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Revision 1.115 by root, Mon Sep 24 18:14:00 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.229 by root, Wed Jul 25 16:32:30 2012 UTC

…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
10	my $fh = shift	10	my $fh = shift
11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";	11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";
12	...	12	...
13	};	13	};
14		14
…		…
26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue	26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
27		27
28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };	28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;	29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
30		30
31	# AnyEvent integration
32	open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!";
33	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb });
34
35	# Event integration
36	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
37	poll => 'r',
38	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
39
40	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
41	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
42	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
43
44	# Tk integration
45	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
46	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
47
48	# Danga::Socket integration
49	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
50	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
51
52	=head1 DESCRIPTION	31	=head1 DESCRIPTION
53		32
54	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your	33	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
55	operating system supports.	34	operating system supports. It is implemented as an interface to C<libeio>
		35	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libeio.html>).
56		36
57	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program	37	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program
58	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation	38	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation
59	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This	39	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This
60	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even	40	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even
…		…
64	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations	44	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations
65	concurrently.	45	concurrently.
66		46
67	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for	47	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for
68	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that	48	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that
69	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is very	49	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is
70	inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<Event|Event>	50	very inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<EV>
71	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.	51	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.
72		52
73	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your	53	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your
74	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support	54	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support
75	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible	55	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible
…		…
85	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never	65	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
86	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.	66	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
87		67
88	=head2 EXAMPLE	68	=head2 EXAMPLE
89		69
90	This is a simple example that uses the Event module and loads	70	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
91	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:	71	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
92		72
93	use Fcntl;	73	use Fcntl;
94	use Event;	74	use EV;
95	use IO::AIO;	75	use IO::AIO;
96		76
97	# register the IO::AIO callback with Event	77	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
98	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	78	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
99	poll => 'r',
100	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
101		79
102	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd	80	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd
103	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	81	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
104	my $fh = shift	82	my $fh = shift
105	or die "error while opening: $!";	83	or die "error while opening: $!";
106		84
107	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking	85	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking
108	my $size = -s $fh;	86	my $size = -s $fh;
…		…
117		95
118	# file contents now in $contents	96	# file contents now in $contents
119	print $contents;	97	print $contents;
120		98
121	# exit event loop and program	99	# exit event loop and program
122	Event::unloop;	100	EV::unloop;
123	};	101	};
124	};	102	};
125		103
126	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,	104	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
127	# check for sockets etc. etc.	105	# check for sockets etc. etc.
128		106
129	# process events as long as there are some:	107	# process events as long as there are some:
130	Event::loop;	108	EV::loop;
131		109
132	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME	110	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
133		111
134	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not	112	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
135	directly visible to Perl.	113	directly visible to Perl.
…		…
183		161
184	=cut	162	=cut
185		163
186	package IO::AIO;	164	package IO::AIO;
187		165
188	no warnings;	166	use Carp ();
189	use strict 'vars';	167
		168	use common::sense;
190		169
191	use base 'Exporter';	170	use base 'Exporter';
192		171
193	BEGIN {	172	BEGIN {
194	our $VERSION = '2.41';	173	our $VERSION = '4.15';
195		174
196	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat	175	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_seek aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
197	aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink	176	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
198	aio_readlink aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link	177	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_realpath aio_sync
		178	aio_fsync aio_syncfs aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_fallocate
		179	aio_pathsync aio_readahead aio_fiemap
		180	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
199	aio_move aio_copy aio_group aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir	181	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
200	aio_chown aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate);	182	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate
		183	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall
		184	aio_statvfs
		185	aio_wd);
		186
201	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice aio_block));	187	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
202	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush	188	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
203	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle	189	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout
204	nreqs nready npending nthreads	190	nreqs nready npending nthreads
205	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs);	191	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs
		192	sendfile fadvise madvise
		193	mmap munmap munlock munlockall);
		194
		195	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
206		196
207	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	197	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
208		198
209	require XSLoader;	199	require XSLoader;
210	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);	200	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
211	}	201	}
212		202
213	=head1 FUNCTIONS	203	=head1 FUNCTIONS
214		204
215	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS	205	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW
		206
		207	This section simply lists the prototypes of the most important functions
		208	for quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function
		209	documentation.
		210
		211	aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		212	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
		213	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
		214	aio_seek $fh,$offset,$whence, $callback->($offs)
		215	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		216	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		217	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
		218	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
		219	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
		220	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
		221	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		222	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		223	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		224	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		225	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		226	aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		227	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
		228	aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		229	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		230	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		231	aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		232	aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($link)
		233	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		234	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		235	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
		236	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
		237	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		238	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		239	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		240	aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
		241	aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		242	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		243	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		244	aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		245	aio_sync $callback->($status)
		246	aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		247	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
		248	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)
		249	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		250	aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		251	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		252	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		253	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		254	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		255	aio_group $callback->(...)
		256	aio_nop $callback->()
		257
		258	$prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
		259	aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
		260
		261	IO::AIO::poll_wait
		262	IO::AIO::poll_cb
		263	IO::AIO::poll
		264	IO::AIO::flush
		265	IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
		266	IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
		267	IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
		268	IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
		269	IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		270	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		271	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		272	IO::AIO::nreqs
		273	IO::AIO::nready
		274	IO::AIO::npending
		275
		276	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		277	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		278	IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags[, $fh[, $offset]]
		279	IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		280	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice
		281	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect
		282	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		283	IO::AIO::munlockall
		284
		285	=head2 API NOTES
216		286
217	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	287	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
218	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	288	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
219	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	289	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
220	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	290	which must be a code reference. This code reference will be called after
221	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	291	the syscall has been executed in an asynchronous fashion. The results
222	perl, which usually delivers "false") as it's sole argument when the given	292	of the request will be passed as arguments to the callback (and, if an
223	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	293	error occured, in C<$!>) - for most requests the syscall return code (e.g.
		294	most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike perl, which usually delivers
		295	"false").
		296
		297	Some requests (such as C<aio_readdir>) pass the actual results and
		298	communicate failures by passing C<undef>.
224		299
225	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	300	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
226	internally until the request has finished.	301	internally until the request has finished.
227		302
228	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow	303	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
229	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.	304	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
230		305
231	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	306	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<should> be absolute. The
232	encoded as octets. The reason for the former is that at the time the	307	reason for this is that at the time the request is being executed, the
233	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	308	current working directory could have changed. Alternatively, you can
234	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	309	make sure that you never change the current working directory anywhere
235	current working directory anywhere in the program and then use relative	310	in the program and then use relative paths. You can also take advantage
236	paths.	311	of IO::AIOs working directory abstraction, that lets you specify paths
		312	relative to some previously-opened "working directory object" - see the
		313	description of the C<IO::AIO::WD> class later in this document.
237		314
238	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass	315	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
239	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without	316	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
240	tinkering, b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	317	tinkering, b) are in your native filesystem encoding, c) use the Encode
241	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	318	module and encode your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in
242	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	319	effect in the user environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on
243	use something else to ensure your scalar has the correct contents.	320	unicode filenames or e) use something else to ensure your scalar has the
		321	correct contents.
244		322
245	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO	323	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
246	handles correctly wether it is set or not.	324	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
		325
		326	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
247		327
248	=over 4	328	=over 4
249		329
250	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]	330	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
251		331
…		…
298	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never	378	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never
299	change the umask.	379	change the umask.
300		380
301	Example:	381	Example:
302		382
303	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	383	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
304	if ($_[0]) {	384	if ($_[0]) {
305	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";	385	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";
306	...	386	...
307	} else {	387	} else {
308	die "open failed: $!\n";	388	die "open failed: $!\n";
309	}	389	}
310	};	390	};
311		391
		392	In addition to all the common open modes/flags (C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>,
		393	C<O_RDWR>, C<O_CREAT>, C<O_TRUNC>, C<O_EXCL> and C<O_APPEND>), the
		394	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on
		395	your system are, as usual, C<0>):
		396
		397	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,
		398	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,
		399	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC> and C<O_TTY_INIT>.
		400
312		401
313	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	402	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
314		403
315	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	404	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
316	code. I<WARNING:> although accepted, you should not pass in a perl	405	code.
317	filehandle here, as perl will likely close the file descriptor another
318	time when the filehandle is destroyed. Normally, you can safely call perls
319	C<close> or just let filehandles go out of scope.
320		406
321	This is supposed to be a bug in the API, so that might change. It's	407	Unfortunately, you can't do this to perl. Perl I<insists> very strongly on
322	therefore best to avoid this function.	408	closing the file descriptor associated with the filehandle itself.
323		409
		410	Therefore, C<aio_close> will not close the filehandle - instead it will
		411	use dup2 to overwrite the file descriptor with the write-end of a pipe
		412	(the pipe fd will be created on demand and will be cached).
		413
		414	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
		415	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
		416
		417	=cut
		418
		419	=item aio_seek $fh, $offset, $whence, $callback->($offs)
		420
		421	Seeks the filehandle to the new C<$offset>, similarly to perl's
		422	C<sysseek>. The C<$whence> can use the traditional values (C<0> for
		423	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_SET>, C<1> for C<IO::AIO::SEEK_CUR> or C<2> for
		424	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_END>).
		425
		426	The resulting absolute offset will be passed to the callback, or C<-1> in
		427	case of an error.
		428
		429	In theory, the C<$whence> constants could be different than the
		430	corresponding values from L<Fcntl>, but perl guarantees they are the same,
		431	so don't panic.
		432
		433	As a GNU/Linux (and maybe Solaris) extension, also the constants
		434	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_DATA> and C<IO::AIO::SEEK_HOLE> are available, if they
		435	could be found. No guarantees about suitability for use in C<aio_seek> or
		436	Perl's C<sysseek> can be made though, although I would naively assume they
		437	"just work".
324		438
325	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	439	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
326		440
327	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	441	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
328		442
329	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from the specified C<$fh> and C<$offset>	443	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
330	into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset> and calls the	444	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset>
331	callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on error, just	445	and calls the callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on
332	like the syscall).	446	error, just like the syscall).
		447
		448	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
		449	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
333		450
334	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will	451	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will
335	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be	452	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be
336	changed by these calls.	453	changed by these calls.
337		454
338	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of C<$data>.	455	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of
		456	C<$data>.
339		457
340	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of	458	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of
341	C<$data>.	459	C<$data>.
342		460
343	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request	461	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request
…		…
357		475
358	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	476	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
359	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	477	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
360	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more	478	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more
361	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each	479	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each
362	other.	480	other. The same C<$in_fh> works fine though, as this function does not
		481	move or use the file offset of C<$in_fh>.
363		482
		483	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than
		484	are written, and there is no way to find out how many more bytes have been
		485	read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the
		486	number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals
		487	C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.
		488
		489	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use
		490	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically
		491	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while
		492	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run
		493	into a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then
		494	fails to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the
		495	data in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit
		496	the disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you better control
		497	resource usage.
		498
364	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile> syscall to provide	499	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile>-like syscall to
365	zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to a	500	provide zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to
366	socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to mmap'able file.	501	a socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.
367		502
368	If the native sendfile call fails or is not implemented, it will be	503	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,
369	emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any type of filehandle	504	C<EINVAL>, C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or
		505	C<ENOTSOCK>, it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any
370	regardless of the limitations of the operating system.	506	type of filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.
371		507
372	Please note, however, that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from	508	As native sendfile syscalls (as practically any non-POSIX interface hacked
373	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many	509	together in a hurry to improve benchmark numbers) tend to be rather buggy
374	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only	510	on many systems, this implementation tries to work around some known bugs
375	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result	511	in Linux and FreeBSD kernels (probably others, too), but that might fail,
376	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been	512	so you really really should check the return value of C<aio_sendfile> -
377	read.	513	fewre bytes than expected might have been transferred.
378		514
379		515
380	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	516	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
381		517
382	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	518	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
…		…
405		541
406	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an	542	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an
407	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated	543	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated
408	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.	544	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.
409		545
		546	To help interpret the mode and dev/rdev stat values, IO::AIO offers the
		547	following constants and functions (if not implemented, the constants will
		548	be C<0> and the functions will either C<croak> or fall back on traditional
		549	behaviour).
		550
		551	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,
		552	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,
		553	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.
		554
410	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:	555	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:
411		556
412	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	557	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
413	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	558	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
414	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";	559	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";
415	};	560	};
416		561
417		562
		563	=item aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		564
		565	Works like the POSIX C<statvfs> or C<fstatvfs> syscalls, depending on
		566	whether a file handle or path was passed.
		567
		568	On success, the callback is passed a hash reference with the following
		569	members: C<bsize>, C<frsize>, C<blocks>, C<bfree>, C<bavail>, C<files>,
		570	C<ffree>, C<favail>, C<fsid>, C<flag> and C<namemax>. On failure, C<undef>
		571	is passed.
		572
		573	The following POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* constants are defined: C<ST_RDONLY> and
		574	C<ST_NOSUID>.
		575
		576	The following non-POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* flag masks are defined to
		577	their correct value when available, or to C<0> on systems that do
		578	not support them: C<ST_NODEV>, C<ST_NOEXEC>, C<ST_SYNCHRONOUS>,
		579	C<ST_MANDLOCK>, C<ST_WRITE>, C<ST_APPEND>, C<ST_IMMUTABLE>, C<ST_NOATIME>,
		580	C<ST_NODIRATIME> and C<ST_RELATIME>.
		581
		582	Example: stat C</wd> and dump out the data if successful.
		583
		584	aio_statvfs "/wd", sub {
		585	my $f = $_[0]
		586	or die "statvfs: $!";
		587
		588	use Data::Dumper;
		589	say Dumper $f;
		590	};
		591
		592	# result:
		593	{
		594	bsize => 1024,
		595	bfree => 4333064312,
		596	blocks => 10253828096,
		597	files => 2050765568,
		598	flag => 4096,
		599	favail => 2042092649,
		600	bavail => 4333064312,
		601	ffree => 2042092649,
		602	namemax => 255,
		603	frsize => 1024,
		604	fsid => 1810
		605	}
		606
		607
418	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)	608	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
419		609
420	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime	610	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
421	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying	611	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
422	syscalls support them.	612	syscalls support them.
…		…
449	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)	639	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
450		640
451	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).	641	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
452		642
453		643
		644	=item aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		645
		646	Allocates or freed disk space according to the C<$mode> argument. See the
		647	linux C<fallocate> docuemntation for details.
		648
		649	C<$mode> can currently be C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>
		650	to allocate space, or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE |
		651	IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>, to deallocate a file range.
		652
		653	The file system block size used by C<fallocate> is presumably the
		654	C<f_bsize> returned by C<statvfs>.
		655
		656	If C<fallocate> isn't available or cannot be emulated (currently no
		657	emulation will be attempted), passes C<-1> and sets C<$!> to C<ENOSYS>.
		658
		659
454	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)	660	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
455		661
456	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.	662	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
457		663
458		664
…		…
460		666
461	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	667	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
462	result code.	668	result code.
463		669
464		670
465	=item aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)	671	=item aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
466		672
467	[EXPERIMENTAL]	673	[EXPERIMENTAL]
468		674
469	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).	675	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
470		676
471	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:	677	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
472		678
473	aio_mknod $path, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...	679	aio_mknod $pathname, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
474		680
		681	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants
		682	and functions.
475		683
476	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	684	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
477		685
478	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	686	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
479	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	687	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
…		…
483		691
484	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	692	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
485	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	693	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
486		694
487		695
488	=item aio_readlink $path, $callback->($link)	696	=item aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
489		697
490	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to	698	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
491	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the	699	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
492	callback.	700	callback.
493		701
494		702
		703	=item aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		704
		705	Asynchronously make the path absolute and resolve any symlinks in
		706	C<$path>. The resulting path only consists of directories (Same as
		707	L<Cwd::realpath>).
		708
		709	This request can be used to get the absolute path of the current working
		710	directory by passing it a path of F<.> (a single dot).
		711
		712
495	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	713	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
496		714
497	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	715	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
498	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	716	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
499		717
…		…
515		733
516	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	734	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
517	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	735	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
518	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.	736	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.
519		737
520	The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref	738	The callback is passed a single argument which is either C<undef> or an
521	with the filenames.	739	array-ref with the filenames.
522		740
523		741
		742	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		743
		744	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows one to
		745	tune behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
		746	C<undef>.
		747
		748	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
		749	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
		750
		751	=over 4
		752
		753	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
		754
		755	When this flag is off, then the callback gets an arrayref consisting of
		756	names only (as with C<aio_readdir>), otherwise it gets an arrayref with
		757	C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a single directory
		758	entry in more detail.
		759
		760	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
		761
		762	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
		763
		764	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
		765	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
		766	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
		767
		768	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need to
		769	know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed reasons, the C<$type>
		770	scalars are read-only: you can not modify them.
		771
		772	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
		773	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
		774	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
		775
		776	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		777
		778	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order where
		779	likely directories come first, in optimal stat order. This is useful when
		780	you need to quickly find directories, or you want to find all directories
		781	while avoiding to stat() each entry.
		782
		783	If the system returns type information in readdir, then this is used
		784	to find directories directly. Otherwise, likely directories are names
		785	beginning with ".", or otherwise names with no dots, of which names with
		786	short names are tried first.
		787
		788	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
		789
		790	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
		791	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat()
		792	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely
		793	be fastest.
		794
		795	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified, then
		796	the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order.
		797
		798	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		799
		800	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
		801	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
		802	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absence of this flag therefore indicates that all
		803	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
		804
		805	=back
		806
		807
524	=item aio_load $path, $data, $callback->($status)	808	=item aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
525		809
526	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into	810	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
527	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.	811	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
528		812
529	=cut	813	=cut
530		814
531	sub aio_load($$;$) {	815	sub aio_load($$;$) {
532	aio_block {
533	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;	816	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;
534	my $data = \$_[1];	817	my $data = \$_[1];
535		818
536	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	819	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
537	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	820	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		821
		822	aioreq_pri $pri;
		823	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		824	my $fh = shift
		825	or return $grp->result (-1);
538		826
539	aioreq_pri $pri;	827	aioreq_pri $pri;
540	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
541	my $fh = shift
542	or return $grp->result (-1);
543
544	aioreq_pri $pri;
545	add $grp aio_read $fh, 0, (-s $fh), $$data, 0, sub {	828	add $grp aio_read $fh, 0, (-s $fh), $$data, 0, sub {
546	$grp->result ($_[0]);	829	$grp->result ($_[0]);
547	};
548	};	830	};
549
550	$grp
551	}	831	};
		832
		833	$grp
552	}	834	}
553		835
554	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	836	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
555		837
556	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	838	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
557	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	839	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
558	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	840	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
559		841
560	This is a composite request that it creates the destination file with	842	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
561	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using	843	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
562	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and	844	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
563	uid/gid, in that order.	845	uid/gid, in that order.
564		846
565	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if	847	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if
…		…
567	errors are being ignored.	849	errors are being ignored.
568		850
569	=cut	851	=cut
570		852
571	sub aio_copy($$;$) {	853	sub aio_copy($$;$) {
572	aio_block {
573	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;	854	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
574		855
575	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	856	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
576	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	857	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
577		858
578	aioreq_pri $pri;	859	aioreq_pri $pri;
579	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	860	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
580	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {	861	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
581	my @stat = stat $src_fh;	862	my @stat = stat $src_fh; # hmm, might block over nfs?
582		863
583	aioreq_pri $pri;	864	aioreq_pri $pri;
584	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {	865	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {
585	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {	866	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
586	aioreq_pri $pri;	867	aioreq_pri $pri;
587	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {	868	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
588	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {	869	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
589	$grp->result (0);	870	$grp->result (0);
590	close $src_fh;	871	close $src_fh;
591		872
592	# those should not normally block. should. should.
593	utime $stat[8], $stat[9], $dst;
594	chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;
595	chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;
596	close $dst_fh;
597	} else {	873	my $ch = sub {
598	$grp->result (-1);
599	close $src_fh;
600	close $dst_fh;
601
602	aioreq $pri;	874	aioreq_pri $pri;
		875	add $grp aio_chmod $dst_fh, $stat[2] & 07777, sub {
		876	aioreq_pri $pri;
		877	add $grp aio_chown $dst_fh, $stat[4], $stat[5], sub {
		878	aioreq_pri $pri;
603	add $grp aio_unlink $dst;	879	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;
		880	}
		881	};
604	}	882	};
		883
		884	aioreq_pri $pri;
		885	add $grp aio_utime $dst_fh, $stat[8], $stat[9], sub {
		886	if ($_[0] < 0 && $! == ENOSYS) {
		887	aioreq_pri $pri;
		888	add $grp aio_utime $dst, $stat[8], $stat[9], $ch;
		889	} else {
		890	$ch->();
		891	}
		892	};
		893	} else {
		894	$grp->result (-1);
		895	close $src_fh;
		896	close $dst_fh;
		897
		898	aioreq $pri;
		899	add $grp aio_unlink $dst;
605	};	900	}
606	} else {
607	$grp->result (-1);
608	}	901	};
		902	} else {
		903	$grp->result (-1);
609	},	904	}
610
611	} else {
612	$grp->result (-1);
613	}	905	},
		906
		907	} else {
		908	$grp->result (-1);
614	};	909	}
615
616	$grp
617	}	910	};
		911
		912	$grp
618	}	913	}
619		914
620	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	915	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
621		916
622	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	917	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
623	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	918	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
624	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	919	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
625		920
626	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If	921	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if
627	rename files with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if	922	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if
628	that is successful, unlinking the C<$srcpath>.	923	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.
629		924
630	=cut	925	=cut
631		926
632	sub aio_move($$;$) {	927	sub aio_move($$;$) {
633	aio_block {
634	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;	928	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
635		929
636	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	930	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
637	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	931	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
638		932
639	aioreq_pri $pri;	933	aioreq_pri $pri;
640	add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {	934	add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {
641	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {	935	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
642	aioreq_pri $pri;	936	aioreq_pri $pri;
643	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {	937	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
644	$grp->result ($_[0]);
645
646	if (!$_[0]) {
647	aioreq_pri $pri;
648	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
649	}
650	};
651	} else {
652	$grp->result ($_[0]);	938	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		939
		940	unless ($_[0]) {
		941	aioreq_pri $pri;
		942	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
		943	}
653	}	944	};
		945	} else {
		946	$grp->result ($_[0]);
654	};	947	}
655
656	$grp
657	}	948	};
		949
		950	$grp
658	}	951	}
659		952
660	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	953	=item aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
661		954
662	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	955	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
663	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of	956	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
664	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot	957	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
665	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).	958	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
…		…
682		975
683	Implementation notes.	976	Implementation notes.
684		977
685	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.	978	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.
686		979
		980	If readdir returns file type information, then this is used directly to
		981	find directories.
		982
687	After reading the directory, the modification time, size etc. of the	983	Otherwise, after reading the directory, the modification time, size etc.
688	directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they match (and	984	of the directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they
689	isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide how many	985	match (and isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide
690	entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the number	986	how many entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the
691	of subdirectories will be assumed.	987	number of subdirectories will be assumed.
692		988
693	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories (everything without	989	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
694	a non-initial dot currently) and likely non-directories (everything	990	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
695	else). Then every entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed,	991	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
696	likely directories first. If that succeeds, it assumes that the entry	992	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
697	is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	993	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
698	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	994	separately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
699	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	995	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
700	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature).	996	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
		997	the filetype information on readdir.
701		998
702	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	999	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
703	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.	1000	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.
704		1001
705	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which	1002	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which
…		…
710	directory counting heuristic.	1007	directory counting heuristic.
711		1008
712	=cut	1009	=cut
713		1010
714	sub aio_scandir($$;$) {	1011	sub aio_scandir($$;$) {
715	aio_block {
716	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;	1012	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;
717		1013
718	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	1014	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
719		1015
720	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	1016	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
721		1017
722	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;	1018	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
		1019
		1020	# get a wd object
		1021	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1022	add $grp aio_wd $path, sub {
		1023	$_[0]
		1024	or return $grp->result ();
		1025
		1026	my $wd = [shift, "."];
723		1027
724	# stat once	1028	# stat once
725	aioreq_pri $pri;	1029	aioreq_pri $pri;
726	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1030	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
727	return $grp->result () if $_[0];	1031	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
728	my $now = time;	1032	my $now = time;
729	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1033	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
730		1034
731	# read the directory entries	1035	# read the directory entries
732	aioreq_pri $pri;	1036	aioreq_pri $pri;
733	add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {	1037	add $grp aio_readdirx $wd, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {
734	my $entries = shift	1038	my $entries = shift
735	or return $grp->result ();	1039	or return $grp->result ();
736		1040
737	# stat the dir another time	1041	# stat the dir another time
738	aioreq_pri $pri;	1042	aioreq_pri $pri;
739	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1043	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
740	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1044	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
741		1045
742	my $ndirs;	1046	my $ndirs;
743		1047
744	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy	1048	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
745	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {	1049	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
746	$ndirs = -1;	1050	$ndirs = -1;
747	} else {	1051	} else {
748	# if nlink == 2, we are finished	1052	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
749	# on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2	1053	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
750	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2	1054	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
751	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);	1055	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
752	}	1056	}
753		1057
754	# sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
755	# dirs == files without ".", short entries first
756	$entries = [map $_->[0],
757	sort { $b->[1] cmp $a->[1] }
758	map [$_, sprintf "%s%04d", (/.\./ ? "1" : "0"), length],
759	@$entries];
760
761	my (@dirs, @nondirs);	1058	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
762		1059
763	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {	1060	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
764	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);	1061	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
765	};	1062	};
766		1063
767	limit $statgrp $maxreq;	1064	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
768	feed $statgrp sub {	1065	feed $statgrp sub {
769	return unless @$entries;	1066	return unless @$entries;
770	my $entry = pop @$entries;	1067	my $entry = shift @$entries;
771		1068
772	aioreq_pri $pri;	1069	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1070	$wd->[1] = "$entry/.";
773	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$entry/.", sub {	1071	add $statgrp aio_stat $wd, sub {
774	if ($_[0] < 0) {	1072	if ($_[0] < 0) {
775	push @nondirs, $entry;	1073	push @nondirs, $entry;
776	} else {	1074	} else {
777	# need to check for real directory	1075	# need to check for real directory
778	aioreq_pri $pri;	1076	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1077	$wd->[1] = $entry;
779	add $statgrp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {	1078	add $statgrp aio_lstat $wd, sub {
780	if (-d _) {	1079	if (-d _) {
781	push @dirs, $entry;	1080	push @dirs, $entry;
782		1081
783	unless (--$ndirs) {	1082	unless (--$ndirs) {
784	push @nondirs, @$entries;	1083	push @nondirs, @$entries;
…		…
792	};	1091	};
793	};	1092	};
794	};	1093	};
795	};	1094	};
796	};	1095	};
797
798	$grp
799	}	1096	};
		1097
		1098	$grp
800	}	1099	}
801		1100
802	=item aio_rmtree $path, $callback->($status)	1101	=item aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
803		1102
804	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the	1103	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
805	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that	1104	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
806	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink	1105	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
807	everything else.	1106	everything else.
808		1107
809	=cut	1108	=cut
810		1109
811	sub aio_rmtree;	1110	sub aio_rmtree;
812	sub aio_rmtree($;$) {	1111	sub aio_rmtree($;$) {
813	aio_block {
814	my ($path, $cb) = @_;	1112	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
815		1113
816	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	1114	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
817	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	1115	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
818		1116
819	aioreq_pri $pri;	1117	aioreq_pri $pri;
820	add $grp aio_scandir $path, 0, sub {	1118	add $grp aio_scandir $path, 0, sub {
821	my ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_;	1119	my ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_;
822		1120
823	my $dirgrp = aio_group sub {	1121	my $dirgrp = aio_group sub {
824	add $grp aio_rmdir $path, sub {	1122	add $grp aio_rmdir $path, sub {
825	$grp->result ($_[0]);	1123	$grp->result ($_[0]);
826	};
827	};	1124	};
828
829	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_rmtree "$path/$_" for @$dirs;
830	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_unlink "$path/$_" for @$nondirs;
831
832	add $grp $dirgrp;
833	};	1125	};
834		1126
835	$grp	1127	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_rmtree "$path/$_" for @$dirs;
		1128	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_unlink "$path/$_" for @$nondirs;
		1129
		1130	add $grp $dirgrp;
836	}	1131	};
		1132
		1133	$grp
837	}	1134	}
		1135
		1136	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)
		1137
		1138	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.
838		1139
839	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)	1140	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
840		1141
841	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback	1142	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback
842	with the fsync result code.	1143	with the fsync result code.
…		…
846	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the	1147	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the
847	callback with the fdatasync result code.	1148	callback with the fdatasync result code.
848		1149
849	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	1150	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
850	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	1151	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1152
		1153	=item aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		1154
		1155	Asynchronously call the syncfs syscall to sync the filesystem associated
		1156	to the given filehandle and call the callback with the syncfs result
		1157	code. If syncfs is not available, calls sync(), but returns C<-1> and sets
		1158	errno to C<ENOSYS> nevertheless.
		1159
		1160	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		1161
		1162	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
		1163	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
		1164	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns
		1165	ENOSYS, then fdatasync or fsync is being substituted.
		1166
		1167	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
		1168	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
		1169	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
		1170	manpage for details.
		1171
		1172	=item aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		1173
		1174	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
		1175	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
		1176	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
		1177	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
		1178	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,
		1179	not just directories.
		1180
		1181	Future versions of this function might fall back to other methods when
		1182	C<fsync> on the directory fails (such as calling C<sync>).
		1183
		1184	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.
		1185
		1186	=cut
		1187
		1188	sub aio_pathsync($;$) {
		1189	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		1190
		1191	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1192	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1193
		1194	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1195	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		1196	my ($fh) = @_;
		1197	if ($fh) {
		1198	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1199	add $grp aio_fsync $fh, sub {
		1200	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1201
		1202	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1203	add $grp aio_close $fh;
		1204	};
		1205	} else {
		1206	$grp->result (-1);
		1207	}
		1208	};
		1209
		1210	$grp
		1211	}
		1212
		1213	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1214
		1215	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed
		1216	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data
		1217	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the
		1218	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on
		1219	it).
		1220
		1221	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory
		1222	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes
		1223	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>
		1224	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be
		1225	a combination of C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC>, C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE> and
		1226	C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>.
		1227
		1228	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1229
		1230	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1231	scalars.
		1232
		1233	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified
		1234	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same
		1235	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either
		1236	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or
		1237	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory page s(by reading and
		1238	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).
		1239
		1240	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		1241
		1242	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1243	scalars.
		1244
		1245	It reads in all the pages of the underlying storage into memory (if any)
		1246	and locks them, so they are not getting swapped/paged out or removed.
		1247
		1248	If C<$length> is undefined, then the scalar will be locked till the end.
		1249
		1250	On systems that do not implement C<mlock>, this function returns C<-1>
		1251	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1252
		1253	Note that the corresponding C<munlock> is synchronous and is
		1254	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1255
		1256	Example: open a file, mmap and mlock it - both will be undone when
		1257	C<$data> gets destroyed.
		1258
		1259	open my $fh, "<", $path or die "$path: $!";
		1260	my $data;
		1261	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;
		1262	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background
		1263
		1264	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		1265
		1266	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a combination of
		1267	C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT> and C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE>).
		1268
		1269	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>
		1270	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1271
		1272	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is
		1273	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1274
		1275	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.
		1276
		1277	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;
		1278
		1279	=item aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		1280
		1281	Queries the extents of the given file (by calling the Linux FIEMAP ioctl,
		1282	see L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/IO-AIO/doc/fiemap.txt> for details). If the
		1283	C<ioctl> is not available on your OS, then this rquiest will fail with
		1284	C<ENOSYS>.
		1285
		1286	C<$start> is the starting offset to query extents for, C<$length> is the
		1287	size of the range to query - if it is C<undef>, then the whole file will
		1288	be queried.
		1289
		1290	C<$flags> is a combination of flags (C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> or
		1291	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR> - C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAGS_COMPAT> is also
		1292	exported), and is normally C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> to query
		1293	the data portion.
		1294
		1295	C<$count> is the maximum number of extent records to return. If it is
		1296	C<undef>, then IO::AIO queries all extents of the file. As a very special
		1297	case, if it is C<0>, then the callback receives the number of extents
		1298	instead of the extents themselves.
		1299
		1300	If an error occurs, the callback receives no arguments. The special
		1301	C<errno> value C<IO::AIO::EBADR> is available to test for flag errors.
		1302
		1303	Otherwise, the callback receives an array reference with extent
		1304	structures. Each extent structure is an array reference itself, with the
		1305	following members:
		1306
		1307	[$logical, $physical, $length, $flags]
		1308
		1309	Flags is any combination of the following flag values (typically either C<0>
		1310	or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST>):
		1311
		1312	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN>,
		1313	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_ENCODED>,
		1314	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_ENCRYPTED>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED>,
		1315	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_TAIL>,
		1316	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED> or
		1317	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_SHARED>.
851		1318
852	=item aio_group $callback->(...)	1319	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
853		1320
854	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a	1321	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
855	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle	1322	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
…		…
893	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function	1360	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
894	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.	1361	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
895		1362
896	=back	1363	=back
897		1364
		1365
		1366	=head2 IO::AIO::WD - multiple working directories
		1367
		1368	Your process only has one current working directory, which is used by all
		1369	threads. This makes it hard to use relative paths (some other component
		1370	could call C<chdir> at any time, and it is hard to control when the path
		1371	will be used by IO::AIO).
		1372
		1373	One solution for this is to always use absolute paths. This usually works,
		1374	but can be quite slow (the kernel has to walk the whole path on every
		1375	access), and can also be a hassle to implement.
		1376
		1377	Newer POSIX systems have a number of functions (openat, fdopendir,
		1378	futimensat and so on) that make it possible to specify working directories
		1379	per operation.
		1380
		1381	For portability, and because the clowns who "designed", or shall I write,
		1382	perpetrated this new interface were obviously half-drunk, this abstraction
		1383	cannot be perfect, though.
		1384
		1385	IO::AIO allows you to convert directory paths into a so-called IO::AIO::WD
		1386	object. This object stores the canonicalised, absolute version of the
		1387	path, and on systems that allow it, also a directory file descriptor.
		1388
		1389	Everywhere where a pathname is accepted by IO::AIO (e.g. in C<aio_stat>
		1390	or C<aio_unlink>), one can specify an array reference with an IO::AIO::WD
		1391	object and a pathname instead (or the IO::AIO::WD object alone, which
		1392	gets interpreted as C<[$wd, "."]>). If the pathname is absolute, the
		1393	IO::AIO::WD object is ignored, otherwise the pathname is resolved relative
		1394	to that IO::AIO::WD object.
		1395
		1396	For example, to get a wd object for F</etc> and then stat F<passwd>
		1397	inside, you would write:
		1398
		1399	aio_wd "/etc", sub {
		1400	my $etcdir = shift;
		1401
		1402	# although $etcdir can be undef on error, there is generally no reason
		1403	# to check for errors here, as aio_stat will fail with ENOENT
		1404	# when $etcdir is undef.
		1405
		1406	aio_stat [$etcdir, "passwd"], sub {
		1407	# yay
		1408	};
		1409	};
		1410
		1411	That C<aio_wd> is a request and not a normal function shows that creating
		1412	an IO::AIO::WD object is itself a potentially blocking operation, which is
		1413	why it is done asynchronously.
		1414
		1415	To stat the directory obtained with C<aio_wd> above, one could write
		1416	either of the following three request calls:
		1417
		1418	aio_lstat "/etc" , sub { ... # pathname as normal string
		1419	aio_lstat [$wd, "."], sub { ... # "." relative to $wd (i.e. $wd itself)
		1420	aio_lstat $wd , sub { ... # shorthand for the previous
		1421
		1422	As with normal pathnames, IO::AIO keeps a copy of the working directory
		1423	object and the pathname string, so you could write the following without
		1424	causing any issues due to C<$path> getting reused:
		1425
		1426	my $path = [$wd, undef];
		1427
		1428	for my $name (qw(abc def ghi)) {
		1429	$path->[1] = $name;
		1430	aio_stat $path, sub {
		1431	# ...
		1432	};
		1433	}
		1434
		1435	There are some caveats: when directories get renamed (or deleted), the
		1436	pathname string doesn't change, so will point to the new directory (or
		1437	nowhere at all), while the directory fd, if available on the system,
		1438	will still point to the original directory. Most functions accepting a
		1439	pathname will use the directory fd on newer systems, and the string on
		1440	older systems. Some functions (such as realpath) will always rely on the
		1441	string form of the pathname.
		1442
		1443	So this fucntionality is mainly useful to get some protection against
		1444	C<chdir>, to easily get an absolute path out of a relative path for future
		1445	reference, and to speed up doing many operations in the same directory
		1446	(e.g. when stat'ing all files in a directory).
		1447
		1448	The following functions implement this working directory abstraction:
		1449
		1450	=over 4
		1451
		1452	=item aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		1453
		1454	Asynchonously canonicalise the given pathname and convert it to an
		1455	IO::AIO::WD object representing it. If possible and supported on the
		1456	system, also open a directory fd to speed up pathname resolution relative
		1457	to this working directory.
		1458
		1459	If something goes wrong, then C<undef> is passwd to the callback instead
		1460	of a working directory object and C<$!> is set appropriately. Since
		1461	passing C<undef> as working directory component of a pathname fails the
		1462	request with C<ENOENT>, there is often no need for error checking in the
		1463	C<aio_wd> callback, as future requests using the value will fail in the
		1464	expected way.
		1465
		1466	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
		1467	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1468
		1469	=item IO::AIO::CWD
		1470
		1471	This is a compiletime constant (object) that represents the process
		1472	current working directory.
		1473
		1474	Specifying this object as working directory object for a pathname is as
		1475	if the pathname would be specified directly, without a directory object,
		1476	e.g., these calls are functionally identical:
		1477
		1478	aio_stat "somefile", sub { ... };
		1479	aio_stat [IO::AIO::CWD, "somefile"], sub { ... };
		1480
		1481	=back
		1482
		1483
898	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1484	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
899		1485
900	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1486	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
901	called in non-void context.	1487	called in non-void context.
902		1488
…		…
905	=item cancel $req	1491	=item cancel $req
906		1492
907	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution	1493	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
908	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when	1494	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
909	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise	1495	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
910	untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be	1496	untouched (with the exception of readdir). That means that requests that
911	stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.	1497	currently execute will not be stopped and resources held by the request
		1498	will not be freed prematurely.
912		1499
913	=item cb $req $callback->(...)	1500	=item cb $req $callback->(...)
914		1501
915	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.	1502	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
916		1503
…		…
967	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they	1554	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they
968	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the	1555	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the
969	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to	1556	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to
970	exist.	1557	exist.
971		1558
972	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests. And	1559	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests
973	in the callbacks of those requests, you can add further requests to the	1560	(precisely before the callback has been invoked, which is only done within
974	group. And only when all those requests have finished will the the group	1561	the C<poll_cb>). And in the callbacks of those requests, you can add
975	itself finish.	1562	further requests to the group. And only when all those requests have
		1563	finished will the the group itself finish.
976		1564
977	=over 4	1565	=over 4
978		1566
979	=item add $grp ...	1567	=item add $grp ...
980		1568
…		…
989	=item $grp->cancel_subs	1577	=item $grp->cancel_subs
990		1578
991	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request	1579	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request
992	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.	1580	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.
993		1581
		1582	The group request will finish normally (you cannot add requests to the
		1583	group).
		1584
994	=item $grp->result (...)	1585	=item $grp->result (...)
995		1586
996	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all	1587	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
997	subrequests have finished and set thre groups errno to the current value	1588	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value
998	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,	1589	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,
999	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.	1590	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.
1000		1591
1001	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])	1592	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])
1002		1593
…		…
1013	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)	1604	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
1014		1605
1015	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached	1606	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
1016	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,	1607	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
1017	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,	1608	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
1018	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For	1609	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
1019	example, C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat>	1610	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands of C<aio_stat>
1020	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.	1611	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
1021		1612
1022	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can	1613	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
1023	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The	1614	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
1024	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,	1615	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
…		…
1029	not impose any limits).	1620	not impose any limits).
1030		1621
1031	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be	1622	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
1032	automatically removed from the group.	1623	automatically removed from the group.
1033		1624
1034	If the feed limit is C<0>, it will be set to C<2> automatically.	1625	If the feed limit is C<0> when this method is called, it will be set to
		1626	C<2> automatically.
1035		1627
1036	Example:	1628	Example:
1037		1629
1038	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:	1630	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
1039		1631
…		…
1051	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever	1643	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
1052	the group contains less than this many requests.	1644	the group contains less than this many requests.
1053		1645
1054	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.	1646	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
1055		1647
		1648	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder
		1649	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.
		1650
1056	=back	1651	=back
1057		1652
1058	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS	1653	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
1059		1654
1060	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION	1655	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
…		…
1062	=over 4	1657	=over 4
1063		1658
1064	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno	1659	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno
1065		1660
1066	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be	1661	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be
1067	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. Event or	1662	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. EV, Glib,
1068	select, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable you have	1663	select and so on, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable
1069	to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.	1664	you have to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.
1070		1665
1071	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1666	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
1072		1667
1073	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1668	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
1074		1669
1075	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this	1670	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call
1076	regularly. Returns the number of events processed. Returns immediately	1671	this regularly. Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there
1077	when no events are outstanding. The amount of events processed depends on	1672	were no events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever
1078	the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.	1673	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount of
		1674	events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and
		1675	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.
1079		1676
1080	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle	1677	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle
1081	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns.	1678	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you don't have to
		1679	do anything special to have it called later.
		1680
		1681	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes
		1682	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit
		1683	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become
		1684	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes
		1685	over again. This function returns very fast when there are no outstanding
		1686	requests.
1082		1687
1083	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1688	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
1084	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority:	1689	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority (more examples can be found in the
		1690	SYNOPSIS section, at the top of this document):
1085		1691
1086	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1692	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1087	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1693	poll => 'r', async => 1,
1088	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1694	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1695
		1696	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
		1697
		1698	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
		1699	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
		1700	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
		1701	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
		1702
		1703	See C<nreqs> for an example.
		1704
		1705	=item IO::AIO::poll
		1706
		1707	Waits until some requests have been handled.
		1708
		1709	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
		1710	equivalent to:
		1711
		1712	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1713
		1714	=item IO::AIO::flush
		1715
		1716	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
		1717
		1718	Strictly equivalent to:
		1719
		1720	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1721	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
1089		1722
1090	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs	1723	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
1091		1724
1092	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds	1725	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
1093		1726
…		…
1118	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority	1751	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority
1119	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1752	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
1120	poll => 'r', nice => 1,	1753	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
1121	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1754	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
1122		1755
1123	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
1124
1125	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
1126	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
1127	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
1128	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
1129
1130	See C<nreqs> for an example.
1131
1132	=item IO::AIO::poll
1133
1134	Waits until some requests have been handled.
1135
1136	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
1137	equivalent to:
1138
1139	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1140
1141	=item IO::AIO::flush
1142
1143	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
1144
1145	Strictly equivalent to:
1146
1147	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
1148	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
1149
1150	=back	1756	=back
1151		1757
1152	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS	1758	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
1153		1759
1154	=over	1760	=over
…		…
1187		1793
1188	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1794	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
1189		1795
1190	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads	1796	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
1191		1797
1192	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle (i.e.,	1798	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle
1193	threads that did not get a request to process within 10 seconds). That	1799	(i.e., threads that did not get a request to process within the idle
1194	means if a thread becomes idle while C<$nthreads> other threads are also	1800	timeout (default: 10 seconds). That means if a thread becomes idle while
1195	idle, it will free its resources and exit.	1801	C<$nthreads> other threads are also idle, it will free its resources and
		1802	exit.
1196		1803
1197	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)	1804	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)
1198	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources	1805	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources
1199	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).	1806	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).
1200		1807
1201	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread	1808	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread
1202	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might	1809	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might
1203	want to use larger values.	1810	want to use larger values.
1204		1811
		1812	=item IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		1813
		1814	Sets the minimum idle timeout (default 10) after which worker threads are
		1815	allowed to exit. SEe C<IO::AIO::max_idle>.
		1816
1205	=item $oldmaxreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs	1817	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		1818
		1819	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If
		1820	you do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to
		1821	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> (and other functions calling C<poll_cb>, such as
		1822	C<IO::AIO::flush> or C<IO::AIO::poll>) will block until the limit is no
		1823	longer exceeded.
		1824
		1825	In other words, this setting does not enforce a queue limit, but can be
		1826	used to make poll functions block if the limit is exceeded.
1206		1827
1207	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it	1828	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
1208	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better	1829	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
1209	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.	1830	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
1210		1831
1211	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you	1832	It's main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat
1212	do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to the	1833	a lot of files, you can write somehting like this:
1213	C<poll_cb> (and C<poll_some> and other functions calling C<poll_cb>)
1214	function will block until the limit is no longer exceeded.
1215		1834
1216	The default value is very large, so there is no practical limit on the	1835	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;
1217	number of outstanding requests.
1218		1836
1219	You can still queue as many requests as you want. Therefore,	1837	for my $path (...) {
1220	C<max_oustsanding> is mainly useful in simple scripts (with low values) or	1838	aio_stat $path , ...;
1221	as a stop gap to shield against fatal memory overflow (with large values).	1839	IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1840	}
		1841
		1842	IO::AIO::flush;
		1843
		1844	The call to C<poll_cb> inside the loop will normally return instantly, but
		1845	as soon as more thna C<32> reqeusts are in-flight, it will block until
		1846	some requests have been handled. This keeps the loop from pushing a large
		1847	number of C<aio_stat> requests onto the queue.
		1848
		1849	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no
		1850	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.
1222		1851
1223	=back	1852	=back
1224		1853
1225	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION	1854	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
1226		1855
…		…
1246	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,	1875	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
1247	but not yet processed by poll_cb).	1876	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
1248		1877
1249	=back	1878	=back
1250		1879
		1880	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
		1881
		1882	IO::AIO implements some functions that might be useful, but are not
		1883	asynchronous.
		1884
		1885	=over 4
		1886
		1887	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		1888
		1889	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,
		1890	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is
		1891	likely cached already and the output filehandle is set to non-blocking
		1892	operations).
		1893
		1894	Returns the number of bytes copied, or C<-1> on error.
		1895
		1896	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		1897
		1898	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its
		1899	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1900	available: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1901	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,
		1902	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.
		1903
		1904	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns
		1905	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.
		1906
		1907	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice
		1908
		1909	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its
		1910	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1911	available: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1912	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.
		1913
		1914	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns
		1915	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.
		1916
		1917	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect
		1918
		1919	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed
		1920	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect
		1921	constants are available: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,
		1922	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.
		1923
		1924	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns
		1925	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.
		1926
		1927	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]
		1928
		1929	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the
		1930	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar. Returns true on
		1931	success, and false otherwise.
		1932
		1933	The only operations allowed on the scalar are C<substr>/C<vec> that don't
		1934	change the string length, and most read-only operations such as copying it
		1935	or searching it with regexes and so on.
		1936
		1937	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.
		1938
		1939	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed
		1940	when the C<$scalar> is destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap> or
		1941	C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called.
		1942
		1943	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual
		1944	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.
		1945
		1946	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual
		1947	filesize.
		1948
		1949	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,
		1950	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,
		1951
		1952	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or
		1953	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>, or a number of system-specific flags (when
		1954	not available, the are defined as 0): C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS>
		1955	(which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this
		1956	constant), C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,
		1957	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE> or
		1958	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>
		1959
		1960	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.
		1961
		1962	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be
		1963	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.
		1964
		1965	Example:
		1966
		1967	use Digest::MD5;
		1968	use IO::AIO;
		1969
		1970	open my $fh, "<verybigfile"
		1971	or die "$!";
		1972
		1973	IO::AIO::mmap my $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh
		1974	or die "verybigfile: $!";
		1975
		1976	my $fast_md5 = md5 $data;
		1977
		1978	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		1979
		1980	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.
		1981
		1982	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		1983
		1984	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous
		1985	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).
		1986
		1987	=item IO::AIO::munlockall
		1988
		1989	Calls the C<munlockall> function.
		1990
		1991	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns
		1992	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.
		1993
		1994	=item IO::AIO::splice $r_fh, $r_off, $w_fh, $w_off, $length, $flags
		1995
		1996	Calls the GNU/Linux C<splice(2)> syscall, if available. If C<$r_off> or
		1997	C<$w_off> are C<undef>, then C<NULL> is passed for these, otherwise they
		1998	should be the file offset.
		1999
		2000	C<$r_fh> and C<$w_fh> should not refer to the same file, as splice might
		2001	silently corrupt the data in this case.
		2002
		2003	The following symbol flag values are available: C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MOVE>,
		2004	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK>, C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MORE> and
		2005	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_GIFT>.
		2006
		2007	See the C<splice(2)> manpage for details.
		2008
		2009	=item IO::AIO::tee $r_fh, $w_fh, $length, $flags
		2010
		2011	Calls the GNU/Linux C<tee(2)> syscall, see it's manpage and the
		2012	description for C<IO::AIO::splice> above for details.
		2013
		2014	=back
		2015
1251	=cut	2016	=cut
1252		2017
1253	# support function to convert a fd into a perl filehandle
1254	sub _fd2fh {
1255	return undef if $_[0] < 0;
1256
1257	# try to generate nice filehandles
1258	my $sym = "IO::AIO::fd#$_[0]";
1259	local *$sym;
1260
1261	open *$sym, "+<&=$_[0]" # usually works under any unix
1262	or open *$sym, "<&=$_[0]" # cygwin needs this
1263	or open *$sym, ">&=$_[0]" # or this
1264	or return undef;
1265
1266	*$sym
1267	}
1268
1269	min_parallel 8;	2018	min_parallel 8;
1270		2019
1271	END { flush }	2020	END { flush }
1272		2021
1273	1;	2022	1;
1274		2023
		2024	=head1 EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		2025
		2026	It is recommended to use L<AnyEvent::AIO> to integrate IO::AIO
		2027	automatically into many event loops:
		2028
		2029	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
		2030	use AnyEvent::AIO;
		2031
		2032	You can also integrate IO::AIO manually into many event loops, here are
		2033	some examples of how to do this:
		2034
		2035	# EV integration
		2036	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		2037
		2038	# Event integration
		2039	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2040	poll => 'r',
		2041	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2042
		2043	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
		2044	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2045	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
		2046
		2047	# Tk integration
		2048	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
		2049	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2050
		2051	# Danga::Socket integration
		2052	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
		2053	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2054
1275	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	2055	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
1276		2056
1277	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	2057	Usage of pthreads in a program changes the semantics of fork
		2058	considerably. Specifically, only async-safe functions can be called after
		2059	fork. Perl doesn't know about this, so in general, you cannot call fork
		2060	with defined behaviour in perl if pthreads are involved. IO::AIO uses
		2061	pthreads, so this applies, but many other extensions and (for inexplicable
		2062	reasons) perl itself often is linked against pthreads, so this limitation
		2063	applies to quite a lot of perls.
1278		2064
1279	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	2065	This module no longer tries to fight your OS, or POSIX. That means IO::AIO
1280	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	2066	only works in the process that loaded it. Forking is fully supported, but
1281	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	2067	using IO::AIO in the child is not.
1282	request/result processing, while the child frees the request/result queue
1283	(so that the requests started before the fork will only be handled in the
1284	parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit set in the
1285	parent process has been reached again.
1286		2068
1287	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	2069	You might get around by not I<using> IO::AIO before (or after)
1288	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	2070	forking. You could also try to call the L<IO::AIO::reinit> function in the
1289	yet.	2071	child:
		2072
		2073	=over 4
		2074
		2075	=item IO::AIO::reinit
		2076
		2077	Abandons all current requests and I/O threads and simply reinitialises all
		2078	data structures. This is not an operation supported by any standards, but
		2079	happens to work on GNU/Linux and some newer BSD systems.
		2080
		2081	The only reasonable use for this function is to call it after forking, if
		2082	C<IO::AIO> was used in the parent. Calling it while IO::AIO is active in
		2083	the process will result in undefined behaviour. Calling it at any time
		2084	will also result in any undefined (by POSIX) behaviour.
		2085
		2086	=back
1290		2087
1291	=head2 MEMORY USAGE	2088	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
1292		2089
1293	Per-request usage:	2090	Per-request usage:
1294		2091
…		…
1311		2108
1312	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.	2109	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.
1313		2110
1314	=head1 SEE ALSO	2111	=head1 SEE ALSO
1315		2112
1316	L<Coro::AIO>.	2113	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a
		2114	more natural syntax.
1317		2115
1318	=head1 AUTHOR	2116	=head1 AUTHOR
1319		2117
1320	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2118	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1321	http://home.schmorp.de/	2119	http://home.schmorp.de/

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