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Revision 1.86 by root, Sat Oct 28 23:32:29 2006 UTC vs.
Revision 1.220 by root, Sun Apr 1 17:46:02 2012 UTC

…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
10	my ($fh) = @_;	10	my $fh = shift
		11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";
11	...	12	...
12	};	13	};
13		14
14	aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };	15	aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };
15		16
…		…
25	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue	26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
26		27
27	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };	28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
28	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;	29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
29		30
30	# AnyEvent integration
31	open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!";
32	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb });
33
34	# Event integration
35	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
36	poll => 'r',
37	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
38
39	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
40	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
41	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
42
43	# Tk integration
44	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
45	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
46
47	# Danga::Socket integration
48	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
49	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
50
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	31	=head1 DESCRIPTION
52		32
53	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your	33	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
54	operating system supports.	34	operating system supports. It is implemented as an interface to C<libeio>
		35	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libeio.html>).
55		36
56	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program	37	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program
57	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation	38	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation
58	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This	39	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This
59	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even	40	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even
…		…
61	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are	42	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are
62	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster	43	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster
63	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations	44	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations
64	concurrently.	45	concurrently.
65		46
66	While this works on all types of file descriptors (for example sockets),	47	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for
67	using these functions on file descriptors that support nonblocking	48	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that
68	operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is very inefficient. Use an event	49	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is
69	loop for that (such as the L<Event|Event> module): IO::AIO will naturally	50	very inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<EV>
70	fit into such an event loop itself.	51	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.
71		52
72	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your	53	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your
73	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support	54	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support
74	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible	55	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible
75	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio	56	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio
…		…
77	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal	58	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal
78	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and	59	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and
79	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented	60	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented
80	using threads anyway.	61	using threads anyway.
81		62
82	Although the module will work with in the presence of other (Perl-)	63	Although the module will work in the presence of other (Perl-) threads,
83	threads, it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate	64	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking
84	locking yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or	65	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
85	never call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.	66	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
86		67
87	=head2 EXAMPLE	68	=head2 EXAMPLE
88		69
89	This is a simple example that uses the Event module and loads	70	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
90	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:	71	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
91		72
92	use Fcntl;	73	use Fcntl;
93	use Event;	74	use EV;
94	use IO::AIO;	75	use IO::AIO;
95		76
96	# register the IO::AIO callback with Event	77	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
97	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	78	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
98	poll => 'r',
99	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
100		79
101	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd	80	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd
102	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	81	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
103	my $fh = $_[0]	82	my $fh = shift
104	or die "error while opening: $!";	83	or die "error while opening: $!";
105		84
106	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking	85	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking
107	my $size = -s $fh;	86	my $size = -s $fh;
108		87
…		…
116		95
117	# file contents now in $contents	96	# file contents now in $contents
118	print $contents;	97	print $contents;
119		98
120	# exit event loop and program	99	# exit event loop and program
121	Event::unloop;	100	EV::unloop;
122	};	101	};
123	};	102	};
124		103
125	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,	104	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
126	# check for sockets etc. etc.	105	# check for sockets etc. etc.
127		106
128	# process events as long as there are some:	107	# process events as long as there are some:
129	Event::loop;	108	EV::loop;
130		109
131	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME	110	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
132		111
133	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not	112	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
134	directly visible to Perl.	113	directly visible to Perl.
…		…
176	Request has reached the end of its lifetime and holds no resources anymore	155	Request has reached the end of its lifetime and holds no resources anymore
177	(except possibly for the Perl object, but its connection to the actual	156	(except possibly for the Perl object, but its connection to the actual
178	aio request is severed and calling its methods will either do nothing or	157	aio request is severed and calling its methods will either do nothing or
179	result in a runtime error).	158	result in a runtime error).
180		159
		160	=back
		161
181	=cut	162	=cut
182		163
183	package IO::AIO;	164	package IO::AIO;
184		165
185	no warnings;	166	use Carp ();
186	use strict 'vars';	167
		168	use common::sense;
187		169
188	use base 'Exporter';	170	use base 'Exporter';
189		171
190	BEGIN {	172	BEGIN {
191	our $VERSION = '2.1';	173	our $VERSION = '4.13';
192		174
193	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat	175	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_seek aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
194	aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink	176	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
195	aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link aio_move	177	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_realpath aio_sync
196	aio_copy aio_group aio_nop aio_mknod);	178	aio_fsync aio_syncfs aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_fallocate
		179	aio_pathsync aio_readahead
		180	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
		181	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
		182	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate
		183	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall
		184	aio_statvfs
		185	aio_wd);
		186
197	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));	187	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
198	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush	188	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
199	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle	189	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout
200	nreqs nready npending nthreads	190	nreqs nready npending nthreads
201	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs);	191	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs
		192	sendfile fadvise madvise
		193	mmap munmap munlock munlockall);
		194
		195	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
202		196
203	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	197	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
204		198
205	require XSLoader;	199	require XSLoader;
206	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);	200	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
207	}	201	}
208		202
209	=head1 FUNCTIONS	203	=head1 FUNCTIONS
210		204
211	=head2 AIO FUNCTIONS	205	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW
		206
		207	This section simply lists the prototypes of the most important functions
		208	for quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function
		209	documentation.
		210
		211	aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		212	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
		213	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
		214	aio_seek $fh,$offset,$whence, $callback->($offs)
		215	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		216	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		217	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
		218	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
		219	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
		220	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
		221	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		222	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		223	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		224	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		225	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		226	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
		227	aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		228	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		229	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		230	aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		231	aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($link)
		232	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		233	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		234	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
		235	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
		236	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		237	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		238	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		239	aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
		240	aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		241	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		242	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		243	aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		244	aio_sync $callback->($status)
		245	aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		246	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
		247	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)
		248	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		249	aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		250	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		251	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		252	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		253	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		254	aio_group $callback->(...)
		255	aio_nop $callback->()
		256
		257	$prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
		258	aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
		259
		260	IO::AIO::poll_wait
		261	IO::AIO::poll_cb
		262	IO::AIO::poll
		263	IO::AIO::flush
		264	IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
		265	IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
		266	IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
		267	IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
		268	IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		269	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		270	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		271	IO::AIO::nreqs
		272	IO::AIO::nready
		273	IO::AIO::npending
		274
		275	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		276	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		277	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice
		278	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect
		279	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		280	IO::AIO::munlockall
		281
		282	=head2 API NOTES
212		283
213	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	284	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
214	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	285	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
215	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	286	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
216	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	287	which must be a code reference. This code reference will be called after
217	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	288	the syscall has been executed in an asynchronous fashion. The results
218	perl, which usually delivers "false") as it's sole argument when the given	289	of the request will be passed as arguments to the callback (and, if an
219	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	290	error occured, in C<$!>) - for most requests the syscall return code (e.g.
		291	most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike perl, which usually delivers
		292	"false").
		293
		294	Some requests (such as C<aio_readdir>) pass the actual results and
		295	communicate failures by passing C<undef>.
220		296
221	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	297	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
222	internally until the request has finished.	298	internally until the request has finished.
223		299
224	All requests return objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow further	300	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
225	manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.	301	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
226		302
227	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	303	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<should> be absolute. The
228	encoded in byte form. The reason for the former is that at the time the	304	reason for this is that at the time the request is being executed, the
229	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	305	current working directory could have changed. Alternatively, you can
230	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	306	make sure that you never change the current working directory anywhere
231	current working directory.	307	in the program and then use relative paths. You can also take advantage
		308	of IO::AIOs working directory abstraction, that lets you specify paths
		309	relative to some previously-opened "working directory object" - see the
		310	description of the C<IO::AIO::WD> class later in this document.
232		311
233	To encode pathnames to byte form, either make sure you either: a)	312	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
234	always pass in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir	313	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
235	etc.), b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	314	tinkering, b) are in your native filesystem encoding, c) use the Encode
236	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	315	module and encode your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in
237	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	316	effect in the user environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on
238	use something else.	317	unicode filenames or e) use something else to ensure your scalar has the
		318	correct contents.
		319
		320	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
		321	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
		322
		323	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
239		324
240	=over 4	325	=over 4
241		326
242	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]	327	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
243		328
…		…
263	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {	348	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {
264	...	349	...
265	};	350	};
266	};	351	};
267		352
		353
268	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust	354	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
269		355
270	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current	356	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current
271	priority, so effects are cumulative.	357	priority, so the effect is cumulative.
		358
272		359
273	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	360	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
274		361
275	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly	362	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly
276	created filehandle for the file.	363	created filehandle for the file.
…		…
282	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.	369	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.
283		370
284	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it	371	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it
285	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,	372	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,
286	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,	373	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,
287	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do).	374	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do). Note that the C<$mode> will be modified
		375	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never
		376	change the umask.
288		377
289	Example:	378	Example:
290		379
291	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	380	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
292	if ($_[0]) {	381	if ($_[0]) {
293	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";	382	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";
294	...	383	...
295	} else {	384	} else {
296	die "open failed: $!\n";	385	die "open failed: $!\n";
297	}	386	}
298	};	387	};
299		388
		389	In addition to all the common open modes/flags (C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>,
		390	C<O_RDWR>, C<O_CREAT>, C<O_TRUNC>, C<O_EXCL> and C<O_APPEND>), the
		391	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on
		392	your system are, as usual, C<0>):
		393
		394	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,
		395	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,
		396	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC> and C<O_TTY_INIT>.
		397
		398
300	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	399	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
301		400
302	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	401	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
303	code. I<WARNING:> although accepted, you should not pass in a perl	402	code.
304	filehandle here, as perl will likely close the file descriptor another
305	time when the filehandle is destroyed. Normally, you can safely call perls
306	C<close> or just let filehandles go out of scope.
307		403
308	This is supposed to be a bug in the API, so that might change. It's	404	Unfortunately, you can't do this to perl. Perl I<insists> very strongly on
309	therefore best to avoid this function.	405	closing the file descriptor associated with the filehandle itself.
		406
		407	Therefore, C<aio_close> will not close the filehandle - instead it will
		408	use dup2 to overwrite the file descriptor with the write-end of a pipe
		409	(the pipe fd will be created on demand and will be cached).
		410
		411	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
		412	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
		413
		414	=cut
		415
		416	=item aio_seek $fh, $offset, $whence, $callback->($offs)
		417
		418	Seeks the filehandle to the new C<$offset>, similarly to perl'S
		419	C<sysseek>. The C<$whence> can use the traditional values (C<0> for
		420	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_SET>, C<1> for C<IO::AIO::SEEK_CUR> or C<2> for
		421	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_END>).
		422
		423	The resulting absolute offset will be passed to the callback, or C<-1> in
		424	case of an error.
		425
		426	In theory, the C<$whence> constants could be different than the
		427	corresponding values from L<Fcntl>, but perl guarantees they are the same,
		428	so don't panic.
310		429
311	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	430	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
312		431
313	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	432	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
314		433
315	Reads or writes C<length> bytes from the specified C<fh> and C<offset>	434	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
316	into the scalar given by C<data> and offset C<dataoffset> and calls the	435	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset>
317	callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on error, just	436	and calls the callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on
318	like the syscall).	437	error, just like the syscall).
		438
		439	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
		440	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
		441
		442	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will
		443	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be
		444	changed by these calls.
		445
		446	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of
		447	C<$data>.
		448
		449	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of
		450	C<$data>.
319		451
320	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request	452	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request
321	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or WW3 (if the	453	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or World War III (if
322	necessary/optional hardware is installed).	454	the necessary/optional hardware is installed).
323		455
324	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at	456	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at
325	offset C<0> within the scalar:	457	offset C<0> within the scalar:
326		458
327	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {	459	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {
328	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";	460	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";
329	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";	461	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";
330	};	462	};
331		463
		464
332	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)	465	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
333		466
334	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	467	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
335	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	468	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
336	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more	469	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more
337	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each	470	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each
338	other.	471	other. The same C<$in_fh> works fine though, as this function does not
		472	move or use the file offset of C<$in_fh>.
339		473
		474	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than
		475	are written, and there is no way to find out how many more bytes have been
		476	read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the
		477	number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals
		478	C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.
		479
		480	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use
		481	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically
		482	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while
		483	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run
		484	into a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then
		485	fails to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the
		486	data in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit
		487	the disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you better control
		488	resource usage.
		489
340	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile> syscall to provide	490	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile>-like syscall to
341	zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to a	491	provide zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to
342	socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to mmap'able file.	492	a socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.
343		493
344	If the native sendfile call fails or is not implemented, it will be	494	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,
345	emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any type of filehandle	495	C<EINVAL>, C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or
		496	C<ENOTSOCK>, it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any
346	regardless of the limitations of the operating system.	497	type of filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.
347		498
348	Please note, however, that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from	499	As native sendfile syscalls (as practically any non-POSIX interface hacked
349	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many	500	together in a hurry to improve benchmark numbers) tend to be rather buggy
350	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only	501	on many systems, this implementation tries to work around some known bugs
351	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result	502	in Linux and FreeBSD kernels (probably others, too), but that might fail,
352	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been	503	so you really really should check the return value of C<aio_sendfile> -
353	read.	504	fewre bytes than expected might have been transferred.
		505
354		506
355	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	507	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
356		508
357	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	509	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
358	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>	510	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>
…		…
364	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.	516	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.
365		517
366	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be	518	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be
367	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.	519	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.
368		520
		521
369	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)	522	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
370		523
371	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)	524	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
372		525
373	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will	526	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will
…		…
378	for an explanation.	531	for an explanation.
379		532
380	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an	533	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an
381	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated	534	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated
382	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.	535	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.
		536
		537	To help interpret the mode and dev/rdev stat values, IO::AIO offers the
		538	following constants and functions (if not implemented, the constants will
		539	be C<0> and the functions will either C<croak> or fall back on traditional
		540	behaviour).
		541
		542	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,
		543	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,
		544	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.
383		545
384	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:	546	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:
385		547
386	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	548	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
387	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	549	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
388	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";	550	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";
389	};	551	};
390		552
		553
		554	=item aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		555
		556	Works like the POSIX C<statvfs> or C<fstatvfs> syscalls, depending on
		557	whether a file handle or path was passed.
		558
		559	On success, the callback is passed a hash reference with the following
		560	members: C<bsize>, C<frsize>, C<blocks>, C<bfree>, C<bavail>, C<files>,
		561	C<ffree>, C<favail>, C<fsid>, C<flag> and C<namemax>. On failure, C<undef>
		562	is passed.
		563
		564	The following POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* constants are defined: C<ST_RDONLY> and
		565	C<ST_NOSUID>.
		566
		567	The following non-POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* flag masks are defined to
		568	their correct value when available, or to C<0> on systems that do
		569	not support them: C<ST_NODEV>, C<ST_NOEXEC>, C<ST_SYNCHRONOUS>,
		570	C<ST_MANDLOCK>, C<ST_WRITE>, C<ST_APPEND>, C<ST_IMMUTABLE>, C<ST_NOATIME>,
		571	C<ST_NODIRATIME> and C<ST_RELATIME>.
		572
		573	Example: stat C</wd> and dump out the data if successful.
		574
		575	aio_statvfs "/wd", sub {
		576	my $f = $_[0]
		577	or die "statvfs: $!";
		578
		579	use Data::Dumper;
		580	say Dumper $f;
		581	};
		582
		583	# result:
		584	{
		585	bsize => 1024,
		586	bfree => 4333064312,
		587	blocks => 10253828096,
		588	files => 2050765568,
		589	flag => 4096,
		590	favail => 2042092649,
		591	bavail => 4333064312,
		592	ffree => 2042092649,
		593	namemax => 255,
		594	frsize => 1024,
		595	fsid => 1810
		596	}
		597
		598
		599	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		600
		601	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
		602	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
		603	syscalls support them.
		604
		605	When called with a pathname, uses utimes(2) if available, otherwise
		606	utime(2). If called on a file descriptor, uses futimes(2) if available,
		607	otherwise returns ENOSYS, so this is not portable.
		608
		609	Examples:
		610
		611	# set atime and mtime to current time (basically touch(1)):
		612	aio_utime "path", undef, undef;
		613	# set atime to current time and mtime to beginning of the epoch:
		614	aio_utime "path", time, undef; # undef==0
		615
		616
		617	=item aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		618
		619	Works like perl's C<chown> function, except that C<undef> for either $uid
		620	or $gid is being interpreted as "do not change" (but -1 can also be used).
		621
		622	Examples:
		623
		624	# same as "chown root path" in the shell:
		625	aio_chown "path", 0, -1;
		626	# same as above:
		627	aio_chown "path", 0, undef;
		628
		629
		630	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		631
		632	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
		633
		634
		635	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		636
		637	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
		638
		639
391	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)	640	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
392		641
393	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	642	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
394	result code.	643	result code.
395		644
		645
396	=item aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)	646	=item aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
397		647
398	[EXPERIMENTAL]	648	[EXPERIMENTAL]
399		649
400	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).	650	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
401		651
402	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:	652	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
403		653
404	aio_mknod $path, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...	654	aio_mknod $pathname, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
		655
		656	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants
		657	and functions.
405		658
406	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	659	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
407		660
408	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	661	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
409	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	662	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
410		663
		664
411	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	665	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
412		666
413	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	667	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
414	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	668	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
415		669
		670
		671	=item aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		672
		673	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
		674	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
		675	callback.
		676
		677
		678	=item aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		679
		680	Asynchronously make the path absolute and resolve any symlinks in
		681	C<$path>. The resulting path only consists of directories (Same as
		682	L<Cwd::realpath>).
		683
		684	This request can be used to get the absolute path of the current working
		685	directory by passing it a path of F<.> (a single dot).
		686
		687
416	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	688	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
417		689
418	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	690	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
419	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	691	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
420		692
		693
		694	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		695
		696	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with
		697	the result code. C<$mode> will be modified by the umask at the time the
		698	request is executed, so do not change your umask.
		699
		700
421	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	701	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
422		702
423	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the	703	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the
424	result code.	704	result code.
		705
425		706
426	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	707	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
427		708
428	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	709	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
429	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	710	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
430	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.	711	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.
431		712
432	The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref	713	The callback is passed a single argument which is either C<undef> or an
433	with the filenames.	714	array-ref with the filenames.
		715
		716
		717	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		718
		719	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows one to
		720	tune behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
		721	C<undef>.
		722
		723	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
		724	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
		725
		726	=over 4
		727
		728	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
		729
		730	When this flag is off, then the callback gets an arrayref consisting of
		731	names only (as with C<aio_readdir>), otherwise it gets an arrayref with
		732	C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a single directory
		733	entry in more detail.
		734
		735	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
		736
		737	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
		738
		739	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
		740	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
		741	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
		742
		743	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need to
		744	know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed reasons, the C<$type>
		745	scalars are read-only: you can not modify them.
		746
		747	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
		748	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
		749	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
		750
		751	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		752
		753	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order where
		754	likely directories come first, in optimal stat order. This is useful when
		755	you need to quickly find directories, or you want to find all directories
		756	while avoiding to stat() each entry.
		757
		758	If the system returns type information in readdir, then this is used
		759	to find directories directly. Otherwise, likely directories are names
		760	beginning with ".", or otherwise names with no dots, of which names with
		761	short names are tried first.
		762
		763	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
		764
		765	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
		766	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat()
		767	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely
		768	be fastest.
		769
		770	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified, then
		771	the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order.
		772
		773	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		774
		775	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
		776	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
		777	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absence of this flag therefore indicates that all
		778	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
		779
		780	=back
		781
		782
		783	=item aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		784
		785	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
		786	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
		787
		788	=cut
		789
		790	sub aio_load($$;$) {
		791	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;
		792	my $data = \$_[1];
		793
		794	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		795	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		796
		797	aioreq_pri $pri;
		798	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		799	my $fh = shift
		800	or return $grp->result (-1);
		801
		802	aioreq_pri $pri;
		803	add $grp aio_read $fh, 0, (-s $fh), $$data, 0, sub {
		804	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		805	};
		806	};
		807
		808	$grp
		809	}
434		810
435	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	811	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
436		812
437	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	813	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
438	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	814	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
439	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	815	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
440		816
441	This is a composite request that it creates the destination file with	817	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
442	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using	818	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
443	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and	819	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
444	uid/gid, in that order.	820	uid/gid, in that order.
445		821
446	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if	822	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if
…		…
456	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	832	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
457		833
458	aioreq_pri $pri;	834	aioreq_pri $pri;
459	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	835	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
460	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {	836	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
461	my @stat = stat $src_fh;	837	my @stat = stat $src_fh; # hmm, might block over nfs?
462		838
463	aioreq_pri $pri;	839	aioreq_pri $pri;
464	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {	840	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {
465	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {	841	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
466	aioreq_pri $pri;	842	aioreq_pri $pri;
467	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {	843	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
468	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {	844	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
469	$grp->result (0);	845	$grp->result (0);
470	close $src_fh;	846	close $src_fh;
471		847
472	# those should not normally block. should. should.	848	my $ch = sub {
		849	aioreq_pri $pri;
		850	add $grp aio_chmod $dst_fh, $stat[2] & 07777, sub {
		851	aioreq_pri $pri;
		852	add $grp aio_chown $dst_fh, $stat[4], $stat[5], sub {
		853	aioreq_pri $pri;
		854	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;
		855	}
		856	};
		857	};
		858
		859	aioreq_pri $pri;
		860	add $grp aio_utime $dst_fh, $stat[8], $stat[9], sub {
		861	if ($_[0] < 0 && $! == ENOSYS) {
		862	aioreq_pri $pri;
473	utime $stat[8], $stat[9], $dst;	863	add $grp aio_utime $dst, $stat[8], $stat[9], $ch;
474	chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;	864	} else {
475	chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;	865	$ch->();
		866	}
476	close $dst_fh;	867	};
477	} else {	868	} else {
478	$grp->result (-1);	869	$grp->result (-1);
479	close $src_fh;	870	close $src_fh;
480	close $dst_fh;	871	close $dst_fh;
481		872
…		…
498		889
499	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	890	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
500		891
501	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	892	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
502	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	893	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
503	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	894	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
504		895
505	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If	896	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if
506	rename files with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if	897	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if
507	that is successful, unlinking the C<$srcpath>.	898	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.
508		899
509	=cut	900	=cut
510		901
511	sub aio_move($$;$) {	902	sub aio_move($$;$) {
512	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;	903	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
…		…
519	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {	910	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
520	aioreq_pri $pri;	911	aioreq_pri $pri;
521	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {	912	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
522	$grp->result ($_[0]);	913	$grp->result ($_[0]);
523		914
524	if (!$_[0]) {	915	unless ($_[0]) {
525	aioreq_pri $pri;	916	aioreq_pri $pri;
526	add $grp aio_unlink $src;	917	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
527	}	918	}
528	};	919	};
529	} else {	920	} else {
…		…
532	};	923	};
533		924
534	$grp	925	$grp
535	}	926	}
536		927
537	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	928	=item aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
538		929
539	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	930	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
540	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of	931	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
541	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot	932	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
542	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).	933	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
…		…
559		950
560	Implementation notes.	951	Implementation notes.
561		952
562	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.	953	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.
563		954
		955	If readdir returns file type information, then this is used directly to
		956	find directories.
		957
564	After reading the directory, the modification time, size etc. of the	958	Otherwise, after reading the directory, the modification time, size etc.
565	directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they match (and	959	of the directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they
566	isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide how many	960	match (and isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide
567	entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the number	961	how many entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the
568	of subdirectories will be assumed.	962	number of subdirectories will be assumed.
569		963
570	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories (everything without	964	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
571	a non-initial dot currently) and likely non-directories (everything	965	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
572	else). Then every entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed,	966	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
573	likely directories first. If that succeeds, it assumes that the entry	967	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
574	is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	968	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
575	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	969	separately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
576	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	970	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
577	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature).	971	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
		972	the filetype information on readdir.
578		973
579	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	974	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
580	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.	975	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.
581		976
582	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which	977	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which
…		…
586	as those tend to return 0 or 1 as link counts, which disables the	981	as those tend to return 0 or 1 as link counts, which disables the
587	directory counting heuristic.	982	directory counting heuristic.
588		983
589	=cut	984	=cut
590		985
591	sub aio_scandir($$$) {	986	sub aio_scandir($$;$) {
592	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;	987	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;
593		988
594	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	989	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
595		990
596	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	991	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
597		992
598	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;	993	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
599		994
600	# stat once	995	# get a wd object
601	aioreq_pri $pri;	996	aioreq_pri $pri;
602	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	997	add $grp aio_wd $path, sub {
		998	$_[0]
603	return $grp->result () if $_[0];	999	or return $grp->result ();
604	my $now = time;
605	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
606		1000
607	# read the directory entries	1001	my $wd = [shift, "."];
		1002
		1003	# stat once
608	aioreq_pri $pri;	1004	aioreq_pri $pri;
609	add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {	1005	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
610	my $entries = shift
611	or return $grp->result ();	1006	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
		1007	my $now = time;
		1008	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
612		1009
613	# stat the dir another time	1010	# read the directory entries
614	aioreq_pri $pri;	1011	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1012	add $grp aio_readdirx $wd, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {
		1013	my $entries = shift
		1014	or return $grp->result ();
		1015
		1016	# stat the dir another time
		1017	aioreq_pri $pri;
615	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1018	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
616	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1019	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
617		1020
618	my $ndirs;	1021	my $ndirs;
619		1022
620	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy	1023	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
621	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {	1024	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
622	$ndirs = -1;	1025	$ndirs = -1;
623	} else {	1026	} else {
624	# if nlink == 2, we are finished	1027	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
625	# on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2	1028	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
626	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2	1029	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
627	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);	1030	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
628	}	1031	}
629		1032
630	# sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
631	# dirs == files without ".", short entries first
632	$entries = [map $_->[0],
633	sort { $b->[1] cmp $a->[1] }
634	map [$_, sprintf "%s%04d", (/.\./ ? "1" : "0"), length],
635	@$entries];
636
637	my (@dirs, @nondirs);	1033	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
638		1034
639	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {	1035	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
640	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);	1036	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
641	};	1037	};
642		1038
643	limit $statgrp $maxreq;	1039	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
644	feed $statgrp sub {	1040	feed $statgrp sub {
645	return unless @$entries;	1041	return unless @$entries;
646	my $entry = pop @$entries;	1042	my $entry = shift @$entries;
647		1043
648	aioreq_pri $pri;	1044	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1045	$wd->[1] = "$entry/.";
649	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$entry/.", sub {	1046	add $statgrp aio_stat $wd, sub {
650	if ($_[0] < 0) {	1047	if ($_[0] < 0) {
651	push @nondirs, $entry;	1048	push @nondirs, $entry;
652	} else {	1049	} else {
653	# need to check for real directory	1050	# need to check for real directory
654	aioreq_pri $pri;	1051	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1052	$wd->[1] = $entry;
655	add $statgrp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {	1053	add $statgrp aio_lstat $wd, sub {
656	if (-d _) {	1054	if (-d _) {
657	push @dirs, $entry;	1055	push @dirs, $entry;
658		1056
659	unless (--$ndirs) {	1057	unless (--$ndirs) {
660	push @nondirs, @$entries;	1058	push @nondirs, @$entries;
661	feed $statgrp;	1059	feed $statgrp;
		1060	}
		1061	} else {
		1062	push @nondirs, $entry;
662	}	1063	}
663	} else {
664	push @nondirs, $entry;
665	}	1064	}
666	}	1065	}
667	}	1066	};
668	};	1067	};
669	};	1068	};
670	};	1069	};
671	};	1070	};
672	};	1071	};
673		1072
674	$grp	1073	$grp
675	}	1074	}
676		1075
		1076	=item aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		1077
		1078	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
		1079	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
		1080	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
		1081	everything else.
		1082
		1083	=cut
		1084
		1085	sub aio_rmtree;
		1086	sub aio_rmtree($;$) {
		1087	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		1088
		1089	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1090	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1091
		1092	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1093	add $grp aio_scandir $path, 0, sub {
		1094	my ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_;
		1095
		1096	my $dirgrp = aio_group sub {
		1097	add $grp aio_rmdir $path, sub {
		1098	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1099	};
		1100	};
		1101
		1102	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_rmtree "$path/$_" for @$dirs;
		1103	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_unlink "$path/$_" for @$nondirs;
		1104
		1105	add $grp $dirgrp;
		1106	};
		1107
		1108	$grp
		1109	}
		1110
		1111	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)
		1112
		1113	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.
		1114
677	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)	1115	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
678		1116
679	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback	1117	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback
680	with the fsync result code.	1118	with the fsync result code.
681		1119
…		…
684	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the	1122	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the
685	callback with the fdatasync result code.	1123	callback with the fdatasync result code.
686		1124
687	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	1125	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
688	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	1126	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1127
		1128	=item aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		1129
		1130	Asynchronously call the syncfs syscall to sync the filesystem associated
		1131	to the given filehandle and call the callback with the syncfs result
		1132	code. If syncfs is not available, calls sync(), but returns C<-1> and sets
		1133	errno to C<ENOSYS> nevertheless.
		1134
		1135	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		1136
		1137	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
		1138	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
		1139	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns
		1140	ENOSYS, then fdatasync or fsync is being substituted.
		1141
		1142	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
		1143	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
		1144	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
		1145	manpage for details.
		1146
		1147	=item aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		1148
		1149	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
		1150	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
		1151	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
		1152	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
		1153	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,
		1154	not just directories.
		1155
		1156	Future versions of this function might fall back to other methods when
		1157	C<fsync> on the directory fails (such as calling C<sync>).
		1158
		1159	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.
		1160
		1161	=cut
		1162
		1163	sub aio_pathsync($;$) {
		1164	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		1165
		1166	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1167	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1168
		1169	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1170	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		1171	my ($fh) = @_;
		1172	if ($fh) {
		1173	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1174	add $grp aio_fsync $fh, sub {
		1175	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1176
		1177	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1178	add $grp aio_close $fh;
		1179	};
		1180	} else {
		1181	$grp->result (-1);
		1182	}
		1183	};
		1184
		1185	$grp
		1186	}
		1187
		1188	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1189
		1190	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed
		1191	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data
		1192	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the
		1193	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on
		1194	it).
		1195
		1196	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory
		1197	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes
		1198	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>
		1199	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be
		1200	a combination of C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC>, C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE> and
		1201	C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>.
		1202
		1203	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1204
		1205	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1206	scalars.
		1207
		1208	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified
		1209	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same
		1210	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either
		1211	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or
		1212	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory page s(by reading and
		1213	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).
		1214
		1215	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		1216
		1217	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1218	scalars.
		1219
		1220	It reads in all the pages of the underlying storage into memory (if any)
		1221	and locks them, so they are not getting swapped/paged out or removed.
		1222
		1223	If C<$length> is undefined, then the scalar will be locked till the end.
		1224
		1225	On systems that do not implement C<mlock>, this function returns C<-1>
		1226	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1227
		1228	Note that the corresponding C<munlock> is synchronous and is
		1229	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1230
		1231	Example: open a file, mmap and mlock it - both will be undone when
		1232	C<$data> gets destroyed.
		1233
		1234	open my $fh, "<", $path or die "$path: $!";
		1235	my $data;
		1236	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;
		1237	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background
		1238
		1239	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		1240
		1241	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a combination of
		1242	C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT> and C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE>).
		1243
		1244	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>
		1245	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1246
		1247	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is
		1248	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1249
		1250	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.
		1251
		1252	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;
689		1253
690	=item aio_group $callback->(...)	1254	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
691		1255
692	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a	1256	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
693	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle	1257	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
…		…
731	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function	1295	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
732	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.	1296	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
733		1297
734	=back	1298	=back
735		1299
		1300
		1301	=head2 IO::AIO::WD - multiple working directories
		1302
		1303	Your process only has one current working directory, which is used by all
		1304	threads. This makes it hard to use relative paths (some other component
		1305	could call C<chdir> at any time, and it is hard to control when the path
		1306	will be used by IO::AIO).
		1307
		1308	One solution for this is to always use absolute paths. This usually works,
		1309	but can be quite slow (the kernel has to walk the whole path on every
		1310	access), and can also be a hassle to implement.
		1311
		1312	Newer POSIX systems have a number of functions (openat, fdopendir,
		1313	futimensat and so on) that make it possible to specify working directories
		1314	per operation.
		1315
		1316	For portability, and because the clowns who "designed", or shall I write,
		1317	perpetrated this new interface were obviously half-drunk, this abstraction
		1318	cannot be perfect, though.
		1319
		1320	IO::AIO allows you to convert directory paths into a so-called IO::AIO::WD
		1321	object. This object stores the canonicalised, absolute version of the
		1322	path, and on systems that allow it, also a directory file descriptor.
		1323
		1324	Everywhere where a pathname is accepted by IO::AIO (e.g. in C<aio_stat>
		1325	or C<aio_unlink>), one can specify an array reference with an IO::AIO::WD
		1326	object and a pathname instead (or the IO::AIO::WD object alone, which
		1327	gets interpreted as C<[$wd, "."]>). If the pathname is absolute, the
		1328	IO::AIO::WD object is ignored, otherwise the pathname is resolved relative
		1329	to that IO::AIO::WD object.
		1330
		1331	For example, to get a wd object for F</etc> and then stat F<passwd>
		1332	inside, you would write:
		1333
		1334	aio_wd "/etc", sub {
		1335	my $etcdir = shift;
		1336
		1337	# although $etcdir can be undef on error, there is generally no reason
		1338	# to check for errors here, as aio_stat will fail with ENOENT
		1339	# when $etcdir is undef.
		1340
		1341	aio_stat [$etcdir, "passwd"], sub {
		1342	# yay
		1343	};
		1344	};
		1345
		1346	That C<aio_wd> is a request and not a normal function shows that creating
		1347	an IO::AIO::WD object is itself a potentially blocking operation, which is
		1348	why it is done asynchronously.
		1349
		1350	To stat the directory obtained with C<aio_wd> above, one could write
		1351	either of the following three request calls:
		1352
		1353	aio_lstat "/etc" , sub { ... # pathname as normal string
		1354	aio_lstat [$wd, "."], sub { ... # "." relative to $wd (i.e. $wd itself)
		1355	aio_lstat $wd , sub { ... # shorthand for the previous
		1356
		1357	As with normal pathnames, IO::AIO keeps a copy of the working directory
		1358	object and the pathname string, so you could write the following without
		1359	causing any issues due to C<$path> getting reused:
		1360
		1361	my $path = [$wd, undef];
		1362
		1363	for my $name (qw(abc def ghi)) {
		1364	$path->[1] = $name;
		1365	aio_stat $path, sub {
		1366	# ...
		1367	};
		1368	}
		1369
		1370	There are some caveats: when directories get renamed (or deleted), the
		1371	pathname string doesn't change, so will point to the new directory (or
		1372	nowhere at all), while the directory fd, if available on the system,
		1373	will still point to the original directory. Most functions accepting a
		1374	pathname will use the directory fd on newer systems, and the string on
		1375	older systems. Some functions (such as realpath) will always rely on the
		1376	string form of the pathname.
		1377
		1378	So this fucntionality is mainly useful to get some protection against
		1379	C<chdir>, to easily get an absolute path out of a relative path for future
		1380	reference, and to speed up doing many operations in the same directory
		1381	(e.g. when stat'ing all files in a directory).
		1382
		1383	The following functions implement this working directory abstraction:
		1384
		1385	=over 4
		1386
		1387	=item aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		1388
		1389	Asynchonously canonicalise the given pathname and convert it to an
		1390	IO::AIO::WD object representing it. If possible and supported on the
		1391	system, also open a directory fd to speed up pathname resolution relative
		1392	to this working directory.
		1393
		1394	If something goes wrong, then C<undef> is passwd to the callback instead
		1395	of a working directory object and C<$!> is set appropriately. Since
		1396	passing C<undef> as working directory component of a pathname fails the
		1397	request with C<ENOENT>, there is often no need for error checking in the
		1398	C<aio_wd> callback, as future requests using the value will fail in the
		1399	expected way.
		1400
		1401	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
		1402	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1403
		1404	=item IO::AIO::CWD
		1405
		1406	This is a compiletime constant (object) that represents the process
		1407	current working directory.
		1408
		1409	Specifying this object as working directory object for a pathname is as
		1410	if the pathname would be specified directly, without a directory object,
		1411	e.g., these calls are functionally identical:
		1412
		1413	aio_stat "somefile", sub { ... };
		1414	aio_stat [IO::AIO::CWD, "somefile"], sub { ... };
		1415
		1416	=back
		1417
		1418
736	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1419	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
737		1420
738	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1421	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
739	called in non-void context.	1422	called in non-void context.
740		1423
…		…
743	=item cancel $req	1426	=item cancel $req
744		1427
745	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution	1428	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
746	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when	1429	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
747	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise	1430	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
748	untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be	1431	untouched (with the exception of readdir). That means that requests that
749	stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.	1432	currently execute will not be stopped and resources held by the request
		1433	will not be freed prematurely.
750		1434
751	=item cb $req $callback->(...)	1435	=item cb $req $callback->(...)
752		1436
753	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.	1437	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
754		1438
…		…
805	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they	1489	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they
806	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the	1490	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the
807	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to	1491	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to
808	exist.	1492	exist.
809		1493
810	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests. And	1494	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests
811	in the callbacks of those requests, you can add further requests to the	1495	(precisely before the callback has been invoked, which is only done within
812	group. And only when all those requests have finished will the the group	1496	the C<poll_cb>). And in the callbacks of those requests, you can add
813	itself finish.	1497	further requests to the group. And only when all those requests have
		1498	finished will the the group itself finish.
814		1499
815	=over 4	1500	=over 4
816		1501
817	=item add $grp ...	1502	=item add $grp ...
818		1503
…		…
827	=item $grp->cancel_subs	1512	=item $grp->cancel_subs
828		1513
829	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request	1514	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request
830	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.	1515	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.
831		1516
		1517	The group request will finish normally (you cannot add requests to the
		1518	group).
		1519
832	=item $grp->result (...)	1520	=item $grp->result (...)
833		1521
834	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all	1522	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
835	subrequests have finished and set thre groups errno to the current value	1523	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value
836	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,	1524	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,
837	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.	1525	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.
838		1526
839	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])	1527	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])
840		1528
…		…
851	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)	1539	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
852		1540
853	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached	1541	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
854	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,	1542	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
855	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,	1543	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
856	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For	1544	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
857	example, C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat>	1545	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands of C<aio_stat>
858	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.	1546	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
859		1547
860	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can	1548	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
861	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The	1549	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
862	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,	1550	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
…		…
867	not impose any limits).	1555	not impose any limits).
868		1556
869	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be	1557	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
870	automatically removed from the group.	1558	automatically removed from the group.
871		1559
872	If the feed limit is C<0>, it will be set to C<2> automatically.	1560	If the feed limit is C<0> when this method is called, it will be set to
		1561	C<2> automatically.
873		1562
874	Example:	1563	Example:
875		1564
876	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:	1565	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
877		1566
…		…
889	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever	1578	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
890	the group contains less than this many requests.	1579	the group contains less than this many requests.
891		1580
892	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.	1581	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
893		1582
		1583	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder
		1584	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.
		1585
894	=back	1586	=back
895		1587
896	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS	1588	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
897		1589
898	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION	1590	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
…		…
900	=over 4	1592	=over 4
901		1593
902	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno	1594	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno
903		1595
904	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be	1596	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be
905	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. Event or	1597	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. EV, Glib,
906	select, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable you have	1598	select and so on, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable
907	to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.	1599	you have to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.
908		1600
909	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1601	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
910		1602
911	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1603	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
912		1604
913	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this	1605	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call
914	regularly. Returns the number of events processed. Returns immediately	1606	this regularly. Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there
915	when no events are outstanding. The amount of events processed depends on	1607	were no events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever
916	the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.	1608	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount of
		1609	events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and
		1610	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.
917		1611
918	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle	1612	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle
919	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns.	1613	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you don't have to
		1614	do anything special to have it called later.
		1615
		1616	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes
		1617	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit
		1618	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become
		1619	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes
		1620	over again. This function returns very fast when there are no outstanding
		1621	requests.
920		1622
921	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1623	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
922	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority:	1624	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority (more examples can be found in the
		1625	SYNOPSIS section, at the top of this document):
923		1626
924	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1627	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
925	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1628	poll => 'r', async => 1,
926	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1629	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1630
		1631	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
		1632
		1633	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
		1634	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
		1635	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
		1636	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
		1637
		1638	See C<nreqs> for an example.
		1639
		1640	=item IO::AIO::poll
		1641
		1642	Waits until some requests have been handled.
		1643
		1644	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
		1645	equivalent to:
		1646
		1647	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1648
		1649	=item IO::AIO::flush
		1650
		1651	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
		1652
		1653	Strictly equivalent to:
		1654
		1655	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1656	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
927		1657
928	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs	1658	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
929		1659
930	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds	1660	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
931		1661
…		…
933	that are being processed by C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> in one call, respectively	1663	that are being processed by C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> in one call, respectively
934	the maximum amount of time (default C<0>, meaning infinity) spent in	1664	the maximum amount of time (default C<0>, meaning infinity) spent in
935	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> to process requests (more correctly the mininum amount	1665	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> to process requests (more correctly the mininum amount
936	of time C<poll_cb> is allowed to use).	1666	of time C<poll_cb> is allowed to use).
937		1667
		1668	Setting C<max_poll_time> to a non-zero value creates an overhead of one
		1669	syscall per request processed, which is not normally a problem unless your
		1670	callbacks are really really fast or your OS is really really slow (I am
		1671	not mentioning Solaris here). Using C<max_poll_reqs> incurs no overhead.
		1672
938	Setting these is useful if you want to ensure some level of	1673	Setting these is useful if you want to ensure some level of
939	interactiveness when perl is not fast enough to process all requests in	1674	interactiveness when perl is not fast enough to process all requests in
940	time.	1675	time.
941		1676
942	For interactive programs, values such as C<0.01> to C<0.1> should be fine.	1677	For interactive programs, values such as C<0.01> to C<0.1> should be fine.
943		1678
944	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1679	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
945	IO::AIO::poll_some with low priority, to ensure that other parts of the	1680	IO::AIO::poll_cb with low priority, to ensure that other parts of the
946	program get the CPU sometimes even under high AIO load.	1681	program get the CPU sometimes even under high AIO load.
947		1682
948	# try not to spend much more than 0.1s in poll_cb	1683	# try not to spend much more than 0.1s in poll_cb
949	IO::AIO::max_poll_time 0.1;	1684	IO::AIO::max_poll_time 0.1;
950		1685
951	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority	1686	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority
952	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1687	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
953	poll => 'r', nice => 1,	1688	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
954	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1689	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
955		1690
956	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait	1691	=back
957
958	Wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply does a
959	C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to synchronously
960	wait for some requests to finish).
961
962	See C<nreqs> for an example.
963
964	=item IO::AIO::poll
965
966	Waits until some requests have been handled.
967
968	Strictly equivalent to:
969
970	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
971	if IO::AIO::nreqs;
972
973	=item IO::AIO::flush
974
975	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
976
977	Strictly equivalent to:
978
979	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
980	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
981		1692
982	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS	1693	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
		1694
		1695	=over
983		1696
984	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads	1697	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
985		1698
986	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current	1699	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current
987	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute	1700	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute
…		…
1015		1728
1016	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1729	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
1017		1730
1018	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads	1731	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
1019		1732
1020	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle (i.e.,	1733	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle
1021	threads that did not get a request to process within 10 seconds). That	1734	(i.e., threads that did not get a request to process within the idle
1022	means if a thread becomes idle while C<$nthreads> other threads are also	1735	timeout (default: 10 seconds). That means if a thread becomes idle while
1023	idle, it will free its resources and exit.	1736	C<$nthreads> other threads are also idle, it will free its resources and
		1737	exit.
1024		1738
1025	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)	1739	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)
1026	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources	1740	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources
1027	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).	1741	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).
1028		1742
1029	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread	1743	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread
1030	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might	1744	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might
1031	want to use larger values.	1745	want to use larger values.
1032		1746
		1747	=item IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		1748
		1749	Sets the minimum idle timeout (default 10) after which worker threads are
		1750	allowed to exit. SEe C<IO::AIO::max_idle>.
		1751
1033	=item $oldmaxreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs	1752	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		1753
		1754	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If
		1755	you do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to
		1756	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> (and other functions calling C<poll_cb>, such as
		1757	C<IO::AIO::flush> or C<IO::AIO::poll>) will block until the limit is no
		1758	longer exceeded.
		1759
		1760	In other words, this setting does not enforce a queue limit, but can be
		1761	used to make poll functions block if the limit is exceeded.
1034		1762
1035	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it	1763	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
1036	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better	1764	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
1037	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.	1765	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
1038		1766
1039	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you	1767	It's main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat
1040	to queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to the	1768	a lot of files, you can write somehting like this:
1041	C<poll_cb> (and C<poll_some> and other functions calling C<poll_cb>)
1042	function will block until the limit is no longer exceeded.
1043		1769
1044	The default value is very large, so there is no practical limit on the	1770	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;
1045	number of outstanding requests.
1046		1771
1047	You can still queue as many requests as you want. Therefore,	1772	for my $path (...) {
1048	C<max_oustsanding> is mainly useful in simple scripts (with low values) or	1773	aio_stat $path , ...;
1049	as a stop gap to shield against fatal memory overflow (with large values).	1774	IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1775	}
		1776
		1777	IO::AIO::flush;
		1778
		1779	The call to C<poll_cb> inside the loop will normally return instantly, but
		1780	as soon as more thna C<32> reqeusts are in-flight, it will block until
		1781	some requests have been handled. This keeps the loop from pushing a large
		1782	number of C<aio_stat> requests onto the queue.
		1783
		1784	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no
		1785	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.
		1786
		1787	=back
1050		1788
1051	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION	1789	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
		1790
		1791	=over
1052		1792
1053	=item IO::AIO::nreqs	1793	=item IO::AIO::nreqs
1054		1794
1055	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending	1795	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending
1056	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).	1796	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).
…		…
1070	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,	1810	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
1071	but not yet processed by poll_cb).	1811	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
1072		1812
1073	=back	1813	=back
1074		1814
		1815	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
		1816
		1817	IO::AIO implements some functions that might be useful, but are not
		1818	asynchronous.
		1819
		1820	=over 4
		1821
		1822	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		1823
		1824	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,
		1825	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is
		1826	likely cached already and the output filehandle is set to non-blocking
		1827	operations).
		1828
		1829	Returns the number of bytes copied, or C<-1> on error.
		1830
		1831	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		1832
		1833	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its
		1834	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1835	available: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1836	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,
		1837	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.
		1838
		1839	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns
		1840	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.
		1841
		1842	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice
		1843
		1844	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its
		1845	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1846	available: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1847	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.
		1848
		1849	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns
		1850	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.
		1851
		1852	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect
		1853
		1854	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed
		1855	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect
		1856	constants are available: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,
		1857	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.
		1858
		1859	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns
		1860	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.
		1861
		1862	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]
		1863
		1864	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the
		1865	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar.
		1866
		1867	The only operations allowed on the scalar are C<substr>/C<vec> that don't
		1868	change the string length, and most read-only operations such as copying it
		1869	or searching it with regexes and so on.
		1870
		1871	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.
		1872
		1873	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed
		1874	when the C<$scalar> is destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap> or
		1875	C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called.
		1876
		1877	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual
		1878	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.
		1879
		1880	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual
		1881	filesize.
		1882
		1883	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,
		1884	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,
		1885
		1886	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or
		1887	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>, or a number of system-specific flags (when
		1888	not available, the are defined as 0): C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS>
		1889	(which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this
		1890	constant), C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,
		1891	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE> or
		1892	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>
		1893
		1894	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.
		1895
		1896	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be
		1897	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.
		1898
		1899	Example:
		1900
		1901	use Digest::MD5;
		1902	use IO::AIO;
		1903
		1904	open my $fh, "<verybigfile"
		1905	or die "$!";
		1906
		1907	IO::AIO::mmap my $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh
		1908	or die "verybigfile: $!";
		1909
		1910	my $fast_md5 = md5 $data;
		1911
		1912	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		1913
		1914	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.
		1915
		1916	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		1917
		1918	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous
		1919	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).
		1920
		1921	=item IO::AIO::munlockall
		1922
		1923	Calls the C<munlockall> function.
		1924
		1925	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns
		1926	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.
		1927
		1928	=back
		1929
1075	=cut	1930	=cut
1076		1931
1077	# support function to convert a fd into a perl filehandle
1078	sub _fd2fh {
1079	return undef if $_[0] < 0;
1080
1081	# try to generate nice filehandles
1082	my $sym = "IO::AIO::fd#$_[0]";
1083	local *$sym;
1084
1085	open *$sym, "+<&=$_[0]" # usually works under any unix
1086	or open *$sym, "<&=$_[0]" # cygwin needs this
1087	or open *$sym, ">&=$_[0]" # or this
1088	or return undef;
1089
1090	*$sym
1091	}
1092
1093	min_parallel 8;	1932	min_parallel 8;
1094		1933
1095	END {	1934	END { flush }
1096	min_parallel 1;
1097	flush;
1098	};
1099		1935
1100	1;	1936	1;
1101		1937
		1938	=head1 EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		1939
		1940	It is recommended to use L<AnyEvent::AIO> to integrate IO::AIO
		1941	automatically into many event loops:
		1942
		1943	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
		1944	use AnyEvent::AIO;
		1945
		1946	You can also integrate IO::AIO manually into many event loops, here are
		1947	some examples of how to do this:
		1948
		1949	# EV integration
		1950	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1951
		1952	# Event integration
		1953	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		1954	poll => 'r',
		1955	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1956
		1957	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
		1958	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		1959	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
		1960
		1961	# Tk integration
		1962	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
		1963	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1964
		1965	# Danga::Socket integration
		1966	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
		1967	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1968
1102	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	1969	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
1103		1970
1104	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	1971	Usage of pthreads in a program changes the semantics of fork
		1972	considerably. Specifically, only async-safe functions can be called after
		1973	fork. Perl doesn't know about this, so in general, you cannot call fork
		1974	with defined behaviour in perl if pthreads are involved. IO::AIO uses
		1975	pthreads, so this applies, but many other extensions and (for inexplicable
		1976	reasons) perl itself often is linked against pthreads, so this limitation
		1977	applies to quite a lot of perls.
1105		1978
1106	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	1979	This module no longer tries to fight your OS, or POSIX. That means IO::AIO
1107	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	1980	only works in the process that loaded it. Forking is fully supported, but
1108	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	1981	using IO::AIO in the child is not.
1109	request/result processing, while the child frees the request/result queue
1110	(so that the requests started before the fork will only be handled in the
1111	parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit set in the
1112	parent process has been reached again.
1113		1982
1114	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	1983	You might get around by not I<using> IO::AIO before (or after)
1115	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	1984	forking. You could also try to call the L<IO::AIO::reinit> function in the
1116	yet.	1985	child:
		1986
		1987	=over 4
		1988
		1989	=item IO::AIO::reinit
		1990
		1991	Abandons all current requests and I/O threads and simply reinitialises all
		1992	data structures. This is not an operation supported by any standards, but
		1993	happens to work on GNU/Linux and some newer BSD systems.
		1994
		1995	The only reasonable use for this function is to call it after forking, if
		1996	C<IO::AIO> was used in the parent. Calling it while IO::AIO is active in
		1997	the process will result in undefined behaviour. Calling it at any time
		1998	will also result in any undefined (by POSIX) behaviour.
		1999
		2000	=back
1117		2001
1118	=head2 MEMORY USAGE	2002	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
1119		2003
1120	Per-request usage:	2004	Per-request usage:
1121		2005
…		…
1123	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly	2007	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly
1124	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl	2008	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl
1125	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and	2009	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and
1126	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.	2010	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.
1127		2011
1128	This is now awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a	2012	This is not awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a
1129	problem.	2013	problem.
1130		2014
1131	Per-thread usage:	2015	Per-thread usage:
1132		2016
1133	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for	2017	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for
…		…
1138		2022
1139	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.	2023	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.
1140		2024
1141	=head1 SEE ALSO	2025	=head1 SEE ALSO
1142		2026
1143	L<Coro::AIO>.	2027	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a
		2028	more natural syntax.
1144		2029
1145	=head1 AUTHOR	2030	=head1 AUTHOR
1146		2031
1147	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2032	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1148	http://home.schmorp.de/	2033	http://home.schmorp.de/

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