other processes), although if you are careful and know what you are doing,
		1233	you still can.
		1234
		1235	The following constants are available (missing ones are, as usual C<0>):
		1236
		1237	C<F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC>,
		1238
		1239	C<F_OFD_GETLK>, C<F_OFD_SETLK>, C<F_OFD_GETLKW>,
		1240
		1241	C<FIFREEZE>, C<FITHAW>, C<FITRIM>, C<FICLONE>, C<FICLONERANGE>, C<FIDEDUPERANGE>.
		1242
		1243	C<FS_IOC_GETFLAGS>, C<FS_IOC_SETFLAGS>, C<FS_IOC_GETVERSION>, C<FS_IOC_SETVERSION>,
		1244	C<FS_IOC_FIEMAP>.
		1245
		1246	C<FS_IOC_FSGETXATTR>, C<FS_IOC_FSSETXATTR>, C<FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY>,
		1247	C<FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_PWSALT>, C<FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY>, C<FS_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE>.
		1248
		1249	C<FS_SECRM_FL>, C<FS_UNRM_FL>, C<FS_COMPR_FL>, C<FS_SYNC_FL>, C<FS_IMMUTABLE_FL>,
		1250	C<FS_APPEND_FL>, C<FS_NODUMP_FL>, C<FS_NOATIME_FL>, C<FS_DIRTY_FL>,
		1251	C<FS_COMPRBLK_FL>, C<FS_NOCOMP_FL>, C<FS_ENCRYPT_FL>, C<FS_BTREE_FL>,
		1252	C<FS_INDEX_FL>, C<FS_JOURNAL_DATA_FL>, C<FS_NOTAIL_FL>, C<FS_DIRSYNC_FL>, C<FS_TOPDIR_FL>,
		1253	C<FS_FL_USER_MODIFIABLE>.
		1254
		1255	C<FS_XFLAG_REALTIME>, C<FS_XFLAG_PREALLOC>, C<FS_XFLAG_IMMUTABLE>, C<FS_XFLAG_APPEND>,
		1256	C<FS_XFLAG_SYNC>, C<FS_XFLAG_NOATIME>, C<FS_XFLAG_NODUMP>, C<FS_XFLAG_RTINHERIT>,
		1257	C<FS_XFLAG_PROJINHERIT>, C<FS_XFLAG_NOSYMLINKS>, C<FS_XFLAG_EXTSIZE>, C<FS_XFLAG_EXTSZINHERIT>,
		1258	C<FS_XFLAG_NODEFRAG>, C<FS_XFLAG_FILESTREAM>, C<FS_XFLAG_DAX>, C<FS_XFLAG_HASATTR>,
		1259
843	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)	1260	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)
844		1261
845	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.	1262	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.
846		1263
847	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)	1264	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
…		…
855	callback with the fdatasync result code.	1272	callback with the fdatasync result code.
856		1273
857	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	1274	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
858	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	1275	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
859		1276
		1277	=item aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		1278
		1279	Asynchronously call the syncfs syscall to sync the filesystem associated
		1280	to the given filehandle and call the callback with the syncfs result
		1281	code. If syncfs is not available, calls sync(), but returns C<-1> and sets
		1282	errno to C<ENOSYS> nevertheless.
		1283
		1284	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		1285
		1286	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
		1287	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
		1288	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns
		1289	ENOSYS, then fdatasync or fsync is being substituted.
		1290
		1291	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
		1292	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
		1293	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
		1294	manpage for details.
		1295
860	=item aio_pathsync $path, $callback->($status)	1296	=item aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
861		1297
862	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a	1298	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
863	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations	1299	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
864	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any	1300	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
865	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get	1301	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
866	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,	1302	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,
867	not just directories.	1303	not just directories.
		1304
		1305	Future versions of this function might fall back to other methods when
		1306	C<fsync> on the directory fails (such as calling C<sync>).
868		1307
869	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.	1308	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.
870		1309
871	=cut	1310	=cut
872		1311
…		…
893	};	1332	};
894		1333
895	$grp	1334	$grp
896	}	1335	}
897		1336
		1337	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = MS_SYNC, $callback->($status)
		1338
		1339	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed
		1340	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data
		1341	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the
		1342	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on
		1343	it).
		1344
		1345	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory
		1346	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes
		1347	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>
		1348	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be
		1349	either C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC> or C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>, plus an optional
		1350	C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE>.
		1351
		1352	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1353
		1354	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1355	scalars.
		1356
		1357	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified
		1358	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same
		1359	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either
		1360	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or
		1361	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory pages (by reading and
		1362	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).
		1363
		1364	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		1365
		1366	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1367	scalars.
		1368
		1369	It reads in all the pages of the underlying storage into memory (if any)
		1370	and locks them, so they are not getting swapped/paged out or removed.
		1371
		1372	If C<$length> is undefined, then the scalar will be locked till the end.
		1373
		1374	On systems that do not implement C<mlock>, this function returns C<-1>
		1375	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1376
		1377	Note that the corresponding C<munlock> is synchronous and is
		1378	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1379
		1380	Example: open a file, mmap and mlock it - both will be undone when
		1381	C<$data> gets destroyed.
		1382
		1383	open my $fh, "<", $path or die "$path: $!";
		1384	my $data;
		1385	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;
		1386	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background
		1387
		1388	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		1389
		1390	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a
		1391	combination of C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT>, C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE> and
		1392	C<IO::AIO::MCL_ONFAULT>).
		1393
		1394	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>
		1395	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>. Similarly, flag combinations not supported
		1396	by the system result in a return value of C<-1> with errno being set to
		1397	C<EINVAL>.
		1398
		1399	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is
		1400	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1401
		1402	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.
		1403
		1404	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;
		1405
		1406	=item aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		1407
		1408	Queries the extents of the given file (by calling the Linux C<FIEMAP>
		1409	ioctl, see L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/IO-AIO/doc/fiemap.txt> for details). If
		1410	the ioctl is not available on your OS, then this request will fail with
		1411	C<ENOSYS>.
		1412
		1413	C<$start> is the starting offset to query extents for, C<$length> is the
		1414	size of the range to query - if it is C<undef>, then the whole file will
		1415	be queried.
		1416
		1417	C<$flags> is a combination of flags (C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> or
		1418	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR> - C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAGS_COMPAT> is also
		1419	exported), and is normally C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> to query
		1420	the data portion.
		1421
		1422	C<$count> is the maximum number of extent records to return. If it is
		1423	C<undef>, then IO::AIO queries all extents of the range. As a very special
		1424	case, if it is C<0>, then the callback receives the number of extents
		1425	instead of the extents themselves (which is unreliable, see below).
		1426
		1427	If an error occurs, the callback receives no arguments. The special
		1428	C<errno> value C<IO::AIO::EBADR> is available to test for flag errors.
		1429
		1430	Otherwise, the callback receives an array reference with extent
		1431	structures. Each extent structure is an array reference itself, with the
		1432	following members:
		1433
		1434	[$logical, $physical, $length, $flags]
		1435
		1436	Flags is any combination of the following flag values (typically either C<0>
		1437	or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST> (1)):
		1438
		1439	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN>,
		1440	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_ENCODED>,
		1441	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_ENCRYPTED>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED>,
		1442	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_TAIL>,
		1443	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED> or
		1444	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_SHARED>.
		1445
		1446	At the time of this writing (Linux 3.2), this request is unreliable unless
		1447	C<$count> is C<undef>, as the kernel has all sorts of bugs preventing
		1448	it to return all extents of a range for files with a large number of
		1449	extents. The code (only) works around all these issues if C<$count> is
		1450	C<undef>.
		1451
898	=item aio_group $callback->(...)	1452	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
899		1453
900	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a	1454	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
901	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle	1455	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
902	many requests into a single, composite, request with a definite callback	1456	many requests into a single, composite, request with a definite callback
…		…
939	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function	1493	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
940	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.	1494	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
941		1495
942	=back	1496	=back
943		1497
		1498
		1499	=head2 IO::AIO::WD - multiple working directories
		1500
		1501	Your process only has one current working directory, which is used by all
		1502	threads. This makes it hard to use relative paths (some other component
		1503	could call C<chdir> at any time, and it is hard to control when the path
		1504	will be used by IO::AIO).
		1505
		1506	One solution for this is to always use absolute paths. This usually works,
		1507	but can be quite slow (the kernel has to walk the whole path on every
		1508	access), and can also be a hassle to implement.
		1509
		1510	Newer POSIX systems have a number of functions (openat, fdopendir,
		1511	futimensat and so on) that make it possible to specify working directories
		1512	per operation.
		1513
		1514	For portability, and because the clowns who "designed", or shall I write,
		1515	perpetrated this new interface were obviously half-drunk, this abstraction
		1516	cannot be perfect, though.
		1517
		1518	IO::AIO allows you to convert directory paths into a so-called IO::AIO::WD
		1519	object. This object stores the canonicalised, absolute version of the
		1520	path, and on systems that allow it, also a directory file descriptor.
		1521
		1522	Everywhere where a pathname is accepted by IO::AIO (e.g. in C<aio_stat>
		1523	or C<aio_unlink>), one can specify an array reference with an IO::AIO::WD
		1524	object and a pathname instead (or the IO::AIO::WD object alone, which
		1525	gets interpreted as C<[$wd, "."]>). If the pathname is absolute, the
		1526	IO::AIO::WD object is ignored, otherwise the pathname is resolved relative
		1527	to that IO::AIO::WD object.
		1528
		1529	For example, to get a wd object for F</etc> and then stat F<passwd>
		1530	inside, you would write:
		1531
		1532	aio_wd "/etc", sub {
		1533	my $etcdir = shift;
		1534
		1535	# although $etcdir can be undef on error, there is generally no reason
		1536	# to check for errors here, as aio_stat will fail with ENOENT
		1537	# when $etcdir is undef.
		1538
		1539	aio_stat [$etcdir, "passwd"], sub {
		1540	# yay
		1541	};
		1542	};
		1543
		1544	The fact that C<aio_wd> is a request and not a normal function shows that
		1545	creating an IO::AIO::WD object is itself a potentially blocking operation,
		1546	which is why it is done asynchronously.
		1547
		1548	To stat the directory obtained with C<aio_wd> above, one could write
		1549	either of the following three request calls:
		1550
		1551	aio_lstat "/etc" , sub { ... # pathname as normal string
		1552	aio_lstat [$wd, "."], sub { ... # "." relative to $wd (i.e. $wd itself)
		1553	aio_lstat $wd , sub { ... # shorthand for the previous
		1554
		1555	As with normal pathnames, IO::AIO keeps a copy of the working directory
		1556	object and the pathname string, so you could write the following without
		1557	causing any issues due to C<$path> getting reused:
		1558
		1559	my $path = [$wd, undef];
		1560
		1561	for my $name (qw(abc def ghi)) {
		1562	$path->[1] = $name;
		1563	aio_stat $path, sub {
		1564	# ...
		1565	};
		1566	}
		1567
		1568	There are some caveats: when directories get renamed (or deleted), the
		1569	pathname string doesn't change, so will point to the new directory (or
		1570	nowhere at all), while the directory fd, if available on the system,
		1571	will still point to the original directory. Most functions accepting a
		1572	pathname will use the directory fd on newer systems, and the string on
		1573	older systems. Some functions (such as C<aio_realpath>) will always rely on
		1574	the string form of the pathname.
		1575
		1576	So this functionality is mainly useful to get some protection against
		1577	C<chdir>, to easily get an absolute path out of a relative path for future
		1578	reference, and to speed up doing many operations in the same directory
		1579	(e.g. when stat'ing all files in a directory).
		1580
		1581	The following functions implement this working directory abstraction:
		1582
		1583	=over 4
		1584
		1585	=item aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		1586
		1587	Asynchonously canonicalise the given pathname and convert it to an
		1588	IO::AIO::WD object representing it. If possible and supported on the
		1589	system, also open a directory fd to speed up pathname resolution relative
		1590	to this working directory.
		1591
		1592	If something goes wrong, then C<undef> is passwd to the callback instead
		1593	of a working directory object and C<$!> is set appropriately. Since
		1594	passing C<undef> as working directory component of a pathname fails the
		1595	request with C<ENOENT>, there is often no need for error checking in the
		1596	C<aio_wd> callback, as future requests using the value will fail in the
		1597	expected way.
		1598
		1599	=item IO::AIO::CWD
		1600
		1601	This is a compiletime constant (object) that represents the process
		1602	current working directory.
		1603
		1604	Specifying this object as working directory object for a pathname is as if
		1605	the pathname would be specified directly, without a directory object. For
		1606	example, these calls are functionally identical:
		1607
		1608	aio_stat "somefile", sub { ... };
		1609	aio_stat [IO::AIO::CWD, "somefile"], sub { ... };
		1610
		1611	=back
		1612
		1613	To recover the path associated with an IO::AIO::WD object, you can use
		1614	C<aio_realpath>:
		1615
		1616	aio_realpath $wd, sub {
		1617	warn "path is $_[0]\n";
		1618	};
		1619
		1620	Currently, C<aio_statvfs> always, and C<aio_rename> and C<aio_rmdir>
		1621	sometimes, fall back to using an absolue path.
		1622
944	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1623	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
945		1624
946	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1625	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
947	called in non-void context.	1626	called in non-void context.
948		1627
…		…
951	=item cancel $req	1630	=item cancel $req
952		1631
953	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution	1632	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
954	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when	1633	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
955	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise	1634	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
956	untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be	1635	untouched (with the exception of readdir). That means that requests that
957	stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.	1636	currently execute will not be stopped and resources held by the request
		1637	will not be freed prematurely.
958		1638
959	=item cb $req $callback->(...)	1639	=item cb $req $callback->(...)
960		1640
961	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.	1641	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
962		1642
…		…
1036	=item $grp->cancel_subs	1716	=item $grp->cancel_subs
1037		1717
1038	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request	1718	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request
1039	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.	1719	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.
1040		1720
		1721	The group request will finish normally (you cannot add requests to the
		1722	group).
		1723
1041	=item $grp->result (...)	1724	=item $grp->result (...)
1042		1725
1043	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all	1726	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
1044	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value	1727	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value
1045	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,	1728	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,
…		…
1060	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)	1743	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
1061		1744
1062	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached	1745	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
1063	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,	1746	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
1064	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,	1747	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
1065	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For	1748	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
1066	example, C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat>	1749	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands of C<aio_stat>
1067	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.	1750	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
1068		1751
1069	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can	1752	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
1070	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The	1753	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
1071	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,	1754	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
…		…
1076	not impose any limits).	1759	not impose any limits).
1077		1760
1078	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be	1761	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
1079	automatically removed from the group.	1762	automatically removed from the group.
1080		1763
1081	If the feed limit is C<0>, it will be set to C<2> automatically.	1764	If the feed limit is C<0> when this method is called, it will be set to
		1765	C<2> automatically.
1082		1766
1083	Example:	1767	Example:
1084		1768
1085	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:	1769	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
1086		1770
…		…
1098	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever	1782	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
1099	the group contains less than this many requests.	1783	the group contains less than this many requests.
1100		1784
1101	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.	1785	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
1102		1786
		1787	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder
		1788	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.
		1789
1103	=back	1790	=back
1104		1791
		1792
1105	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS	1793	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
1106		1794
1107	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION	1795	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
1108		1796
1109	=over 4	1797	=over 4
1110		1798
1111	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno	1799	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno
1112		1800
1113	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be	1801	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be
1114	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. Event or	1802	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. EV, Glib,
1115	select, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable you have	1803	select and so on, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable
1116	to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.	1804	you have to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.
1117		1805
1118	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1806	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
1119		1807
1120	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1808	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
1121		1809
1122	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this	1810	Process some requests that have reached the result phase (i.e. they have
1123	regularly. Returns C<0> if all events could be processed, or C<-1> if it	1811	been executed but the results are not yet reported). You have to call
1124	returned earlier for whatever reason. Returns immediately when no events	1812	this "regularly" to finish outstanding requests.
1125	are outstanding. The amount of events processed depends on the settings of
1126	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.
1127		1813
		1814	Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there were no
		1815	events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever
		1816	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount
		1817	of events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req>,
		1818	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time> and C<IO::AIO::max_outstanding>.
		1819
1128	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle	1820	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the poll file
1129	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you don't have to	1821	descriptor will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you
1130	do anything special to have it called later.	1822	don't have to do anything special to have it called later.
		1823
		1824	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes
		1825	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit
		1826	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become
		1827	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes
		1828	over again. This function returns very fast when there are no outstanding
		1829	requests.
1131		1830
1132	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1831	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
1133	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority:	1832	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority (more examples can be found in the
		1833	SYNOPSIS section, at the top of this document):
1134		1834
1135	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1835	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1136	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1836	poll => 'r', async => 1,
1137	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1837	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1838
		1839	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
		1840
		1841	Wait until either at least one request is in the result phase or no
		1842	requests are outstanding anymore.
		1843
		1844	This is useful if you want to synchronously wait for some requests to
		1845	become ready, without actually handling them.
		1846
		1847	See C<nreqs> for an example.
		1848
		1849	=item IO::AIO::poll
		1850
		1851	Waits until some requests have been handled.
		1852
		1853	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
		1854	equivalent to:
		1855
		1856	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1857
		1858	=item IO::AIO::flush
		1859
		1860	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
		1861
		1862	Strictly equivalent to:
		1863
		1864	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1865	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
		1866
		1867	This function can be useful at program aborts, to make sure outstanding
		1868	I/O has been done (C<IO::AIO> uses an C<END> block which already calls
		1869	this function on normal exits), or when you are merely using C<IO::AIO>
		1870	for its more advanced functions, rather than for async I/O, e.g.:
		1871
		1872	my ($dirs, $nondirs);
		1873	IO::AIO::aio_scandir "/tmp", 0, sub { ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_ };
		1874	IO::AIO::flush;
		1875	# $dirs, $nondirs are now set
1138		1876
1139	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs	1877	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
1140		1878
1141	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds	1879	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
1142		1880
…		…
1167	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority	1905	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority
1168	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1906	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1169	poll => 'r', nice => 1,	1907	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
1170	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1908	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
1171		1909
1172	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
1173
1174	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
1175	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
1176	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
1177	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
1178
1179	See C<nreqs> for an example.
1180
1181	=item IO::AIO::poll
1182
1183	Waits until some requests have been handled.
1184
1185	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
1186	equivalent to:
1187
1188	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1189
1190	=item IO::AIO::flush
1191
1192	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
1193
1194	Strictly equivalent to:
1195
1196	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1197	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
1198
1199	=back	1910	=back
		1911
1200		1912
1201	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS	1913	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
1202		1914
1203	=over	1915	=over
1204		1916
…		…
1236		1948
1237	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1949	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
1238		1950
1239	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads	1951	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
1240		1952
1241	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle (i.e.,	1953	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle
1242	threads that did not get a request to process within 10 seconds). That	1954	(i.e., threads that did not get a request to process within the idle
1243	means if a thread becomes idle while C<$nthreads> other threads are also	1955	timeout (default: 10 seconds). That means if a thread becomes idle while
1244	idle, it will free its resources and exit.	1956	C<$nthreads> other threads are also idle, it will free its resources and
		1957	exit.
1245		1958
1246	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)	1959	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)
1247	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources	1960	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources
1248	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).	1961	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).
1249		1962
1250	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread	1963	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread
1251	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might	1964	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might
1252	want to use larger values.	1965	want to use larger values.
1253		1966
		1967	=item IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		1968
		1969	Sets the minimum idle timeout (default 10) after which worker threads are
		1970	allowed to exit. SEe C<IO::AIO::max_idle>.
		1971
1254	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs	1972	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		1973
		1974	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If
		1975	you do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to
		1976	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> (and other functions calling C<poll_cb>, such as
		1977	C<IO::AIO::flush> or C<IO::AIO::poll>) will block until the limit is no
		1978	longer exceeded.
		1979
		1980	In other words, this setting does not enforce a queue limit, but can be
		1981	used to make poll functions block if the limit is exceeded.
1255		1982
1256	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it	1983	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
1257	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better	1984	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
1258	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.	1985	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
1259		1986
1260	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you	1987	Its main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat
1261	do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to the	1988	a lot of files, you can write something like this:
1262	C<poll_cb> (and C<poll_some> and other functions calling C<poll_cb>)
1263	function will block until the limit is no longer exceeded.
1264		1989
1265	The default value is very large, so there is no practical limit on the	1990	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;
1266	number of outstanding requests.
1267		1991
1268	You can still queue as many requests as you want. Therefore,	1992	for my $path (...) {
1269	C<max_outstanding> is mainly useful in simple scripts (with low values) or	1993	aio_stat $path , ...;
1270	as a stop gap to shield against fatal memory overflow (with large values).	1994	IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1995	}
		1996
		1997	IO::AIO::flush;
		1998
		1999	The call to C<poll_cb> inside the loop will normally return instantly, but
		2000	as soon as more thna C<32> reqeusts are in-flight, it will block until
		2001	some requests have been handled. This keeps the loop from pushing a large
		2002	number of C<aio_stat> requests onto the queue.
		2003
		2004	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no
		2005	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.
1271		2006
1272	=back	2007	=back
		2008
1273		2009
1274	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION	2010	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
1275		2011
1276	=over	2012	=over
1277		2013
…		…
1295	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,	2031	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
1296	but not yet processed by poll_cb).	2032	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
1297		2033
1298	=back	2034	=back
1299		2035
		2036
		2037	=head3 SUBSECOND STAT TIME ACCESS
		2038
		2039	Both C<aio_stat>/C<aio_lstat> and perl's C<stat>/C<lstat> functions can
		2040	generally find access/modification and change times with subsecond time
		2041	accuracy of the system supports it, but perl's built-in functions only
		2042	return the integer part.
		2043
		2044	The following functions return the timestamps of the most recent
		2045	stat with subsecond precision on most systems and work both after
		2046	C<aio_stat>/C<aio_lstat> and perl's C<stat>/C<lstat> calls. Their return
		2047	value is only meaningful after a successful C<stat>/C<lstat> call, or
		2048	during/after a successful C<aio_stat>/C<aio_lstat> callback.
		2049
		2050	This is similar to the L<Time::HiRes> C<stat> functions, but can return
		2051	full resolution without rounding and work with standard perl C<stat>,
		2052	alleviating the need to call the special C<Time::HiRes> functions, which
		2053	do not act like their perl counterparts.
		2054
		2055	On operating systems or file systems where subsecond time resolution is
		2056	not supported or could not be detected, a fractional part of C<0> is
		2057	returned, so it is always safe to call these functions.
		2058
		2059	=over 4
		2060
		2061	=item $seconds = IO::AIO::st_atime, IO::AIO::st_mtime, IO::AIO::st_ctime, IO::AIO::st_btime
		2062
		2063	Return the access, modication, change or birth time, respectively,
		2064	including fractional part. Due to the limited precision of floating point,
		2065	the accuracy on most platforms is only a bit better than milliseconds
		2066	for times around now - see the I<nsec> function family, below, for full
		2067	accuracy.
		2068
		2069	File birth time is only available when the OS and perl support it (on
		2070	FreeBSD and NetBSD at the time of this writing, although support is
		2071	adaptive, so if your OS/perl gains support, IO::AIO can take avdantage of
		2072	it). On systems where it isn't available, C<0> is currently returned, but
		2073	this might change to C<undef> in a future version.
		2074
		2075	=item ($atime, $mtime, $ctime, $btime, ...) = IO::AIO::st_xtime
		2076
		2077	Returns access, modification, change and birth time all in one go, and
		2078	maybe more times in the future version.
		2079
		2080	=item $nanoseconds = IO::AIO::st_atimensec, IO::AIO::st_mtimensec, IO::AIO::st_ctimensec, IO::AIO::st_btimensec
		2081
		2082	Return the fractional access, modifcation, change or birth time, in nanoseconds,
		2083	as an integer in the range C<0> to C<999999999>.
		2084
		2085	Note that no accessors are provided for access, modification and
		2086	change times - you need to get those from C<stat _> if required (C<int
		2087	IO::AIO::st_atime> and so on will I<not> generally give you the correct
		2088	value).
		2089
		2090	=item $seconds = IO::AIO::st_btimesec
		2091
		2092	The (integral) seconds part of the file birth time, if available.
		2093
		2094	=item ($atime, $mtime, $ctime, $btime, ...) = IO::AIO::st_xtimensec
		2095
		2096	Like the functions above, but returns all four times in one go (and maybe
		2097	more in future versions).
		2098
		2099	=item $counter = IO::AIO::st_gen
		2100
		2101	Returns the generation counter (in practice this is just a random number)
		2102	of the file. This is only available on platforms which have this member in
		2103	their C<struct stat> (most BSDs at the time of this writing) and generally
		2104	only to the root usert. If unsupported, C<0> is returned, but this might
		2105	change to C<undef> in a future version.
		2106
		2107	=back
		2108
		2109	Example: print the high resolution modification time of F</etc>, using
		2110	C<stat>, and C<IO::AIO::aio_stat>.
		2111
		2112	if (stat "/etc") {
		2113	printf "stat(/etc) mtime: %f\n", IO::AIO::st_mtime;
		2114	}
		2115
		2116	IO::AIO::aio_stat "/etc", sub {
		2117	$_[0]
		2118	and return;
		2119
		2120	printf "aio_stat(/etc) mtime: %d.%09d\n", (stat _)[9], IO::AIO::st_mtimensec;
		2121	};
		2122
		2123	IO::AIO::flush;
		2124
		2125	Output of the awbove on my system, showing reduced and full accuracy:
		2126
		2127	stat(/etc) mtime: 1534043702.020808
		2128	aio_stat(/etc) mtime: 1534043702.020807792
		2129
		2130
		2131	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
		2132
		2133	IO::AIO implements some functions that are useful when you want to use
		2134	some "Advanced I/O" function not available to in Perl, without going the
		2135	"Asynchronous I/O" route. Many of these have an asynchronous C<aio_*>
		2136	counterpart.
		2137
		2138	=over 4
		2139
		2140	=item $numfd = IO::AIO::get_fdlimit
		2141
		2142	This function is I<EXPERIMENTAL> and subject to change.
		2143
		2144	Tries to find the current file descriptor limit and returns it, or
		2145	C<undef> and sets C<$!> in case of an error. The limit is one larger than
		2146	the highest valid file descriptor number.
		2147
		2148	=item IO::AIO::min_fdlimit [$numfd]
		2149
		2150	This function is I<EXPERIMENTAL> and subject to change.
		2151
		2152	Try to increase the current file descriptor limit(s) to at least C<$numfd>
		2153	by changing the soft or hard file descriptor resource limit. If C<$numfd>
		2154	is missing, it will try to set a very high limit, although this is not
		2155	recommended when you know the actual minimum that you require.
		2156
		2157	If the limit cannot be raised enough, the function makes a best-effort
		2158	attempt to increase the limit as much as possible, using various
		2159	tricks, while still failing. You can query the resulting limit using
		2160	C<IO::AIO::get_fdlimit>.
		2161
		2162	If an error occurs, returns C<undef> and sets C<$!>, otherwise returns
		2163	true.
		2164
		2165	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		2166
		2167	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,
		2168	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is
		2169	likely cached already and the output filehandle is set to non-blocking
		2170	operations).
		2171
		2172	Returns the number of bytes copied, or C<-1> on error.
		2173
		2174	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		2175
		2176	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its
		2177	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		2178	available: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		2179	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,
		2180	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.
		2181
		2182	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns
		2183	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.
		2184
		2185	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice
		2186
		2187	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its
		2188	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		2189	available: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		2190	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>,
		2191	C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.
		2192
		2193	If C<$offset> is negative, counts from the end. If C<$length> is negative,
		2194	the remaining length of the C<$scalar> is used. If possible, C<$length>
		2195	will be reduced to fit into the C<$scalar>.
		2196
		2197	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns
		2198	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.
		2199
		2200	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect
		2201
		2202	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed
		2203	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect
		2204	constants are available: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,
		2205	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.
		2206
		2207	If C<$offset> is negative, counts from the end. If C<$length> is negative,
		2208	the remaining length of the C<$scalar> is used. If possible, C<$length>
		2209	will be reduced to fit into the C<$scalar>.
		2210
		2211	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns
		2212	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.
		2213
		2214	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]
		2215
		2216	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the
		2217	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar. Returns true on
		2218	success, and false otherwise.
		2219
		2220	The scalar must exist, but its contents do not matter - this means you
		2221	cannot use a nonexistant array or hash element. When in doubt, C<undef>
		2222	the scalar first.
		2223
		2224	The only operations allowed on the mmapped scalar are C<substr>/C<vec>,
		2225	which don't change the string length, and most read-only operations such
		2226	as copying it or searching it with regexes and so on.
		2227
		2228	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.
		2229
		2230	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed
		2231	when the C<$scalar> is undef'd or destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap>
		2232	or C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called on it.
		2233
		2234	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual
		2235	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.
		2236
		2237	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual
		2238	filesize.
		2239
		2240	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,
		2241	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,
		2242
		2243	C<$flags> can be a combination of
		2244	C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or
		2245	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>,
		2246	or a number of system-specific flags (when not available, the are C<0>):
		2247	C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS> (which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this constant),
		2248	C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,
		2249	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>,
		2250	C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE>,
		2251	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>,
		2252	C<IO::AIO::MAP_FIXED>,
		2253	C<IO::AIO::MAP_GROWSDOWN>,
		2254	C<IO::AIO::MAP_32BIT>,
		2255	C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB> or
		2256	C<IO::AIO::MAP_STACK>.
		2257
		2258	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.
		2259
		2260	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be
		2261	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.
		2262
		2263	Example:
		2264
		2265	use Digest::MD5;
		2266	use IO::AIO;
		2267
		2268	open my $fh, "<verybigfile"
		2269	or die "$!";
		2270
		2271	IO::AIO::mmap my $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh
		2272	or die "verybigfile: $!";
		2273
		2274	my $fast_md5 = md5 $data;
		2275
		2276	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		2277
		2278	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.
		2279
		2280	=item IO::AIO::mremap $scalar, $new_length, $flags = MREMAP_MAYMOVE[, $new_address = 0]
		2281
		2282	Calls the Linux-specific mremap(2) system call. The C<$scalar> must have
		2283	been mapped by C<IO::AIO::mmap>, and C<$flags> must currently either be
		2284	C<0> or C<IO::AIO::MREMAP_MAYMOVE>.
		2285
		2286	Returns true if successful, and false otherwise. If the underlying mmapped
		2287	region has changed address, then the true value has the numerical value
		2288	C<1>, otherwise it has the numerical value C<0>:
		2289
		2290	my $success = IO::AIO::mremap $mmapped, 8192, IO::AIO::MREMAP_MAYMOVE
		2291	or die "mremap: $!";
		2292
		2293	if ($success*1) {
		2294	warn "scalar has chanegd address in memory\n";
		2295	}
		2296
		2297	C<IO::AIO::MREMAP_FIXED> and the C<$new_address> argument are currently
		2298	implemented, but not supported and might go away in a future version.
		2299
		2300	On systems where this call is not supported or is not emulated, this call
		2301	returns falls and sets C<$!> to C<ENOSYS>.
		2302
		2303	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		2304
		2305	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous
		2306	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).
		2307
		2308	=item IO::AIO::munlockall
		2309
		2310	Calls the C<munlockall> function.
		2311
		2312	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns
		2313	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.
		2314
		2315	=item IO::AIO::splice $r_fh, $r_off, $w_fh, $w_off, $length, $flags
		2316
		2317	Calls the GNU/Linux C<splice(2)> syscall, if available. If C<$r_off> or
		2318	C<$w_off> are C<undef>, then C<NULL> is passed for these, otherwise they
		2319	should be the file offset.
		2320
		2321	C<$r_fh> and C<$w_fh> should not refer to the same file, as splice might
		2322	silently corrupt the data in this case.
		2323
		2324	The following symbol flag values are available: C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MOVE>,
		2325	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK>, C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MORE> and
		2326	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_GIFT>.
		2327
		2328	See the C<splice(2)> manpage for details.
		2329
		2330	=item IO::AIO::tee $r_fh, $w_fh, $length, $flags
		2331
		2332	Calls the GNU/Linux C<tee(2)> syscall, see its manpage and the
		2333	description for C<IO::AIO::splice> above for details.
		2334
		2335	=item $actual_size = IO::AIO::pipesize $r_fh[, $new_size]
		2336
		2337	Attempts to query or change the pipe buffer size. Obviously works only
		2338	on pipes, and currently works only on GNU/Linux systems, and fails with
		2339	C<-1>/C<ENOSYS> everywhere else. If anybody knows how to influence pipe buffer
		2340	size on other systems, drop me a note.
		2341
		2342	=item ($rfh, $wfh) = IO::AIO::pipe2 [$flags]
		2343
		2344	This is a direct interface to the Linux L<pipe2(2)> system call. If
		2345	C<$flags> is missing or C<0>, then this should be the same as a call to
		2346	perl's built-in C<pipe> function and create a new pipe, and works on
		2347	systems that lack the pipe2 syscall. On win32, this case invokes C<_pipe
		2348	(..., 4096, O_BINARY)>.
		2349
		2350	If C<$flags> is non-zero, it tries to invoke the pipe2 system call with
		2351	the given flags (Linux 2.6.27, glibc 2.9).
		2352
		2353	On success, the read and write file handles are returned.
		2354
		2355	On error, nothing will be returned. If the pipe2 syscall is missing and
		2356	C<$flags> is non-zero, fails with C<ENOSYS>.
		2357
		2358	Please refer to L<pipe2(2)> for more info on the C<$flags>, but at the
		2359	time of this writing, C<IO::AIO::O_CLOEXEC>, C<IO::AIO::O_NONBLOCK> and
		2360	C<IO::AIO::O_DIRECT> (Linux 3.4, for packet-based pipes) were supported.
		2361
		2362	Example: create a pipe race-free w.r.t. threads and fork:
		2363
		2364	my ($rfh, $wfh) = IO::AIO::pipe2 IO::AIO::O_CLOEXEC
		2365	or die "pipe2: $!\n";
		2366
		2367	=item $fh = IO::AIO::eventfd [$initval, [$flags]]
		2368
		2369	This is a direct interface to the Linux L<eventfd(2)> system call. The
		2370	(unhelpful) defaults for C<$initval> and C<$flags> are C<0> for both.
		2371
		2372	On success, the new eventfd filehandle is returned, otherwise returns
		2373	C<undef>. If the eventfd syscall is missing, fails with C<ENOSYS>.
		2374
		2375	Please refer to L<eventfd(2)> for more info on this call.
		2376
		2377	The following symbol flag values are available: C<IO::AIO::EFD_CLOEXEC>,
		2378	C<IO::AIO::EFD_NONBLOCK> and C<IO::AIO::EFD_SEMAPHORE> (Linux 2.6.30).
		2379
		2380	Example: create a new eventfd filehandle:
		2381
		2382	$fh = IO::AIO::eventfd 0, IO::AIO::O_CLOEXEC
		2383	or die "eventfd: $!\n";
		2384
		2385	=item $fh = IO::AIO::timerfd_create $clockid[, $flags]
		2386
		2387	This is a direct interface to the Linux L<timerfd_create(2)> system call. The
		2388	(unhelpful) default for C<$flags> is C<0>.
		2389
		2390	On success, the new timerfd filehandle is returned, otherwise returns
		2391	C<undef>. If the eventfd syscall is missing, fails with C<ENOSYS>.
		2392
		2393	Please refer to L<timerfd_create(2)> for more info on this call.
		2394
		2395	The following C<$clockid> values are
		2396	available: C<IO::AIO::CLOCK_REALTIME>, C<IO::AIO::CLOCK_MONOTONIC>
		2397	C<IO::AIO::CLOCK_CLOCK_BOOTTIME> (Linux 3.15)
		2398	C<IO::AIO::CLOCK_CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM> (Linux 3.11) and
		2399	C<IO::AIO::CLOCK_CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM> (Linux 3.11).
		2400
		2401	The following C<$flags> values are available (Linux
		2402	2.6.27): C<IO::AIO::TFD_NONBLOCK> and C<IO::AIO::TFD_CLOEXEC>.
		2403
		2404	Example: create a new timerfd and set it to one-second repeated alarms,
		2405	then wait for two alarms:
		2406
		2407	my $fh = IO::AIO::timerfd_create IO::AIO::CLOCK_BOOTTIME, IO::AIO::TFD_CLOEXEC
		2408	or die "timerfd_create: $!\n";
		2409
		2410	defined IO::AIO::timerfd_settime $fh, 0, 1, 1
		2411	or die "timerfd_settime: $!\n";
		2412
		2413	for (1..2) {
		2414	8 == sysread $fh, my $buf, 8
		2415	or die "timerfd read failure\n";
		2416
		2417	printf "number of expirations (likely 1): %d\n",
		2418	unpack "Q", $buf;
		2419	}
		2420
		2421	=item ($cur_interval, $cur_value) = IO::AIO::timerfd_settime $fh, $flags, $new_interval, $nbw_value
		2422
		2423	This is a direct interface to the Linux L<timerfd_settime(2)> system
		2424	call. Please refer to its manpage for more info on this call.
		2425
		2426	The new itimerspec is specified using two (possibly fractional) second
		2427	values, C<$new_interval> and C<$new_value>).
		2428
		2429	On success, the current interval and value are returned (as per
		2430	C<timerfd_gettime>). On failure, the empty list is returned.
		2431
		2432	The following C<$flags> values are
		2433	available: C<IO::AIO::TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME> and
		2434	C<IO::AIO::TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET>.
		2435
		2436	See C<IO::AIO::timerfd_create> for a full example.
		2437
		2438	=item ($cur_interval, $cur_value) = IO::AIO::timerfd_gettime $fh
		2439
		2440	This is a direct interface to the Linux L<timerfd_gettime(2)> system
		2441	call. Please refer to its manpage for more info on this call.
		2442
		2443	On success, returns the current values of interval and value for the given
		2444	timerfd (as potentially fractional second values). On failure, the empty
		2445	list is returned.
		2446
		2447	=back
		2448
1300	=cut	2449	=cut
1301		2450
1302	min_parallel 8;	2451	min_parallel 8;
1303		2452
1304	END { flush }	2453	END { flush }
1305		2454
1306	1;	2455	1;
1307		2456
		2457	=head1 EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		2458
		2459	It is recommended to use L<AnyEvent::AIO> to integrate IO::AIO
		2460	automatically into many event loops:
		2461
		2462	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
		2463	use AnyEvent::AIO;
		2464
		2465	You can also integrate IO::AIO manually into many event loops, here are
		2466	some examples of how to do this:
		2467
		2468	# EV integration
		2469	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		2470
		2471	# Event integration
		2472	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2473	poll => 'r',
		2474	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2475
		2476	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
		2477	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2478	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
		2479
		2480	# Tk integration
		2481	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
		2482	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2483
		2484	# Danga::Socket integration
		2485	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
		2486	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2487
1308	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	2488	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
1309		2489
1310	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	2490	Usage of pthreads in a program changes the semantics of fork
		2491	considerably. Specifically, only async-safe functions can be called after
		2492	fork. Perl doesn't know about this, so in general, you cannot call fork
		2493	with defined behaviour in perl if pthreads are involved. IO::AIO uses
		2494	pthreads, so this applies, but many other extensions and (for inexplicable
		2495	reasons) perl itself often is linked against pthreads, so this limitation
		2496	applies to quite a lot of perls.
1311		2497
1312	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	2498	This module no longer tries to fight your OS, or POSIX. That means IO::AIO
1313	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	2499	only works in the process that loaded it. Forking is fully supported, but
1314	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	2500	using IO::AIO in the child is not.
1315	request/result processing, while the child frees the request/result queue
1316	(so that the requests started before the fork will only be handled in the
1317	parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit set in the
1318	parent process has been reached again.
1319		2501
1320	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	2502	You might get around by not I<using> IO::AIO before (or after)
1321	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	2503	forking. You could also try to call the L<IO::AIO::reinit> function in the
1322	yet.	2504	child:
		2505
		2506	=over 4
		2507
		2508	=item IO::AIO::reinit
		2509
		2510	Abandons all current requests and I/O threads and simply reinitialises all
		2511	data structures. This is not an operation supported by any standards, but
		2512	happens to work on GNU/Linux and some newer BSD systems.
		2513
		2514	The only reasonable use for this function is to call it after forking, if
		2515	C<IO::AIO> was used in the parent. Calling it while IO::AIO is active in
		2516	the process will result in undefined behaviour. Calling it at any time
		2517	will also result in any undefined (by POSIX) behaviour.
		2518
		2519	=back
		2520
		2521	=head2 LINUX-SPECIFIC CALLS
		2522
		2523	When a call is documented as "linux-specific" then this means it
		2524	originated on GNU/Linux. C<IO::AIO> will usually try to autodetect the
		2525	availability and compatibility of such calls regardless of the platform
		2526	it is compiled on, so platforms such as FreeBSD which often implement
		2527	these calls will work. When in doubt, call them and see if they fail wth
		2528	C<ENOSYS>.
1323		2529
1324	=head2 MEMORY USAGE	2530	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
1325		2531
1326	Per-request usage:	2532	Per-request usage:
1327		2533
…		…
1340	temporary buffers, and each thread requires a stack and other data	2546	temporary buffers, and each thread requires a stack and other data
1341	structures (usually around 16k-128k, depending on the OS).	2547	structures (usually around 16k-128k, depending on the OS).
1342		2548
1343	=head1 KNOWN BUGS	2549	=head1 KNOWN BUGS
1344		2550
1345	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.	2551	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release :)
		2552
		2553	=head1 KNOWN ISSUES
		2554
		2555	Calls that try to "import" foreign memory areas (such as C<IO::AIO::mmap>
		2556	or C<IO::AIO::aio_slurp>) do not work with generic lvalues, such as
		2557	non-created hash slots or other scalars I didn't think of. It's best to
		2558	avoid such and either use scalar variables or making sure that the scalar
		2559	exists (e.g. by storing C<undef>) and isn't "funny" (e.g. tied).
		2560
		2561	I am not sure anything can be done about this, so this is considered a
		2562	known issue, rather than a bug.
1346		2563
1347	=head1 SEE ALSO	2564	=head1 SEE ALSO
1348		2565
1349	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a	2566	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a
1350	more natural syntax.	2567	more natural syntax.

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