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Revision 1.54 by root, Sun Oct 22 00:19:05 2006 UTC vs.
Revision 1.156 by root, Tue Jun 16 23:41:59 2009 UTC

…		…
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
10	my ($fh) = @_;	10	my $fh = shift
		11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";
11	...	12	...
12	};	13	};
13		14
14	aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };	15	aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };
15		16
16	aio_read $fh, 30000, 1024, $buffer, 0, sub {	17	aio_read $fh, 30000, 1024, $buffer, 0, sub {
17	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";	18	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";
18	};	19	};
19		20
20	use IO::AIO 2; # version has aio objects	21	# version 2+ has request and group objects
		22	use IO::AIO 2;
21		23
		24	aioreq_pri 4; # give next request a very high priority
22	my $req = aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };	25	my $req = aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };
23	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue	26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
24		27
25	# AnyEvent	28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
26	open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!";	29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
27	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb });
28		30
29	# Event	31	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
		32	use AnyEvent::AIO;
		33
		34	# EV integration
		35	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		36
		37	# Event integration
30	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	38	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
31	poll => 'r',	39	poll => 'r',
32	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	40	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
33		41
34	# Glib/Gtk2	42	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
35	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	43	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
36	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };	44	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
37		45
38	# Tk	46	# Tk integration
39	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",	47	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
40	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	48	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
41		49
42	# Danga::Socket	50	# Danga::Socket integration
43	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>	51	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
44	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	52	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
45		53
46
47	=head1 DESCRIPTION	54	=head1 DESCRIPTION
48		55
49	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your	56	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
50	operating system supports.	57	operating system supports. It is implemented as an interface to C<libeio>
		58	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libeio.html>).
51		59
		60	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program
		61	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation
		62	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This
		63	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even
		64	when doing heavy I/O (GUI programs, high performance network servers
		65	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are
		66	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster
		67	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations
		68	concurrently.
		69
		70	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for
		71	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that
		72	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is
		73	very inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<EV>
		74	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.
		75
52	Currently, a number of threads are started that execute your read/writes	76	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your
53	and signal their completion. You don't need thread support in your libc or	77	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support
54	perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible to the	78	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible
55	pthreads library. In the future, this module might make use of the native	79	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio
56	aio functions available on many operating systems. However, they are often	80	functions available on many operating systems. However, they are often
57	not well-supported (Linux doesn't allow them on normal files currently,	81	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal
58	for example), and they would only support aio_read and aio_write, so the	82	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and
59	remaining functionality would have to be implemented using threads anyway.	83	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented
		84	using threads anyway.
60		85
61	Although the module will work with in the presence of other threads, it is	86	Although the module will work in the presence of other (Perl-) threads,
62	currently not reentrant, so use appropriate locking yourself, always call	87	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking
63	C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never call C<poll_cb> (or other	88	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
64	C<aio_> functions) recursively.	89	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
		90
		91	=head2 EXAMPLE
		92
		93	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
		94	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
		95
		96	use Fcntl;
		97	use EV;
		98	use IO::AIO;
		99
		100	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
		101	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		102
		103	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd
		104	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		105	my $fh = shift
		106	or die "error while opening: $!";
		107
		108	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking
		109	my $size = -s $fh;
		110
		111	# queue a request to read the file
		112	my $contents;
		113	aio_read $fh, 0, $size, $contents, 0, sub {
		114	$_[0] == $size
		115	or die "short read: $!";
		116
		117	close $fh;
		118
		119	# file contents now in $contents
		120	print $contents;
		121
		122	# exit event loop and program
		123	EV::unloop;
		124	};
		125	};
		126
		127	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
		128	# check for sockets etc. etc.
		129
		130	# process events as long as there are some:
		131	EV::loop;
		132
		133	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
		134
		135	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
		136	directly visible to Perl.
		137
		138	If called in non-void context, every request function returns a Perl
		139	object representing the request. In void context, nothing is returned,
		140	which saves a bit of memory.
		141
		142	The perl object is a fairly standard ref-to-hash object. The hash contents
		143	are not used by IO::AIO so you are free to store anything you like in it.
		144
		145	During their existance, aio requests travel through the following states,
		146	in order:
		147
		148	=over 4
		149
		150	=item ready
		151
		152	Immediately after a request is created it is put into the ready state,
		153	waiting for a thread to execute it.
		154
		155	=item execute
		156
		157	A thread has accepted the request for processing and is currently
		158	executing it (e.g. blocking in read).
		159
		160	=item pending
		161
		162	The request has been executed and is waiting for result processing.
		163
		164	While request submission and execution is fully asynchronous, result
		165	processing is not and relies on the perl interpreter calling C<poll_cb>
		166	(or another function with the same effect).
		167
		168	=item result
		169
		170	The request results are processed synchronously by C<poll_cb>.
		171
		172	The C<poll_cb> function will process all outstanding aio requests by
		173	calling their callbacks, freeing memory associated with them and managing
		174	any groups they are contained in.
		175
		176	=item done
		177
		178	Request has reached the end of its lifetime and holds no resources anymore
		179	(except possibly for the Perl object, but its connection to the actual
		180	aio request is severed and calling its methods will either do nothing or
		181	result in a runtime error).
		182
		183	=back
65		184
66	=cut	185	=cut
67		186
68	package IO::AIO;	187	package IO::AIO;
		188
		189	use Carp ();
69		190
70	no warnings;	191	no warnings;
71	use strict 'vars';	192	use strict 'vars';
72		193
73	use base 'Exporter';	194	use base 'Exporter';
74		195
75	BEGIN {	196	BEGIN {
76	our $VERSION = '1.99';	197	our $VERSION = '3.23';
77		198
78	our @EXPORT = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat	199	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
79	aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink	200	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
80	aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link aio_move	201	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_sync aio_fsync
81	aio_group);	202	aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_pathsync aio_readahead
82	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb min_parallel max_parallel max_outstanding nreqs);	203	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
		204	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
		205	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate);
		206
		207	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
		208	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
		209	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle
		210	nreqs nready npending nthreads
		211	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs);
		212
		213	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
83		214
84	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	215	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
85		216
86	require XSLoader;	217	require XSLoader;
87	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);	218	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
88	}	219	}
89		220
90	=head1 FUNCTIONS	221	=head1 FUNCTIONS
91		222
92	=head2 AIO FUNCTIONS	223	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
93		224
94	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	225	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
95	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	226	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
96	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	227	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
97	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	228	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with
98	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	229	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike
99	perl, which usually delivers "false") as it's sole argument when the given	230	perl, which usually delivers "false") as its sole argument after the given
100	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	231	syscall has been executed asynchronously.
101		232
102	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	233	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
103	internally until the request has finished.	234	internally until the request has finished.
104		235
105	All non-composite requests (requests that are not broken down into
106	multiple requests) return objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow	236	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
107	further manipulation of running requests.	237	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
108		238
109	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	239	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and
110	encoded in byte form. The reason for the former is that at the time the	240	encoded as octets. The reason for the former is that at the time the
111	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	241	request is being executed, the current working directory could have
112	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	242	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the
113	current working directory.	243	current working directory anywhere in the program and then use relative
		244	paths.
114		245
115	To encode pathnames to byte form, either make sure you either: a)	246	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
116	always pass in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir	247	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
117	etc.), b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	248	tinkering, b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode
118	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	249	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user
119	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	250	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)
120	use something else.	251	use something else to ensure your scalar has the correct contents.
		252
		253	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
		254	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
121		255
122	=over 4	256	=over 4
		257
		258	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
		259
		260	Returns the priority value that would be used for the next request and, if
		261	C<$pri> is given, sets the priority for the next aio request.
		262
		263	The default priority is C<0>, the minimum and maximum priorities are C<-4>
		264	and C<4>, respectively. Requests with higher priority will be serviced
		265	first.
		266
		267	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each call to one of the C<aio_*>
		268	functions.
		269
		270	Example: open a file with low priority, then read something from it with
		271	higher priority so the read request is serviced before other low priority
		272	open requests (potentially spamming the cache):
		273
		274	aioreq_pri -3;
		275	aio_open ..., sub {
		276	return unless $_[0];
		277
		278	aioreq_pri -2;
		279	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {
		280	...
		281	};
		282	};
		283
		284
		285	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
		286
		287	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current
		288	priority, so the effect is cumulative.
		289
123		290
124	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	291	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
125		292
126	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly	293	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly
127	created filehandle for the file.	294	created filehandle for the file.
…		…
133	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.	300	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.
134		301
135	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it	302	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it
136	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,	303	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,
137	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,	304	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,
138	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do).	305	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do). Note that the C<$mode> will be modified
		306	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never
		307	change the umask.
139		308
140	Example:	309	Example:
141		310
142	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	311	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
143	if ($_[0]) {	312	if ($_[0]) {
…		…
146	} else {	315	} else {
147	die "open failed: $!\n";	316	die "open failed: $!\n";
148	}	317	}
149	};	318	};
150		319
		320
151	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	321	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
152		322
153	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	323	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
154	code. I<WARNING:> although accepted, you should not pass in a perl	324	code.
155	filehandle here, as perl will likely close the file descriptor another
156	time when the filehandle is destroyed. Normally, you can safely call perls
157	C<close> or just let filehandles go out of scope.
158		325
159	This is supposed to be a bug in the API, so that might change. It's	326	Unfortunately, you can't do this to perl. Perl I<insists> very strongly on
160	therefore best to avoid this function.	327	closing the file descriptor associated with the filehandle itself.
		328
		329	Therefore, C<aio_close> will not close the filehandle - instead it will
		330	use dup2 to overwrite the file descriptor with the write-end of a pipe
		331	(the pipe fd will be created on demand and will be cached).
		332
		333	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
		334	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
		335
		336	=cut
161		337
162	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	338	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
163		339
164	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	340	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
165		341
166	Reads or writes C<length> bytes from the specified C<fh> and C<offset>	342	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
167	into the scalar given by C<data> and offset C<dataoffset> and calls the	343	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset>
168	callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on error, just	344	and calls the callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on
169	like the syscall).	345	error, just like the syscall).
		346
		347	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
		348	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
		349
		350	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will
		351	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be
		352	changed by these calls.
		353
		354	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of
		355	C<$data>.
		356
		357	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of
		358	C<$data>.
170		359
171	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request	360	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request
172	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or WW3 (if the	361	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or World War III (if
173	necessary/optional hardware is installed).	362	the necessary/optional hardware is installed).
174		363
175	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at	364	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at
176	offset C<0> within the scalar:	365	offset C<0> within the scalar:
177		366
178	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {	367	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {
179	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";	368	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";
180	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";	369	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";
181	};	370	};
182		371
183	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
184
185	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
186	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
187	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.
188
189	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If
190	rename files with C<EXDEV>, it creates the destination file with mode 0200
191	and copies the contents of the source file into it using C<aio_sendfile>,
192	followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and uid/gid, in that
193	order, and unlinking the C<$srcpath>.
194
195	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if
196	possible, except when setting atime, mtime, access mode and uid/gid, where
197	errors are being ignored.
198
199	=cut
200
201	sub aio_move($$$) {
202	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
203
204	aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {
205	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
206	aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
207	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
208	my @stat = stat $src_fh;
209
210	aio_open $dst, O_WRONLY, 0200, sub {
211	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
212	aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
213	close $src_fh;
214
215	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
216	utime $stat[8], $stat[9], $dst;
217	chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;
218	chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;
219	close $dst_fh;
220
221	aio_unlink $src, sub {
222	$cb->($_[0]);
223	};
224	} else {
225	my $errno = $!;
226	aio_unlink $dst, sub {
227	$! = $errno;
228	$cb->(-1);
229	};
230	}
231	};
232	} else {
233	$cb->(-1);
234	}
235	},
236
237	} else {
238	$cb->(-1);
239	}
240	};
241	} else {
242	$cb->($_[0]);
243	}
244	};
245	}
246		372
247	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)	373	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
248		374
249	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	375	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
250	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	376	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
…		…
264	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many	390	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many
265	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only	391	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only
266	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result	392	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result
267	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been	393	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been
268	read.	394	read.
		395
269		396
270	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	397	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
271		398
272	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	399	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
273	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>	400	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>
…		…
279	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.	406	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.
280		407
281	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be	408	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be
282	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.	409	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.
283		410
		411
284	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)	412	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
285		413
286	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)	414	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
287		415
288	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will	416	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will
…		…
301	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	429	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
302	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	430	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
303	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";	431	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";
304	};	432	};
305		433
		434
		435	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		436
		437	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
		438	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
		439	syscalls support them.
		440
		441	When called with a pathname, uses utimes(2) if available, otherwise
		442	utime(2). If called on a file descriptor, uses futimes(2) if available,
		443	otherwise returns ENOSYS, so this is not portable.
		444
		445	Examples:
		446
		447	# set atime and mtime to current time (basically touch(1)):
		448	aio_utime "path", undef, undef;
		449	# set atime to current time and mtime to beginning of the epoch:
		450	aio_utime "path", time, undef; # undef==0
		451
		452
		453	=item aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		454
		455	Works like perl's C<chown> function, except that C<undef> for either $uid
		456	or $gid is being interpreted as "do not change" (but -1 can also be used).
		457
		458	Examples:
		459
		460	# same as "chown root path" in the shell:
		461	aio_chown "path", 0, -1;
		462	# same as above:
		463	aio_chown "path", 0, undef;
		464
		465
		466	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		467
		468	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
		469
		470
		471	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		472
		473	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
		474
		475
306	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)	476	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
307		477
308	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	478	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
309	result code.	479	result code.
310		480
		481
		482	=item aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		483
		484	[EXPERIMENTAL]
		485
		486	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
		487
		488	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
		489
		490	aio_mknod $path, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
		491
		492
311	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	493	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
312		494
313	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	495	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
314	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	496	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
315		497
		498
316	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	499	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
317		500
318	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	501	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
319	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	502	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
320		503
		504
		505	=item aio_readlink $path, $callback->($link)
		506
		507	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
		508	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
		509	callback.
		510
		511
321	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	512	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
322		513
323	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	514	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
324	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	515	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
325		516
		517
		518	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		519
		520	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with
		521	the result code. C<$mode> will be modified by the umask at the time the
		522	request is executed, so do not change your umask.
		523
		524
326	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	525	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
327		526
328	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the	527	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the
329	result code.	528	result code.
		529
330		530
331	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	531	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
332		532
333	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	533	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
334	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	534	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
335	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.	535	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.
336		536
337	The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref	537	The callback is passed a single argument which is either C<undef> or an
338	with the filenames.	538	array-ref with the filenames.
		539
		540
		541	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		542
		543	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows to tune
		544	behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
		545	C<undef>.
		546
		547	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
		548	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
		549
		550	=over 4
		551
		552	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
		553
		554	When this flag is off, then the callback gets an arrayref with of names
		555	only (as with C<aio_readdir>), otherwise it gets an arrayref with
		556	C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a single directory
		557	entry in more detail.
		558
		559	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
		560
		561	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
		562
		563	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
		564	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
		565	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
		566
		567	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need to
		568	know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed reasons, the C<$type>
		569	scalars are read-only: you can not modify them.
		570
		571	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
		572	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
		573	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
		574
		575	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		576
		577	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order where
		578	likely directories come first. This is useful when you need to quickly
		579	find directories, or you want to find all directories while avoiding to
		580	stat() each entry.
		581
		582	If the system returns type information in readdir, then this is used
		583	to find directories directly. Otherwise, likely directories are files
		584	beginning with ".", or otherwise files with no dots, of which files with
		585	short names are tried first.
		586
		587	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
		588
		589	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
		590	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat()
		591	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely
		592	be fastest.
		593
		594	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified, then
		595	the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order.
		596
		597	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		598
		599	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
		600	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
		601	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absense of this flag therefore indicates that all
		602	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
		603
		604	=back
		605
		606
		607	=item aio_load $path, $data, $callback->($status)
		608
		609	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
		610	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
		611
		612	=cut
		613
		614	sub aio_load($$;$) {
		615	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;
		616	my $data = \$_[1];
		617
		618	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		619	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		620
		621	aioreq_pri $pri;
		622	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		623	my $fh = shift
		624	or return $grp->result (-1);
		625
		626	aioreq_pri $pri;
		627	add $grp aio_read $fh, 0, (-s $fh), $$data, 0, sub {
		628	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		629	};
		630	};
		631
		632	$grp
		633	}
		634
		635	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		636
		637	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
		638	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
		639	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.
		640
		641	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
		642	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
		643	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
		644	uid/gid, in that order.
		645
		646	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if
		647	possible, except when setting atime, mtime, access mode and uid/gid, where
		648	errors are being ignored.
		649
		650	=cut
		651
		652	sub aio_copy($$;$) {
		653	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
		654
		655	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		656	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		657
		658	aioreq_pri $pri;
		659	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		660	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
		661	my @stat = stat $src_fh; # hmm, might bock over nfs?
		662
		663	aioreq_pri $pri;
		664	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {
		665	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
		666	aioreq_pri $pri;
		667	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
		668	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
		669	$grp->result (0);
		670	close $src_fh;
		671
		672	my $ch = sub {
		673	aioreq_pri $pri;
		674	add $grp aio_chmod $dst_fh, $stat[2] & 07777, sub {
		675	aioreq_pri $pri;
		676	add $grp aio_chown $dst_fh, $stat[4], $stat[5], sub {
		677	aioreq_pri $pri;
		678	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;
		679	}
		680	};
		681	};
		682
		683	aioreq_pri $pri;
		684	add $grp aio_utime $dst_fh, $stat[8], $stat[9], sub {
		685	if ($_[0] < 0 && $! == ENOSYS) {
		686	aioreq_pri $pri;
		687	add $grp aio_utime $dst, $stat[8], $stat[9], $ch;
		688	} else {
		689	$ch->();
		690	}
		691	};
		692	} else {
		693	$grp->result (-1);
		694	close $src_fh;
		695	close $dst_fh;
		696
		697	aioreq $pri;
		698	add $grp aio_unlink $dst;
		699	}
		700	};
		701	} else {
		702	$grp->result (-1);
		703	}
		704	},
		705
		706	} else {
		707	$grp->result (-1);
		708	}
		709	};
		710
		711	$grp
		712	}
		713
		714	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		715
		716	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
		717	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
		718	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.
		719
		720	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if
		721	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if
		722	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.
		723
		724	=cut
		725
		726	sub aio_move($$;$) {
		727	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
		728
		729	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		730	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		731
		732	aioreq_pri $pri;
		733	add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {
		734	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
		735	aioreq_pri $pri;
		736	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
		737	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		738
		739	if (!$_[0]) {
		740	aioreq_pri $pri;
		741	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
		742	}
		743	};
		744	} else {
		745	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		746	}
		747	};
		748
		749	$grp
		750	}
339		751
340	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	752	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
341		753
342	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	754	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
343	separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of names, ones	755	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
344	you can recurse into (directories or links to them), and ones you cannot	756	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
345	recurse into (everything else).	757	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
346		758
347	C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that consists of many sub	759	C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that creates of many sub requests_
348	requests. C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio	760	C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio requests that
349	requests that this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a	761	this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a suitable default
350	suitable default will be chosen (currently 8).	762	will be chosen (currently 4).
351		763
352	On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives	764	On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives
353	two array-refs with path-relative entry names.	765	two array-refs with path-relative entry names.
354		766
355	Example:	767	Example:
…		…
362		774
363	Implementation notes.	775	Implementation notes.
364		776
365	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.	777	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.
366		778
		779	If readdir returns file type information, then this is used directly to
		780	find directories.
		781
367	After reading the directory, the modification time, size etc. of the	782	Otherwise, after reading the directory, the modification time, size etc.
368	directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they match (and	783	of the directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they
369	isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide how many	784	match (and isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide
370	entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the number	785	how many entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the
371	of subdirectories will be assumed.	786	number of subdirectories will be assumed.
372		787
373	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories (everything without	788	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
374	a non-initial dot currently) and likely non-directories (everything	789	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
375	else). Then every entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed,	790	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
376	likely directories first. If that succeeds, it assumes that the entry	791	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
377	is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	792	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
378	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	793	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
379	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	794	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
380	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature).	795	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
		796	the filetype information on readdir.
381		797
382	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	798	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
383	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.	799	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.
384		800
385	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which	801	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which
…		…
389	as those tend to return 0 or 1 as link counts, which disables the	805	as those tend to return 0 or 1 as link counts, which disables the
390	directory counting heuristic.	806	directory counting heuristic.
391		807
392	=cut	808	=cut
393		809
394	sub aio_scandir($$$) {	810	sub aio_scandir($$;$) {
395	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;	811	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;
396		812
		813	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		814
		815	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		816
397	$maxreq = 8 if $maxreq <= 0;	817	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
398		818
399	# stat once	819	# stat once
		820	aioreq_pri $pri;
400	aio_stat $path, sub {	821	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {
401	return $cb->() if $_[0];	822	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
402	my $now = time;	823	my $now = time;
403	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	824	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
404		825
405	# read the directory entries	826	# read the directory entries
406	aio_readdir $path, sub {	827	aioreq_pri $pri;
		828	add $grp aio_readdirx $path, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {
407	my $entries = shift	829	my $entries = shift
408	or return $cb->();	830	or return $grp->result ();
409		831
410	# stat the dir another time	832	# stat the dir another time
		833	aioreq_pri $pri;
411	aio_stat $path, sub {	834	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {
412	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	835	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
413		836
414	my $ndirs;	837	my $ndirs;
415		838
416	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy	839	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
417	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {	840	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
418	$ndirs = -1;	841	$ndirs = -1;
419	} else {	842	} else {
420	# if nlink == 2, we are finished	843	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
421	# on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2	844	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
422	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2	845	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
423	or return $cb->([], $entries);	846	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
424	}	847	}
425		848
426	# sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
427	# dirs == files without ".", short entries first
428	$entries = [map $_->[0],
429	sort { $b->[1] cmp $a->[1] }
430	map [$_, sprintf "%s%04d", (/.\./ ? "1" : "0"), length],
431	@$entries];
432
433	my (@dirs, @nondirs);	849	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
434		850
435	my ($statcb, $schedcb);	851	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
436	my $nreq = 0;	852	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
		853	};
437		854
438	$schedcb = sub {	855	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
439	if (@$entries) {	856	feed $statgrp sub {
440	if ($nreq < $maxreq) {	857	return unless @$entries;
441	my $ent = pop @$entries;	858	my $entry = shift @$entries;
		859
		860	aioreq_pri $pri;
		861	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$entry/.", sub {
		862	if ($_[0] < 0) {
		863	push @nondirs, $entry;
		864	} else {
		865	# need to check for real directory
		866	aioreq_pri $pri;
		867	add $statgrp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {
		868	if (-d _) {
		869	push @dirs, $entry;
		870
		871	unless (--$ndirs) {
		872	push @nondirs, @$entries;
		873	feed $statgrp;
		874	}
		875	} else {
		876	push @nondirs, $entry;
		877	}
442	$nreq++;	878	}
443	aio_stat "$path/$ent/.", sub { $statcb->($_[0], $ent) };
444	}	879	}
445	} elsif (!$nreq) {
446	# finished
447	undef $statcb;
448	undef $schedcb;
449	$cb->(\@dirs, \@nondirs) if $cb;
450	undef $cb;
451	}	880	};
452	};	881	};
453	$statcb = sub {
454	my ($status, $entry) = @_;
455
456	if ($status < 0) {
457	$nreq--;
458	push @nondirs, $entry;
459	&$schedcb;
460	} else {
461	# need to check for real directory
462	aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {
463	$nreq--;
464
465	if (-d _) {
466	push @dirs, $entry;
467
468	if (!--$ndirs) {
469	push @nondirs, @$entries;
470	$entries = [];
471	}
472	} else {
473	push @nondirs, $entry;
474	}
475
476	&$schedcb;
477	}
478	}
479	};
480
481	&$schedcb while @$entries && $nreq < $maxreq;
482	};	882	};
483	};	883	};
484	};	884	};
		885
		886	$grp
485	}	887	}
		888
		889	=item aio_rmtree $path, $callback->($status)
		890
		891	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
		892	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
		893	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
		894	everything else.
		895
		896	=cut
		897
		898	sub aio_rmtree;
		899	sub aio_rmtree($;$) {
		900	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		901
		902	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		903	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		904
		905	aioreq_pri $pri;
		906	add $grp aio_scandir $path, 0, sub {
		907	my ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_;
		908
		909	my $dirgrp = aio_group sub {
		910	add $grp aio_rmdir $path, sub {
		911	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		912	};
		913	};
		914
		915	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_rmtree "$path/$_" for @$dirs;
		916	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_unlink "$path/$_" for @$nondirs;
		917
		918	add $grp $dirgrp;
		919	};
		920
		921	$grp
		922	}
		923
		924	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)
		925
		926	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.
486		927
487	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)	928	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
488		929
489	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback	930	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback
490	with the fsync result code.	931	with the fsync result code.
…		…
495	callback with the fdatasync result code.	936	callback with the fdatasync result code.
496		937
497	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	938	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
498	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	939	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
499		940
		941	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		942
		943	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
		944	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
		945	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns
		946	ENOSYS, then fdatasync or fsync is being substituted.
		947
		948	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
		949	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
		950	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
		951	manpage for details.
		952
		953	=item aio_pathsync $path, $callback->($status)
		954
		955	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
		956	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
		957	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
		958	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
		959	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,
		960	not just directories.
		961
		962	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.
		963
		964	=cut
		965
		966	sub aio_pathsync($;$) {
		967	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		968
		969	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		970	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		971
		972	aioreq_pri $pri;
		973	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		974	my ($fh) = @_;
		975	if ($fh) {
		976	aioreq_pri $pri;
		977	add $grp aio_fsync $fh, sub {
		978	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		979
		980	aioreq_pri $pri;
		981	add $grp aio_close $fh;
		982	};
		983	} else {
		984	$grp->result (-1);
		985	}
		986	};
		987
		988	$grp
		989	}
		990
500	=item aio_group $callback->()	991	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
501		992
		993	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
		994	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
		995	many requests into a single, composite, request with a definite callback
		996	and the ability to cancel the whole request with its subrequests.
		997
		998	Returns an object of class L<IO::AIO::GRP>. See its documentation below
		999	for more info.
		1000
		1001	Example:
		1002
		1003	my $grp = aio_group sub {
		1004	print "all stats done\n";
		1005	};
		1006
		1007	add $grp
		1008	(aio_stat ...),
		1009	(aio_stat ...),
		1010	...;
		1011
		1012	=item aio_nop $callback->()
		1013
		1014	This is a special request - it does nothing in itself and is only used for
		1015	side effects, such as when you want to add a dummy request to a group so
		1016	that finishing the requests in the group depends on executing the given
		1017	code.
		1018
		1019	While this request does nothing, it still goes through the execution
		1020	phase and still requires a worker thread. Thus, the callback will not
		1021	be executed immediately but only after other requests in the queue have
		1022	entered their execution phase. This can be used to measure request
		1023	latency.
		1024
502	=item aio_sleep $fractional_seconds, $callback->() *NOT EXPORTED*	1025	=item IO::AIO::aio_busy $fractional_seconds, $callback->() *NOT EXPORTED*
503		1026
504	Mainly used for debugging and benchmarking, this aio request puts one of	1027	Mainly used for debugging and benchmarking, this aio request puts one of
505	the request workers to sleep for the given time.	1028	the request workers to sleep for the given time.
506		1029
		1030	While it is theoretically handy to have simple I/O scheduling requests
		1031	like sleep and file handle readable/writable, the overhead this creates is
		1032	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
		1033	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
		1034
507	=back	1035	=back
508		1036
509	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1037	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
510		1038
511	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1039	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
512	called in non-void context.	1040	called in non-void context.
513		1041
514	A request always moves through the following five states in its lifetime,
515	in order: B<ready> (request has been created, but has not been executed
516	yet), B<execute> (request is currently being executed), B<pending>
517	(request has been executed but callback has not been called yet),
518	B<result> (results are being processed synchronously, includes calling the
519	callback) and B<done> (request has reached the end of its lifetime and
520	holds no resources anymore).
521
522	=over 4	1042	=over 4
523		1043
524	=item $req->cancel	1044	=item cancel $req
525		1045
526	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution	1046	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
527	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when	1047	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
528	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise	1048	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
529	untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be	1049	untouched (with the exception of readdir). That means that requests that
530	stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.	1050	currently execute will not be stopped and resources held by the request
		1051	will not be freed prematurely.
		1052
		1053	=item cb $req $callback->(...)
		1054
		1055	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
531		1056
532	=back	1057	=back
533		1058
		1059	=head2 IO::AIO::GRP CLASS
		1060
		1061	This class is a subclass of L<IO::AIO::REQ>, so all its methods apply to
		1062	objects of this class, too.
		1063
		1064	A IO::AIO::GRP object is a special request that can contain multiple other
		1065	aio requests.
		1066
		1067	You create one by calling the C<aio_group> constructing function with a
		1068	callback that will be called when all contained requests have entered the
		1069	C<done> state:
		1070
		1071	my $grp = aio_group sub {
		1072	print "all requests are done\n";
		1073	};
		1074
		1075	You add requests by calling the C<add> method with one or more
		1076	C<IO::AIO::REQ> objects:
		1077
		1078	$grp->add (aio_unlink "...");
		1079
		1080	add $grp aio_stat "...", sub {
		1081	$_[0] or return $grp->result ("error");
		1082
		1083	# add another request dynamically, if first succeeded
		1084	add $grp aio_open "...", sub {
		1085	$grp->result ("ok");
		1086	};
		1087	};
		1088
		1089	This makes it very easy to create composite requests (see the source of
		1090	C<aio_move> for an application) that work and feel like simple requests.
		1091
		1092	=over 4
		1093
		1094	=item * The IO::AIO::GRP objects will be cleaned up during calls to
		1095	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb>, just like any other request.
		1096
		1097	=item * They can be canceled like any other request. Canceling will cancel not
		1098	only the request itself, but also all requests it contains.
		1099
		1100	=item * They can also can also be added to other IO::AIO::GRP objects.
		1101
		1102	=item * You must not add requests to a group from within the group callback (or
		1103	any later time).
		1104
		1105	=back
		1106
		1107	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they
		1108	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the
		1109	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to
		1110	exist.
		1111
		1112	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests
		1113	(precisely before the callback has been invoked, which is only done within
		1114	the C<poll_cb>). And in the callbacks of those requests, you can add
		1115	further requests to the group. And only when all those requests have
		1116	finished will the the group itself finish.
		1117
		1118	=over 4
		1119
		1120	=item add $grp ...
		1121
		1122	=item $grp->add (...)
		1123
		1124	Add one or more requests to the group. Any type of L<IO::AIO::REQ> can
		1125	be added, including other groups, as long as you do not create circular
		1126	dependencies.
		1127
		1128	Returns all its arguments.
		1129
		1130	=item $grp->cancel_subs
		1131
		1132	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request
		1133	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.
		1134
		1135	=item $grp->result (...)
		1136
		1137	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
		1138	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value
		1139	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,
		1140	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.
		1141
		1142	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])
		1143
		1144	Sets the group errno value to C<$errno>, or the current value of errno
		1145	when the argument is missing.
		1146
		1147	Every aio request has an associated errno value that is restored when
		1148	the callback is invoked. This method lets you change this value from its
		1149	default (0).
		1150
		1151	Calling C<result> will also set errno, so make sure you either set C<$!>
		1152	before the call to C<result>, or call c<errno> after it.
		1153
		1154	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
		1155
		1156	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
		1157	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
		1158	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
		1159	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
		1160	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat> requests,
		1161	delaying any later requests for a long time.
		1162
		1163	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
		1164	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
		1165	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
		1166	below) requests active in the group itself and is expected to queue more
		1167	requests.
		1168
		1169	The feed callback can queue as many requests as it likes (i.e. C<add> does
		1170	not impose any limits).
		1171
		1172	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
		1173	automatically removed from the group.
		1174
		1175	If the feed limit is C<0> when this method is called, it will be set to
		1176	C<2> automatically.
		1177
		1178	Example:
		1179
		1180	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
		1181
		1182	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "finished\n" };
		1183	limit $grp 4;
		1184	feed $grp sub {
		1185	my $file = pop @files
		1186	or return;
		1187
		1188	add $grp aio_stat $file, sub { ... };
		1189	};
		1190
		1191	=item limit $grp $num
		1192
		1193	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
		1194	the group contains less than this many requests.
		1195
		1196	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
		1197
		1198	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder
		1199	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.
		1200
		1201	=back
		1202
534	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS	1203	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
535		1204
		1205	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		1206
536	=over 4	1207	=over 4
537		1208
538	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno	1209	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno
539		1210
540	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be	1211	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be
541	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. Event or	1212	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. EV, Glib,
542	select, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable you have	1213	select and so on, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable
543	to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.	1214	you have to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.
544		1215
545	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1216	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
546		1217
547	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1218	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
548		1219
549	Process all outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this	1220	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this
550	regularly. Returns the number of events processed. Returns immediately	1221	regularly. Returns C<0> if all events could be processed, or C<-1> if it
551	when no events are outstanding.	1222	returned earlier for whatever reason. Returns immediately when no events
		1223	are outstanding. The amount of events processed depends on the settings of
		1224	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.
		1225
		1226	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle
		1227	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you don't have to
		1228	do anything special to have it called later.
552		1229
553	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1230	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
554	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority:	1231	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority (more examples can be found in the
		1232	SYNOPSIS section, at the top of this document):
555		1233
556	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1234	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
557	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1235	poll => 'r', async => 1,
558	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1236	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
559		1237
		1238	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
		1239
		1240	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
		1241
		1242	These set the maximum number of requests (default C<0>, meaning infinity)
		1243	that are being processed by C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> in one call, respectively
		1244	the maximum amount of time (default C<0>, meaning infinity) spent in
		1245	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> to process requests (more correctly the mininum amount
		1246	of time C<poll_cb> is allowed to use).
		1247
		1248	Setting C<max_poll_time> to a non-zero value creates an overhead of one
		1249	syscall per request processed, which is not normally a problem unless your
		1250	callbacks are really really fast or your OS is really really slow (I am
		1251	not mentioning Solaris here). Using C<max_poll_reqs> incurs no overhead.
		1252
		1253	Setting these is useful if you want to ensure some level of
		1254	interactiveness when perl is not fast enough to process all requests in
		1255	time.
		1256
		1257	For interactive programs, values such as C<0.01> to C<0.1> should be fine.
		1258
		1259	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
		1260	IO::AIO::poll_cb with low priority, to ensure that other parts of the
		1261	program get the CPU sometimes even under high AIO load.
		1262
		1263	# try not to spend much more than 0.1s in poll_cb
		1264	IO::AIO::max_poll_time 0.1;
		1265
		1266	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority
		1267	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		1268	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
		1269	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1270
560	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait	1271	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
561		1272
		1273	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
562	Wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply does a	1274	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
563	C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to synchronously wait	1275	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
564	for some requests to finish).	1276	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
565		1277
566	See C<nreqs> for an example.	1278	See C<nreqs> for an example.
567		1279
		1280	=item IO::AIO::poll
		1281
		1282	Waits until some requests have been handled.
		1283
		1284	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
		1285	equivalent to:
		1286
		1287	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1288
568	=item IO::AIO::nreqs	1289	=item IO::AIO::flush
569		1290
570	Returns the number of requests currently outstanding (i.e. for which their	1291	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
571	callback has not been invoked yet).
572		1292
573	Example: wait till there are no outstanding requests anymore:	1293	Strictly equivalent to:
574		1294
575	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb	1295	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
576	while IO::AIO::nreqs;	1296	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
577		1297
578	=item IO::AIO::flush	1298	=back
579		1299
580	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.	1300	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
581		1301
582	Strictly equivalent to:	1302	=over
583
584	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
585	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
586
587	=item IO::AIO::poll
588
589	Waits until some requests have been handled.
590
591	Strictly equivalent to:
592
593	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
594	if IO::AIO::nreqs;
595		1303
596	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads	1304	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
597		1305
598	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current default	1306	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current
599	is C<4>, which means four asynchronous operations can be done at one time	1307	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute
600	(the number of outstanding operations, however, is unlimited).	1308	concurrently at any one time (the number of outstanding requests,
		1309	however, is unlimited).
601		1310
602	IO::AIO starts threads only on demand, when an AIO request is queued and	1311	IO::AIO starts threads only on demand, when an AIO request is queued and
603	no free thread exists.	1312	no free thread exists. Please note that queueing up a hundred requests can
		1313	create demand for a hundred threads, even if it turns out that everything
		1314	is in the cache and could have been processed faster by a single thread.
604		1315
605	It is recommended to keep the number of threads low, as some Linux	1316	It is recommended to keep the number of threads relatively low, as some
606	kernel versions will scale negatively with the number of threads (higher	1317	Linux kernel versions will scale negatively with the number of threads
607	parallelity => MUCH higher latency). With current Linux 2.6 versions, 4-32	1318	(higher parallelity => MUCH higher latency). With current Linux 2.6
608	threads should be fine.	1319	versions, 4-32 threads should be fine.
609		1320
610	Under most circumstances you don't need to call this function, as the	1321	Under most circumstances you don't need to call this function, as the
611	module selects a default that is suitable for low to moderate load.	1322	module selects a default that is suitable for low to moderate load.
612		1323
613	=item IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads	1324	=item IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
…		…
622	This module automatically runs C<max_parallel 0> at program end, to ensure	1333	This module automatically runs C<max_parallel 0> at program end, to ensure
623	that all threads are killed and that there are no outstanding requests.	1334	that all threads are killed and that there are no outstanding requests.
624		1335
625	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1336	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
626		1337
		1338	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		1339
		1340	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle (i.e.,
		1341	threads that did not get a request to process within 10 seconds). That
		1342	means if a thread becomes idle while C<$nthreads> other threads are also
		1343	idle, it will free its resources and exit.
		1344
		1345	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)
		1346	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources
		1347	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).
		1348
		1349	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread
		1350	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might
		1351	want to use larger values.
		1352
627	=item $oldnreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $nreqs	1353	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		1354
		1355	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
		1356	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
		1357	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
628		1358
629	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you	1359	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you
630	try to queue up more than this number of requests, the caller will block until	1360	do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to the
631	some requests have been handled.	1361	C<poll_cb> (and C<poll_some> and other functions calling C<poll_cb>)
		1362	function will block until the limit is no longer exceeded.
632		1363
633	The default is very large, so normally there is no practical limit. If you	1364	The default value is very large, so there is no practical limit on the
634	queue up many requests in a loop it often improves speed if you set	1365	number of outstanding requests.
635	this to a relatively low number, such as C<100>.
636		1366
637	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1367	You can still queue as many requests as you want. Therefore,
		1368	C<max_outstanding> is mainly useful in simple scripts (with low values) or
		1369	as a stop gap to shield against fatal memory overflow (with large values).
638		1370
639	=back	1371	=back
640		1372
		1373	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
		1374
		1375	=over
		1376
		1377	=item IO::AIO::nreqs
		1378
		1379	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending
		1380	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).
		1381
		1382	Example: wait till there are no outstanding requests anymore:
		1383
		1384	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1385	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
		1386
		1387	=item IO::AIO::nready
		1388
		1389	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready state (not yet
		1390	executed).
		1391
		1392	=item IO::AIO::npending
		1393
		1394	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
		1395	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
		1396
		1397	=back
		1398
641	=cut	1399	=cut
642		1400
643	# support function to convert a fd into a perl filehandle
644	sub _fd2fh {
645	return undef if $_[0] < 0;
646
647	# try to generate nice filehandles
648	my $sym = "IO::AIO::fd#$_[0]";
649	local *$sym;
650
651	open *$sym, "+<&=$_[0]" # usually works under any unix
652	or open *$sym, "<&=$_[0]" # cygwin needs this
653	or open *$sym, ">&=$_[0]" # or this
654	or return undef;
655
656	*$sym
657	}
658
659	min_parallel 4;	1401	min_parallel 8;
660		1402
661	END {	1403	END { flush }
662	max_parallel 0;
663	}
664		1404
665	1;	1405	1;
666		1406
667	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	1407	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
668		1408
669	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	1409	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:
670		1410
671	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	1411	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests
672	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	1412	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After
673	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	1413	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues
674	request/result processing, while the child clears the request/result	1414	request/result processing, while the child frees the request/result queue
675	queue (so the requests started before the fork will only be handled in	1415	(so that the requests started before the fork will only be handled in the
676	the parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit ste in the	1416	parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit set in the
677	parent process has been reached again.	1417	parent process has been reached again.
678		1418
679	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	1419	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had
680	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	1420	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used
681	yet.	1421	yet.
682		1422
		1423	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
		1424
		1425	Per-request usage:
		1426
		1427	Each aio request uses - depending on your architecture - around 100-200
		1428	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly
		1429	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl
		1430	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and
		1431	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.
		1432
		1433	This is not awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a
		1434	problem.
		1435
		1436	Per-thread usage:
		1437
		1438	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for
		1439	temporary buffers, and each thread requires a stack and other data
		1440	structures (usually around 16k-128k, depending on the OS).
		1441
		1442	=head1 KNOWN BUGS
		1443
		1444	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.
		1445
683	=head1 SEE ALSO	1446	=head1 SEE ALSO
684		1447
685	L<Coro>, L<Linux::AIO> (obsolete).	1448	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a
		1449	more natural syntax.
686		1450
687	=head1 AUTHOR	1451	=head1 AUTHOR
688		1452
689	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1453	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
690	http://home.schmorp.de/	1454	http://home.schmorp.de/

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