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Revision 1.142 by root, Wed Oct 22 18:15:36 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.243 by root, Sat Sep 7 23:18:23 2013 UTC

…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
10	my $fh = shift	10	my $fh = shift
11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";	11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";
12	...	12	...
13	};	13	};
14		14
…		…
26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue	26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
27		27
28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };	28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;	29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
30		30
31	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
32	use AnyEvent::AIO;
33
34	# EV integration
35	my $w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
36
37	# Event integration
38	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
39	poll => 'r',
40	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
41
42	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
43	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
44	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
45
46	# Tk integration
47	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
48	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
49
50	# Danga::Socket integration
51	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
52	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
53
54	=head1 DESCRIPTION	31	=head1 DESCRIPTION
55		32
56	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your	33	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
57	operating system supports.	34	operating system supports. It is implemented as an interface to C<libeio>
		35	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libeio.html>).
58		36
59	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program	37	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program
60	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation	38	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation
61	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This	39	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This
62	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even	40	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even
…		…
66	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations	44	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations
67	concurrently.	45	concurrently.
68		46
69	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for	47	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for
70	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that	48	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that
71	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is very	49	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is
72	inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<Event|Event>	50	very inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<EV>
73	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.	51	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.
74		52
75	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your	53	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your
76	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support	54	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support
77	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible	55	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible
…		…
87	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never	65	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
88	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.	66	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
89		67
90	=head2 EXAMPLE	68	=head2 EXAMPLE
91		69
92	This is a simple example that uses the Event module and loads	70	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
93	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:	71	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
94		72
95	use Fcntl;
96	use Event;	73	use EV;
97	use IO::AIO;	74	use IO::AIO;
98		75
99	# register the IO::AIO callback with Event	76	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
100	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	77	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
101	poll => 'r',
102	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
103		78
104	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd	79	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd
105	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	80	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
106	my $fh = shift	81	my $fh = shift
107	or die "error while opening: $!";	82	or die "error while opening: $!";
108		83
109	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking	84	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking
110	my $size = -s $fh;	85	my $size = -s $fh;
…		…
119		94
120	# file contents now in $contents	95	# file contents now in $contents
121	print $contents;	96	print $contents;
122		97
123	# exit event loop and program	98	# exit event loop and program
124	Event::unloop;	99	EV::unloop;
125	};	100	};
126	};	101	};
127		102
128	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,	103	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
129	# check for sockets etc. etc.	104	# check for sockets etc. etc.
130		105
131	# process events as long as there are some:	106	# process events as long as there are some:
132	Event::loop;	107	EV::loop;
133		108
134	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME	109	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
135		110
136	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not	111	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
137	directly visible to Perl.	112	directly visible to Perl.
…		…
187		162
188	package IO::AIO;	163	package IO::AIO;
189		164
190	use Carp ();	165	use Carp ();
191		166
192	no warnings;	167	use common::sense;
193	use strict 'vars';
194		168
195	use base 'Exporter';	169	use base 'Exporter';
196		170
197	BEGIN {	171	BEGIN {
198	our $VERSION = '3.16';	172	our $VERSION = '4.19';
199		173
200	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close	174	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_seek aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
201	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir	175	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
202	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_sync aio_fsync	176	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_realpath aio_sync
203	aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_pathsync aio_readahead	177	aio_fsync aio_syncfs aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_allocate
		178	aio_pathsync aio_readahead aio_fiemap
204	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group	179	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
205	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown	180	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
206	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate);	181	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate
		182	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall
		183	aio_statvfs
		184	aio_wd);
207		185
208	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));	186	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
209	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush	187	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
210	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle	188	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout
211	nreqs nready npending nthreads	189	nreqs nready npending nthreads
212	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs);	190	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs
		191	sendfile fadvise madvise
		192	mmap munmap munlock munlockall);
		193
		194	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
213		195
214	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	196	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
215		197
216	require XSLoader;	198	require XSLoader;
217	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);	199	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
218	}	200	}
219		201
220	=head1 FUNCTIONS	202	=head1 FUNCTIONS
221		203
222	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS	204	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW
		205
		206	This section simply lists the prototypes most of the functions for
		207	quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function
		208	documentation.
		209
		210	aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		211	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
		212	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
		213	aio_seek $fh,$offset,$whence, $callback->($offs)
		214	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		215	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		216	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
		217	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
		218	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
		219	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
		220	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		221	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		222	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		223	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		224	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		225	aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		226	aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		227	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
		228	aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		229	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		230	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		231	aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		232	aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($link)
		233	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		234	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		235	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
		236	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
		237	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		238	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		239	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		240	aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
		241	aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		242	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		243	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		244	aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		245	aio_sync $callback->($status)
		246	aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		247	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
		248	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)
		249	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		250	aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		251	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		252	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		253	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		254	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		255	aio_group $callback->(...)
		256	aio_nop $callback->()
		257
		258	$prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
		259	aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
		260
		261	IO::AIO::poll_wait
		262	IO::AIO::poll_cb
		263	IO::AIO::poll
		264	IO::AIO::flush
		265	IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
		266	IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
		267	IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
		268	IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
		269	IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		270	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		271	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		272	IO::AIO::nreqs
		273	IO::AIO::nready
		274	IO::AIO::npending
		275
		276	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		277	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		278	IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags[, $fh[, $offset]]
		279	IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		280	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice
		281	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect
		282	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		283	IO::AIO::munlockall
		284
		285	=head2 API NOTES
223		286
224	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	287	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
225	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	288	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
226	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	289	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
227	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	290	which must be a code reference. This code reference will be called after
228	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	291	the syscall has been executed in an asynchronous fashion. The results
229	perl, which usually delivers "false") as its sole argument after the given	292	of the request will be passed as arguments to the callback (and, if an
230	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	293	error occured, in C<$!>) - for most requests the syscall return code (e.g.
		294	most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike perl, which usually delivers
		295	"false").
		296
		297	Some requests (such as C<aio_readdir>) pass the actual results and
		298	communicate failures by passing C<undef>.
231		299
232	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	300	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
233	internally until the request has finished.	301	internally until the request has finished.
234		302
235	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow	303	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
236	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.	304	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
237		305
238	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	306	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<should> be absolute. The
239	encoded as octets. The reason for the former is that at the time the	307	reason for this is that at the time the request is being executed, the
240	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	308	current working directory could have changed. Alternatively, you can
241	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	309	make sure that you never change the current working directory anywhere
242	current working directory anywhere in the program and then use relative	310	in the program and then use relative paths. You can also take advantage
243	paths.	311	of IO::AIOs working directory abstraction, that lets you specify paths
		312	relative to some previously-opened "working directory object" - see the
		313	description of the C<IO::AIO::WD> class later in this document.
244		314
245	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass	315	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
246	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without	316	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
247	tinkering, b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	317	tinkering, b) are in your native filesystem encoding, c) use the Encode
248	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	318	module and encode your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in
249	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	319	effect in the user environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on
250	use something else to ensure your scalar has the correct contents.	320	unicode filenames or e) use something else to ensure your scalar has the
		321	correct contents.
251		322
252	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO	323	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
253	handles correctly whether it is set or not.	324	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
		325
		326	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
254		327
255	=over 4	328	=over 4
256		329
257	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]	330	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
258		331
…		…
288		361
289		362
290	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	363	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
291		364
292	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly	365	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly
293	created filehandle for the file.	366	created filehandle for the file (or C<undef> in case of an error).
294		367
295	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,	368	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,
296	for an explanation.	369	for an explanation.
297		370
298	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a	371	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a
…		…
305	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never	378	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never
306	change the umask.	379	change the umask.
307		380
308	Example:	381	Example:
309		382
310	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	383	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
311	if ($_[0]) {	384	if ($_[0]) {
312	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";	385	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";
313	...	386	...
314	} else {	387	} else {
315	die "open failed: $!\n";	388	die "open failed: $!\n";
316	}	389	}
317	};	390	};
318		391
		392	In addition to all the common open modes/flags (C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>,
		393	C<O_RDWR>, C<O_CREAT>, C<O_TRUNC>, C<O_EXCL> and C<O_APPEND>), the
		394	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on
		395	your system are, as usual, C<0>):
		396
		397	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,
		398	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,
		399	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC> and C<O_TTY_INIT>.
		400
319		401
320	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	402	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
321		403
322	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	404	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
323	code.	405	code.
…		…
332	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be	414	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
333	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.	415	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
334		416
335	=cut	417	=cut
336		418
		419	=item aio_seek $fh, $offset, $whence, $callback->($offs)
		420
		421	Seeks the filehandle to the new C<$offset>, similarly to perl's
		422	C<sysseek>. The C<$whence> can use the traditional values (C<0> for
		423	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_SET>, C<1> for C<IO::AIO::SEEK_CUR> or C<2> for
		424	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_END>).
		425
		426	The resulting absolute offset will be passed to the callback, or C<-1> in
		427	case of an error.
		428
		429	In theory, the C<$whence> constants could be different than the
		430	corresponding values from L<Fcntl>, but perl guarantees they are the same,
		431	so don't panic.
		432
		433	As a GNU/Linux (and maybe Solaris) extension, also the constants
		434	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_DATA> and C<IO::AIO::SEEK_HOLE> are available, if they
		435	could be found. No guarantees about suitability for use in C<aio_seek> or
		436	Perl's C<sysseek> can be made though, although I would naively assume they
		437	"just work".
		438
337	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	439	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
338		440
339	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	441	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
340		442
341	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from the specified C<$fh> and C<$offset>	443	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
342	into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset> and calls the	444	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset>
343	callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on error, just	445	and calls the callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on
344	like the syscall).	446	error, just like the syscall).
		447
		448	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
		449	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
345		450
346	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will	451	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will
347	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be	452	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be
348	changed by these calls.	453	changed by these calls.
349		454
350	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of C<$data>.	455	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of
		456	C<$data>.
351		457
352	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of	458	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of
353	C<$data>.	459	C<$data>.
354		460
355	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request	461	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request
…		…
369		475
370	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	476	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
371	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	477	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
372	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more	478	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more
373	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each	479	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each
374	other.	480	other. The same C<$in_fh> works fine though, as this function does not
		481	move or use the file offset of C<$in_fh>.
375		482
		483	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than
		484	are written, and there is no way to find out how many more bytes have been
		485	read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the
		486	number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals
		487	C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.
		488
		489	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use
		490	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically
		491	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while
		492	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run
		493	into a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then
		494	fails to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the
		495	data in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit
		496	the disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you better control
		497	resource usage.
		498
376	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile> syscall to provide	499	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile>-like syscall to
377	zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to a	500	provide zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to
378	socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to mmap'able file.	501	a socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.
379		502
380	If the native sendfile call fails or is not implemented, it will be	503	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,
381	emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any type of filehandle	504	C<EINVAL>, C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or
		505	C<ENOTSOCK>, it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any
382	regardless of the limitations of the operating system.	506	type of filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.
383		507
384	Please note, however, that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from	508	As native sendfile syscalls (as practically any non-POSIX interface hacked
385	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many	509	together in a hurry to improve benchmark numbers) tend to be rather buggy
386	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only	510	on many systems, this implementation tries to work around some known bugs
387	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result	511	in Linux and FreeBSD kernels (probably others, too), but that might fail,
388	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been	512	so you really really should check the return value of C<aio_sendfile> -
389	read.	513	fewre bytes than expected might have been transferred.
390		514
391		515
392	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	516	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
393		517
394	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	518	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
…		…
417		541
418	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an	542	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an
419	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated	543	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated
420	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.	544	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.
421		545
		546	To help interpret the mode and dev/rdev stat values, IO::AIO offers the
		547	following constants and functions (if not implemented, the constants will
		548	be C<0> and the functions will either C<croak> or fall back on traditional
		549	behaviour).
		550
		551	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,
		552	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,
		553	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.
		554
422	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:	555	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:
423		556
424	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	557	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
425	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	558	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
426	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";	559	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";
427	};	560	};
428		561
429		562
		563	=item aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		564
		565	Works like the POSIX C<statvfs> or C<fstatvfs> syscalls, depending on
		566	whether a file handle or path was passed.
		567
		568	On success, the callback is passed a hash reference with the following
		569	members: C<bsize>, C<frsize>, C<blocks>, C<bfree>, C<bavail>, C<files>,
		570	C<ffree>, C<favail>, C<fsid>, C<flag> and C<namemax>. On failure, C<undef>
		571	is passed.
		572
		573	The following POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* constants are defined: C<ST_RDONLY> and
		574	C<ST_NOSUID>.
		575
		576	The following non-POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* flag masks are defined to
		577	their correct value when available, or to C<0> on systems that do
		578	not support them: C<ST_NODEV>, C<ST_NOEXEC>, C<ST_SYNCHRONOUS>,
		579	C<ST_MANDLOCK>, C<ST_WRITE>, C<ST_APPEND>, C<ST_IMMUTABLE>, C<ST_NOATIME>,
		580	C<ST_NODIRATIME> and C<ST_RELATIME>.
		581
		582	Example: stat C</wd> and dump out the data if successful.
		583
		584	aio_statvfs "/wd", sub {
		585	my $f = $_[0]
		586	or die "statvfs: $!";
		587
		588	use Data::Dumper;
		589	say Dumper $f;
		590	};
		591
		592	# result:
		593	{
		594	bsize => 1024,
		595	bfree => 4333064312,
		596	blocks => 10253828096,
		597	files => 2050765568,
		598	flag => 4096,
		599	favail => 2042092649,
		600	bavail => 4333064312,
		601	ffree => 2042092649,
		602	namemax => 255,
		603	frsize => 1024,
		604	fsid => 1810
		605	}
		606
		607	Here is a (likely partial) list of fsid values used by Linux - it is safe
		608	to hardcode these when the $^O is C<linux>:
		609
		610	0x0000adf5 adfs
		611	0x0000adff affs
		612	0x5346414f afs
		613	0x09041934 anon-inode filesystem
		614	0x00000187 autofs
		615	0x42465331 befs
		616	0x1badface bfs
		617	0x42494e4d binfmt_misc
		618	0x9123683e btrfs
		619	0x0027e0eb cgroupfs
		620	0xff534d42 cifs
		621	0x73757245 coda
		622	0x012ff7b7 coh
		623	0x28cd3d45 cramfs
		624	0x453dcd28 cramfs-wend (wrong endianness)
		625	0x64626720 debugfs
		626	0x00001373 devfs
		627	0x00001cd1 devpts
		628	0x0000f15f ecryptfs
		629	0x00414a53 efs
		630	0x0000137d ext
		631	0x0000ef53 ext2/ext3
		632	0x0000ef51 ext2
		633	0x00004006 fat
		634	0x65735546 fuseblk
		635	0x65735543 fusectl
		636	0x0bad1dea futexfs
		637	0x01161970 gfs2
		638	0x47504653 gpfs
		639	0x00004244 hfs
		640	0xf995e849 hpfs
		641	0x958458f6 hugetlbfs
		642	0x2bad1dea inotifyfs
		643	0x00009660 isofs
		644	0x000072b6 jffs2
		645	0x3153464a jfs
		646	0x6b414653 k-afs
		647	0x0bd00bd0 lustre
		648	0x0000137f minix
		649	0x0000138f minix 30 char names
		650	0x00002468 minix v2
		651	0x00002478 minix v2 30 char names
		652	0x00004d5a minix v3
		653	0x19800202 mqueue
		654	0x00004d44 msdos
		655	0x0000564c novell
		656	0x00006969 nfs
		657	0x6e667364 nfsd
		658	0x00003434 nilfs
		659	0x5346544e ntfs
		660	0x00009fa1 openprom
		661	0x7461636F ocfs2
		662	0x00009fa0 proc
		663	0x6165676c pstorefs
		664	0x0000002f qnx4
		665	0x858458f6 ramfs
		666	0x52654973 reiserfs
		667	0x00007275 romfs
		668	0x67596969 rpc_pipefs
		669	0x73636673 securityfs
		670	0xf97cff8c selinux
		671	0x0000517b smb
		672	0x534f434b sockfs
		673	0x73717368 squashfs
		674	0x62656572 sysfs
		675	0x012ff7b6 sysv2
		676	0x012ff7b5 sysv4
		677	0x01021994 tmpfs
		678	0x15013346 udf
		679	0x00011954 ufs
		680	0x54190100 ufs byteswapped
		681	0x00009fa2 usbdevfs
		682	0x01021997 v9fs
		683	0xa501fcf5 vxfs
		684	0xabba1974 xenfs
		685	0x012ff7b4 xenix
		686	0x58465342 xfs
		687	0x012fd16d xia
		688
430	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)	689	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
431		690
432	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime	691	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
433	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying	692	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
434	syscalls support them.	693	syscalls support them.
…		…
461	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)	720	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
462		721
463	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).	722	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
464		723
465		724
		725	=item aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		726
		727	Allocates or freed disk space according to the C<$mode> argument. See the
		728	linux C<fallocate> docuemntation for details.
		729
		730	C<$mode> can currently be C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>
		731	to allocate space, or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE |
		732	IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>, to deallocate a file range.
		733
		734	The file system block size used by C<fallocate> is presumably the
		735	C<f_bsize> returned by C<statvfs>.
		736
		737	If C<fallocate> isn't available or cannot be emulated (currently no
		738	emulation will be attempted), passes C<-1> and sets C<$!> to C<ENOSYS>.
		739
		740
466	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)	741	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
467		742
468	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.	743	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
469		744
470		745
…		…
472		747
473	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	748	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
474	result code.	749	result code.
475		750
476		751
477	=item aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)	752	=item aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
478		753
479	[EXPERIMENTAL]	754	[EXPERIMENTAL]
480		755
481	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).	756	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
482		757
483	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:	758	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
484		759
485	aio_mknod $path, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...	760	aio_mknod $pathname, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
486		761
		762	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants
		763	and functions.
487		764
488	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	765	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
489		766
490	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	767	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
491	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	768	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
…		…
495		772
496	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	773	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
497	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	774	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
498		775
499		776
500	=item aio_readlink $path, $callback->($link)	777	=item aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
501		778
502	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to	779	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
503	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the	780	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
504	callback.	781	callback.
505		782
506		783
		784	=item aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		785
		786	Asynchronously make the path absolute and resolve any symlinks in
		787	C<$path>. The resulting path only consists of directories (same as
		788	L<Cwd::realpath>).
		789
		790	This request can be used to get the absolute path of the current working
		791	directory by passing it a path of F<.> (a single dot).
		792
		793
507	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	794	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
508		795
509	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	796	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
510	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	797	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
		798
		799	On systems that support the AIO::WD working directory abstraction
		800	natively, the case C<[$wd, "."]> as C<$srcpath> is specialcased - instead
		801	of failing, C<rename> is called on the absolute path of C<$wd>.
511		802
512		803
513	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)	804	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
514		805
515	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with	806	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with
…		…
520	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	811	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
521		812
522	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the	813	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the
523	result code.	814	result code.
524		815
		816	On systems that support the AIO::WD working directory abstraction
		817	natively, the case C<[$wd, "."]> is specialcased - instead of failing,
		818	C<rmdir> is called on the absolute path of C<$wd>.
		819
525		820
526	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	821	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
527		822
528	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	823	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
529	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	824	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
530	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.	825	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.
531		826
532	The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref	827	The callback is passed a single argument which is either C<undef> or an
533	with the filenames.	828	array-ref with the filenames.
534		829
535		830
		831	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		832
		833	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows one to
		834	tune behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
		835	C<undef>.
		836
		837	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
		838	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
		839
		840	=over 4
		841
		842	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
		843
		844	When this flag is off, then the callback gets an arrayref consisting of
		845	names only (as with C<aio_readdir>), otherwise it gets an arrayref with
		846	C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a single directory
		847	entry in more detail.
		848
		849	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
		850
		851	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
		852
		853	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
		854	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
		855	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
		856
		857	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need to
		858	know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed reasons, the C<$type>
		859	scalars are read-only: you can not modify them.
		860
		861	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
		862	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
		863	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
		864
		865	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		866
		867	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order where
		868	likely directories come first, in optimal stat order. This is useful when
		869	you need to quickly find directories, or you want to find all directories
		870	while avoiding to stat() each entry.
		871
		872	If the system returns type information in readdir, then this is used
		873	to find directories directly. Otherwise, likely directories are names
		874	beginning with ".", or otherwise names with no dots, of which names with
		875	short names are tried first.
		876
		877	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
		878
		879	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
		880	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat()
		881	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely
		882	be fastest.
		883
		884	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified, then
		885	the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order.
		886
		887	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		888
		889	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
		890	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
		891	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absence of this flag therefore indicates that all
		892	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
		893
		894	=back
		895
		896
536	=item aio_load $path, $data, $callback->($status)	897	=item aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
537		898
538	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into	899	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
539	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.	900	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
540		901
541	=cut	902	=cut
…		…
563		924
564	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	925	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
565		926
566	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	927	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
567	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	928	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
568	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	929	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
569		930
570	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with	931	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
571	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using	932	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
572	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and	933	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
573	uid/gid, in that order.	934	uid/gid, in that order.
…		…
585	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	946	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
586		947
587	aioreq_pri $pri;	948	aioreq_pri $pri;
588	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	949	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
589	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {	950	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
590	my @stat = stat $src_fh;	951	my @stat = stat $src_fh; # hmm, might block over nfs?
591		952
592	aioreq_pri $pri;	953	aioreq_pri $pri;
593	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {	954	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {
594	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {	955	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
595	aioreq_pri $pri;	956	aioreq_pri $pri;
596	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {	957	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
597	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {	958	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
598	$grp->result (0);	959	$grp->result (0);
599	close $src_fh;	960	close $src_fh;
600		961
601	# those should not normally block. should. should.	962	my $ch = sub {
602	utime $stat[8], $stat[9], $dst;	963	aioreq_pri $pri;
603	chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;	964	add $grp aio_chmod $dst_fh, $stat[2] & 07777, sub {
604	chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;	965	aioreq_pri $pri;
		966	add $grp aio_chown $dst_fh, $stat[4], $stat[5], sub {
		967	aioreq_pri $pri;
		968	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;
		969	}
		970	};
		971	};
605		972
606	aioreq_pri $pri;	973	aioreq_pri $pri;
607	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;	974	add $grp aio_utime $dst_fh, $stat[8], $stat[9], sub {
		975	if ($_[0] < 0 && $! == ENOSYS) {
		976	aioreq_pri $pri;
		977	add $grp aio_utime $dst, $stat[8], $stat[9], $ch;
		978	} else {
		979	$ch->();
		980	}
		981	};
608	} else {	982	} else {
609	$grp->result (-1);	983	$grp->result (-1);
610	close $src_fh;	984	close $src_fh;
611	close $dst_fh;	985	close $dst_fh;
612		986
…		…
629		1003
630	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	1004	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
631		1005
632	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	1006	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
633	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	1007	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
634	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	1008	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
635		1009
636	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if	1010	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if
637	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if	1011	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if
638	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.	1012	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.
639		1013
…		…
650	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {	1024	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
651	aioreq_pri $pri;	1025	aioreq_pri $pri;
652	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {	1026	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
653	$grp->result ($_[0]);	1027	$grp->result ($_[0]);
654		1028
655	if (!$_[0]) {	1029	unless ($_[0]) {
656	aioreq_pri $pri;	1030	aioreq_pri $pri;
657	add $grp aio_unlink $src;	1031	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
658	}	1032	}
659	};	1033	};
660	} else {	1034	} else {
…		…
663	};	1037	};
664		1038
665	$grp	1039	$grp
666	}	1040	}
667		1041
668	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	1042	=item aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
669		1043
670	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	1044	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
671	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of	1045	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
672	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot	1046	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
673	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).	1047	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
…		…
690		1064
691	Implementation notes.	1065	Implementation notes.
692		1066
693	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.	1067	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.
694		1068
		1069	If readdir returns file type information, then this is used directly to
		1070	find directories.
		1071
695	After reading the directory, the modification time, size etc. of the	1072	Otherwise, after reading the directory, the modification time, size etc.
696	directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they match (and	1073	of the directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they
697	isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide how many	1074	match (and isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide
698	entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the number	1075	how many entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the
699	of subdirectories will be assumed.	1076	number of subdirectories will be assumed.
700		1077
701	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories (everything without	1078	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
702	a non-initial dot currently) and likely non-directories (everything	1079	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
703	else). Then every entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed,	1080	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
704	likely directories first. If that succeeds, it assumes that the entry	1081	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
705	is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	1082	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
706	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	1083	separately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
707	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	1084	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
708	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature).	1085	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
		1086	the filetype information on readdir.
709		1087
710	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	1088	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
711	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.	1089	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.
712		1090
713	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which	1091	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which
…		…
726		1104
727	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	1105	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
728		1106
729	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;	1107	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
730		1108
731	# stat once	1109	# get a wd object
732	aioreq_pri $pri;	1110	aioreq_pri $pri;
733	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1111	add $grp aio_wd $path, sub {
		1112	$_[0]
734	return $grp->result () if $_[0];	1113	or return $grp->result ();
735	my $now = time;
736	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
737		1114
738	# read the directory entries	1115	my $wd = [shift, "."];
		1116
		1117	# stat once
739	aioreq_pri $pri;	1118	aioreq_pri $pri;
740	add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {	1119	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
741	my $entries = shift
742	or return $grp->result ();	1120	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
		1121	my $now = time;
		1122	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
743		1123
744	# stat the dir another time	1124	# read the directory entries
745	aioreq_pri $pri;	1125	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1126	add $grp aio_readdirx $wd, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {
		1127	my $entries = shift
		1128	or return $grp->result ();
		1129
		1130	# stat the dir another time
		1131	aioreq_pri $pri;
746	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1132	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
747	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1133	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
748		1134
749	my $ndirs;	1135	my $ndirs;
750		1136
751	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy	1137	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
752	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {	1138	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
753	$ndirs = -1;	1139	$ndirs = -1;
754	} else {	1140	} else {
755	# if nlink == 2, we are finished	1141	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
756	# on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2	1142	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
757	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2	1143	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
758	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);	1144	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
759	}	1145	}
760		1146
761	# sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
762	# dirs == files without ".", short entries first
763	$entries = [map $_->[0],
764	sort { $b->[1] cmp $a->[1] }
765	map [$_, sprintf "%s%04d", (/.\./ ? "1" : "0"), length],
766	@$entries];
767
768	my (@dirs, @nondirs);	1147	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
769		1148
770	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {	1149	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
771	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);	1150	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
772	};	1151	};
773		1152
774	limit $statgrp $maxreq;	1153	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
775	feed $statgrp sub {	1154	feed $statgrp sub {
776	return unless @$entries;	1155	return unless @$entries;
777	my $entry = pop @$entries;	1156	my $entry = shift @$entries;
778		1157
779	aioreq_pri $pri;	1158	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1159	$wd->[1] = "$entry/.";
780	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$entry/.", sub {	1160	add $statgrp aio_stat $wd, sub {
781	if ($_[0] < 0) {	1161	if ($_[0] < 0) {
782	push @nondirs, $entry;	1162	push @nondirs, $entry;
783	} else {	1163	} else {
784	# need to check for real directory	1164	# need to check for real directory
785	aioreq_pri $pri;	1165	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1166	$wd->[1] = $entry;
786	add $statgrp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {	1167	add $statgrp aio_lstat $wd, sub {
787	if (-d _) {	1168	if (-d _) {
788	push @dirs, $entry;	1169	push @dirs, $entry;
789		1170
790	unless (--$ndirs) {	1171	unless (--$ndirs) {
791	push @nondirs, @$entries;	1172	push @nondirs, @$entries;
792	feed $statgrp;	1173	feed $statgrp;
		1174	}
		1175	} else {
		1176	push @nondirs, $entry;
793	}	1177	}
794	} else {
795	push @nondirs, $entry;
796	}	1178	}
797	}	1179	}
798	}	1180	};
799	};	1181	};
800	};	1182	};
801	};	1183	};
802	};	1184	};
803	};	1185	};
804		1186
805	$grp	1187	$grp
806	}	1188	}
807		1189
808	=item aio_rmtree $path, $callback->($status)	1190	=item aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
809		1191
810	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the	1192	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
811	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that	1193	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
812	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink	1194	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
813	everything else.	1195	everything else.
814		1196
815	=cut	1197	=cut
816		1198
…		…
855	callback with the fdatasync result code.	1237	callback with the fdatasync result code.
856		1238
857	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	1239	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
858	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	1240	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
859		1241
		1242	=item aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		1243
		1244	Asynchronously call the syncfs syscall to sync the filesystem associated
		1245	to the given filehandle and call the callback with the syncfs result
		1246	code. If syncfs is not available, calls sync(), but returns C<-1> and sets
		1247	errno to C<ENOSYS> nevertheless.
		1248
860	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)	1249	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
861		1250
862	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>	1251	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
863	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific	1252	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
864	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns	1253	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns
…		…
867	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,	1256	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
868	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and	1257	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
869	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range	1258	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
870	manpage for details.	1259	manpage for details.
871		1260
872	=item aio_pathsync $path, $callback->($status)	1261	=item aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
873		1262
874	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a	1263	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
875	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations	1264	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
876	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any	1265	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
877	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get	1266	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
878	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,	1267	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,
879	not just directories.	1268	not just directories.
		1269
		1270	Future versions of this function might fall back to other methods when
		1271	C<fsync> on the directory fails (such as calling C<sync>).
880		1272
881	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.	1273	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.
882		1274
883	=cut	1275	=cut
884		1276
…		…
905	};	1297	};
906		1298
907	$grp	1299	$grp
908	}	1300	}
909		1301
		1302	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1303
		1304	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed
		1305	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data
		1306	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the
		1307	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on
		1308	it).
		1309
		1310	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory
		1311	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes
		1312	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>
		1313	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be
		1314	a combination of C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC>, C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE> and
		1315	C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>.
		1316
		1317	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1318
		1319	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1320	scalars.
		1321
		1322	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified
		1323	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same
		1324	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either
		1325	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or
		1326	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory pages (by reading and
		1327	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).
		1328
		1329	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		1330
		1331	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1332	scalars.
		1333
		1334	It reads in all the pages of the underlying storage into memory (if any)
		1335	and locks them, so they are not getting swapped/paged out or removed.
		1336
		1337	If C<$length> is undefined, then the scalar will be locked till the end.
		1338
		1339	On systems that do not implement C<mlock>, this function returns C<-1>
		1340	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1341
		1342	Note that the corresponding C<munlock> is synchronous and is
		1343	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1344
		1345	Example: open a file, mmap and mlock it - both will be undone when
		1346	C<$data> gets destroyed.
		1347
		1348	open my $fh, "<", $path or die "$path: $!";
		1349	my $data;
		1350	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;
		1351	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background
		1352
		1353	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		1354
		1355	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a combination of
		1356	C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT> and C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE>).
		1357
		1358	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>
		1359	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1360
		1361	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is
		1362	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1363
		1364	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.
		1365
		1366	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;
		1367
		1368	=item aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		1369
		1370	Queries the extents of the given file (by calling the Linux C<FIEMAP>
		1371	ioctl, see L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/IO-AIO/doc/fiemap.txt> for details). If
		1372	the ioctl is not available on your OS, then this request will fail with
		1373	C<ENOSYS>.
		1374
		1375	C<$start> is the starting offset to query extents for, C<$length> is the
		1376	size of the range to query - if it is C<undef>, then the whole file will
		1377	be queried.
		1378
		1379	C<$flags> is a combination of flags (C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> or
		1380	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR> - C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAGS_COMPAT> is also
		1381	exported), and is normally C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> to query
		1382	the data portion.
		1383
		1384	C<$count> is the maximum number of extent records to return. If it is
		1385	C<undef>, then IO::AIO queries all extents of the range. As a very special
		1386	case, if it is C<0>, then the callback receives the number of extents
		1387	instead of the extents themselves (which is unreliable, see below).
		1388
		1389	If an error occurs, the callback receives no arguments. The special
		1390	C<errno> value C<IO::AIO::EBADR> is available to test for flag errors.
		1391
		1392	Otherwise, the callback receives an array reference with extent
		1393	structures. Each extent structure is an array reference itself, with the
		1394	following members:
		1395
		1396	[$logical, $physical, $length, $flags]
		1397
		1398	Flags is any combination of the following flag values (typically either C<0>
		1399	or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST> (1)):
		1400
		1401	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN>,
		1402	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_ENCODED>,
		1403	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_ENCRYPTED>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED>,
		1404	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_TAIL>,
		1405	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED> or
		1406	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_SHARED>.
		1407
		1408	At the time of this writing (Linux 3.2), this requets is unreliable unless
		1409	C<$count> is C<undef>, as the kernel has all sorts of bugs preventing
		1410	it to return all extents of a range for files with large number of
		1411	extents. The code works around all these issues if C<$count> is undef.
		1412
910	=item aio_group $callback->(...)	1413	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
911		1414
912	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a	1415	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
913	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle	1416	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
914	many requests into a single, composite, request with a definite callback	1417	many requests into a single, composite, request with a definite callback
…		…
951	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function	1454	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
952	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.	1455	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
953		1456
954	=back	1457	=back
955		1458
		1459
		1460	=head2 IO::AIO::WD - multiple working directories
		1461
		1462	Your process only has one current working directory, which is used by all
		1463	threads. This makes it hard to use relative paths (some other component
		1464	could call C<chdir> at any time, and it is hard to control when the path
		1465	will be used by IO::AIO).
		1466
		1467	One solution for this is to always use absolute paths. This usually works,
		1468	but can be quite slow (the kernel has to walk the whole path on every
		1469	access), and can also be a hassle to implement.
		1470
		1471	Newer POSIX systems have a number of functions (openat, fdopendir,
		1472	futimensat and so on) that make it possible to specify working directories
		1473	per operation.
		1474
		1475	For portability, and because the clowns who "designed", or shall I write,
		1476	perpetrated this new interface were obviously half-drunk, this abstraction
		1477	cannot be perfect, though.
		1478
		1479	IO::AIO allows you to convert directory paths into a so-called IO::AIO::WD
		1480	object. This object stores the canonicalised, absolute version of the
		1481	path, and on systems that allow it, also a directory file descriptor.
		1482
		1483	Everywhere where a pathname is accepted by IO::AIO (e.g. in C<aio_stat>
		1484	or C<aio_unlink>), one can specify an array reference with an IO::AIO::WD
		1485	object and a pathname instead (or the IO::AIO::WD object alone, which
		1486	gets interpreted as C<[$wd, "."]>). If the pathname is absolute, the
		1487	IO::AIO::WD object is ignored, otherwise the pathname is resolved relative
		1488	to that IO::AIO::WD object.
		1489
		1490	For example, to get a wd object for F</etc> and then stat F<passwd>
		1491	inside, you would write:
		1492
		1493	aio_wd "/etc", sub {
		1494	my $etcdir = shift;
		1495
		1496	# although $etcdir can be undef on error, there is generally no reason
		1497	# to check for errors here, as aio_stat will fail with ENOENT
		1498	# when $etcdir is undef.
		1499
		1500	aio_stat [$etcdir, "passwd"], sub {
		1501	# yay
		1502	};
		1503	};
		1504
		1505	That C<aio_wd> is a request and not a normal function shows that creating
		1506	an IO::AIO::WD object is itself a potentially blocking operation, which is
		1507	why it is done asynchronously.
		1508
		1509	To stat the directory obtained with C<aio_wd> above, one could write
		1510	either of the following three request calls:
		1511
		1512	aio_lstat "/etc" , sub { ... # pathname as normal string
		1513	aio_lstat [$wd, "."], sub { ... # "." relative to $wd (i.e. $wd itself)
		1514	aio_lstat $wd , sub { ... # shorthand for the previous
		1515
		1516	As with normal pathnames, IO::AIO keeps a copy of the working directory
		1517	object and the pathname string, so you could write the following without
		1518	causing any issues due to C<$path> getting reused:
		1519
		1520	my $path = [$wd, undef];
		1521
		1522	for my $name (qw(abc def ghi)) {
		1523	$path->[1] = $name;
		1524	aio_stat $path, sub {
		1525	# ...
		1526	};
		1527	}
		1528
		1529	There are some caveats: when directories get renamed (or deleted), the
		1530	pathname string doesn't change, so will point to the new directory (or
		1531	nowhere at all), while the directory fd, if available on the system,
		1532	will still point to the original directory. Most functions accepting a
		1533	pathname will use the directory fd on newer systems, and the string on
		1534	older systems. Some functions (such as realpath) will always rely on the
		1535	string form of the pathname.
		1536
		1537	So this functionality is mainly useful to get some protection against
		1538	C<chdir>, to easily get an absolute path out of a relative path for future
		1539	reference, and to speed up doing many operations in the same directory
		1540	(e.g. when stat'ing all files in a directory).
		1541
		1542	The following functions implement this working directory abstraction:
		1543
		1544	=over 4
		1545
		1546	=item aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		1547
		1548	Asynchonously canonicalise the given pathname and convert it to an
		1549	IO::AIO::WD object representing it. If possible and supported on the
		1550	system, also open a directory fd to speed up pathname resolution relative
		1551	to this working directory.
		1552
		1553	If something goes wrong, then C<undef> is passwd to the callback instead
		1554	of a working directory object and C<$!> is set appropriately. Since
		1555	passing C<undef> as working directory component of a pathname fails the
		1556	request with C<ENOENT>, there is often no need for error checking in the
		1557	C<aio_wd> callback, as future requests using the value will fail in the
		1558	expected way.
		1559
		1560	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
		1561	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1562
		1563	=item IO::AIO::CWD
		1564
		1565	This is a compiletime constant (object) that represents the process
		1566	current working directory.
		1567
		1568	Specifying this object as working directory object for a pathname is as if
		1569	the pathname would be specified directly, without a directory object. For
		1570	example, these calls are functionally identical:
		1571
		1572	aio_stat "somefile", sub { ... };
		1573	aio_stat [IO::AIO::CWD, "somefile"], sub { ... };
		1574
		1575	=back
		1576
		1577	To recover the path associated with an IO::AIO::WD object, you can use
		1578	C<aio_realpath>:
		1579
		1580	aio_realpath $wd, sub {
		1581	warn "path is $_[0]\n";
		1582	};
		1583
		1584	Currently, C<aio_statvfs> always, and C<aio_rename> and C<aio_rmdir>
		1585	sometimes, fall back to using an absolue path.
		1586
956	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1587	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
957		1588
958	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1589	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
959	called in non-void context.	1590	called in non-void context.
960		1591
…		…
963	=item cancel $req	1594	=item cancel $req
964		1595
965	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution	1596	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
966	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when	1597	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
967	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise	1598	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
968	untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be	1599	untouched (with the exception of readdir). That means that requests that
969	stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.	1600	currently execute will not be stopped and resources held by the request
		1601	will not be freed prematurely.
970		1602
971	=item cb $req $callback->(...)	1603	=item cb $req $callback->(...)
972		1604
973	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.	1605	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
974		1606
…		…
1048	=item $grp->cancel_subs	1680	=item $grp->cancel_subs
1049		1681
1050	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request	1682	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request
1051	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.	1683	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.
1052		1684
		1685	The group request will finish normally (you cannot add requests to the
		1686	group).
		1687
1053	=item $grp->result (...)	1688	=item $grp->result (...)
1054		1689
1055	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all	1690	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
1056	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value	1691	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value
1057	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,	1692	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,
…		…
1073		1708
1074	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached	1709	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
1075	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,	1710	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
1076	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,	1711	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
1077	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,	1712	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
1078	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat> requests,	1713	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands of C<aio_stat>
1079	delaying any later requests for a long time.	1714	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
1080		1715
1081	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can	1716	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
1082	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The	1717	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
1083	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,	1718	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
1084	below) requests active in the group itself and is expected to queue more	1719	below) requests active in the group itself and is expected to queue more
…		…
1125	=over 4	1760	=over 4
1126		1761
1127	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno	1762	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno
1128		1763
1129	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be	1764	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be
1130	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. Event or	1765	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. EV, Glib,
1131	select, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable you have	1766	select and so on, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable
1132	to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.	1767	you have to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.
1133		1768
1134	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1769	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
1135		1770
1136	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1771	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
1137		1772
1138	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this	1773	Process some requests that have reached the result phase (i.e. they have
1139	regularly. Returns C<0> if all events could be processed, or C<-1> if it	1774	been executed but the results are not yet reported). You have to call
1140	returned earlier for whatever reason. Returns immediately when no events	1775	this "regularly" to finish outstanding requests.
1141	are outstanding. The amount of events processed depends on the settings of
1142	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.
1143		1776
		1777	Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there were no
		1778	events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever
		1779	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount
		1780	of events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req>,
		1781	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time> and C<IO::AIO::max_outstanding>.
		1782
1144	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle	1783	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the poll file
1145	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you don't have to	1784	descriptor will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you
1146	do anything special to have it called later.	1785	don't have to do anything special to have it called later.
		1786
		1787	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes
		1788	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit
		1789	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become
		1790	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes
		1791	over again. This function returns very fast when there are no outstanding
		1792	requests.
1147		1793
1148	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1794	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
1149	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority:	1795	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority (more examples can be found in the
		1796	SYNOPSIS section, at the top of this document):
1150		1797
1151	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1798	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1152	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1799	poll => 'r', async => 1,
1153	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1800	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1801
		1802	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
		1803
		1804	Wait until either at least one request is in the result phase or no
		1805	requests are outstanding anymore.
		1806
		1807	This is useful if you want to synchronously wait for some requests to
		1808	become ready, without actually handling them.
		1809
		1810	See C<nreqs> for an example.
		1811
		1812	=item IO::AIO::poll
		1813
		1814	Waits until some requests have been handled.
		1815
		1816	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
		1817	equivalent to:
		1818
		1819	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1820
		1821	=item IO::AIO::flush
		1822
		1823	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
		1824
		1825	Strictly equivalent to:
		1826
		1827	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1828	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
1154		1829
1155	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs	1830	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
1156		1831
1157	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds	1832	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
1158		1833
…		…
1183	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority	1858	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority
1184	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1859	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1185	poll => 'r', nice => 1,	1860	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
1186	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1861	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
1187		1862
1188	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
1189
1190	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
1191	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
1192	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
1193	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
1194
1195	See C<nreqs> for an example.
1196
1197	=item IO::AIO::poll
1198
1199	Waits until some requests have been handled.
1200
1201	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
1202	equivalent to:
1203
1204	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1205
1206	=item IO::AIO::flush
1207
1208	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
1209
1210	Strictly equivalent to:
1211
1212	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1213	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
1214
1215	=back	1863	=back
1216		1864
1217	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS	1865	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
1218		1866
1219	=over	1867	=over
…		…
1252		1900
1253	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1901	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
1254		1902
1255	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads	1903	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
1256		1904
1257	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle (i.e.,	1905	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle
1258	threads that did not get a request to process within 10 seconds). That	1906	(i.e., threads that did not get a request to process within the idle
1259	means if a thread becomes idle while C<$nthreads> other threads are also	1907	timeout (default: 10 seconds). That means if a thread becomes idle while
1260	idle, it will free its resources and exit.	1908	C<$nthreads> other threads are also idle, it will free its resources and
		1909	exit.
1261		1910
1262	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)	1911	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)
1263	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources	1912	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources
1264	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).	1913	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).
1265		1914
1266	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread	1915	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread
1267	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might	1916	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might
1268	want to use larger values.	1917	want to use larger values.
1269		1918
		1919	=item IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		1920
		1921	Sets the minimum idle timeout (default 10) after which worker threads are
		1922	allowed to exit. SEe C<IO::AIO::max_idle>.
		1923
1270	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs	1924	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		1925
		1926	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If
		1927	you do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to
		1928	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> (and other functions calling C<poll_cb>, such as
		1929	C<IO::AIO::flush> or C<IO::AIO::poll>) will block until the limit is no
		1930	longer exceeded.
		1931
		1932	In other words, this setting does not enforce a queue limit, but can be
		1933	used to make poll functions block if the limit is exceeded.
1271		1934
1272	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it	1935	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
1273	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better	1936	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
1274	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.	1937	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
1275		1938
1276	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you	1939	It's main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat
1277	do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to the	1940	a lot of files, you can write somehting like this:
1278	C<poll_cb> (and C<poll_some> and other functions calling C<poll_cb>)
1279	function will block until the limit is no longer exceeded.
1280		1941
1281	The default value is very large, so there is no practical limit on the	1942	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;
1282	number of outstanding requests.
1283		1943
1284	You can still queue as many requests as you want. Therefore,	1944	for my $path (...) {
1285	C<max_outstanding> is mainly useful in simple scripts (with low values) or	1945	aio_stat $path , ...;
1286	as a stop gap to shield against fatal memory overflow (with large values).	1946	IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1947	}
		1948
		1949	IO::AIO::flush;
		1950
		1951	The call to C<poll_cb> inside the loop will normally return instantly, but
		1952	as soon as more thna C<32> reqeusts are in-flight, it will block until
		1953	some requests have been handled. This keeps the loop from pushing a large
		1954	number of C<aio_stat> requests onto the queue.
		1955
		1956	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no
		1957	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.
1287		1958
1288	=back	1959	=back
1289		1960
1290	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION	1961	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
1291		1962
…		…
1311	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,	1982	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
1312	but not yet processed by poll_cb).	1983	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
1313		1984
1314	=back	1985	=back
1315		1986
		1987	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
		1988
		1989	IO::AIO implements some functions that might be useful, but are not
		1990	asynchronous.
		1991
		1992	=over 4
		1993
		1994	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		1995
		1996	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,
		1997	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is
		1998	likely cached already and the output filehandle is set to non-blocking
		1999	operations).
		2000
		2001	Returns the number of bytes copied, or C<-1> on error.
		2002
		2003	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		2004
		2005	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its
		2006	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		2007	available: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		2008	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,
		2009	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.
		2010
		2011	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns
		2012	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.
		2013
		2014	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice
		2015
		2016	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its
		2017	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		2018	available: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		2019	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.
		2020
		2021	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns
		2022	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.
		2023
		2024	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect
		2025
		2026	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed
		2027	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect
		2028	constants are available: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,
		2029	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.
		2030
		2031	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns
		2032	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.
		2033
		2034	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]
		2035
		2036	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the
		2037	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar. Returns true on
		2038	success, and false otherwise.
		2039
		2040	The only operations allowed on the scalar are C<substr>/C<vec> that don't
		2041	change the string length, and most read-only operations such as copying it
		2042	or searching it with regexes and so on.
		2043
		2044	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.
		2045
		2046	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed
		2047	when the C<$scalar> is destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap> or
		2048	C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called.
		2049
		2050	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual
		2051	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.
		2052
		2053	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual
		2054	filesize.
		2055
		2056	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,
		2057	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,
		2058
		2059	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or
		2060	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>, or a number of system-specific flags (when
		2061	not available, the are defined as 0): C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS>
		2062	(which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this
		2063	constant), C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,
		2064	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE> or
		2065	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>
		2066
		2067	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.
		2068
		2069	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be
		2070	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.
		2071
		2072	Example:
		2073
		2074	use Digest::MD5;
		2075	use IO::AIO;
		2076
		2077	open my $fh, "<verybigfile"
		2078	or die "$!";
		2079
		2080	IO::AIO::mmap my $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh
		2081	or die "verybigfile: $!";
		2082
		2083	my $fast_md5 = md5 $data;
		2084
		2085	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		2086
		2087	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.
		2088
		2089	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		2090
		2091	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous
		2092	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).
		2093
		2094	=item IO::AIO::munlockall
		2095
		2096	Calls the C<munlockall> function.
		2097
		2098	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns
		2099	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.
		2100
		2101	=item IO::AIO::splice $r_fh, $r_off, $w_fh, $w_off, $length, $flags
		2102
		2103	Calls the GNU/Linux C<splice(2)> syscall, if available. If C<$r_off> or
		2104	C<$w_off> are C<undef>, then C<NULL> is passed for these, otherwise they
		2105	should be the file offset.
		2106
		2107	C<$r_fh> and C<$w_fh> should not refer to the same file, as splice might
		2108	silently corrupt the data in this case.
		2109
		2110	The following symbol flag values are available: C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MOVE>,
		2111	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK>, C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MORE> and
		2112	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_GIFT>.
		2113
		2114	See the C<splice(2)> manpage for details.
		2115
		2116	=item IO::AIO::tee $r_fh, $w_fh, $length, $flags
		2117
		2118	Calls the GNU/Linux C<tee(2)> syscall, see it's manpage and the
		2119	description for C<IO::AIO::splice> above for details.
		2120
		2121	=item $actual_size = IO::AIO::pipesize $r_fh[, $new_size]
		2122
		2123	Attempts to query or change the pipe buffer size. Obviously works only
		2124	on pipes, and currently works only on GNU/Linux systems, and fails with
		2125	C<-1>/C<ENOSYS> everywhere else. If anybody knows how to influence pipe buffer
		2126	size on other systems, drop me a note.
		2127
		2128	=back
		2129
1316	=cut	2130	=cut
1317		2131
1318	min_parallel 8;	2132	min_parallel 8;
1319		2133
1320	END { flush }	2134	END { flush }
1321		2135
1322	1;	2136	1;
1323		2137
		2138	=head1 EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		2139
		2140	It is recommended to use L<AnyEvent::AIO> to integrate IO::AIO
		2141	automatically into many event loops:
		2142
		2143	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
		2144	use AnyEvent::AIO;
		2145
		2146	You can also integrate IO::AIO manually into many event loops, here are
		2147	some examples of how to do this:
		2148
		2149	# EV integration
		2150	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		2151
		2152	# Event integration
		2153	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2154	poll => 'r',
		2155	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2156
		2157	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
		2158	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2159	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
		2160
		2161	# Tk integration
		2162	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
		2163	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2164
		2165	# Danga::Socket integration
		2166	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
		2167	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2168
1324	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	2169	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
1325		2170
1326	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	2171	Usage of pthreads in a program changes the semantics of fork
		2172	considerably. Specifically, only async-safe functions can be called after
		2173	fork. Perl doesn't know about this, so in general, you cannot call fork
		2174	with defined behaviour in perl if pthreads are involved. IO::AIO uses
		2175	pthreads, so this applies, but many other extensions and (for inexplicable
		2176	reasons) perl itself often is linked against pthreads, so this limitation
		2177	applies to quite a lot of perls.
1327		2178
1328	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	2179	This module no longer tries to fight your OS, or POSIX. That means IO::AIO
1329	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	2180	only works in the process that loaded it. Forking is fully supported, but
1330	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	2181	using IO::AIO in the child is not.
1331	request/result processing, while the child frees the request/result queue
1332	(so that the requests started before the fork will only be handled in the
1333	parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit set in the
1334	parent process has been reached again.
1335		2182
1336	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	2183	You might get around by not I<using> IO::AIO before (or after)
1337	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	2184	forking. You could also try to call the L<IO::AIO::reinit> function in the
1338	yet.	2185	child:
		2186
		2187	=over 4
		2188
		2189	=item IO::AIO::reinit
		2190
		2191	Abandons all current requests and I/O threads and simply reinitialises all
		2192	data structures. This is not an operation supported by any standards, but
		2193	happens to work on GNU/Linux and some newer BSD systems.
		2194
		2195	The only reasonable use for this function is to call it after forking, if
		2196	C<IO::AIO> was used in the parent. Calling it while IO::AIO is active in
		2197	the process will result in undefined behaviour. Calling it at any time
		2198	will also result in any undefined (by POSIX) behaviour.
		2199
		2200	=back
1339		2201
1340	=head2 MEMORY USAGE	2202	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
1341		2203
1342	Per-request usage:	2204	Per-request usage:
1343		2205

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