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Revision 1.195 by root, Fri May 27 19:56:31 2011 UTC vs.
Revision 1.304 by root, Wed Apr 3 03:11:45 2019 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	IO::AIO - Asynchronous Input/Output	3	IO::AIO - Asynchronous/Advanced Input/Output
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
…		…
58	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal	58	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal
59	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and	59	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and
60	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented	60	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented
61	using threads anyway.	61	using threads anyway.
62		62
		63	In addition to asynchronous I/O, this module also exports some rather
		64	arcane interfaces, such as C<madvise> or linux's C<splice> system call,
		65	which is why the C<A> in C<AIO> can also mean I<advanced>.
		66
63	Although the module will work in the presence of other (Perl-) threads,	67	Although the module will work in the presence of other (Perl-) threads,
64	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking	68	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking
65	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never	69	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
66	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.	70	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
67		71
68	=head2 EXAMPLE	72	=head2 EXAMPLE
69		73
70	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads	74	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
71	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:	75	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
72		76
73	use Fcntl;
74	use EV;	77	use EV;
75	use IO::AIO;	78	use IO::AIO;
76		79
77	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV	80	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
78	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;	81	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
…		…
95		98
96	# file contents now in $contents	99	# file contents now in $contents
97	print $contents;	100	print $contents;
98		101
99	# exit event loop and program	102	# exit event loop and program
100	EV::unloop;	103	EV::break;
101	};	104	};
102	};	105	};
103		106
104	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,	107	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
105	# check for sockets etc. etc.	108	# check for sockets etc. etc.
106		109
107	# process events as long as there are some:	110	# process events as long as there are some:
108	EV::loop;	111	EV::run;
109		112
110	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME	113	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
111		114
112	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not	115	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
113	directly visible to Perl.	116	directly visible to Perl.
…		…
168	use common::sense;	171	use common::sense;
169		172
170	use base 'Exporter';	173	use base 'Exporter';
171		174
172	BEGIN {	175	BEGIN {
173	our $VERSION = '3.9';	176	our $VERSION = 4.72;
174		177
175	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close	178	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_seek aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
176	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx	179	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
177	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_sync aio_fsync	180	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_realpath aio_fcntl aio_ioctl
178	aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_pathsync aio_readahead	181	aio_sync aio_fsync aio_syncfs aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range
		182	aio_pathsync aio_readahead aio_fiemap aio_allocate
179	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group	183	aio_rename aio_rename2 aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
180	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown	184	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
181	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate	185	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate
182	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall	186	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall
183	aio_statvfs);	187	aio_statvfs
		188	aio_slurp
		189	aio_wd);
184		190
185	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));	191	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
186	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush	192	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
187	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout	193	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout
188	nreqs nready npending nthreads	194	nreqs nready npending nthreads
189	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs	195	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs
190	sendfile fadvise madvise	196	sendfile fadvise madvise
191	mmap munmap munlock munlockall);	197	mmap munmap mremap munlock munlockall);
192		198
193	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported	199	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
194		200
195	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	201	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
196		202
…		…
200		206
201	=head1 FUNCTIONS	207	=head1 FUNCTIONS
202		208
203	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW	209	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW
204		210
205	This section simply lists the prototypes of the most important functions	211	This section simply lists the prototypes most of the functions for
206	for quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function	212	quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function
207	documentation.	213	documentation.
208		214
		215	aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
209	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	216	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
210	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	217	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
		218	aio_seek $fh,$offset,$whence, $callback->($offs)
211	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	219	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
212	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	220	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
213	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)	221	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
214	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	222	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
215	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)	223	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
216	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)	224	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
217	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)	225	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
218	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)	226	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
219	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)	227	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		228	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
220	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)	229	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
221	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)	230	aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		231	aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
222	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)	232	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
223	aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)	233	aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
224	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	234	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
225	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	235	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
226	aio_readlink $path, $callback->($link)	236	aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		237	aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
227	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	238	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		239	aio_rename2 $srcpath, $dstpath, $flags, $callback->($status)
228	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)	240	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
229	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	241	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
230	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	242	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
231	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)	243	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
232	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST	244	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
233	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN	245	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		246	aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
234	aio_load $path, $data, $callback->($status)	247	aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
235	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	248	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
236	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	249	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
237	aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
238	aio_rmtree $path, $callback->($status)	250	aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		251	aio_fcntl $fh, $cmd, $arg, $callback->($status)
		252	aio_ioctl $fh, $request, $buf, $callback->($status)
239	aio_sync $callback->($status)	253	aio_sync $callback->($status)
		254	aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
240	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)	255	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
241	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)	256	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)
242	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)	257	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
243	aio_pathsync $path, $callback->($status)	258	aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
244	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)	259	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = MS_SYNC, $callback->($status)
245	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)	260	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
246	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)	261	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
247	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)	262	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
248	aio_group $callback->(...)	263	aio_group $callback->(...)
249	aio_nop $callback->()	264	aio_nop $callback->()
…		…
263	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds	278	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
264	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs	279	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
265	IO::AIO::nreqs	280	IO::AIO::nreqs
266	IO::AIO::nready	281	IO::AIO::nready
267	IO::AIO::npending	282	IO::AIO::npending
		283	IO::AIO::reinit
		284
		285	$nfd = IO::AIO::get_fdlimit [EXPERIMENTAL]
		286	IO::AIO::min_fdlimit $nfd [EXPERIMENTAL]
268		287
269	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count	288	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
270	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice	289	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		290
		291	IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags[, $fh[, $offset]]
		292	IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		293	IO::AIO::mremap $scalar, $new_length, $flags[, $new_address]
271	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice	294	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice
272	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect	295	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect
273	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef	296	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
274	IO::AIO::munlockall	297	IO::AIO::munlockall
275		298
276	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS	299	# stat extensions
		300	$counter = IO::AIO::st_gen
		301	$seconds = IO::AIO::st_atime, IO::AIO::st_mtime, IO::AIO::st_ctime, IO::AIO::st_btime
		302	($atime, $mtime, $ctime, $btime, ...) = IO::AIO::st_xtime
		303	$nanoseconds = IO::AIO::st_atimensec, IO::AIO::st_mtimensec, IO::AIO::st_ctimensec, IO::AIO::st_btimensec
		304	$seconds = IO::AIO::st_btimesec
		305	($atime, $mtime, $ctime, $btime, ...) = IO::AIO::st_xtimensec
		306
		307	# very much unportable syscalls
		308	IO::AIO::splice $r_fh, $r_off, $w_fh, $w_off, $length, $flags
		309	IO::AIO::tee $r_fh, $w_fh, $length, $flags
		310	$actual_size = IO::AIO::pipesize $r_fh[, $new_size]
		311	($rfh, $wfh) = IO::AIO::pipe2 [$flags]
		312	$fh = IO::AIO::memfd_create $pathname[, $flags]
		313	$fh = IO::AIO::eventfd [$initval, [$flags]]
		314	$fh = IO::AIO::timerfd_create $clockid[, $flags]
		315	($cur_interval, $cur_value) = IO::AIO::timerfd_settime $fh, $flags, $new_interval, $nbw_value
		316	($cur_interval, $cur_value) = IO::AIO::timerfd_gettime $fh
		317
		318	=head2 API NOTES
277		319
278	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	320	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
279	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	321	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
280	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	322	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
281	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	323	which must be a code reference. This code reference will be called after
282	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	324	the syscall has been executed in an asynchronous fashion. The results
283	perl, which usually delivers "false") as its sole argument after the given	325	of the request will be passed as arguments to the callback (and, if an
284	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	326	error occured, in C<$!>) - for most requests the syscall return code (e.g.
		327	most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike perl, which usually delivers
		328	"false").
		329
		330	Some requests (such as C<aio_readdir>) pass the actual results and
		331	communicate failures by passing C<undef>.
285		332
286	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	333	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
287	internally until the request has finished.	334	internally until the request has finished.
288		335
289	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow	336	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
290	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.	337	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
291		338
292	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	339	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<should> be absolute. The
293	encoded as octets. The reason for the former is that at the time the	340	reason for this is that at the time the request is being executed, the
294	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	341	current working directory could have changed. Alternatively, you can
295	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	342	make sure that you never change the current working directory anywhere
296	current working directory anywhere in the program and then use relative	343	in the program and then use relative paths. You can also take advantage
297	paths.	344	of IO::AIOs working directory abstraction, that lets you specify paths
		345	relative to some previously-opened "working directory object" - see the
		346	description of the C<IO::AIO::WD> class later in this document.
298		347
299	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass	348	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
300	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without	349	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
301	tinkering, b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	350	tinkering, b) are in your native filesystem encoding, c) use the Encode
302	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	351	module and encode your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in
303	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	352	effect in the user environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on
304	use something else to ensure your scalar has the correct contents.	353	unicode filenames or e) use something else to ensure your scalar has the
		354	correct contents.
305		355
306	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO	356	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
307	handles correctly whether it is set or not.	357	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
		358
		359	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
308		360
309	=over 4	361	=over 4
310		362
311	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]	363	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
312		364
…		…
342		394
343		395
344	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	396	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
345		397
346	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly	398	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly
347	created filehandle for the file.	399	created filehandle for the file (or C<undef> in case of an error).
348		400
349	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,	401	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,
350	for an explanation.	402	for an explanation.
351		403
352	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a	404	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a
…		…
375	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on	427	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on
376	your system are, as usual, C<0>):	428	your system are, as usual, C<0>):
377		429
378	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,	430	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,
379	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,	431	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,
380	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC> and C<O_TTY_INIT>.	432	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC>, C<O_PATH>, C<O_TMPFILE>, C<O_TTY_INIT> and C<O_ACCMODE>.
381		433
382		434
383	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	435	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
384		436
385	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	437	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
…		…
395	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be	447	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
396	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.	448	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
397		449
398	=cut	450	=cut
399		451
		452	=item aio_seek $fh, $offset, $whence, $callback->($offs)
		453
		454	Seeks the filehandle to the new C<$offset>, similarly to perl's
		455	C<sysseek>. The C<$whence> can use the traditional values (C<0> for
		456	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_SET>, C<1> for C<IO::AIO::SEEK_CUR> or C<2> for
		457	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_END>).
		458
		459	The resulting absolute offset will be passed to the callback, or C<-1> in
		460	case of an error.
		461
		462	In theory, the C<$whence> constants could be different than the
		463	corresponding values from L<Fcntl>, but perl guarantees they are the same,
		464	so don't panic.
		465
		466	As a GNU/Linux (and maybe Solaris) extension, also the constants
		467	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_DATA> and C<IO::AIO::SEEK_HOLE> are available, if they
		468	could be found. No guarantees about suitability for use in C<aio_seek> or
		469	Perl's C<sysseek> can be made though, although I would naively assume they
		470	"just work".
		471
400	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	472	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
401		473
402	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	474	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
403		475
404	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and	476	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
405	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset>	477	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset> and
406	and calls the callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on	478	calls the callback with the actual number of bytes transferred (or -1 on
407	error, just like the syscall).	479	error, just like the syscall).
408		480
409	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to	481	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
410	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.	482	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
411		483
…		…
436		508
437	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	509	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
438	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	510	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
439	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more	511	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more
440	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each	512	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each
441	other.	513	other. The same C<$in_fh> works fine though, as this function does not
		514	move or use the file offset of C<$in_fh>.
442		515
443	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than	516	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than
444	are written, and there is no way to find out how many bytes have been read	517	are written, and there is no way to find out how many more bytes have been
445	from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the number of	518	read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the
446	bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals C<$length>	519	number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals
447	one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.	520	C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.
448		521
449	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use	522	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use
450	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically	523	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically
451	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while	524	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while
452	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run into	525	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run
453	a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then fails	526	into a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then
454	to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the data	527	fails to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the
455	in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit the	528	data in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit
456	disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you control resource usage	529	the disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you better control
457	much better.	530	resource usage.
458		531
459	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile> syscall to provide	532	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile>-like syscall to
460	zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to a	533	provide zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to
461	socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.	534	a socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.
462		535
463	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,	536	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,
464	C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or C<ENOTSOCK>,	537	C<EINVAL>, C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or
465	it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any type of	538	C<ENOTSOCK>, it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any
466	filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.	539	type of filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.
		540
		541	As native sendfile syscalls (as practically any non-POSIX interface hacked
		542	together in a hurry to improve benchmark numbers) tend to be rather buggy
		543	on many systems, this implementation tries to work around some known bugs
		544	in Linux and FreeBSD kernels (probably others, too), but that might fail,
		545	so you really really should check the return value of C<aio_sendfile> -
		546	fewer bytes than expected might have been transferred.
467		547
468		548
469	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	549	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
470		550
471	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	551	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
…		…
475	whole pages, so that offset is effectively rounded down to a page boundary	555	whole pages, so that offset is effectively rounded down to a page boundary
476	and bytes are read up to the next page boundary greater than or equal to	556	and bytes are read up to the next page boundary greater than or equal to
477	(off-set+length). C<aio_readahead> does not read beyond the end of the	557	(off-set+length). C<aio_readahead> does not read beyond the end of the
478	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.	558	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.
479		559
480	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be	560	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your kernel isn't Linux) it will
481	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.	561	be emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.
482		562
483		563
484	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)	564	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
485		565
486	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)	566	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
487		567
488	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will	568	Works almost exactly like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The
489	be called after the stat and the results will be available using C<stat _>	569	callback will be called after the stat and the results will be available
490	or C<-s _> etc...	570	using C<stat _> or C<-s _> and other tests (with the exception of C<-B>
		571	and C<-T>).
491		572
492	The pathname passed to C<aio_stat> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,	573	The pathname passed to C<aio_stat> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,
493	for an explanation.	574	for an explanation.
494		575
495	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an	576	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an
…		…
502	behaviour).	583	behaviour).
503		584
504	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,	585	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,
505	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,	586	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,
506	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.	587	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.
		588
		589	To access higher resolution stat timestamps, see L<SUBSECOND STAT TIME
		590	ACCESS>.
507		591
508	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:	592	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:
509		593
510	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	594	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
511	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	595	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
…		…
555	namemax => 255,	639	namemax => 255,
556	frsize => 1024,	640	frsize => 1024,
557	fsid => 1810	641	fsid => 1810
558	}	642	}
559		643
560
561	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)	644	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
562		645
563	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime	646	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
564	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying	647	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
565	syscalls support them.	648	syscalls support them.
566		649
567	When called with a pathname, uses utimes(2) if available, otherwise	650	When called with a pathname, uses utimensat(2) or utimes(2) if available,
568	utime(2). If called on a file descriptor, uses futimes(2) if available,	651	otherwise utime(2). If called on a file descriptor, uses futimens(2)
569	otherwise returns ENOSYS, so this is not portable.	652	or futimes(2) if available, otherwise returns ENOSYS, so this is not
		653	portable.
570		654
571	Examples:	655	Examples:
572		656
573	# set atime and mtime to current time (basically touch(1)):	657	# set atime and mtime to current time (basically touch(1)):
574	aio_utime "path", undef, undef;	658	aio_utime "path", undef, undef;
…		…
592	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)	676	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
593		677
594	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).	678	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
595		679
596		680
		681	=item aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		682
		683	Allocates or frees disk space according to the C<$mode> argument. See the
		684	linux C<fallocate> documentation for details.
		685
		686	C<$mode> is usually C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE> to allocate
		687	space, or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>,
		688	to deallocate a file range.
		689
		690	IO::AIO also supports C<FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE>, to remove a range
		691	(without leaving a hole), C<FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE>, to zero a range,
		692	C<FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE> to insert a range and C<FALLOC_FL_UNSHARE_RANGE>
		693	to unshare shared blocks (see your L<fallocate(2)> manpage).
		694
		695	The file system block size used by C<fallocate> is presumably the
		696	C<f_bsize> returned by C<statvfs>, but different filesystems and filetypes
		697	can dictate other limitations.
		698
		699	If C<fallocate> isn't available or cannot be emulated (currently no
		700	emulation will be attempted), passes C<-1> and sets C<$!> to C<ENOSYS>.
		701
		702
597	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)	703	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
598		704
599	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.	705	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
600		706
601		707
…		…
603		709
604	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	710	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
605	result code.	711	result code.
606		712
607		713
608	=item aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)	714	=item aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
609		715
610	[EXPERIMENTAL]	716	[EXPERIMENTAL]
611		717
612	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).	718	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
613		719
614	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:	720	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
615		721
616	aio_mknod $path, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...	722	aio_mknod $pathname, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
617		723
618	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants	724	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants
619	and functions.	725	and functions.
620		726
621	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	727	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
…		…
628		734
629	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	735	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
630	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	736	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
631		737
632		738
633	=item aio_readlink $path, $callback->($link)	739	=item aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
634		740
635	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to	741	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
636	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the	742	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
637	callback.	743	callback.
638		744
639		745
		746	=item aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		747
		748	Asynchronously make the path absolute and resolve any symlinks in
		749	C<$path>. The resulting path only consists of directories (same as
		750	L<Cwd::realpath>).
		751
		752	This request can be used to get the absolute path of the current working
		753	directory by passing it a path of F<.> (a single dot).
		754
		755
640	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	756	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
641		757
642	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	758	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
643	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	759	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
		760
		761	On systems that support the AIO::WD working directory abstraction
		762	natively, the case C<[$wd, "."]> as C<$srcpath> is specialcased - instead
		763	of failing, C<rename> is called on the absolute path of C<$wd>.
		764
		765
		766	=item aio_rename2 $srcpath, $dstpath, $flags, $callback->($status)
		767
		768	Basically a version of C<aio_rename> with an additional C<$flags>
		769	argument. Calling this with C<$flags=0> is the same as calling
		770	C<aio_rename>.
		771
		772	Non-zero flags are currently only supported on GNU/Linux systems that
		773	support renameat2. Other systems fail with C<ENOSYS> in this case.
		774
		775	The following constants are available (missing ones are, as usual C<0>),
		776	see renameat2(2) for details:
		777
		778	C<IO::AIO::RENAME_NOREPLACE>, C<IO::AIO::RENAME_EXCHANGE>
		779	and C<IO::AIO::RENAME_WHITEOUT>.
644		780
645		781
646	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)	782	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
647		783
648	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with	784	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with
…		…
653	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	789	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
654		790
655	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the	791	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the
656	result code.	792	result code.
657		793
		794	On systems that support the AIO::WD working directory abstraction
		795	natively, the case C<[$wd, "."]> is specialcased - instead of failing,
		796	C<rmdir> is called on the absolute path of C<$wd>.
		797
658		798
659	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	799	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
660		800
661	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	801	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
662	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	802	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
…		…
666	array-ref with the filenames.	806	array-ref with the filenames.
667		807
668		808
669	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)	809	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
670		810
671	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows to tune	811	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows one to
672	behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be	812	tune behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
673	C<undef>.	813	C<undef>.
674		814
675	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the	815	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
676	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):	816	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
677		817
678	=over 4	818	=over 4
679		819
680	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS	820	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
681		821
682	When this flag is off, then the callback gets an arrayref consisting of	822	Normally the callback gets an arrayref consisting of names only (as
683	names only (as with C<aio_readdir>), otherwise it gets an arrayref with	823	with C<aio_readdir>). If this flag is set, then the callback gets an
684	C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a single directory	824	arrayref with C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a
685	entry in more detail.	825	single directory entry in more detail:
686		826
687	C<$name> is the name of the entry.	827	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
688		828
689	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:	829	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
690		830
691	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,	831	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
692	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,	832	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
693	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.	833	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
694		834
695	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need to	835	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need
696	know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed reasons, the C<$type>	836	to know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed/memory reasons,
697	scalars are read-only: you can not modify them.	837	the C<$type> scalars are read-only: you must not modify them.
698		838
699	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64	839	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
700	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on	840	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
701	systems that do not deliver the inode information.	841	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
702		842
…		…
713	short names are tried first.	853	short names are tried first.
714		854
715	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER	855	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
716		856
717	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order	857	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
718	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat()	858	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat() most or
719	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely	859	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely be
720	be fastest.	860	faster.
721		861
722	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified, then	862	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified,
723	the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order.	863	then the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order
		864	for stat'ing all entries, but likely a more optimal order for finding
		865	subdirectories.
724		866
725	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN	867	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
726		868
727	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it	869	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
728	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were	870	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
729	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absense of this flag therefore indicates that all	871	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absence of this flag therefore indicates that all
730	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.	872	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
731		873
732	=back	874	=back
733		875
734		876
		877	=item aio_slurp $pathname, $offset, $length, $data, $callback->($status)
		878
		879	Opens, reads and closes the given file. The data is put into C<$data>,
		880	which is resized as required.
		881
		882	If C<$offset> is negative, then it is counted from the end of the file.
		883
		884	If C<$length> is zero, then the remaining length of the file is
		885	used. Also, in this case, the same limitations to modifying C<$data> apply
		886	as when IO::AIO::mmap is used, i.e. it must only be modified in-place
		887	with C<substr>. If the size of the file is known, specifying a non-zero
		888	C<$length> results in a performance advantage.
		889
		890	This request is similar to the older C<aio_load> request, but since it is
		891	a single request, it might be more efficient to use.
		892
		893	Example: load F</etc/passwd> into C<$passwd>.
		894
		895	my $passwd;
		896	aio_slurp "/etc/passwd", 0, 0, $passwd, sub {
		897	$_[0] >= 0
		898	or die "/etc/passwd: $!\n";
		899
		900	printf "/etc/passwd is %d bytes long, and contains:\n", length $passwd;
		901	print $passwd;
		902	};
		903	IO::AIO::flush;
		904
		905
735	=item aio_load $path, $data, $callback->($status)	906	=item aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
736		907
737	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into	908	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
738	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.	909	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
		910
		911	Using C<aio_slurp> might be more efficient, as it is a single request.
739		912
740	=cut	913	=cut
741		914
742	sub aio_load($$;$) {	915	sub aio_load($$;$) {
743	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;	916	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;
…		…
763	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	936	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
764		937
765	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	938	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
766	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	939	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
767	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).	940	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
		941
		942	Existing destination files will be truncated.
768		943
769	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with	944	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
770	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using	945	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
771	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and	946	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
772	uid/gid, in that order.	947	uid/gid, in that order.
…		…
862	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {	1037	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
863	aioreq_pri $pri;	1038	aioreq_pri $pri;
864	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {	1039	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
865	$grp->result ($_[0]);	1040	$grp->result ($_[0]);
866		1041
867	if (!$_[0]) {	1042	unless ($_[0]) {
868	aioreq_pri $pri;	1043	aioreq_pri $pri;
869	add $grp aio_unlink $src;	1044	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
870	}	1045	}
871	};	1046	};
872	} else {	1047	} else {
…		…
875	};	1050	};
876		1051
877	$grp	1052	$grp
878	}	1053	}
879		1054
880	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	1055	=item aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
881		1056
882	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	1057	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
883	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of	1058	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
884	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot	1059	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
885	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).	1060	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
886		1061
887	C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that creates of many sub requests_	1062	C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that generates many sub requests.
888	C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio requests that	1063	C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio requests that
889	this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a suitable default	1064	this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a suitable default
890	will be chosen (currently 4).	1065	will be chosen (currently 4).
891		1066
892	On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives	1067	On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives
…		…
916	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot	1091	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
917	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every	1092	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
918	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,	1093	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
919	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the	1094	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
920	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	1095	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
921	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	1096	separately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
922	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	1097	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
923	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return	1098	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
924	the filetype information on readdir.	1099	the filetype information on readdir.
925		1100
926	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	1101	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
…		…
942		1117
943	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	1118	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
944		1119
945	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;	1120	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
946		1121
947	# stat once	1122	# get a wd object
948	aioreq_pri $pri;	1123	aioreq_pri $pri;
949	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1124	add $grp aio_wd $path, sub {
		1125	$_[0]
950	return $grp->result () if $_[0];	1126	or return $grp->result ();
951	my $now = time;
952	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
953		1127
954	# read the directory entries	1128	my $wd = [shift, "."];
		1129
		1130	# stat once
955	aioreq_pri $pri;	1131	aioreq_pri $pri;
956	add $grp aio_readdirx $path, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {	1132	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
957	my $entries = shift
958	or return $grp->result ();	1133	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
		1134	my $now = time;
		1135	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
		1136	my $rdxflags = READDIR_DIRS_FIRST;
959		1137
960	# stat the dir another time	1138	if ((stat _)[3] < 2) {
		1139	# at least one non-POSIX filesystem exists
		1140	# that returns useful DT_type values: btrfs,
		1141	# so optimise for this here by requesting dents
		1142	$rdxflags |= READDIR_DENTS;
		1143	}
		1144
		1145	# read the directory entries
961	aioreq_pri $pri;	1146	aioreq_pri $pri;
962	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1147	add $grp aio_readdirx $wd, $rdxflags, sub {
963	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1148	my ($entries, $flags) = @_
		1149	or return $grp->result ();
964		1150
		1151	if ($rdxflags & READDIR_DENTS) {
		1152	# if we requested type values, see if we can use them directly.
		1153
		1154	# if there were any DT_UNKNOWN entries then we assume we
		1155	# don't know. alternatively, we could assume that if we get
		1156	# one DT_DIR, then all directories are indeed marked with
		1157	# DT_DIR, but this seems not required for btrfs, and this
		1158	# is basically the "btrfs can't get it's act together" code
		1159	# branch.
		1160	unless ($flags & READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN) {
		1161	# now we have valid DT_ information for all entries,
		1162	# so use it as an optimisation without further stat's.
		1163	# they must also all be at the beginning of @$entries
		1164	# by now.
		1165
965	my $ndirs;	1166	my $dirs;
966		1167
967	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
968	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
969	$ndirs = -1;
970	} else {
971	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
972	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
973	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
974	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
975	}
976
977	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
978
979	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
980	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
981	};
982
983	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
984	feed $statgrp sub {
985	return unless @$entries;
986	my $entry = shift @$entries;
987
988	aioreq_pri $pri;
989	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$entry/.", sub {
990	if ($_[0] < 0) {	1168	if (@$entries) {
991	push @nondirs, $entry;	1169	for (0 .. $#$entries) {
992	} else {	1170	if ($entries->[$_][1] != DT_DIR) {
993	# need to check for real directory	1171	# splice out directories
994	aioreq_pri $pri;	1172	$dirs = [splice @$entries, 0, $_];
995	add $statgrp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {
996	if (-d _) {
997	push @dirs, $entry;
998
999	unless (--$ndirs) {
1000	push @nondirs, @$entries;
1001	feed $statgrp;
1002	}	1173	last;
1003	} else {
1004	push @nondirs, $entry;
1005	}	1174	}
1006	}	1175	}
		1176
		1177	# if we didn't find any non-dir, then all entries are dirs
		1178	unless ($dirs) {
		1179	($dirs, $entries) = ($entries, []);
		1180	}
		1181	} else {
		1182	# directory is empty, so there are no sbdirs
		1183	$dirs = [];
1007	}	1184	}
		1185
		1186	# either splice'd the directories out or the dir was empty.
		1187	# convert dents to filenames
		1188	$_ = $_->[0] for @$dirs;
		1189	$_ = $_->[0] for @$entries;
		1190
		1191	return $grp->result ($dirs, $entries);
		1192	}
		1193
		1194	# cannot use, so return to our old ways
		1195	# by pretending we only scanned for names.
		1196	$_ = $_->[0] for @$entries;
		1197	}
		1198
		1199	# stat the dir another time
		1200	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1201	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
		1202	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
		1203
		1204	my $ndirs;
		1205
		1206	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
		1207	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
		1208	$ndirs = -1;
		1209	} else {
		1210	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
		1211	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
		1212	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
		1213	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
		1214	}
		1215
		1216	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
		1217
		1218	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
		1219	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
		1220	};
		1221
		1222	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
		1223	feed $statgrp sub {
		1224	return unless @$entries;
		1225	my $entry = shift @$entries;
		1226
		1227	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1228	$wd->[1] = "$entry/.";
		1229	add $statgrp aio_stat $wd, sub {
		1230	if ($_[0] < 0) {
		1231	push @nondirs, $entry;
		1232	} else {
		1233	# need to check for real directory
		1234	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1235	$wd->[1] = $entry;
		1236	add $statgrp aio_lstat $wd, sub {
		1237	if (-d _) {
		1238	push @dirs, $entry;
		1239
		1240	unless (--$ndirs) {
		1241	push @nondirs, @$entries;
		1242	feed $statgrp;
		1243	}
		1244	} else {
		1245	push @nondirs, $entry;
		1246	}
		1247	}
		1248	}
		1249	};
1008	};	1250	};
1009	};	1251	};
1010	};	1252	};
1011	};	1253	};
1012	};	1254	};
1013		1255
1014	$grp	1256	$grp
1015	}	1257	}
1016		1258
1017	=item aio_rmtree $path, $callback->($status)	1259	=item aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
1018		1260
1019	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the	1261	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
1020	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that	1262	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
1021	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink	1263	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
1022	everything else.	1264	everything else.
1023		1265
1024	=cut	1266	=cut
1025		1267
…		…
1047	};	1289	};
1048		1290
1049	$grp	1291	$grp
1050	}	1292	}
1051		1293
		1294	=item aio_fcntl $fh, $cmd, $arg, $callback->($status)
		1295
		1296	=item aio_ioctl $fh, $request, $buf, $callback->($status)
		1297
		1298	These work just like the C<fcntl> and C<ioctl> built-in functions, except
		1299	they execute asynchronously and pass the return value to the callback.
		1300
		1301	Both calls can be used for a lot of things, some of which make more sense
		1302	to run asynchronously in their own thread, while some others make less
		1303	sense. For example, calls that block waiting for external events, such
		1304	as locking, will also lock down an I/O thread while it is waiting, which
		1305	can deadlock the whole I/O system. At the same time, there might be no
		1306	alternative to using a thread to wait.
		1307
		1308	So in general, you should only use these calls for things that do
		1309	(filesystem) I/O, not for things that wait for other events (network,
		1310	other processes), although if you are careful and know what you are doing,
		1311	you still can.
		1312
		1313	The following constants are available and can be used for normal C<ioctl>
		1314	and C<fcntl> as well (missing ones are, as usual C<0>):
		1315
		1316	C<F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC>,
		1317
		1318	C<F_OFD_GETLK>, C<F_OFD_SETLK>, C<F_OFD_GETLKW>,
		1319
		1320	C<FIFREEZE>, C<FITHAW>, C<FITRIM>, C<FICLONE>, C<FICLONERANGE>, C<FIDEDUPERANGE>.
		1321
		1322	C<F_ADD_SEALS>, C<F_GET_SEALS>, C<F_SEAL_SEAL>, C<F_SEAL_SHRINK>, C<F_SEAL_GROW> and
		1323	C<F_SEAL_WRITE>.
		1324
		1325	C<FS_IOC_GETFLAGS>, C<FS_IOC_SETFLAGS>, C<FS_IOC_GETVERSION>, C<FS_IOC_SETVERSION>,
		1326	C<FS_IOC_FIEMAP>.
		1327
		1328	C<FS_IOC_FSGETXATTR>, C<FS_IOC_FSSETXATTR>, C<FS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY>,
		1329	C<FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_PWSALT>, C<FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY>, C<FS_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE>.
		1330
		1331	C<FS_SECRM_FL>, C<FS_UNRM_FL>, C<FS_COMPR_FL>, C<FS_SYNC_FL>, C<FS_IMMUTABLE_FL>,
		1332	C<FS_APPEND_FL>, C<FS_NODUMP_FL>, C<FS_NOATIME_FL>, C<FS_DIRTY_FL>,
		1333	C<FS_COMPRBLK_FL>, C<FS_NOCOMP_FL>, C<FS_ENCRYPT_FL>, C<FS_BTREE_FL>,
		1334	C<FS_INDEX_FL>, C<FS_JOURNAL_DATA_FL>, C<FS_NOTAIL_FL>, C<FS_DIRSYNC_FL>, C<FS_TOPDIR_FL>,
		1335	C<FS_FL_USER_MODIFIABLE>.
		1336
		1337	C<FS_XFLAG_REALTIME>, C<FS_XFLAG_PREALLOC>, C<FS_XFLAG_IMMUTABLE>, C<FS_XFLAG_APPEND>,
		1338	C<FS_XFLAG_SYNC>, C<FS_XFLAG_NOATIME>, C<FS_XFLAG_NODUMP>, C<FS_XFLAG_RTINHERIT>,
		1339	C<FS_XFLAG_PROJINHERIT>, C<FS_XFLAG_NOSYMLINKS>, C<FS_XFLAG_EXTSIZE>, C<FS_XFLAG_EXTSZINHERIT>,
		1340	C<FS_XFLAG_NODEFRAG>, C<FS_XFLAG_FILESTREAM>, C<FS_XFLAG_DAX>, C<FS_XFLAG_HASATTR>,
		1341
1052	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)	1342	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)
1053		1343
1054	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.	1344	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.
1055		1345
1056	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)	1346	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
…		…
1063	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the	1353	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the
1064	callback with the fdatasync result code.	1354	callback with the fdatasync result code.
1065		1355
1066	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	1356	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
1067	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	1357	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1358
		1359	=item aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		1360
		1361	Asynchronously call the syncfs syscall to sync the filesystem associated
		1362	to the given filehandle and call the callback with the syncfs result
		1363	code. If syncfs is not available, calls sync(), but returns C<-1> and sets
		1364	errno to C<ENOSYS> nevertheless.
1068		1365
1069	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)	1366	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
1070		1367
1071	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>	1368	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
1072	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific	1369	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
…		…
1076	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,	1373	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
1077	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and	1374	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
1078	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range	1375	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
1079	manpage for details.	1376	manpage for details.
1080		1377
1081	=item aio_pathsync $path, $callback->($status)	1378	=item aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
1082		1379
1083	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a	1380	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
1084	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations	1381	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
1085	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any	1382	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
1086	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get	1383	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
…		…
1117	};	1414	};
1118		1415
1119	$grp	1416	$grp
1120	}	1417	}
1121		1418
1122	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)	1419	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = MS_SYNC, $callback->($status)
1123		1420
1124	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed	1421	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed
1125	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data	1422	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data
1126	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the	1423	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the
1127	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on	1424	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on
…		…
1129		1426
1130	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory	1427	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory
1131	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes	1428	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes
1132	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>	1429	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>
1133	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be	1430	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be
1134	a combination of C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC>, C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE> and	1431	either C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC> or C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>, plus an optional
1135	C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>.	1432	C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE>.
1136		1433
1137	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)	1434	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
1138		1435
1139	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed	1436	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
1140	scalars.	1437	scalars.
1141		1438
1142	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified	1439	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified
1143	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same	1440	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same
1144	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either	1441	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either
1145	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or	1442	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or
1146	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory page s(by reading and	1443	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory pages (by reading and
1147	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).	1444	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).
1148		1445
1149	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)	1446	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
1150		1447
1151	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed	1448	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
…		…
1170	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;	1467	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;
1171	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background	1468	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background
1172		1469
1173	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)	1470	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
1174		1471
1175	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a combination of	1472	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a
1176	C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT> and C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE>).	1473	combination of C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT>, C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE> and
		1474	C<IO::AIO::MCL_ONFAULT>).
1177		1475
1178	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>	1476	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>
1179	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.	1477	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>. Similarly, flag combinations not supported
		1478	by the system result in a return value of C<-1> with errno being set to
		1479	C<EINVAL>.
1180		1480
1181	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is	1481	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is
1182	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.	1482	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
1183		1483
1184	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.	1484	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.
1185		1485
1186	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;	1486	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;
		1487
		1488	=item aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		1489
		1490	Queries the extents of the given file (by calling the Linux C<FIEMAP>
		1491	ioctl, see L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/IO-AIO/doc/fiemap.txt> for details). If
		1492	the ioctl is not available on your OS, then this request will fail with
		1493	C<ENOSYS>.
		1494
		1495	C<$start> is the starting offset to query extents for, C<$length> is the
		1496	size of the range to query - if it is C<undef>, then the whole file will
		1497	be queried.
		1498
		1499	C<$flags> is a combination of flags (C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> or
		1500	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR> - C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAGS_COMPAT> is also
		1501	exported), and is normally C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> to query
		1502	the data portion.
		1503
		1504	C<$count> is the maximum number of extent records to return. If it is
		1505	C<undef>, then IO::AIO queries all extents of the range. As a very special
		1506	case, if it is C<0>, then the callback receives the number of extents
		1507	instead of the extents themselves (which is unreliable, see below).
		1508
		1509	If an error occurs, the callback receives no arguments. The special
		1510	C<errno> value C<IO::AIO::EBADR> is available to test for flag errors.
		1511
		1512	Otherwise, the callback receives an array reference with extent
		1513	structures. Each extent structure is an array reference itself, with the
		1514	following members:
		1515
		1516	[$logical, $physical, $length, $flags]
		1517
		1518	Flags is any combination of the following flag values (typically either C<0>
		1519	or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST> (1)):
		1520
		1521	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN>,
		1522	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_ENCODED>,
		1523	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_ENCRYPTED>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED>,
		1524	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_TAIL>,
		1525	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED> or
		1526	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_SHARED>.
		1527
		1528	At the time of this writing (Linux 3.2), this request is unreliable unless
		1529	C<$count> is C<undef>, as the kernel has all sorts of bugs preventing
		1530	it to return all extents of a range for files with a large number of
		1531	extents. The code (only) works around all these issues if C<$count> is
		1532	C<undef>.
1187		1533
1188	=item aio_group $callback->(...)	1534	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
1189		1535
1190	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a	1536	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
1191	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle	1537	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
…		…
1228	like sleep and file handle readable/writable, the overhead this creates is	1574	like sleep and file handle readable/writable, the overhead this creates is
1229	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function	1575	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
1230	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.	1576	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
1231		1577
1232	=back	1578	=back
		1579
		1580
		1581	=head2 IO::AIO::WD - multiple working directories
		1582
		1583	Your process only has one current working directory, which is used by all
		1584	threads. This makes it hard to use relative paths (some other component
		1585	could call C<chdir> at any time, and it is hard to control when the path
		1586	will be used by IO::AIO).
		1587
		1588	One solution for this is to always use absolute paths. This usually works,
		1589	but can be quite slow (the kernel has to walk the whole path on every
		1590	access), and can also be a hassle to implement.
		1591
		1592	Newer POSIX systems have a number of functions (openat, fdopendir,
		1593	futimensat and so on) that make it possible to specify working directories
		1594	per operation.
		1595
		1596	For portability, and because the clowns who "designed", or shall I write,
		1597	perpetrated this new interface were obviously half-drunk, this abstraction
		1598	cannot be perfect, though.
		1599
		1600	IO::AIO allows you to convert directory paths into a so-called IO::AIO::WD
		1601	object. This object stores the canonicalised, absolute version of the
		1602	path, and on systems that allow it, also a directory file descriptor.
		1603
		1604	Everywhere where a pathname is accepted by IO::AIO (e.g. in C<aio_stat>
		1605	or C<aio_unlink>), one can specify an array reference with an IO::AIO::WD
		1606	object and a pathname instead (or the IO::AIO::WD object alone, which
		1607	gets interpreted as C<[$wd, "."]>). If the pathname is absolute, the
		1608	IO::AIO::WD object is ignored, otherwise the pathname is resolved relative
		1609	to that IO::AIO::WD object.
		1610
		1611	For example, to get a wd object for F</etc> and then stat F<passwd>
		1612	inside, you would write:
		1613
		1614	aio_wd "/etc", sub {
		1615	my $etcdir = shift;
		1616
		1617	# although $etcdir can be undef on error, there is generally no reason
		1618	# to check for errors here, as aio_stat will fail with ENOENT
		1619	# when $etcdir is undef.
		1620
		1621	aio_stat [$etcdir, "passwd"], sub {
		1622	# yay
		1623	};
		1624	};
		1625
		1626	The fact that C<aio_wd> is a request and not a normal function shows that
		1627	creating an IO::AIO::WD object is itself a potentially blocking operation,
		1628	which is why it is done asynchronously.
		1629
		1630	To stat the directory obtained with C<aio_wd> above, one could write
		1631	either of the following three request calls:
		1632
		1633	aio_lstat "/etc" , sub { ... # pathname as normal string
		1634	aio_lstat [$wd, "."], sub { ... # "." relative to $wd (i.e. $wd itself)
		1635	aio_lstat $wd , sub { ... # shorthand for the previous
		1636
		1637	As with normal pathnames, IO::AIO keeps a copy of the working directory
		1638	object and the pathname string, so you could write the following without
		1639	causing any issues due to C<$path> getting reused:
		1640
		1641	my $path = [$wd, undef];
		1642
		1643	for my $name (qw(abc def ghi)) {
		1644	$path->[1] = $name;
		1645	aio_stat $path, sub {
		1646	# ...
		1647	};
		1648	}
		1649
		1650	There are some caveats: when directories get renamed (or deleted), the
		1651	pathname string doesn't change, so will point to the new directory (or
		1652	nowhere at all), while the directory fd, if available on the system,
		1653	will still point to the original directory. Most functions accepting a
		1654	pathname will use the directory fd on newer systems, and the string on
		1655	older systems. Some functions (such as C<aio_realpath>) will always rely on
		1656	the string form of the pathname.
		1657
		1658	So this functionality is mainly useful to get some protection against
		1659	C<chdir>, to easily get an absolute path out of a relative path for future
		1660	reference, and to speed up doing many operations in the same directory
		1661	(e.g. when stat'ing all files in a directory).
		1662
		1663	The following functions implement this working directory abstraction:
		1664
		1665	=over 4
		1666
		1667	=item aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		1668
		1669	Asynchonously canonicalise the given pathname and convert it to an
		1670	IO::AIO::WD object representing it. If possible and supported on the
		1671	system, also open a directory fd to speed up pathname resolution relative
		1672	to this working directory.
		1673
		1674	If something goes wrong, then C<undef> is passwd to the callback instead
		1675	of a working directory object and C<$!> is set appropriately. Since
		1676	passing C<undef> as working directory component of a pathname fails the
		1677	request with C<ENOENT>, there is often no need for error checking in the
		1678	C<aio_wd> callback, as future requests using the value will fail in the
		1679	expected way.
		1680
		1681	=item IO::AIO::CWD
		1682
		1683	This is a compiletime constant (object) that represents the process
		1684	current working directory.
		1685
		1686	Specifying this object as working directory object for a pathname is as if
		1687	the pathname would be specified directly, without a directory object. For
		1688	example, these calls are functionally identical:
		1689
		1690	aio_stat "somefile", sub { ... };
		1691	aio_stat [IO::AIO::CWD, "somefile"], sub { ... };
		1692
		1693	=back
		1694
		1695	To recover the path associated with an IO::AIO::WD object, you can use
		1696	C<aio_realpath>:
		1697
		1698	aio_realpath $wd, sub {
		1699	warn "path is $_[0]\n";
		1700	};
		1701
		1702	Currently, C<aio_statvfs> always, and C<aio_rename> and C<aio_rmdir>
		1703	sometimes, fall back to using an absolue path.
1233		1704
1234	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1705	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
1235		1706
1236	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1707	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
1237	called in non-void context.	1708	called in non-void context.
…		…
1355		1826
1356	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached	1827	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
1357	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,	1828	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
1358	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,	1829	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
1359	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,	1830	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
1360	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat> requests,	1831	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands of C<aio_stat>
1361	delaying any later requests for a long time.	1832	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
1362		1833
1363	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can	1834	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
1364	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The	1835	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
1365	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,	1836	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
1366	below) requests active in the group itself and is expected to queue more	1837	below) requests active in the group itself and is expected to queue more
…		…
1398	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder	1869	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder
1399	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.	1870	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.
1400		1871
1401	=back	1872	=back
1402		1873
		1874
1403	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS	1875	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
1404		1876
1405	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION	1877	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
1406		1878
1407	=over 4	1879	=over 4
…		…
1415		1887
1416	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1888	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
1417		1889
1418	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1890	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
1419		1891
1420	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call	1892	Process some requests that have reached the result phase (i.e. they have
		1893	been executed but the results are not yet reported). You have to call
		1894	this "regularly" to finish outstanding requests.
		1895
1421	this regularly. Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there	1896	Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there were no
1422	were no events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever	1897	events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever
1423	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount of	1898	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount
1424	events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and	1899	of events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req>,
1425	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.	1900	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time> and C<IO::AIO::max_outstanding>.
1426		1901
1427	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle	1902	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the poll file
1428	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you don't have to	1903	descriptor will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you
1429	do anything special to have it called later.	1904	don't have to do anything special to have it called later.
1430		1905
1431	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes	1906	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes
1432	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit	1907	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit
1433	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become	1908	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become
1434	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes	1909	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes
…		…
1443	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1918	poll => 'r', async => 1,
1444	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1919	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
1445		1920
1446	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait	1921	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
1447		1922
1448	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result	1923	Wait until either at least one request is in the result phase or no
1449	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply	1924	requests are outstanding anymore.
1450	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to	1925
1451	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).	1926	This is useful if you want to synchronously wait for some requests to
		1927	become ready, without actually handling them.
1452		1928
1453	See C<nreqs> for an example.	1929	See C<nreqs> for an example.
1454		1930
1455	=item IO::AIO::poll	1931	=item IO::AIO::poll
1456		1932
…		…
1467		1943
1468	Strictly equivalent to:	1944	Strictly equivalent to:
1469		1945
1470	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb	1946	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1471	while IO::AIO::nreqs;	1947	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
		1948
		1949	This function can be useful at program aborts, to make sure outstanding
		1950	I/O has been done (C<IO::AIO> uses an C<END> block which already calls
		1951	this function on normal exits), or when you are merely using C<IO::AIO>
		1952	for its more advanced functions, rather than for async I/O, e.g.:
		1953
		1954	my ($dirs, $nondirs);
		1955	IO::AIO::aio_scandir "/tmp", 0, sub { ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_ };
		1956	IO::AIO::flush;
		1957	# $dirs, $nondirs are now set
1472		1958
1473	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs	1959	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
1474		1960
1475	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds	1961	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
1476		1962
…		…
1503	poll => 'r', nice => 1,	1989	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
1504	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1990	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
1505		1991
1506	=back	1992	=back
1507		1993
		1994
1508	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS	1995	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
1509		1996
1510	=over	1997	=over
1511		1998
1512	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads	1999	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
…		…
1577		2064
1578	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it	2065	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
1579	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better	2066	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
1580	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.	2067	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
1581		2068
1582	It's main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat	2069	Its main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat
1583	a lot of files, you can write somehting like this:	2070	a lot of files, you can write something like this:
1584		2071
1585	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;	2072	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;
1586		2073
1587	for my $path (...) {	2074	for my $path (...) {
1588	aio_stat $path , ...;	2075	aio_stat $path , ...;
…		…
1599	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no	2086	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no
1600	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.	2087	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.
1601		2088
1602	=back	2089	=back
1603		2090
		2091
1604	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION	2092	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
1605		2093
1606	=over	2094	=over
1607		2095
1608	=item IO::AIO::nreqs	2096	=item IO::AIO::nreqs
…		…
1625	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,	2113	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
1626	but not yet processed by poll_cb).	2114	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
1627		2115
1628	=back	2116	=back
1629		2117
		2118
		2119	=head3 SUBSECOND STAT TIME ACCESS
		2120
		2121	Both C<aio_stat>/C<aio_lstat> and perl's C<stat>/C<lstat> functions can
		2122	generally find access/modification and change times with subsecond time
		2123	accuracy of the system supports it, but perl's built-in functions only
		2124	return the integer part.
		2125
		2126	The following functions return the timestamps of the most recent
		2127	stat with subsecond precision on most systems and work both after
		2128	C<aio_stat>/C<aio_lstat> and perl's C<stat>/C<lstat> calls. Their return
		2129	value is only meaningful after a successful C<stat>/C<lstat> call, or
		2130	during/after a successful C<aio_stat>/C<aio_lstat> callback.
		2131
		2132	This is similar to the L<Time::HiRes> C<stat> functions, but can return
		2133	full resolution without rounding and work with standard perl C<stat>,
		2134	alleviating the need to call the special C<Time::HiRes> functions, which
		2135	do not act like their perl counterparts.
		2136
		2137	On operating systems or file systems where subsecond time resolution is
		2138	not supported or could not be detected, a fractional part of C<0> is
		2139	returned, so it is always safe to call these functions.
		2140
		2141	=over 4
		2142
		2143	=item $seconds = IO::AIO::st_atime, IO::AIO::st_mtime, IO::AIO::st_ctime, IO::AIO::st_btime
		2144
		2145	Return the access, modication, change or birth time, respectively,
		2146	including fractional part. Due to the limited precision of floating point,
		2147	the accuracy on most platforms is only a bit better than milliseconds
		2148	for times around now - see the I<nsec> function family, below, for full
		2149	accuracy.
		2150
		2151	File birth time is only available when the OS and perl support it (on
		2152	FreeBSD and NetBSD at the time of this writing, although support is
		2153	adaptive, so if your OS/perl gains support, IO::AIO can take advantage of
		2154	it). On systems where it isn't available, C<0> is currently returned, but
		2155	this might change to C<undef> in a future version.
		2156
		2157	=item ($atime, $mtime, $ctime, $btime, ...) = IO::AIO::st_xtime
		2158
		2159	Returns access, modification, change and birth time all in one go, and
		2160	maybe more times in the future version.
		2161
		2162	=item $nanoseconds = IO::AIO::st_atimensec, IO::AIO::st_mtimensec, IO::AIO::st_ctimensec, IO::AIO::st_btimensec
		2163
		2164	Return the fractional access, modifcation, change or birth time, in nanoseconds,
		2165	as an integer in the range C<0> to C<999999999>.
		2166
		2167	Note that no accessors are provided for access, modification and
		2168	change times - you need to get those from C<stat _> if required (C<int
		2169	IO::AIO::st_atime> and so on will I<not> generally give you the correct
		2170	value).
		2171
		2172	=item $seconds = IO::AIO::st_btimesec
		2173
		2174	The (integral) seconds part of the file birth time, if available.
		2175
		2176	=item ($atime, $mtime, $ctime, $btime, ...) = IO::AIO::st_xtimensec
		2177
		2178	Like the functions above, but returns all four times in one go (and maybe
		2179	more in future versions).
		2180
		2181	=item $counter = IO::AIO::st_gen
		2182
		2183	Returns the generation counter (in practice this is just a random number)
		2184	of the file. This is only available on platforms which have this member in
		2185	their C<struct stat> (most BSDs at the time of this writing) and generally
		2186	only to the root usert. If unsupported, C<0> is returned, but this might
		2187	change to C<undef> in a future version.
		2188
		2189	=back
		2190
		2191	Example: print the high resolution modification time of F</etc>, using
		2192	C<stat>, and C<IO::AIO::aio_stat>.
		2193
		2194	if (stat "/etc") {
		2195	printf "stat(/etc) mtime: %f\n", IO::AIO::st_mtime;
		2196	}
		2197
		2198	IO::AIO::aio_stat "/etc", sub {
		2199	$_[0]
		2200	and return;
		2201
		2202	printf "aio_stat(/etc) mtime: %d.%09d\n", (stat _)[9], IO::AIO::st_mtimensec;
		2203	};
		2204
		2205	IO::AIO::flush;
		2206
		2207	Output of the awbove on my system, showing reduced and full accuracy:
		2208
		2209	stat(/etc) mtime: 1534043702.020808
		2210	aio_stat(/etc) mtime: 1534043702.020807792
		2211
		2212
1630	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS	2213	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
1631		2214
1632	IO::AIO implements some functions that might be useful, but are not	2215	IO::AIO implements some functions that are useful when you want to use
1633	asynchronous.	2216	some "Advanced I/O" function not available to in Perl, without going the
		2217	"Asynchronous I/O" route. Many of these have an asynchronous C<aio_*>
		2218	counterpart.
1634		2219
1635	=over 4	2220	=over 4
		2221
		2222	=item $numfd = IO::AIO::get_fdlimit
		2223
		2224	This function is I<EXPERIMENTAL> and subject to change.
		2225
		2226	Tries to find the current file descriptor limit and returns it, or
		2227	C<undef> and sets C<$!> in case of an error. The limit is one larger than
		2228	the highest valid file descriptor number.
		2229
		2230	=item IO::AIO::min_fdlimit [$numfd]
		2231
		2232	This function is I<EXPERIMENTAL> and subject to change.
		2233
		2234	Try to increase the current file descriptor limit(s) to at least C<$numfd>
		2235	by changing the soft or hard file descriptor resource limit. If C<$numfd>
		2236	is missing, it will try to set a very high limit, although this is not
		2237	recommended when you know the actual minimum that you require.
		2238
		2239	If the limit cannot be raised enough, the function makes a best-effort
		2240	attempt to increase the limit as much as possible, using various
		2241	tricks, while still failing. You can query the resulting limit using
		2242	C<IO::AIO::get_fdlimit>.
		2243
		2244	If an error occurs, returns C<undef> and sets C<$!>, otherwise returns
		2245	true.
1636		2246
1637	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count	2247	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
1638		2248
1639	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,	2249	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,
1640	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is	2250	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is
…		…
1645		2255
1646	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice	2256	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
1647		2257
1648	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its	2258	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its
1649	manpage for details). The following advice constants are	2259	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
1650	avaiable: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,	2260	available: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
1651	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,	2261	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,
1652	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.	2262	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.
1653		2263
1654	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns	2264	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns
1655	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.	2265	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.
1656		2266
1657	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice	2267	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice
1658		2268
1659	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its	2269	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its
1660	manpage for details). The following advice constants are	2270	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
1661	avaiable: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,	2271	available: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
1662	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.	2272	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>,
		2273	C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.
		2274
		2275	If C<$offset> is negative, counts from the end. If C<$length> is negative,
		2276	the remaining length of the C<$scalar> is used. If possible, C<$length>
		2277	will be reduced to fit into the C<$scalar>.
1663		2278
1664	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns	2279	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns
1665	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.	2280	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.
1666		2281
1667	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect	2282	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect
1668		2283
1669	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed	2284	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed
1670	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect	2285	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect
1671	constants are avaiable: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,	2286	constants are available: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,
1672	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.	2287	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.
		2288
		2289	If C<$offset> is negative, counts from the end. If C<$length> is negative,
		2290	the remaining length of the C<$scalar> is used. If possible, C<$length>
		2291	will be reduced to fit into the C<$scalar>.
1673		2292
1674	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns	2293	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns
1675	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.	2294	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.
1676		2295
1677	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]	2296	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]
1678		2297
1679	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the	2298	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the
1680	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar.	2299	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar. Returns true on
		2300	success, and false otherwise.
1681		2301
		2302	The scalar must exist, but its contents do not matter - this means you
		2303	cannot use a nonexistant array or hash element. When in doubt, C<undef>
		2304	the scalar first.
		2305
1682	The only operations allowed on the scalar are C<substr>/C<vec> that don't	2306	The only operations allowed on the mmapped scalar are C<substr>/C<vec>,
1683	change the string length, and most read-only operations such as copying it	2307	which don't change the string length, and most read-only operations such
1684	or searching it with regexes and so on.	2308	as copying it or searching it with regexes and so on.
1685		2309
1686	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.	2310	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.
1687		2311
1688	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed	2312	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed
1689	when the C<$scalar> is destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap> or	2313	when the C<$scalar> is undef'd or destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap>
1690	C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called.	2314	or C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called on it.
1691		2315
1692	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual	2316	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual
1693	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.	2317	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.
1694		2318
1695	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual	2319	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual
1696	filesize.	2320	filesize.
1697		2321
1698	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,	2322	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,
1699	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,	2323	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,
1700		2324
1701	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or	2325	C<$flags> can be a combination of
1702	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>, or a number of system-specific flags (when	2326	C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or
1703	not available, the are defined as 0): C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS>	2327	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>,
		2328	or a number of system-specific flags (when not available, the are C<0>):
1704	(which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this	2329	C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS> (which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this constant),
1705	constant), C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,	2330	C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,
1706	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE> or	2331	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>,
		2332	C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE>,
1707	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>	2333	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>,
		2334	C<IO::AIO::MAP_FIXED>,
		2335	C<IO::AIO::MAP_GROWSDOWN>,
		2336	C<IO::AIO::MAP_32BIT>,
		2337	C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB> or
		2338	C<IO::AIO::MAP_STACK>.
1708		2339
1709	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.	2340	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.
1710		2341
1711	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be	2342	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be
1712	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.	2343	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.
…		…
1726		2357
1727	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar	2358	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
1728		2359
1729	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.	2360	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.
1730		2361
		2362	=item IO::AIO::mremap $scalar, $new_length, $flags = MREMAP_MAYMOVE[, $new_address = 0]
		2363
		2364	Calls the Linux-specific mremap(2) system call. The C<$scalar> must have
		2365	been mapped by C<IO::AIO::mmap>, and C<$flags> must currently either be
		2366	C<0> or C<IO::AIO::MREMAP_MAYMOVE>.
		2367
		2368	Returns true if successful, and false otherwise. If the underlying mmapped
		2369	region has changed address, then the true value has the numerical value
		2370	C<1>, otherwise it has the numerical value C<0>:
		2371
		2372	my $success = IO::AIO::mremap $mmapped, 8192, IO::AIO::MREMAP_MAYMOVE
		2373	or die "mremap: $!";
		2374
		2375	if ($success*1) {
		2376	warn "scalar has chanegd address in memory\n";
		2377	}
		2378
		2379	C<IO::AIO::MREMAP_FIXED> and the C<$new_address> argument are currently
		2380	implemented, but not supported and might go away in a future version.
		2381
		2382	On systems where this call is not supported or is not emulated, this call
		2383	returns falls and sets C<$!> to C<ENOSYS>.
		2384
		2385	=item IO::AIO::mlockall $flags
		2386
		2387	Calls the C<eio_mlockall_sync> function, which is like C<aio_mlockall>,
		2388	but is blocking.
		2389
1731	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef	2390	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
1732		2391
1733	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous	2392	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous
1734	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).	2393	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).
1735		2394
…		…
1737		2396
1738	Calls the C<munlockall> function.	2397	Calls the C<munlockall> function.
1739		2398
1740	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns	2399	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns
1741	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.	2400	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.
		2401
		2402	=item IO::AIO::splice $r_fh, $r_off, $w_fh, $w_off, $length, $flags
		2403
		2404	Calls the GNU/Linux C<splice(2)> syscall, if available. If C<$r_off> or
		2405	C<$w_off> are C<undef>, then C<NULL> is passed for these, otherwise they
		2406	should be the file offset.
		2407
		2408	C<$r_fh> and C<$w_fh> should not refer to the same file, as splice might
		2409	silently corrupt the data in this case.
		2410
		2411	The following symbol flag values are available: C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MOVE>,
		2412	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK>, C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MORE> and
		2413	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_GIFT>.
		2414
		2415	See the C<splice(2)> manpage for details.
		2416
		2417	=item IO::AIO::tee $r_fh, $w_fh, $length, $flags
		2418
		2419	Calls the GNU/Linux C<tee(2)> syscall, see its manpage and the
		2420	description for C<IO::AIO::splice> above for details.
		2421
		2422	=item $actual_size = IO::AIO::pipesize $r_fh[, $new_size]
		2423
		2424	Attempts to query or change the pipe buffer size. Obviously works only
		2425	on pipes, and currently works only on GNU/Linux systems, and fails with
		2426	C<-1>/C<ENOSYS> everywhere else. If anybody knows how to influence pipe buffer
		2427	size on other systems, drop me a note.
		2428
		2429	=item ($rfh, $wfh) = IO::AIO::pipe2 [$flags]
		2430
		2431	This is a direct interface to the Linux L<pipe2(2)> system call. If
		2432	C<$flags> is missing or C<0>, then this should be the same as a call to
		2433	perl's built-in C<pipe> function and create a new pipe, and works on
		2434	systems that lack the pipe2 syscall. On win32, this case invokes C<_pipe
		2435	(..., 4096, O_BINARY)>.
		2436
		2437	If C<$flags> is non-zero, it tries to invoke the pipe2 system call with
		2438	the given flags (Linux 2.6.27, glibc 2.9).
		2439
		2440	On success, the read and write file handles are returned.
		2441
		2442	On error, nothing will be returned. If the pipe2 syscall is missing and
		2443	C<$flags> is non-zero, fails with C<ENOSYS>.
		2444
		2445	Please refer to L<pipe2(2)> for more info on the C<$flags>, but at the
		2446	time of this writing, C<IO::AIO::O_CLOEXEC>, C<IO::AIO::O_NONBLOCK> and
		2447	C<IO::AIO::O_DIRECT> (Linux 3.4, for packet-based pipes) were supported.
		2448
		2449	Example: create a pipe race-free w.r.t. threads and fork:
		2450
		2451	my ($rfh, $wfh) = IO::AIO::pipe2 IO::AIO::O_CLOEXEC
		2452	or die "pipe2: $!\n";
		2453
		2454	=item $fh = IO::AIO::memfd_create $pathname[, $flags]
		2455
		2456	This is a direct interface to the Linux L<memfd_create(2)> system
		2457	call. The (unhelpful) default for C<$flags> is C<0>, but your default
		2458	should be C<IO::AIO::MFD_CLOEXEC>.
		2459
		2460	On success, the new memfd filehandle is returned, otherwise returns
		2461	C<undef>. If the memfd_create syscall is missing, fails with C<ENOSYS>.
		2462
		2463	Please refer to L<memfd_create(2)> for more info on this call.
		2464
		2465	The following C<$flags> values are available: C<IO::AIO::MFD_CLOEXEC>,
		2466	C<IO::AIO::MFD_ALLOW_SEALING> and C<IO::AIO::MFD_HUGETLB>.
		2467
		2468	Example: create a new memfd.
		2469
		2470	my $fh = IO::AIO::memfd_create "somenameforprocfd", IO::AIO::MFD_CLOEXEC
		2471	or die "m,emfd_create: $!\n";
		2472	=item $fh = IO::AIO::eventfd [$initval, [$flags]]
		2473
		2474	This is a direct interface to the Linux L<eventfd(2)> system call. The
		2475	(unhelpful) defaults for C<$initval> and C<$flags> are C<0> for both.
		2476
		2477	On success, the new eventfd filehandle is returned, otherwise returns
		2478	C<undef>. If the eventfd syscall is missing, fails with C<ENOSYS>.
		2479
		2480	Please refer to L<eventfd(2)> for more info on this call.
		2481
		2482	The following symbol flag values are available: C<IO::AIO::EFD_CLOEXEC>,
		2483	C<IO::AIO::EFD_NONBLOCK> and C<IO::AIO::EFD_SEMAPHORE> (Linux 2.6.30).
		2484
		2485	Example: create a new eventfd filehandle:
		2486
		2487	$fh = IO::AIO::eventfd 0, IO::AIO::EFD_CLOEXEC
		2488	or die "eventfd: $!\n";
		2489
		2490	=item $fh = IO::AIO::timerfd_create $clockid[, $flags]
		2491
		2492	This is a direct interface to the Linux L<timerfd_create(2)> system
		2493	call. The (unhelpful) default for C<$flags> is C<0>, but your default
		2494	should be C<IO::AIO::TFD_CLOEXEC>.
		2495
		2496	On success, the new timerfd filehandle is returned, otherwise returns
		2497	C<undef>. If the timerfd_create syscall is missing, fails with C<ENOSYS>.
		2498
		2499	Please refer to L<timerfd_create(2)> for more info on this call.
		2500
		2501	The following C<$clockid> values are
		2502	available: C<IO::AIO::CLOCK_REALTIME>, C<IO::AIO::CLOCK_MONOTONIC>
		2503	C<IO::AIO::CLOCK_CLOCK_BOOTTIME> (Linux 3.15)
		2504	C<IO::AIO::CLOCK_CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM> (Linux 3.11) and
		2505	C<IO::AIO::CLOCK_CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM> (Linux 3.11).
		2506
		2507	The following C<$flags> values are available (Linux
		2508	2.6.27): C<IO::AIO::TFD_NONBLOCK> and C<IO::AIO::TFD_CLOEXEC>.
		2509
		2510	Example: create a new timerfd and set it to one-second repeated alarms,
		2511	then wait for two alarms:
		2512
		2513	my $fh = IO::AIO::timerfd_create IO::AIO::CLOCK_BOOTTIME, IO::AIO::TFD_CLOEXEC
		2514	or die "timerfd_create: $!\n";
		2515
		2516	defined IO::AIO::timerfd_settime $fh, 0, 1, 1
		2517	or die "timerfd_settime: $!\n";
		2518
		2519	for (1..2) {
		2520	8 == sysread $fh, my $buf, 8
		2521	or die "timerfd read failure\n";
		2522
		2523	printf "number of expirations (likely 1): %d\n",
		2524	unpack "Q", $buf;
		2525	}
		2526
		2527	=item ($cur_interval, $cur_value) = IO::AIO::timerfd_settime $fh, $flags, $new_interval, $nbw_value
		2528
		2529	This is a direct interface to the Linux L<timerfd_settime(2)> system
		2530	call. Please refer to its manpage for more info on this call.
		2531
		2532	The new itimerspec is specified using two (possibly fractional) second
		2533	values, C<$new_interval> and C<$new_value>).
		2534
		2535	On success, the current interval and value are returned (as per
		2536	C<timerfd_gettime>). On failure, the empty list is returned.
		2537
		2538	The following C<$flags> values are
		2539	available: C<IO::AIO::TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME> and
		2540	C<IO::AIO::TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET>.
		2541
		2542	See C<IO::AIO::timerfd_create> for a full example.
		2543
		2544	=item ($cur_interval, $cur_value) = IO::AIO::timerfd_gettime $fh
		2545
		2546	This is a direct interface to the Linux L<timerfd_gettime(2)> system
		2547	call. Please refer to its manpage for more info on this call.
		2548
		2549	On success, returns the current values of interval and value for the given
		2550	timerfd (as potentially fractional second values). On failure, the empty
		2551	list is returned.
1742		2552
1743	=back	2553	=back
1744		2554
1745	=cut	2555	=cut
1746		2556
…		…
1781	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>	2591	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
1782	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	2592	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
1783		2593
1784	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	2594	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
1785		2595
1786	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	2596	Usage of pthreads in a program changes the semantics of fork
		2597	considerably. Specifically, only async-safe functions can be called after
		2598	fork. Perl doesn't know about this, so in general, you cannot call fork
		2599	with defined behaviour in perl if pthreads are involved. IO::AIO uses
		2600	pthreads, so this applies, but many other extensions and (for inexplicable
		2601	reasons) perl itself often is linked against pthreads, so this limitation
		2602	applies to quite a lot of perls.
1787		2603
1788	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	2604	This module no longer tries to fight your OS, or POSIX. That means IO::AIO
1789	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	2605	only works in the process that loaded it. Forking is fully supported, but
1790	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	2606	using IO::AIO in the child is not.
1791	request/result processing, while the child frees the request/result queue
1792	(so that the requests started before the fork will only be handled in the
1793	parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit set in the
1794	parent process has been reached again.
1795		2607
1796	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	2608	You might get around by not I<using> IO::AIO before (or after)
1797	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	2609	forking. You could also try to call the L<IO::AIO::reinit> function in the
1798	yet.	2610	child:
		2611
		2612	=over 4
		2613
		2614	=item IO::AIO::reinit
		2615
		2616	Abandons all current requests and I/O threads and simply reinitialises all
		2617	data structures. This is not an operation supported by any standards, but
		2618	happens to work on GNU/Linux and some newer BSD systems.
		2619
		2620	The only reasonable use for this function is to call it after forking, if
		2621	C<IO::AIO> was used in the parent. Calling it while IO::AIO is active in
		2622	the process will result in undefined behaviour. Calling it at any time
		2623	will also result in any undefined (by POSIX) behaviour.
		2624
		2625	=back
		2626
		2627	=head2 LINUX-SPECIFIC CALLS
		2628
		2629	When a call is documented as "linux-specific" then this means it
		2630	originated on GNU/Linux. C<IO::AIO> will usually try to autodetect the
		2631	availability and compatibility of such calls regardless of the platform
		2632	it is compiled on, so platforms such as FreeBSD which often implement
		2633	these calls will work. When in doubt, call them and see if they fail wth
		2634	C<ENOSYS>.
1799		2635
1800	=head2 MEMORY USAGE	2636	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
1801		2637
1802	Per-request usage:	2638	Per-request usage:
1803		2639
…		…
1816	temporary buffers, and each thread requires a stack and other data	2652	temporary buffers, and each thread requires a stack and other data
1817	structures (usually around 16k-128k, depending on the OS).	2653	structures (usually around 16k-128k, depending on the OS).
1818		2654
1819	=head1 KNOWN BUGS	2655	=head1 KNOWN BUGS
1820		2656
1821	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.	2657	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release :)
		2658
		2659	=head1 KNOWN ISSUES
		2660
		2661	Calls that try to "import" foreign memory areas (such as C<IO::AIO::mmap>
		2662	or C<IO::AIO::aio_slurp>) do not work with generic lvalues, such as
		2663	non-created hash slots or other scalars I didn't think of. It's best to
		2664	avoid such and either use scalar variables or making sure that the scalar
		2665	exists (e.g. by storing C<undef>) and isn't "funny" (e.g. tied).
		2666
		2667	I am not sure anything can be done about this, so this is considered a
		2668	known issue, rather than a bug.
1822		2669
1823	=head1 SEE ALSO	2670	=head1 SEE ALSO
1824		2671
1825	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a	2672	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a
1826	more natural syntax.	2673	more natural syntax and L<IO::FDPass> for file descriptor passing.
1827		2674
1828	=head1 AUTHOR	2675	=head1 AUTHOR
1829		2676
1830	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2677	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1831	http://home.schmorp.de/	2678	http://home.schmorp.de/

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