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Revision 1.100 by root, Sun Jan 7 21:36:58 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.225 by root, Tue Apr 10 05:01:33 2012 UTC

…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
10	my $fh = shift	10	my $fh = shift
11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";	11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";
12	...	12	...
13	};	13	};
14		14
…		…
26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue	26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
27		27
28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };	28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;	29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
30		30
31	# AnyEvent integration
32	open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!";
33	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb });
34
35	# Event integration
36	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
37	poll => 'r',
38	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
39
40	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
41	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
42	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
43
44	# Tk integration
45	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
46	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
47
48	# Danga::Socket integration
49	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
50	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
51
52	=head1 DESCRIPTION	31	=head1 DESCRIPTION
53		32
54	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your	33	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
55	operating system supports.	34	operating system supports. It is implemented as an interface to C<libeio>
		35	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libeio.html>).
56		36
57	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program	37	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program
58	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation	38	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation
59	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This	39	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This
60	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even	40	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even
…		…
62	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are	42	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are
63	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster	43	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster
64	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations	44	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations
65	concurrently.	45	concurrently.
66		46
67	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for example	47	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for
68	sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that support	48	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that
69	nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is very inefficient or	49	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is
70	might not work (aio_read fails on sockets/pipes/fifos). Use an event loop	50	very inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<EV>
71	for that (such as the L<Event|Event> module): IO::AIO will naturally fit	51	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.
72	into such an event loop itself.
73		52
74	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your	53	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your
75	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support	54	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support
76	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible	55	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible
77	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio	56	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio
…		…
79	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal	58	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal
80	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and	59	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and
81	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented	60	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented
82	using threads anyway.	61	using threads anyway.
83		62
84	Although the module will work with in the presence of other (Perl-)	63	Although the module will work in the presence of other (Perl-) threads,
85	threads, it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate	64	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking
86	locking yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or	65	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
87	never call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.	66	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
88		67
89	=head2 EXAMPLE	68	=head2 EXAMPLE
90		69
91	This is a simple example that uses the Event module and loads	70	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
92	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:	71	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
93		72
94	use Fcntl;	73	use Fcntl;
95	use Event;	74	use EV;
96	use IO::AIO;	75	use IO::AIO;
97		76
98	# register the IO::AIO callback with Event	77	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
99	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	78	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
100	poll => 'r',
101	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
102		79
103	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd	80	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd
104	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	81	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
105	my $fh = shift	82	my $fh = shift
106	or die "error while opening: $!";	83	or die "error while opening: $!";
107		84
108	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking	85	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking
109	my $size = -s $fh;	86	my $size = -s $fh;
…		…
118		95
119	# file contents now in $contents	96	# file contents now in $contents
120	print $contents;	97	print $contents;
121		98
122	# exit event loop and program	99	# exit event loop and program
123	Event::unloop;	100	EV::unloop;
124	};	101	};
125	};	102	};
126		103
127	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,	104	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
128	# check for sockets etc. etc.	105	# check for sockets etc. etc.
129		106
130	# process events as long as there are some:	107	# process events as long as there are some:
131	Event::loop;	108	EV::loop;
132		109
133	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME	110	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
134		111
135	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not	112	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
136	directly visible to Perl.	113	directly visible to Perl.
…		…
184		161
185	=cut	162	=cut
186		163
187	package IO::AIO;	164	package IO::AIO;
188		165
189	no warnings;	166	use Carp ();
190	use strict 'vars';	167
		168	use common::sense;
191		169
192	use base 'Exporter';	170	use base 'Exporter';
193		171
194	BEGIN {	172	BEGIN {
195	our $VERSION = '2.32';	173	our $VERSION = '4.15';
196		174
197	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat	175	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_seek aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
198	aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink	176	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
199	aio_readlink aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link	177	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_realpath aio_sync
200	aio_move aio_copy aio_group aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree);	178	aio_fsync aio_syncfs aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_fallocate
		179	aio_pathsync aio_readahead aio_fiemap
		180	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
		181	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
		182	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate
		183	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall
		184	aio_statvfs
		185	aio_wd);
		186
201	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice aio_block));	187	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
202	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush	188	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
203	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle	189	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout
204	nreqs nready npending nthreads	190	nreqs nready npending nthreads
205	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs);	191	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs
		192	sendfile fadvise madvise
		193	mmap munmap munlock munlockall);
		194
		195	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
206		196
207	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	197	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
208		198
209	require XSLoader;	199	require XSLoader;
210	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);	200	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
211	}	201	}
212		202
213	=head1 FUNCTIONS	203	=head1 FUNCTIONS
214		204
215	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS	205	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW
		206
		207	This section simply lists the prototypes of the most important functions
		208	for quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function
		209	documentation.
		210
		211	aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		212	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
		213	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
		214	aio_seek $fh,$offset,$whence, $callback->($offs)
		215	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		216	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		217	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
		218	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
		219	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
		220	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
		221	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		222	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		223	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		224	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		225	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		226	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
		227	aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		228	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		229	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		230	aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		231	aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($link)
		232	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		233	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		234	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
		235	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
		236	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		237	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		238	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		239	aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
		240	aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		241	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		242	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		243	aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		244	aio_sync $callback->($status)
		245	aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		246	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
		247	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)
		248	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		249	aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		250	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		251	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		252	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		253	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		254	aio_group $callback->(...)
		255	aio_nop $callback->()
		256
		257	$prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
		258	aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
		259
		260	IO::AIO::poll_wait
		261	IO::AIO::poll_cb
		262	IO::AIO::poll
		263	IO::AIO::flush
		264	IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
		265	IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
		266	IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
		267	IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
		268	IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		269	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		270	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		271	IO::AIO::nreqs
		272	IO::AIO::nready
		273	IO::AIO::npending
		274
		275	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		276	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		277	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice
		278	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect
		279	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		280	IO::AIO::munlockall
		281
		282	=head2 API NOTES
216		283
217	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	284	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
218	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	285	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
219	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	286	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
220	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	287	which must be a code reference. This code reference will be called after
221	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	288	the syscall has been executed in an asynchronous fashion. The results
222	perl, which usually delivers "false") as it's sole argument when the given	289	of the request will be passed as arguments to the callback (and, if an
223	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	290	error occured, in C<$!>) - for most requests the syscall return code (e.g.
		291	most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike perl, which usually delivers
		292	"false").
		293
		294	Some requests (such as C<aio_readdir>) pass the actual results and
		295	communicate failures by passing C<undef>.
224		296
225	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	297	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
226	internally until the request has finished.	298	internally until the request has finished.
227		299
228	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow	300	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
229	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.	301	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
230		302
231	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	303	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<should> be absolute. The
232	encoded as octets. The reason for the former is that at the time the	304	reason for this is that at the time the request is being executed, the
233	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	305	current working directory could have changed. Alternatively, you can
234	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	306	make sure that you never change the current working directory anywhere
235	current working directory anywhere in the program and then use relative	307	in the program and then use relative paths. You can also take advantage
236	paths.	308	of IO::AIOs working directory abstraction, that lets you specify paths
		309	relative to some previously-opened "working directory object" - see the
		310	description of the C<IO::AIO::WD> class later in this document.
237		311
238	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass	312	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
239	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without	313	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
240	tinkering, b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	314	tinkering, b) are in your native filesystem encoding, c) use the Encode
241	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	315	module and encode your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in
242	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	316	effect in the user environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on
243	use something else to ensure your scalar has the correct contents.	317	unicode filenames or e) use something else to ensure your scalar has the
		318	correct contents.
244		319
245	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO	320	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
246	handles correctly wether it is set or not.	321	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
		322
		323	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
247		324
248	=over 4	325	=over 4
249		326
250	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]	327	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
251		328
…		…
271	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {	348	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {
272	...	349	...
273	};	350	};
274	};	351	};
275		352
		353
276	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust	354	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
277		355
278	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current	356	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current
279	priority, so the effect is cumulative.	357	priority, so the effect is cumulative.
		358
280		359
281	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	360	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
282		361
283	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly	362	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly
284	created filehandle for the file.	363	created filehandle for the file.
…		…
290	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.	369	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.
291		370
292	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it	371	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it
293	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,	372	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,
294	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,	373	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,
295	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do).	374	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do). Note that the C<$mode> will be modified
		375	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never
		376	change the umask.
296		377
297	Example:	378	Example:
298		379
299	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	380	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
300	if ($_[0]) {	381	if ($_[0]) {
301	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";	382	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";
302	...	383	...
303	} else {	384	} else {
304	die "open failed: $!\n";	385	die "open failed: $!\n";
305	}	386	}
306	};	387	};
307		388
		389	In addition to all the common open modes/flags (C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>,
		390	C<O_RDWR>, C<O_CREAT>, C<O_TRUNC>, C<O_EXCL> and C<O_APPEND>), the
		391	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on
		392	your system are, as usual, C<0>):
		393
		394	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,
		395	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,
		396	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC> and C<O_TTY_INIT>.
		397
		398
308	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	399	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
309		400
310	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	401	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
311	code. I<WARNING:> although accepted, you should not pass in a perl	402	code.
312	filehandle here, as perl will likely close the file descriptor another
313	time when the filehandle is destroyed. Normally, you can safely call perls
314	C<close> or just let filehandles go out of scope.
315		403
316	This is supposed to be a bug in the API, so that might change. It's	404	Unfortunately, you can't do this to perl. Perl I<insists> very strongly on
317	therefore best to avoid this function.	405	closing the file descriptor associated with the filehandle itself.
		406
		407	Therefore, C<aio_close> will not close the filehandle - instead it will
		408	use dup2 to overwrite the file descriptor with the write-end of a pipe
		409	(the pipe fd will be created on demand and will be cached).
		410
		411	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
		412	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
		413
		414	=cut
		415
		416	=item aio_seek $fh, $offset, $whence, $callback->($offs)
		417
		418	Seeks the filehandle to the new C<$offset>, similarly to perl's
		419	C<sysseek>. The C<$whence> can use the traditional values (C<0> for
		420	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_SET>, C<1> for C<IO::AIO::SEEK_CUR> or C<2> for
		421	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_END>).
		422
		423	The resulting absolute offset will be passed to the callback, or C<-1> in
		424	case of an error.
		425
		426	In theory, the C<$whence> constants could be different than the
		427	corresponding values from L<Fcntl>, but perl guarantees they are the same,
		428	so don't panic.
		429
		430	As a GNU/Linux (and maybe Solaris) extension, also the constants
		431	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_DATA> and C<IO::AIO::SEEK_HOLE> are available, if they
		432	could be found. No guarantees about suitability for use in C<aio_seek> or
		433	Perl's C<sysseek> can be made though, although I would naively assume they
		434	"just work".
318		435
319	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	436	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
320		437
321	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	438	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
322		439
323	Reads or writes C<length> bytes from the specified C<fh> and C<offset>	440	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
324	into the scalar given by C<data> and offset C<dataoffset> and calls the	441	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset>
325	callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on error, just	442	and calls the callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on
326	like the syscall).	443	error, just like the syscall).
		444
		445	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
		446	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
		447
		448	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will
		449	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be
		450	changed by these calls.
		451
		452	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of
		453	C<$data>.
		454
		455	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of
		456	C<$data>.
327		457
328	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request	458	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request
329	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or WW3 (if the	459	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or World War III (if
330	necessary/optional hardware is installed).	460	the necessary/optional hardware is installed).
331		461
332	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at	462	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at
333	offset C<0> within the scalar:	463	offset C<0> within the scalar:
334		464
335	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {	465	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {
336	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";	466	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";
337	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";	467	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";
338	};	468	};
339		469
		470
340	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)	471	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
341		472
342	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	473	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
343	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	474	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
344	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more	475	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more
345	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each	476	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each
346	other.	477	other. The same C<$in_fh> works fine though, as this function does not
		478	move or use the file offset of C<$in_fh>.
347		479
		480	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than
		481	are written, and there is no way to find out how many more bytes have been
		482	read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the
		483	number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals
		484	C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.
		485
		486	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use
		487	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically
		488	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while
		489	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run
		490	into a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then
		491	fails to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the
		492	data in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit
		493	the disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you better control
		494	resource usage.
		495
348	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile> syscall to provide	496	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile>-like syscall to
349	zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to a	497	provide zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to
350	socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to mmap'able file.	498	a socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.
351		499
352	If the native sendfile call fails or is not implemented, it will be	500	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,
353	emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any type of filehandle	501	C<EINVAL>, C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or
		502	C<ENOTSOCK>, it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any
354	regardless of the limitations of the operating system.	503	type of filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.
355		504
356	Please note, however, that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from	505	As native sendfile syscalls (as practically any non-POSIX interface hacked
357	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many	506	together in a hurry to improve benchmark numbers) tend to be rather buggy
358	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only	507	on many systems, this implementation tries to work around some known bugs
359	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result	508	in Linux and FreeBSD kernels (probably others, too), but that might fail,
360	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been	509	so you really really should check the return value of C<aio_sendfile> -
361	read.	510	fewre bytes than expected might have been transferred.
		511
362		512
363	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	513	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
364		514
365	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	515	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
366	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>	516	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>
…		…
372	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.	522	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.
373		523
374	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be	524	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be
375	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.	525	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.
376		526
		527
377	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)	528	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
378		529
379	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)	530	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
380		531
381	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will	532	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will
…		…
386	for an explanation.	537	for an explanation.
387		538
388	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an	539	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an
389	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated	540	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated
390	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.	541	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.
		542
		543	To help interpret the mode and dev/rdev stat values, IO::AIO offers the
		544	following constants and functions (if not implemented, the constants will
		545	be C<0> and the functions will either C<croak> or fall back on traditional
		546	behaviour).
		547
		548	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,
		549	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,
		550	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.
391		551
392	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:	552	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:
393		553
394	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	554	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
395	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	555	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
396	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";	556	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";
397	};	557	};
398		558
		559
		560	=item aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		561
		562	Works like the POSIX C<statvfs> or C<fstatvfs> syscalls, depending on
		563	whether a file handle or path was passed.
		564
		565	On success, the callback is passed a hash reference with the following
		566	members: C<bsize>, C<frsize>, C<blocks>, C<bfree>, C<bavail>, C<files>,
		567	C<ffree>, C<favail>, C<fsid>, C<flag> and C<namemax>. On failure, C<undef>
		568	is passed.
		569
		570	The following POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* constants are defined: C<ST_RDONLY> and
		571	C<ST_NOSUID>.
		572
		573	The following non-POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* flag masks are defined to
		574	their correct value when available, or to C<0> on systems that do
		575	not support them: C<ST_NODEV>, C<ST_NOEXEC>, C<ST_SYNCHRONOUS>,
		576	C<ST_MANDLOCK>, C<ST_WRITE>, C<ST_APPEND>, C<ST_IMMUTABLE>, C<ST_NOATIME>,
		577	C<ST_NODIRATIME> and C<ST_RELATIME>.
		578
		579	Example: stat C</wd> and dump out the data if successful.
		580
		581	aio_statvfs "/wd", sub {
		582	my $f = $_[0]
		583	or die "statvfs: $!";
		584
		585	use Data::Dumper;
		586	say Dumper $f;
		587	};
		588
		589	# result:
		590	{
		591	bsize => 1024,
		592	bfree => 4333064312,
		593	blocks => 10253828096,
		594	files => 2050765568,
		595	flag => 4096,
		596	favail => 2042092649,
		597	bavail => 4333064312,
		598	ffree => 2042092649,
		599	namemax => 255,
		600	frsize => 1024,
		601	fsid => 1810
		602	}
		603
		604
		605	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		606
		607	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
		608	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
		609	syscalls support them.
		610
		611	When called with a pathname, uses utimes(2) if available, otherwise
		612	utime(2). If called on a file descriptor, uses futimes(2) if available,
		613	otherwise returns ENOSYS, so this is not portable.
		614
		615	Examples:
		616
		617	# set atime and mtime to current time (basically touch(1)):
		618	aio_utime "path", undef, undef;
		619	# set atime to current time and mtime to beginning of the epoch:
		620	aio_utime "path", time, undef; # undef==0
		621
		622
		623	=item aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		624
		625	Works like perl's C<chown> function, except that C<undef> for either $uid
		626	or $gid is being interpreted as "do not change" (but -1 can also be used).
		627
		628	Examples:
		629
		630	# same as "chown root path" in the shell:
		631	aio_chown "path", 0, -1;
		632	# same as above:
		633	aio_chown "path", 0, undef;
		634
		635
		636	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		637
		638	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
		639
		640
		641	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		642
		643	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
		644
		645
399	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)	646	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
400		647
401	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	648	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
402	result code.	649	result code.
403		650
		651
404	=item aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)	652	=item aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
405		653
406	[EXPERIMENTAL]	654	[EXPERIMENTAL]
407		655
408	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).	656	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
409		657
410	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:	658	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
411		659
412	aio_mknod $path, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...	660	aio_mknod $pathname, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
		661
		662	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants
		663	and functions.
413		664
414	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	665	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
415		666
416	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	667	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
417	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	668	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
418		669
		670
419	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	671	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
420		672
421	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	673	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
422	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	674	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
423		675
		676
424	=item aio_readlink $path, $callback->($link)	677	=item aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
425		678
426	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to	679	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
427	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the	680	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
428	callback.	681	callback.
429		682
		683
		684	=item aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		685
		686	Asynchronously make the path absolute and resolve any symlinks in
		687	C<$path>. The resulting path only consists of directories (Same as
		688	L<Cwd::realpath>).
		689
		690	This request can be used to get the absolute path of the current working
		691	directory by passing it a path of F<.> (a single dot).
		692
		693
430	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	694	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
431		695
432	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	696	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
433	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	697	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
434		698
		699
		700	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		701
		702	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with
		703	the result code. C<$mode> will be modified by the umask at the time the
		704	request is executed, so do not change your umask.
		705
		706
435	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	707	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
436		708
437	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the	709	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the
438	result code.	710	result code.
		711
439		712
440	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	713	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
441		714
442	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	715	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
443	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	716	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
444	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.	717	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.
445		718
446	The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref	719	The callback is passed a single argument which is either C<undef> or an
447	with the filenames.	720	array-ref with the filenames.
448		721
		722
		723	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		724
		725	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows one to
		726	tune behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
		727	C<undef>.
		728
		729	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
		730	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
		731
		732	=over 4
		733
		734	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
		735
		736	When this flag is off, then the callback gets an arrayref consisting of
		737	names only (as with C<aio_readdir>), otherwise it gets an arrayref with
		738	C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a single directory
		739	entry in more detail.
		740
		741	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
		742
		743	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
		744
		745	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
		746	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
		747	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
		748
		749	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need to
		750	know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed reasons, the C<$type>
		751	scalars are read-only: you can not modify them.
		752
		753	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
		754	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
		755	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
		756
		757	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		758
		759	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order where
		760	likely directories come first, in optimal stat order. This is useful when
		761	you need to quickly find directories, or you want to find all directories
		762	while avoiding to stat() each entry.
		763
		764	If the system returns type information in readdir, then this is used
		765	to find directories directly. Otherwise, likely directories are names
		766	beginning with ".", or otherwise names with no dots, of which names with
		767	short names are tried first.
		768
		769	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
		770
		771	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
		772	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat()
		773	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely
		774	be fastest.
		775
		776	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified, then
		777	the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order.
		778
		779	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		780
		781	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
		782	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
		783	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absence of this flag therefore indicates that all
		784	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
		785
		786	=back
		787
		788
449	=item aio_load $path, $data, $callback->($status)	789	=item aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
450		790
451	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into	791	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
452	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.	792	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
453		793
454	=cut	794	=cut
455		795
456	sub aio_load($$;$) {	796	sub aio_load($$;$) {
457	aio_block {
458	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;	797	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;
459	my $data = \$_[1];	798	my $data = \$_[1];
460		799
461	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	800	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
462	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	801	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		802
		803	aioreq_pri $pri;
		804	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		805	my $fh = shift
		806	or return $grp->result (-1);
463		807
464	aioreq_pri $pri;	808	aioreq_pri $pri;
465	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
466	my ($fh) = @_
467	or return $grp->result (-1);
468
469	aioreq_pri $pri;
470	add $grp aio_read $fh, 0, (-s $fh), $$data, 0, sub {	809	add $grp aio_read $fh, 0, (-s $fh), $$data, 0, sub {
471	$grp->result ($_[0]);	810	$grp->result ($_[0]);
472	};
473	};	811	};
474
475	$grp
476	}	812	};
		813
		814	$grp
477	}	815	}
478		816
479	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	817	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
480		818
481	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	819	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
482	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	820	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
483	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	821	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
484		822
485	This is a composite request that it creates the destination file with	823	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
486	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using	824	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
487	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and	825	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
488	uid/gid, in that order.	826	uid/gid, in that order.
489		827
490	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if	828	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if
…		…
492	errors are being ignored.	830	errors are being ignored.
493		831
494	=cut	832	=cut
495		833
496	sub aio_copy($$;$) {	834	sub aio_copy($$;$) {
497	aio_block {
498	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;	835	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
499		836
500	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	837	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
501	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	838	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
502		839
503	aioreq_pri $pri;	840	aioreq_pri $pri;
504	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	841	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
505	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {	842	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
506	my @stat = stat $src_fh;	843	my @stat = stat $src_fh; # hmm, might block over nfs?
507		844
508	aioreq_pri $pri;	845	aioreq_pri $pri;
509	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {	846	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {
510	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {	847	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
511	aioreq_pri $pri;	848	aioreq_pri $pri;
512	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {	849	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
513	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {	850	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
514	$grp->result (0);	851	$grp->result (0);
515	close $src_fh;	852	close $src_fh;
516		853
517	# those should not normally block. should. should.
518	utime $stat[8], $stat[9], $dst;
519	chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;
520	chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;
521	close $dst_fh;
522	} else {	854	my $ch = sub {
523	$grp->result (-1);
524	close $src_fh;
525	close $dst_fh;
526
527	aioreq $pri;	855	aioreq_pri $pri;
		856	add $grp aio_chmod $dst_fh, $stat[2] & 07777, sub {
		857	aioreq_pri $pri;
		858	add $grp aio_chown $dst_fh, $stat[4], $stat[5], sub {
		859	aioreq_pri $pri;
528	add $grp aio_unlink $dst;	860	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;
		861	}
		862	};
529	}	863	};
		864
		865	aioreq_pri $pri;
		866	add $grp aio_utime $dst_fh, $stat[8], $stat[9], sub {
		867	if ($_[0] < 0 && $! == ENOSYS) {
		868	aioreq_pri $pri;
		869	add $grp aio_utime $dst, $stat[8], $stat[9], $ch;
		870	} else {
		871	$ch->();
		872	}
		873	};
		874	} else {
		875	$grp->result (-1);
		876	close $src_fh;
		877	close $dst_fh;
		878
		879	aioreq $pri;
		880	add $grp aio_unlink $dst;
530	};	881	}
531	} else {
532	$grp->result (-1);
533	}	882	};
		883	} else {
		884	$grp->result (-1);
534	},	885	}
535
536	} else {
537	$grp->result (-1);
538	}	886	},
		887
		888	} else {
		889	$grp->result (-1);
539	};	890	}
540
541	$grp
542	}	891	};
		892
		893	$grp
543	}	894	}
544		895
545	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	896	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
546		897
547	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	898	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
548	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	899	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
549	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	900	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
550		901
551	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If	902	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if
552	rename files with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if	903	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if
553	that is successful, unlinking the C<$srcpath>.	904	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.
554		905
555	=cut	906	=cut
556		907
557	sub aio_move($$;$) {	908	sub aio_move($$;$) {
558	aio_block {
559	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;	909	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
560		910
561	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	911	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
562	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	912	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
563		913
564	aioreq_pri $pri;	914	aioreq_pri $pri;
565	add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {	915	add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {
566	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {	916	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
567	aioreq_pri $pri;	917	aioreq_pri $pri;
568	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {	918	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
569	$grp->result ($_[0]);
570
571	if (!$_[0]) {
572	aioreq_pri $pri;
573	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
574	}
575	};
576	} else {
577	$grp->result ($_[0]);	919	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		920
		921	unless ($_[0]) {
		922	aioreq_pri $pri;
		923	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
		924	}
578	}	925	};
		926	} else {
		927	$grp->result ($_[0]);
579	};	928	}
580
581	$grp
582	}	929	};
		930
		931	$grp
583	}	932	}
584		933
585	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	934	=item aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
586		935
587	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	936	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
588	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of	937	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
589	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot	938	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
590	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).	939	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
…		…
607		956
608	Implementation notes.	957	Implementation notes.
609		958
610	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.	959	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.
611		960
		961	If readdir returns file type information, then this is used directly to
		962	find directories.
		963
612	After reading the directory, the modification time, size etc. of the	964	Otherwise, after reading the directory, the modification time, size etc.
613	directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they match (and	965	of the directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they
614	isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide how many	966	match (and isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide
615	entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the number	967	how many entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the
616	of subdirectories will be assumed.	968	number of subdirectories will be assumed.
617		969
618	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories (everything without	970	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
619	a non-initial dot currently) and likely non-directories (everything	971	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
620	else). Then every entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed,	972	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
621	likely directories first. If that succeeds, it assumes that the entry	973	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
622	is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	974	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
623	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	975	separately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
624	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	976	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
625	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature).	977	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
		978	the filetype information on readdir.
626		979
627	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	980	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
628	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.	981	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.
629		982
630	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which	983	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which
…		…
635	directory counting heuristic.	988	directory counting heuristic.
636		989
637	=cut	990	=cut
638		991
639	sub aio_scandir($$;$) {	992	sub aio_scandir($$;$) {
640	aio_block {
641	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;	993	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;
642		994
643	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	995	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
644		996
645	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	997	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
646		998
647	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;	999	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
		1000
		1001	# get a wd object
		1002	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1003	add $grp aio_wd $path, sub {
		1004	$_[0]
		1005	or return $grp->result ();
		1006
		1007	my $wd = [shift, "."];
648		1008
649	# stat once	1009	# stat once
650	aioreq_pri $pri;	1010	aioreq_pri $pri;
651	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1011	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
652	return $grp->result () if $_[0];	1012	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
653	my $now = time;	1013	my $now = time;
654	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1014	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
655		1015
656	# read the directory entries	1016	# read the directory entries
657	aioreq_pri $pri;	1017	aioreq_pri $pri;
658	add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {	1018	add $grp aio_readdirx $wd, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {
659	my $entries = shift	1019	my $entries = shift
660	or return $grp->result ();	1020	or return $grp->result ();
661		1021
662	# stat the dir another time	1022	# stat the dir another time
663	aioreq_pri $pri;	1023	aioreq_pri $pri;
664	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1024	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
665	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1025	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
666		1026
667	my $ndirs;	1027	my $ndirs;
668		1028
669	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy	1029	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
670	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {	1030	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
671	$ndirs = -1;	1031	$ndirs = -1;
672	} else {	1032	} else {
673	# if nlink == 2, we are finished	1033	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
674	# on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2	1034	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
675	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2	1035	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
676	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);	1036	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
677	}	1037	}
678		1038
679	# sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
680	# dirs == files without ".", short entries first
681	$entries = [map $_->[0],
682	sort { $b->[1] cmp $a->[1] }
683	map [$_, sprintf "%s%04d", (/.\./ ? "1" : "0"), length],
684	@$entries];
685
686	my (@dirs, @nondirs);	1039	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
687		1040
688	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {	1041	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
689	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);	1042	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
690	};	1043	};
691		1044
692	limit $statgrp $maxreq;	1045	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
693	feed $statgrp sub {	1046	feed $statgrp sub {
694	return unless @$entries;	1047	return unless @$entries;
695	my $entry = pop @$entries;	1048	my $entry = shift @$entries;
696		1049
697	aioreq_pri $pri;	1050	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1051	$wd->[1] = "$entry/.";
698	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$entry/.", sub {	1052	add $statgrp aio_stat $wd, sub {
699	if ($_[0] < 0) {	1053	if ($_[0] < 0) {
700	push @nondirs, $entry;	1054	push @nondirs, $entry;
701	} else {	1055	} else {
702	# need to check for real directory	1056	# need to check for real directory
703	aioreq_pri $pri;	1057	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1058	$wd->[1] = $entry;
704	add $statgrp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {	1059	add $statgrp aio_lstat $wd, sub {
705	if (-d _) {	1060	if (-d _) {
706	push @dirs, $entry;	1061	push @dirs, $entry;
707		1062
708	unless (--$ndirs) {	1063	unless (--$ndirs) {
709	push @nondirs, @$entries;	1064	push @nondirs, @$entries;
…		…
717	};	1072	};
718	};	1073	};
719	};	1074	};
720	};	1075	};
721	};	1076	};
722
723	$grp
724	}	1077	};
		1078
		1079	$grp
725	}	1080	}
726		1081
727	=item aio_rmtree $path, $callback->($status)	1082	=item aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
728		1083
729	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the	1084	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
730	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that	1085	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
731	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink	1086	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
732	everything else.	1087	everything else.
733		1088
734	=cut	1089	=cut
735		1090
736	sub aio_rmtree;	1091	sub aio_rmtree;
737	sub aio_rmtree($;$) {	1092	sub aio_rmtree($;$) {
738	aio_block {
739	my ($path, $cb) = @_;	1093	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
740		1094
741	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	1095	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
742	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	1096	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
743		1097
744	aioreq_pri $pri;	1098	aioreq_pri $pri;
745	add $grp aio_scandir $path, 0, sub {	1099	add $grp aio_scandir $path, 0, sub {
746	my ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_;	1100	my ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_;
747		1101
748	my $dirgrp = aio_group sub {	1102	my $dirgrp = aio_group sub {
749	add $grp aio_rmdir $path, sub {	1103	add $grp aio_rmdir $path, sub {
750	$grp->result ($_[0]);	1104	$grp->result ($_[0]);
751	};
752	};	1105	};
753
754	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_rmtree "$path/$_" for @$dirs;
755	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_unlink "$path/$_" for @$nondirs;
756
757	add $grp $dirgrp;
758	};	1106	};
759		1107
760	$grp	1108	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_rmtree "$path/$_" for @$dirs;
		1109	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_unlink "$path/$_" for @$nondirs;
		1110
		1111	add $grp $dirgrp;
761	}	1112	};
		1113
		1114	$grp
762	}	1115	}
		1116
		1117	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)
		1118
		1119	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.
763		1120
764	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)	1121	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
765		1122
766	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback	1123	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback
767	with the fsync result code.	1124	with the fsync result code.
…		…
771	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the	1128	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the
772	callback with the fdatasync result code.	1129	callback with the fdatasync result code.
773		1130
774	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	1131	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
775	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	1132	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1133
		1134	=item aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		1135
		1136	Asynchronously call the syncfs syscall to sync the filesystem associated
		1137	to the given filehandle and call the callback with the syncfs result
		1138	code. If syncfs is not available, calls sync(), but returns C<-1> and sets
		1139	errno to C<ENOSYS> nevertheless.
		1140
		1141	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		1142
		1143	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
		1144	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
		1145	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns
		1146	ENOSYS, then fdatasync or fsync is being substituted.
		1147
		1148	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
		1149	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
		1150	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
		1151	manpage for details.
		1152
		1153	=item aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		1154
		1155	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
		1156	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
		1157	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
		1158	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
		1159	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,
		1160	not just directories.
		1161
		1162	Future versions of this function might fall back to other methods when
		1163	C<fsync> on the directory fails (such as calling C<sync>).
		1164
		1165	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.
		1166
		1167	=cut
		1168
		1169	sub aio_pathsync($;$) {
		1170	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		1171
		1172	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1173	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1174
		1175	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1176	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		1177	my ($fh) = @_;
		1178	if ($fh) {
		1179	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1180	add $grp aio_fsync $fh, sub {
		1181	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1182
		1183	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1184	add $grp aio_close $fh;
		1185	};
		1186	} else {
		1187	$grp->result (-1);
		1188	}
		1189	};
		1190
		1191	$grp
		1192	}
		1193
		1194	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1195
		1196	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed
		1197	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data
		1198	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the
		1199	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on
		1200	it).
		1201
		1202	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory
		1203	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes
		1204	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>
		1205	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be
		1206	a combination of C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC>, C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE> and
		1207	C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>.
		1208
		1209	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1210
		1211	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1212	scalars.
		1213
		1214	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified
		1215	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same
		1216	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either
		1217	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or
		1218	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory page s(by reading and
		1219	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).
		1220
		1221	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		1222
		1223	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1224	scalars.
		1225
		1226	It reads in all the pages of the underlying storage into memory (if any)
		1227	and locks them, so they are not getting swapped/paged out or removed.
		1228
		1229	If C<$length> is undefined, then the scalar will be locked till the end.
		1230
		1231	On systems that do not implement C<mlock>, this function returns C<-1>
		1232	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1233
		1234	Note that the corresponding C<munlock> is synchronous and is
		1235	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1236
		1237	Example: open a file, mmap and mlock it - both will be undone when
		1238	C<$data> gets destroyed.
		1239
		1240	open my $fh, "<", $path or die "$path: $!";
		1241	my $data;
		1242	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;
		1243	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background
		1244
		1245	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		1246
		1247	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a combination of
		1248	C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT> and C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE>).
		1249
		1250	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>
		1251	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1252
		1253	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is
		1254	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1255
		1256	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.
		1257
		1258	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;
		1259
		1260	=item aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		1261
		1262	Queries the extents of the given file (by calling the Linux FIEMAP ioctl,
		1263	see L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/IO-AIO/doc/fiemap.txt> for details). If the
		1264	C<ioctl> is not available on your OS, then this rquiest will fail with
		1265	C<ENOSYS>.
		1266
		1267	C<$start> is the starting offset to query extents for, C<$length> is the
		1268	size of the range to query - if it is C<undef>, then the whole file will
		1269	be queried.
		1270
		1271	C<$flags> is a combination of flags (C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> or
		1272	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR> - C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAGS_COMPAT> is also
		1273	exported), and is normally C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> to query
		1274	the data portion.
		1275
		1276	C<$count> is the maximum number of extent records to return. If it is
		1277	C<undef>, then IO::AIO queries all extents of the file. As a very special
		1278	case, if it is C<0>, then the callback receives the number of extents
		1279	instead of the extents themselves.
		1280
		1281	If an error occurs, the callback receives no arguments. The special
		1282	C<errno> value C<IO::AIO::EBADR> is available to test for flag errors.
		1283
		1284	Otherwise, the callback receives an array reference with extent
		1285	structures. Each extent structure is an array reference itself, with the
		1286	following members:
		1287
		1288	[$logical, $physical, $length, $flags]
		1289
		1290	Flags is any combination of the following flag values (typically either C<0>
		1291	or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST>):
		1292
		1293	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN>,
		1294	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_ENCODED>,
		1295	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_ENCRYPTED>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED>,
		1296	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_TAIL>,
		1297	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED> or
		1298	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_SHARED>.
776		1299
777	=item aio_group $callback->(...)	1300	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
778		1301
779	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a	1302	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
780	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle	1303	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
…		…
818	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function	1341	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
819	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.	1342	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
820		1343
821	=back	1344	=back
822		1345
		1346
		1347	=head2 IO::AIO::WD - multiple working directories
		1348
		1349	Your process only has one current working directory, which is used by all
		1350	threads. This makes it hard to use relative paths (some other component
		1351	could call C<chdir> at any time, and it is hard to control when the path
		1352	will be used by IO::AIO).
		1353
		1354	One solution for this is to always use absolute paths. This usually works,
		1355	but can be quite slow (the kernel has to walk the whole path on every
		1356	access), and can also be a hassle to implement.
		1357
		1358	Newer POSIX systems have a number of functions (openat, fdopendir,
		1359	futimensat and so on) that make it possible to specify working directories
		1360	per operation.
		1361
		1362	For portability, and because the clowns who "designed", or shall I write,
		1363	perpetrated this new interface were obviously half-drunk, this abstraction
		1364	cannot be perfect, though.
		1365
		1366	IO::AIO allows you to convert directory paths into a so-called IO::AIO::WD
		1367	object. This object stores the canonicalised, absolute version of the
		1368	path, and on systems that allow it, also a directory file descriptor.
		1369
		1370	Everywhere where a pathname is accepted by IO::AIO (e.g. in C<aio_stat>
		1371	or C<aio_unlink>), one can specify an array reference with an IO::AIO::WD
		1372	object and a pathname instead (or the IO::AIO::WD object alone, which
		1373	gets interpreted as C<[$wd, "."]>). If the pathname is absolute, the
		1374	IO::AIO::WD object is ignored, otherwise the pathname is resolved relative
		1375	to that IO::AIO::WD object.
		1376
		1377	For example, to get a wd object for F</etc> and then stat F<passwd>
		1378	inside, you would write:
		1379
		1380	aio_wd "/etc", sub {
		1381	my $etcdir = shift;
		1382
		1383	# although $etcdir can be undef on error, there is generally no reason
		1384	# to check for errors here, as aio_stat will fail with ENOENT
		1385	# when $etcdir is undef.
		1386
		1387	aio_stat [$etcdir, "passwd"], sub {
		1388	# yay
		1389	};
		1390	};
		1391
		1392	That C<aio_wd> is a request and not a normal function shows that creating
		1393	an IO::AIO::WD object is itself a potentially blocking operation, which is
		1394	why it is done asynchronously.
		1395
		1396	To stat the directory obtained with C<aio_wd> above, one could write
		1397	either of the following three request calls:
		1398
		1399	aio_lstat "/etc" , sub { ... # pathname as normal string
		1400	aio_lstat [$wd, "."], sub { ... # "." relative to $wd (i.e. $wd itself)
		1401	aio_lstat $wd , sub { ... # shorthand for the previous
		1402
		1403	As with normal pathnames, IO::AIO keeps a copy of the working directory
		1404	object and the pathname string, so you could write the following without
		1405	causing any issues due to C<$path> getting reused:
		1406
		1407	my $path = [$wd, undef];
		1408
		1409	for my $name (qw(abc def ghi)) {
		1410	$path->[1] = $name;
		1411	aio_stat $path, sub {
		1412	# ...
		1413	};
		1414	}
		1415
		1416	There are some caveats: when directories get renamed (or deleted), the
		1417	pathname string doesn't change, so will point to the new directory (or
		1418	nowhere at all), while the directory fd, if available on the system,
		1419	will still point to the original directory. Most functions accepting a
		1420	pathname will use the directory fd on newer systems, and the string on
		1421	older systems. Some functions (such as realpath) will always rely on the
		1422	string form of the pathname.
		1423
		1424	So this fucntionality is mainly useful to get some protection against
		1425	C<chdir>, to easily get an absolute path out of a relative path for future
		1426	reference, and to speed up doing many operations in the same directory
		1427	(e.g. when stat'ing all files in a directory).
		1428
		1429	The following functions implement this working directory abstraction:
		1430
		1431	=over 4
		1432
		1433	=item aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		1434
		1435	Asynchonously canonicalise the given pathname and convert it to an
		1436	IO::AIO::WD object representing it. If possible and supported on the
		1437	system, also open a directory fd to speed up pathname resolution relative
		1438	to this working directory.
		1439
		1440	If something goes wrong, then C<undef> is passwd to the callback instead
		1441	of a working directory object and C<$!> is set appropriately. Since
		1442	passing C<undef> as working directory component of a pathname fails the
		1443	request with C<ENOENT>, there is often no need for error checking in the
		1444	C<aio_wd> callback, as future requests using the value will fail in the
		1445	expected way.
		1446
		1447	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
		1448	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1449
		1450	=item IO::AIO::CWD
		1451
		1452	This is a compiletime constant (object) that represents the process
		1453	current working directory.
		1454
		1455	Specifying this object as working directory object for a pathname is as
		1456	if the pathname would be specified directly, without a directory object,
		1457	e.g., these calls are functionally identical:
		1458
		1459	aio_stat "somefile", sub { ... };
		1460	aio_stat [IO::AIO::CWD, "somefile"], sub { ... };
		1461
		1462	=back
		1463
		1464
823	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1465	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
824		1466
825	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1467	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
826	called in non-void context.	1468	called in non-void context.
827		1469
…		…
830	=item cancel $req	1472	=item cancel $req
831		1473
832	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution	1474	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
833	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when	1475	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
834	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise	1476	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
835	untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be	1477	untouched (with the exception of readdir). That means that requests that
836	stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.	1478	currently execute will not be stopped and resources held by the request
		1479	will not be freed prematurely.
837		1480
838	=item cb $req $callback->(...)	1481	=item cb $req $callback->(...)
839		1482
840	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.	1483	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
841		1484
…		…
892	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they	1535	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they
893	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the	1536	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the
894	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to	1537	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to
895	exist.	1538	exist.
896		1539
897	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests. And	1540	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests
898	in the callbacks of those requests, you can add further requests to the	1541	(precisely before the callback has been invoked, which is only done within
899	group. And only when all those requests have finished will the the group	1542	the C<poll_cb>). And in the callbacks of those requests, you can add
900	itself finish.	1543	further requests to the group. And only when all those requests have
		1544	finished will the the group itself finish.
901		1545
902	=over 4	1546	=over 4
903		1547
904	=item add $grp ...	1548	=item add $grp ...
905		1549
…		…
914	=item $grp->cancel_subs	1558	=item $grp->cancel_subs
915		1559
916	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request	1560	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request
917	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.	1561	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.
918		1562
		1563	The group request will finish normally (you cannot add requests to the
		1564	group).
		1565
919	=item $grp->result (...)	1566	=item $grp->result (...)
920		1567
921	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all	1568	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
922	subrequests have finished and set thre groups errno to the current value	1569	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value
923	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,	1570	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,
924	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.	1571	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.
925		1572
926	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])	1573	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])
927		1574
…		…
938	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)	1585	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
939		1586
940	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached	1587	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
941	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,	1588	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
942	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,	1589	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
943	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For	1590	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
944	example, C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat>	1591	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands of C<aio_stat>
945	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.	1592	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
946		1593
947	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can	1594	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
948	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The	1595	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
949	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,	1596	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
…		…
954	not impose any limits).	1601	not impose any limits).
955		1602
956	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be	1603	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
957	automatically removed from the group.	1604	automatically removed from the group.
958		1605
959	If the feed limit is C<0>, it will be set to C<2> automatically.	1606	If the feed limit is C<0> when this method is called, it will be set to
		1607	C<2> automatically.
960		1608
961	Example:	1609	Example:
962		1610
963	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:	1611	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
964		1612
…		…
976	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever	1624	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
977	the group contains less than this many requests.	1625	the group contains less than this many requests.
978		1626
979	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.	1627	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
980		1628
		1629	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder
		1630	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.
		1631
981	=back	1632	=back
982		1633
983	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS	1634	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
984		1635
985	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION	1636	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
…		…
987	=over 4	1638	=over 4
988		1639
989	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno	1640	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno
990		1641
991	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be	1642	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be
992	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. Event or	1643	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. EV, Glib,
993	select, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable you have	1644	select and so on, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable
994	to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.	1645	you have to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.
995		1646
996	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1647	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
997		1648
998	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1649	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
999		1650
1000	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this	1651	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call
1001	regularly. Returns the number of events processed. Returns immediately	1652	this regularly. Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there
1002	when no events are outstanding. The amount of events processed depends on	1653	were no events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever
1003	the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.	1654	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount of
		1655	events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and
		1656	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.
1004		1657
1005	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle	1658	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle
1006	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns.	1659	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you don't have to
		1660	do anything special to have it called later.
		1661
		1662	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes
		1663	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit
		1664	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become
		1665	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes
		1666	over again. This function returns very fast when there are no outstanding
		1667	requests.
1007		1668
1008	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1669	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
1009	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority:	1670	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority (more examples can be found in the
		1671	SYNOPSIS section, at the top of this document):
1010		1672
1011	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1673	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1012	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1674	poll => 'r', async => 1,
1013	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1675	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1676
		1677	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
		1678
		1679	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
		1680	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
		1681	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
		1682	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
		1683
		1684	See C<nreqs> for an example.
		1685
		1686	=item IO::AIO::poll
		1687
		1688	Waits until some requests have been handled.
		1689
		1690	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
		1691	equivalent to:
		1692
		1693	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1694
		1695	=item IO::AIO::flush
		1696
		1697	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
		1698
		1699	Strictly equivalent to:
		1700
		1701	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1702	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
1014		1703
1015	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs	1704	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
1016		1705
1017	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds	1706	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
1018		1707
…		…
1043	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority	1732	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority
1044	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1733	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1045	poll => 'r', nice => 1,	1734	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
1046	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1735	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
1047		1736
1048	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait	1737	=back
1049
1050	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
1051	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
1052	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
1053	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
1054
1055	See C<nreqs> for an example.
1056
1057	=item IO::AIO::poll
1058
1059	Waits until some requests have been handled.
1060
1061	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
1062	equivalent to:
1063
1064	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1065
1066	=item IO::AIO::flush
1067
1068	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
1069
1070	Strictly equivalent to:
1071
1072	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1073	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
1074		1738
1075	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS	1739	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
		1740
		1741	=over
1076		1742
1077	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads	1743	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
1078		1744
1079	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current	1745	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current
1080	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute	1746	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute
…		…
1108		1774
1109	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1775	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
1110		1776
1111	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads	1777	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
1112		1778
1113	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle (i.e.,	1779	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle
1114	threads that did not get a request to process within 10 seconds). That	1780	(i.e., threads that did not get a request to process within the idle
1115	means if a thread becomes idle while C<$nthreads> other threads are also	1781	timeout (default: 10 seconds). That means if a thread becomes idle while
1116	idle, it will free its resources and exit.	1782	C<$nthreads> other threads are also idle, it will free its resources and
		1783	exit.
1117		1784
1118	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)	1785	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)
1119	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources	1786	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources
1120	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).	1787	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).
1121		1788
1122	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread	1789	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread
1123	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might	1790	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might
1124	want to use larger values.	1791	want to use larger values.
1125		1792
		1793	=item IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		1794
		1795	Sets the minimum idle timeout (default 10) after which worker threads are
		1796	allowed to exit. SEe C<IO::AIO::max_idle>.
		1797
1126	=item $oldmaxreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs	1798	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		1799
		1800	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If
		1801	you do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to
		1802	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> (and other functions calling C<poll_cb>, such as
		1803	C<IO::AIO::flush> or C<IO::AIO::poll>) will block until the limit is no
		1804	longer exceeded.
		1805
		1806	In other words, this setting does not enforce a queue limit, but can be
		1807	used to make poll functions block if the limit is exceeded.
1127		1808
1128	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it	1809	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
1129	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better	1810	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
1130	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.	1811	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
1131		1812
1132	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you	1813	It's main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat
1133	to queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to the	1814	a lot of files, you can write somehting like this:
1134	C<poll_cb> (and C<poll_some> and other functions calling C<poll_cb>)
1135	function will block until the limit is no longer exceeded.
1136		1815
1137	The default value is very large, so there is no practical limit on the	1816	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;
1138	number of outstanding requests.
1139		1817
1140	You can still queue as many requests as you want. Therefore,	1818	for my $path (...) {
1141	C<max_oustsanding> is mainly useful in simple scripts (with low values) or	1819	aio_stat $path , ...;
1142	as a stop gap to shield against fatal memory overflow (with large values).	1820	IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1821	}
		1822
		1823	IO::AIO::flush;
		1824
		1825	The call to C<poll_cb> inside the loop will normally return instantly, but
		1826	as soon as more thna C<32> reqeusts are in-flight, it will block until
		1827	some requests have been handled. This keeps the loop from pushing a large
		1828	number of C<aio_stat> requests onto the queue.
		1829
		1830	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no
		1831	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.
		1832
		1833	=back
1143		1834
1144	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION	1835	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
		1836
		1837	=over
1145		1838
1146	=item IO::AIO::nreqs	1839	=item IO::AIO::nreqs
1147		1840
1148	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending	1841	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending
1149	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).	1842	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).
…		…
1163	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,	1856	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
1164	but not yet processed by poll_cb).	1857	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
1165		1858
1166	=back	1859	=back
1167		1860
		1861	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
		1862
		1863	IO::AIO implements some functions that might be useful, but are not
		1864	asynchronous.
		1865
		1866	=over 4
		1867
		1868	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		1869
		1870	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,
		1871	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is
		1872	likely cached already and the output filehandle is set to non-blocking
		1873	operations).
		1874
		1875	Returns the number of bytes copied, or C<-1> on error.
		1876
		1877	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		1878
		1879	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its
		1880	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1881	available: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1882	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,
		1883	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.
		1884
		1885	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns
		1886	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.
		1887
		1888	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice
		1889
		1890	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its
		1891	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1892	available: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1893	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.
		1894
		1895	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns
		1896	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.
		1897
		1898	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect
		1899
		1900	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed
		1901	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect
		1902	constants are available: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,
		1903	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.
		1904
		1905	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns
		1906	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.
		1907
		1908	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]
		1909
		1910	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the
		1911	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar.
		1912
		1913	The only operations allowed on the scalar are C<substr>/C<vec> that don't
		1914	change the string length, and most read-only operations such as copying it
		1915	or searching it with regexes and so on.
		1916
		1917	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.
		1918
		1919	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed
		1920	when the C<$scalar> is destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap> or
		1921	C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called.
		1922
		1923	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual
		1924	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.
		1925
		1926	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual
		1927	filesize.
		1928
		1929	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,
		1930	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,
		1931
		1932	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or
		1933	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>, or a number of system-specific flags (when
		1934	not available, the are defined as 0): C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS>
		1935	(which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this
		1936	constant), C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,
		1937	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE> or
		1938	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>
		1939
		1940	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.
		1941
		1942	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be
		1943	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.
		1944
		1945	Example:
		1946
		1947	use Digest::MD5;
		1948	use IO::AIO;
		1949
		1950	open my $fh, "<verybigfile"
		1951	or die "$!";
		1952
		1953	IO::AIO::mmap my $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh
		1954	or die "verybigfile: $!";
		1955
		1956	my $fast_md5 = md5 $data;
		1957
		1958	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		1959
		1960	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.
		1961
		1962	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		1963
		1964	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous
		1965	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).
		1966
		1967	=item IO::AIO::munlockall
		1968
		1969	Calls the C<munlockall> function.
		1970
		1971	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns
		1972	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.
		1973
		1974	=item IO::AIO::splice $r_fh, $r_off, $w_fh, $w_off, $length, $flags
		1975
		1976	Calls the GNU/Linux C<splice(2)> syscall, if available. If C<$r_off> or
		1977	C<$w_off> are C<undef>, then C<NULL> is passed for these, otherwise they
		1978	should be the file offset.
		1979
		1980	The following symbol flag values are available: C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MOVE>,
		1981	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK>, C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MORE> and
		1982	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_GIFT>.
		1983
		1984	See the C<splice(2)> manpage for details.
		1985
		1986	=item IO::AIO::tee $r_fh, $w_fh, $length, $flags
		1987
		1988	Calls the GNU/Linux C<tee(2)> syscall, see it's manpage and the
		1989	description for C<IO::AIO::splice> above for details.
		1990
		1991	=back
		1992
1168	=cut	1993	=cut
1169		1994
1170	# support function to convert a fd into a perl filehandle
1171	sub _fd2fh {
1172	return undef if $_[0] < 0;
1173
1174	# try to generate nice filehandles
1175	my $sym = "IO::AIO::fd#$_[0]";
1176	local *$sym;
1177
1178	open *$sym, "+<&=$_[0]" # usually works under any unix
1179	or open *$sym, "<&=$_[0]" # cygwin needs this
1180	or open *$sym, ">&=$_[0]" # or this
1181	or return undef;
1182
1183	*$sym
1184	}
1185
1186	min_parallel 8;	1995	min_parallel 8;
1187		1996
1188	END { flush }	1997	END { flush }
1189		1998
1190	1;	1999	1;
1191		2000
		2001	=head1 EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		2002
		2003	It is recommended to use L<AnyEvent::AIO> to integrate IO::AIO
		2004	automatically into many event loops:
		2005
		2006	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
		2007	use AnyEvent::AIO;
		2008
		2009	You can also integrate IO::AIO manually into many event loops, here are
		2010	some examples of how to do this:
		2011
		2012	# EV integration
		2013	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		2014
		2015	# Event integration
		2016	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2017	poll => 'r',
		2018	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2019
		2020	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
		2021	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2022	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
		2023
		2024	# Tk integration
		2025	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
		2026	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2027
		2028	# Danga::Socket integration
		2029	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
		2030	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2031
1192	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	2032	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
1193		2033
1194	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	2034	Usage of pthreads in a program changes the semantics of fork
		2035	considerably. Specifically, only async-safe functions can be called after
		2036	fork. Perl doesn't know about this, so in general, you cannot call fork
		2037	with defined behaviour in perl if pthreads are involved. IO::AIO uses
		2038	pthreads, so this applies, but many other extensions and (for inexplicable
		2039	reasons) perl itself often is linked against pthreads, so this limitation
		2040	applies to quite a lot of perls.
1195		2041
1196	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	2042	This module no longer tries to fight your OS, or POSIX. That means IO::AIO
1197	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	2043	only works in the process that loaded it. Forking is fully supported, but
1198	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	2044	using IO::AIO in the child is not.
1199	request/result processing, while the child frees the request/result queue
1200	(so that the requests started before the fork will only be handled in the
1201	parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit set in the
1202	parent process has been reached again.
1203		2045
1204	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	2046	You might get around by not I<using> IO::AIO before (or after)
1205	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	2047	forking. You could also try to call the L<IO::AIO::reinit> function in the
1206	yet.	2048	child:
		2049
		2050	=over 4
		2051
		2052	=item IO::AIO::reinit
		2053
		2054	Abandons all current requests and I/O threads and simply reinitialises all
		2055	data structures. This is not an operation supported by any standards, but
		2056	happens to work on GNU/Linux and some newer BSD systems.
		2057
		2058	The only reasonable use for this function is to call it after forking, if
		2059	C<IO::AIO> was used in the parent. Calling it while IO::AIO is active in
		2060	the process will result in undefined behaviour. Calling it at any time
		2061	will also result in any undefined (by POSIX) behaviour.
		2062
		2063	=back
1207		2064
1208	=head2 MEMORY USAGE	2065	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
1209		2066
1210	Per-request usage:	2067	Per-request usage:
1211		2068
…		…
1213	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly	2070	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly
1214	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl	2071	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl
1215	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and	2072	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and
1216	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.	2073	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.
1217		2074
1218	This is now awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a	2075	This is not awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a
1219	problem.	2076	problem.
1220		2077
1221	Per-thread usage:	2078	Per-thread usage:
1222		2079
1223	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for	2080	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for
…		…
1228		2085
1229	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.	2086	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.
1230		2087
1231	=head1 SEE ALSO	2088	=head1 SEE ALSO
1232		2089
1233	L<Coro::AIO>.	2090	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a
		2091	more natural syntax.
1234		2092
1235	=head1 AUTHOR	2093	=head1 AUTHOR
1236		2094
1237	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2095	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1238	http://home.schmorp.de/	2096	http://home.schmorp.de/

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