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Revision 1.89 by root, Sun Oct 29 11:03:18 2006 UTC vs.
Revision 1.240 by root, Mon Dec 17 06:18:39 2012 UTC

…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
10	my ($fh) = @_;	10	my $fh = shift
		11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";
11	...	12	...
12	};	13	};
13		14
14	aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };	15	aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };
15		16
…		…
25	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue	26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
26		27
27	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };	28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
28	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;	29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
29		30
30	# AnyEvent integration
31	open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!";
32	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb });
33
34	# Event integration
35	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
36	poll => 'r',
37	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
38
39	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
40	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
41	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
42
43	# Tk integration
44	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
45	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
46
47	# Danga::Socket integration
48	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
49	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
50
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	31	=head1 DESCRIPTION
52		32
53	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your	33	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
54	operating system supports.	34	operating system supports. It is implemented as an interface to C<libeio>
		35	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libeio.html>).
55		36
56	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program	37	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program
57	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation	38	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation
58	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This	39	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This
59	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even	40	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even
…		…
61	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are	42	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are
62	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster	43	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster
63	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations	44	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations
64	concurrently.	45	concurrently.
65		46
66	While this works on all types of file descriptors (for example sockets),	47	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for
67	using these functions on file descriptors that support nonblocking	48	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that
68	operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is very inefficient. Use an event	49	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is
69	loop for that (such as the L<Event|Event> module): IO::AIO will naturally	50	very inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<EV>
70	fit into such an event loop itself.	51	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.
71		52
72	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your	53	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your
73	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support	54	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support
74	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible	55	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible
75	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio	56	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio
…		…
77	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal	58	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal
78	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and	59	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and
79	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented	60	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented
80	using threads anyway.	61	using threads anyway.
81		62
82	Although the module will work with in the presence of other (Perl-)	63	Although the module will work in the presence of other (Perl-) threads,
83	threads, it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate	64	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking
84	locking yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or	65	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
85	never call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.	66	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
86		67
87	=head2 EXAMPLE	68	=head2 EXAMPLE
88		69
89	This is a simple example that uses the Event module and loads	70	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
90	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:	71	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
91		72
92	use Fcntl;	73	use Fcntl;
93	use Event;	74	use EV;
94	use IO::AIO;	75	use IO::AIO;
95		76
96	# register the IO::AIO callback with Event	77	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
97	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	78	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
98	poll => 'r',
99	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
100		79
101	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd	80	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd
102	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	81	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
103	my $fh = $_[0]	82	my $fh = shift
104	or die "error while opening: $!";	83	or die "error while opening: $!";
105		84
106	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking	85	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking
107	my $size = -s $fh;	86	my $size = -s $fh;
108		87
…		…
116		95
117	# file contents now in $contents	96	# file contents now in $contents
118	print $contents;	97	print $contents;
119		98
120	# exit event loop and program	99	# exit event loop and program
121	Event::unloop;	100	EV::unloop;
122	};	101	};
123	};	102	};
124		103
125	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,	104	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
126	# check for sockets etc. etc.	105	# check for sockets etc. etc.
127		106
128	# process events as long as there are some:	107	# process events as long as there are some:
129	Event::loop;	108	EV::loop;
130		109
131	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME	110	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
132		111
133	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not	112	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
134	directly visible to Perl.	113	directly visible to Perl.
…		…
182		161
183	=cut	162	=cut
184		163
185	package IO::AIO;	164	package IO::AIO;
186		165
187	no warnings;	166	use Carp ();
188	use strict 'vars';	167
		168	use common::sense;
189		169
190	use base 'Exporter';	170	use base 'Exporter';
191		171
192	BEGIN {	172	BEGIN {
193	our $VERSION = '2.1';	173	our $VERSION = '4.18';
194		174
195	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat	175	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_seek aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
196	aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink	176	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
197	aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link aio_move	177	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_realpath aio_sync
198	aio_copy aio_group aio_nop aio_mknod);	178	aio_fsync aio_syncfs aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_allocate
		179	aio_pathsync aio_readahead aio_fiemap
		180	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
		181	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
		182	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate
		183	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall
		184	aio_statvfs
		185	aio_wd);
		186
199	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));	187	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
200	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush	188	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
201	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle	189	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout
202	nreqs nready npending nthreads	190	nreqs nready npending nthreads
203	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs);	191	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs
		192	sendfile fadvise madvise
		193	mmap munmap munlock munlockall);
		194
		195	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
204		196
205	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	197	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
206		198
207	require XSLoader;	199	require XSLoader;
208	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);	200	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
209	}	201	}
210		202
211	=head1 FUNCTIONS	203	=head1 FUNCTIONS
212		204
213	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS	205	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW
		206
		207	This section simply lists the prototypes most of the functions for
		208	quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function
		209	documentation.
		210
		211	aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		212	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
		213	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
		214	aio_seek $fh,$offset,$whence, $callback->($offs)
		215	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		216	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		217	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
		218	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
		219	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
		220	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
		221	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		222	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		223	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		224	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		225	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		226	aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		227	aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		228	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
		229	aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		230	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		231	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		232	aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		233	aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($link)
		234	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		235	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		236	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
		237	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
		238	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		239	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		240	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		241	aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
		242	aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		243	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		244	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		245	aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		246	aio_sync $callback->($status)
		247	aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		248	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
		249	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)
		250	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		251	aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		252	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		253	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		254	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		255	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		256	aio_group $callback->(...)
		257	aio_nop $callback->()
		258
		259	$prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
		260	aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
		261
		262	IO::AIO::poll_wait
		263	IO::AIO::poll_cb
		264	IO::AIO::poll
		265	IO::AIO::flush
		266	IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
		267	IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
		268	IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
		269	IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
		270	IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		271	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		272	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		273	IO::AIO::nreqs
		274	IO::AIO::nready
		275	IO::AIO::npending
		276
		277	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		278	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		279	IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags[, $fh[, $offset]]
		280	IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		281	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice
		282	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect
		283	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		284	IO::AIO::munlockall
		285
		286	=head2 API NOTES
214		287
215	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	288	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
216	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	289	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
217	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	290	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
218	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	291	which must be a code reference. This code reference will be called after
219	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	292	the syscall has been executed in an asynchronous fashion. The results
220	perl, which usually delivers "false") as it's sole argument when the given	293	of the request will be passed as arguments to the callback (and, if an
221	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	294	error occured, in C<$!>) - for most requests the syscall return code (e.g.
		295	most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike perl, which usually delivers
		296	"false").
		297
		298	Some requests (such as C<aio_readdir>) pass the actual results and
		299	communicate failures by passing C<undef>.
222		300
223	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	301	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
224	internally until the request has finished.	302	internally until the request has finished.
225		303
226	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow	304	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
227	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.	305	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
228		306
229	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	307	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<should> be absolute. The
230	encoded as octets. The reason for the former is that at the time the	308	reason for this is that at the time the request is being executed, the
231	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	309	current working directory could have changed. Alternatively, you can
232	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	310	make sure that you never change the current working directory anywhere
233	current working directory anywhere in the program and then use relative	311	in the program and then use relative paths. You can also take advantage
234	paths.	312	of IO::AIOs working directory abstraction, that lets you specify paths
		313	relative to some previously-opened "working directory object" - see the
		314	description of the C<IO::AIO::WD> class later in this document.
235		315
236	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass	316	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
237	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without	317	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
238	tinkering, b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	318	tinkering, b) are in your native filesystem encoding, c) use the Encode
239	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	319	module and encode your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in
240	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	320	effect in the user environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on
241	use something else to ensure your scalar has the correct contents.	321	unicode filenames or e) use something else to ensure your scalar has the
		322	correct contents.
242		323
243	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO	324	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
244	handles correctly wether it is set or not.	325	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
		326
		327	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
245		328
246	=over 4	329	=over 4
247		330
248	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]	331	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
249		332
…		…
269	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {	352	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {
270	...	353	...
271	};	354	};
272	};	355	};
273		356
		357
274	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust	358	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
275		359
276	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current	360	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current
277	priority, so the effect is cumulative.	361	priority, so the effect is cumulative.
278		362
		363
279	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	364	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
280		365
281	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly	366	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly
282	created filehandle for the file.	367	created filehandle for the file (or C<undef> in case of an error).
283		368
284	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,	369	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,
285	for an explanation.	370	for an explanation.
286		371
287	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a	372	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a
288	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.	373	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.
289		374
290	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it	375	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it
291	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,	376	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,
292	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,	377	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,
293	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do).	378	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do). Note that the C<$mode> will be modified
		379	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never
		380	change the umask.
294		381
295	Example:	382	Example:
296		383
297	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	384	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
298	if ($_[0]) {	385	if ($_[0]) {
299	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";	386	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";
300	...	387	...
301	} else {	388	} else {
302	die "open failed: $!\n";	389	die "open failed: $!\n";
303	}	390	}
304	};	391	};
305		392
		393	In addition to all the common open modes/flags (C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>,
		394	C<O_RDWR>, C<O_CREAT>, C<O_TRUNC>, C<O_EXCL> and C<O_APPEND>), the
		395	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on
		396	your system are, as usual, C<0>):
		397
		398	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,
		399	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,
		400	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC> and C<O_TTY_INIT>.
		401
		402
306	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	403	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
307		404
308	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	405	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
309	code. I<WARNING:> although accepted, you should not pass in a perl	406	code.
310	filehandle here, as perl will likely close the file descriptor another
311	time when the filehandle is destroyed. Normally, you can safely call perls
312	C<close> or just let filehandles go out of scope.
313		407
314	This is supposed to be a bug in the API, so that might change. It's	408	Unfortunately, you can't do this to perl. Perl I<insists> very strongly on
315	therefore best to avoid this function.	409	closing the file descriptor associated with the filehandle itself.
		410
		411	Therefore, C<aio_close> will not close the filehandle - instead it will
		412	use dup2 to overwrite the file descriptor with the write-end of a pipe
		413	(the pipe fd will be created on demand and will be cached).
		414
		415	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
		416	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
		417
		418	=cut
		419
		420	=item aio_seek $fh, $offset, $whence, $callback->($offs)
		421
		422	Seeks the filehandle to the new C<$offset>, similarly to perl's
		423	C<sysseek>. The C<$whence> can use the traditional values (C<0> for
		424	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_SET>, C<1> for C<IO::AIO::SEEK_CUR> or C<2> for
		425	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_END>).
		426
		427	The resulting absolute offset will be passed to the callback, or C<-1> in
		428	case of an error.
		429
		430	In theory, the C<$whence> constants could be different than the
		431	corresponding values from L<Fcntl>, but perl guarantees they are the same,
		432	so don't panic.
		433
		434	As a GNU/Linux (and maybe Solaris) extension, also the constants
		435	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_DATA> and C<IO::AIO::SEEK_HOLE> are available, if they
		436	could be found. No guarantees about suitability for use in C<aio_seek> or
		437	Perl's C<sysseek> can be made though, although I would naively assume they
		438	"just work".
316		439
317	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	440	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
318		441
319	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	442	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
320		443
321	Reads or writes C<length> bytes from the specified C<fh> and C<offset>	444	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
322	into the scalar given by C<data> and offset C<dataoffset> and calls the	445	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset>
323	callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on error, just	446	and calls the callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on
324	like the syscall).	447	error, just like the syscall).
		448
		449	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
		450	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
		451
		452	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will
		453	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be
		454	changed by these calls.
		455
		456	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of
		457	C<$data>.
		458
		459	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of
		460	C<$data>.
325		461
326	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request	462	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request
327	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or WW3 (if the	463	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or World War III (if
328	necessary/optional hardware is installed).	464	the necessary/optional hardware is installed).
329		465
330	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at	466	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at
331	offset C<0> within the scalar:	467	offset C<0> within the scalar:
332		468
333	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {	469	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {
334	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";	470	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";
335	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";	471	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";
336	};	472	};
337		473
		474
338	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)	475	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
339		476
340	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	477	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
341	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	478	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
342	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more	479	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more
343	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each	480	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each
344	other.	481	other. The same C<$in_fh> works fine though, as this function does not
		482	move or use the file offset of C<$in_fh>.
345		483
		484	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than
		485	are written, and there is no way to find out how many more bytes have been
		486	read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the
		487	number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals
		488	C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.
		489
		490	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use
		491	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically
		492	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while
		493	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run
		494	into a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then
		495	fails to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the
		496	data in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit
		497	the disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you better control
		498	resource usage.
		499
346	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile> syscall to provide	500	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile>-like syscall to
347	zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to a	501	provide zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to
348	socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to mmap'able file.	502	a socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.
349		503
350	If the native sendfile call fails or is not implemented, it will be	504	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,
351	emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any type of filehandle	505	C<EINVAL>, C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or
		506	C<ENOTSOCK>, it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any
352	regardless of the limitations of the operating system.	507	type of filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.
353		508
354	Please note, however, that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from	509	As native sendfile syscalls (as practically any non-POSIX interface hacked
355	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many	510	together in a hurry to improve benchmark numbers) tend to be rather buggy
356	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only	511	on many systems, this implementation tries to work around some known bugs
357	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result	512	in Linux and FreeBSD kernels (probably others, too), but that might fail,
358	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been	513	so you really really should check the return value of C<aio_sendfile> -
359	read.	514	fewre bytes than expected might have been transferred.
		515
360		516
361	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	517	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
362		518
363	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	519	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
364	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>	520	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>
…		…
370	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.	526	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.
371		527
372	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be	528	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be
373	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.	529	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.
374		530
		531
375	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)	532	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
376		533
377	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)	534	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
378		535
379	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will	536	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will
…		…
384	for an explanation.	541	for an explanation.
385		542
386	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an	543	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an
387	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated	544	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated
388	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.	545	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.
		546
		547	To help interpret the mode and dev/rdev stat values, IO::AIO offers the
		548	following constants and functions (if not implemented, the constants will
		549	be C<0> and the functions will either C<croak> or fall back on traditional
		550	behaviour).
		551
		552	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,
		553	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,
		554	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.
389		555
390	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:	556	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:
391		557
392	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	558	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
393	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	559	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
394	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";	560	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";
395	};	561	};
396		562
		563
		564	=item aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		565
		566	Works like the POSIX C<statvfs> or C<fstatvfs> syscalls, depending on
		567	whether a file handle or path was passed.
		568
		569	On success, the callback is passed a hash reference with the following
		570	members: C<bsize>, C<frsize>, C<blocks>, C<bfree>, C<bavail>, C<files>,
		571	C<ffree>, C<favail>, C<fsid>, C<flag> and C<namemax>. On failure, C<undef>
		572	is passed.
		573
		574	The following POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* constants are defined: C<ST_RDONLY> and
		575	C<ST_NOSUID>.
		576
		577	The following non-POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* flag masks are defined to
		578	their correct value when available, or to C<0> on systems that do
		579	not support them: C<ST_NODEV>, C<ST_NOEXEC>, C<ST_SYNCHRONOUS>,
		580	C<ST_MANDLOCK>, C<ST_WRITE>, C<ST_APPEND>, C<ST_IMMUTABLE>, C<ST_NOATIME>,
		581	C<ST_NODIRATIME> and C<ST_RELATIME>.
		582
		583	Example: stat C</wd> and dump out the data if successful.
		584
		585	aio_statvfs "/wd", sub {
		586	my $f = $_[0]
		587	or die "statvfs: $!";
		588
		589	use Data::Dumper;
		590	say Dumper $f;
		591	};
		592
		593	# result:
		594	{
		595	bsize => 1024,
		596	bfree => 4333064312,
		597	blocks => 10253828096,
		598	files => 2050765568,
		599	flag => 4096,
		600	favail => 2042092649,
		601	bavail => 4333064312,
		602	ffree => 2042092649,
		603	namemax => 255,
		604	frsize => 1024,
		605	fsid => 1810
		606	}
		607
		608	Here is a (likely partial) list of fsid values used by Linux - it is safe
		609	to hardcode these when the $^O is C<linux>:
		610
		611	0x0000adf5 adfs
		612	0x0000adff affs
		613	0x5346414f afs
		614	0x09041934 anon-inode filesystem
		615	0x00000187 autofs
		616	0x42465331 befs
		617	0x1badface bfs
		618	0x42494e4d binfmt_misc
		619	0x9123683e btrfs
		620	0x0027e0eb cgroupfs
		621	0xff534d42 cifs
		622	0x73757245 coda
		623	0x012ff7b7 coh
		624	0x28cd3d45 cramfs
		625	0x453dcd28 cramfs-wend (wrong endianness)
		626	0x64626720 debugfs
		627	0x00001373 devfs
		628	0x00001cd1 devpts
		629	0x0000f15f ecryptfs
		630	0x00414a53 efs
		631	0x0000137d ext
		632	0x0000ef53 ext2/ext3
		633	0x0000ef51 ext2
		634	0x00004006 fat
		635	0x65735546 fuseblk
		636	0x65735543 fusectl
		637	0x0bad1dea futexfs
		638	0x01161970 gfs2
		639	0x47504653 gpfs
		640	0x00004244 hfs
		641	0xf995e849 hpfs
		642	0x958458f6 hugetlbfs
		643	0x2bad1dea inotifyfs
		644	0x00009660 isofs
		645	0x000072b6 jffs2
		646	0x3153464a jfs
		647	0x6b414653 k-afs
		648	0x0bd00bd0 lustre
		649	0x0000137f minix
		650	0x0000138f minix 30 char names
		651	0x00002468 minix v2
		652	0x00002478 minix v2 30 char names
		653	0x00004d5a minix v3
		654	0x19800202 mqueue
		655	0x00004d44 msdos
		656	0x0000564c novell
		657	0x00006969 nfs
		658	0x6e667364 nfsd
		659	0x00003434 nilfs
		660	0x5346544e ntfs
		661	0x00009fa1 openprom
		662	0x7461636F ocfs2
		663	0x00009fa0 proc
		664	0x6165676c pstorefs
		665	0x0000002f qnx4
		666	0x858458f6 ramfs
		667	0x52654973 reiserfs
		668	0x00007275 romfs
		669	0x67596969 rpc_pipefs
		670	0x73636673 securityfs
		671	0xf97cff8c selinux
		672	0x0000517b smb
		673	0x534f434b sockfs
		674	0x73717368 squashfs
		675	0x62656572 sysfs
		676	0x012ff7b6 sysv2
		677	0x012ff7b5 sysv4
		678	0x01021994 tmpfs
		679	0x15013346 udf
		680	0x00011954 ufs
		681	0x54190100 ufs byteswapped
		682	0x00009fa2 usbdevfs
		683	0x01021997 v9fs
		684	0xa501fcf5 vxfs
		685	0xabba1974 xenfs
		686	0x012ff7b4 xenix
		687	0x58465342 xfs
		688	0x012fd16d xia
		689
		690	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		691
		692	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
		693	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
		694	syscalls support them.
		695
		696	When called with a pathname, uses utimes(2) if available, otherwise
		697	utime(2). If called on a file descriptor, uses futimes(2) if available,
		698	otherwise returns ENOSYS, so this is not portable.
		699
		700	Examples:
		701
		702	# set atime and mtime to current time (basically touch(1)):
		703	aio_utime "path", undef, undef;
		704	# set atime to current time and mtime to beginning of the epoch:
		705	aio_utime "path", time, undef; # undef==0
		706
		707
		708	=item aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		709
		710	Works like perl's C<chown> function, except that C<undef> for either $uid
		711	or $gid is being interpreted as "do not change" (but -1 can also be used).
		712
		713	Examples:
		714
		715	# same as "chown root path" in the shell:
		716	aio_chown "path", 0, -1;
		717	# same as above:
		718	aio_chown "path", 0, undef;
		719
		720
		721	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		722
		723	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
		724
		725
		726	=item aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		727
		728	Allocates or freed disk space according to the C<$mode> argument. See the
		729	linux C<fallocate> docuemntation for details.
		730
		731	C<$mode> can currently be C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>
		732	to allocate space, or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE |
		733	IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>, to deallocate a file range.
		734
		735	The file system block size used by C<fallocate> is presumably the
		736	C<f_bsize> returned by C<statvfs>.
		737
		738	If C<fallocate> isn't available or cannot be emulated (currently no
		739	emulation will be attempted), passes C<-1> and sets C<$!> to C<ENOSYS>.
		740
		741
		742	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		743
		744	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
		745
		746
397	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)	747	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
398		748
399	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	749	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
400	result code.	750	result code.
401		751
		752
402	=item aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)	753	=item aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
403		754
404	[EXPERIMENTAL]	755	[EXPERIMENTAL]
405		756
406	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).	757	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
407		758
408	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:	759	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
409		760
410	aio_mknod $path, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...	761	aio_mknod $pathname, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
		762
		763	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants
		764	and functions.
411		765
412	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	766	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
413		767
414	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	768	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
415	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	769	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
416		770
		771
417	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	772	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
418		773
419	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	774	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
420	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	775	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
421		776
		777
		778	=item aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		779
		780	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
		781	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
		782	callback.
		783
		784
		785	=item aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		786
		787	Asynchronously make the path absolute and resolve any symlinks in
		788	C<$path>. The resulting path only consists of directories (same as
		789	L<Cwd::realpath>).
		790
		791	This request can be used to get the absolute path of the current working
		792	directory by passing it a path of F<.> (a single dot).
		793
		794
422	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	795	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
423		796
424	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	797	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
425	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	798	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
426		799
		800
		801	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		802
		803	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with
		804	the result code. C<$mode> will be modified by the umask at the time the
		805	request is executed, so do not change your umask.
		806
		807
427	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	808	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
428		809
429	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the	810	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the
430	result code.	811	result code.
		812
431		813
432	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	814	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
433		815
434	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	816	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
435	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	817	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
436	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.	818	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.
437		819
438	The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref	820	The callback is passed a single argument which is either C<undef> or an
439	with the filenames.	821	array-ref with the filenames.
		822
		823
		824	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		825
		826	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows one to
		827	tune behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
		828	C<undef>.
		829
		830	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
		831	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
		832
		833	=over 4
		834
		835	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
		836
		837	When this flag is off, then the callback gets an arrayref consisting of
		838	names only (as with C<aio_readdir>), otherwise it gets an arrayref with
		839	C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a single directory
		840	entry in more detail.
		841
		842	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
		843
		844	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
		845
		846	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
		847	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
		848	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
		849
		850	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need to
		851	know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed reasons, the C<$type>
		852	scalars are read-only: you can not modify them.
		853
		854	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
		855	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
		856	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
		857
		858	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		859
		860	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order where
		861	likely directories come first, in optimal stat order. This is useful when
		862	you need to quickly find directories, or you want to find all directories
		863	while avoiding to stat() each entry.
		864
		865	If the system returns type information in readdir, then this is used
		866	to find directories directly. Otherwise, likely directories are names
		867	beginning with ".", or otherwise names with no dots, of which names with
		868	short names are tried first.
		869
		870	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
		871
		872	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
		873	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat()
		874	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely
		875	be fastest.
		876
		877	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified, then
		878	the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order.
		879
		880	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		881
		882	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
		883	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
		884	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absence of this flag therefore indicates that all
		885	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
		886
		887	=back
		888
		889
		890	=item aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		891
		892	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
		893	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
		894
		895	=cut
		896
		897	sub aio_load($$;$) {
		898	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;
		899	my $data = \$_[1];
		900
		901	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		902	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		903
		904	aioreq_pri $pri;
		905	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		906	my $fh = shift
		907	or return $grp->result (-1);
		908
		909	aioreq_pri $pri;
		910	add $grp aio_read $fh, 0, (-s $fh), $$data, 0, sub {
		911	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		912	};
		913	};
		914
		915	$grp
		916	}
440		917
441	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	918	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
442		919
443	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	920	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
444	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	921	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
445	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	922	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
446		923
447	This is a composite request that it creates the destination file with	924	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
448	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using	925	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
449	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and	926	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
450	uid/gid, in that order.	927	uid/gid, in that order.
451		928
452	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if	929	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if
…		…
462	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	939	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
463		940
464	aioreq_pri $pri;	941	aioreq_pri $pri;
465	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	942	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
466	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {	943	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
467	my @stat = stat $src_fh;	944	my @stat = stat $src_fh; # hmm, might block over nfs?
468		945
469	aioreq_pri $pri;	946	aioreq_pri $pri;
470	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {	947	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {
471	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {	948	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
472	aioreq_pri $pri;	949	aioreq_pri $pri;
473	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {	950	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
474	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {	951	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
475	$grp->result (0);	952	$grp->result (0);
476	close $src_fh;	953	close $src_fh;
477		954
478	# those should not normally block. should. should.	955	my $ch = sub {
		956	aioreq_pri $pri;
		957	add $grp aio_chmod $dst_fh, $stat[2] & 07777, sub {
		958	aioreq_pri $pri;
		959	add $grp aio_chown $dst_fh, $stat[4], $stat[5], sub {
		960	aioreq_pri $pri;
		961	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;
		962	}
		963	};
		964	};
		965
		966	aioreq_pri $pri;
		967	add $grp aio_utime $dst_fh, $stat[8], $stat[9], sub {
		968	if ($_[0] < 0 && $! == ENOSYS) {
		969	aioreq_pri $pri;
479	utime $stat[8], $stat[9], $dst;	970	add $grp aio_utime $dst, $stat[8], $stat[9], $ch;
480	chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;	971	} else {
481	chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;	972	$ch->();
		973	}
482	close $dst_fh;	974	};
483	} else {	975	} else {
484	$grp->result (-1);	976	$grp->result (-1);
485	close $src_fh;	977	close $src_fh;
486	close $dst_fh;	978	close $dst_fh;
487		979
…		…
504		996
505	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	997	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
506		998
507	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	999	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
508	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	1000	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
509	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	1001	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
510		1002
511	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If	1003	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if
512	rename files with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if	1004	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if
513	that is successful, unlinking the C<$srcpath>.	1005	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.
514		1006
515	=cut	1007	=cut
516		1008
517	sub aio_move($$;$) {	1009	sub aio_move($$;$) {
518	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;	1010	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
…		…
525	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {	1017	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
526	aioreq_pri $pri;	1018	aioreq_pri $pri;
527	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {	1019	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
528	$grp->result ($_[0]);	1020	$grp->result ($_[0]);
529		1021
530	if (!$_[0]) {	1022	unless ($_[0]) {
531	aioreq_pri $pri;	1023	aioreq_pri $pri;
532	add $grp aio_unlink $src;	1024	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
533	}	1025	}
534	};	1026	};
535	} else {	1027	} else {
…		…
538	};	1030	};
539		1031
540	$grp	1032	$grp
541	}	1033	}
542		1034
543	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	1035	=item aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
544		1036
545	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	1037	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
546	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of	1038	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
547	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot	1039	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
548	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).	1040	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
…		…
565		1057
566	Implementation notes.	1058	Implementation notes.
567		1059
568	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.	1060	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.
569		1061
		1062	If readdir returns file type information, then this is used directly to
		1063	find directories.
		1064
570	After reading the directory, the modification time, size etc. of the	1065	Otherwise, after reading the directory, the modification time, size etc.
571	directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they match (and	1066	of the directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they
572	isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide how many	1067	match (and isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide
573	entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the number	1068	how many entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the
574	of subdirectories will be assumed.	1069	number of subdirectories will be assumed.
575		1070
576	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories (everything without	1071	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
577	a non-initial dot currently) and likely non-directories (everything	1072	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
578	else). Then every entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed,	1073	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
579	likely directories first. If that succeeds, it assumes that the entry	1074	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
580	is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	1075	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
581	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	1076	separately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
582	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	1077	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
583	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature).	1078	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
		1079	the filetype information on readdir.
584		1080
585	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	1081	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
586	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.	1082	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.
587		1083
588	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which	1084	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which
…		…
592	as those tend to return 0 or 1 as link counts, which disables the	1088	as those tend to return 0 or 1 as link counts, which disables the
593	directory counting heuristic.	1089	directory counting heuristic.
594		1090
595	=cut	1091	=cut
596		1092
597	sub aio_scandir($$$) {	1093	sub aio_scandir($$;$) {
598	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;	1094	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;
599		1095
600	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	1096	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
601		1097
602	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	1098	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
603		1099
604	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;	1100	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
605		1101
606	# stat once	1102	# get a wd object
607	aioreq_pri $pri;	1103	aioreq_pri $pri;
608	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1104	add $grp aio_wd $path, sub {
		1105	$_[0]
609	return $grp->result () if $_[0];	1106	or return $grp->result ();
610	my $now = time;
611	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
612		1107
613	# read the directory entries	1108	my $wd = [shift, "."];
		1109
		1110	# stat once
614	aioreq_pri $pri;	1111	aioreq_pri $pri;
615	add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {	1112	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
616	my $entries = shift
617	or return $grp->result ();	1113	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
		1114	my $now = time;
		1115	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
618		1116
619	# stat the dir another time	1117	# read the directory entries
620	aioreq_pri $pri;	1118	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1119	add $grp aio_readdirx $wd, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {
		1120	my $entries = shift
		1121	or return $grp->result ();
		1122
		1123	# stat the dir another time
		1124	aioreq_pri $pri;
621	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1125	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
622	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1126	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
623		1127
624	my $ndirs;	1128	my $ndirs;
625		1129
626	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy	1130	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
627	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {	1131	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
628	$ndirs = -1;	1132	$ndirs = -1;
629	} else {	1133	} else {
630	# if nlink == 2, we are finished	1134	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
631	# on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2	1135	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
632	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2	1136	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
633	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);	1137	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
634	}	1138	}
635		1139
636	# sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
637	# dirs == files without ".", short entries first
638	$entries = [map $_->[0],
639	sort { $b->[1] cmp $a->[1] }
640	map [$_, sprintf "%s%04d", (/.\./ ? "1" : "0"), length],
641	@$entries];
642
643	my (@dirs, @nondirs);	1140	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
644		1141
645	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {	1142	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
646	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);	1143	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
647	};	1144	};
648		1145
649	limit $statgrp $maxreq;	1146	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
650	feed $statgrp sub {	1147	feed $statgrp sub {
651	return unless @$entries;	1148	return unless @$entries;
652	my $entry = pop @$entries;	1149	my $entry = shift @$entries;
653		1150
654	aioreq_pri $pri;	1151	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1152	$wd->[1] = "$entry/.";
655	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$entry/.", sub {	1153	add $statgrp aio_stat $wd, sub {
656	if ($_[0] < 0) {	1154	if ($_[0] < 0) {
657	push @nondirs, $entry;	1155	push @nondirs, $entry;
658	} else {	1156	} else {
659	# need to check for real directory	1157	# need to check for real directory
660	aioreq_pri $pri;	1158	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1159	$wd->[1] = $entry;
661	add $statgrp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {	1160	add $statgrp aio_lstat $wd, sub {
662	if (-d _) {	1161	if (-d _) {
663	push @dirs, $entry;	1162	push @dirs, $entry;
664		1163
665	unless (--$ndirs) {	1164	unless (--$ndirs) {
666	push @nondirs, @$entries;	1165	push @nondirs, @$entries;
667	feed $statgrp;	1166	feed $statgrp;
		1167	}
		1168	} else {
		1169	push @nondirs, $entry;
668	}	1170	}
669	} else {
670	push @nondirs, $entry;
671	}	1171	}
672	}	1172	}
673	}	1173	};
674	};	1174	};
675	};	1175	};
676	};	1176	};
677	};	1177	};
678	};	1178	};
679		1179
680	$grp	1180	$grp
681	}	1181	}
682		1182
		1183	=item aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		1184
		1185	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
		1186	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
		1187	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
		1188	everything else.
		1189
		1190	=cut
		1191
		1192	sub aio_rmtree;
		1193	sub aio_rmtree($;$) {
		1194	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		1195
		1196	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1197	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1198
		1199	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1200	add $grp aio_scandir $path, 0, sub {
		1201	my ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_;
		1202
		1203	my $dirgrp = aio_group sub {
		1204	add $grp aio_rmdir $path, sub {
		1205	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1206	};
		1207	};
		1208
		1209	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_rmtree "$path/$_" for @$dirs;
		1210	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_unlink "$path/$_" for @$nondirs;
		1211
		1212	add $grp $dirgrp;
		1213	};
		1214
		1215	$grp
		1216	}
		1217
		1218	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)
		1219
		1220	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.
		1221
683	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)	1222	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
684		1223
685	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback	1224	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback
686	with the fsync result code.	1225	with the fsync result code.
687		1226
…		…
690	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the	1229	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the
691	callback with the fdatasync result code.	1230	callback with the fdatasync result code.
692		1231
693	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	1232	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
694	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	1233	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1234
		1235	=item aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		1236
		1237	Asynchronously call the syncfs syscall to sync the filesystem associated
		1238	to the given filehandle and call the callback with the syncfs result
		1239	code. If syncfs is not available, calls sync(), but returns C<-1> and sets
		1240	errno to C<ENOSYS> nevertheless.
		1241
		1242	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		1243
		1244	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
		1245	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
		1246	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns
		1247	ENOSYS, then fdatasync or fsync is being substituted.
		1248
		1249	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
		1250	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
		1251	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
		1252	manpage for details.
		1253
		1254	=item aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		1255
		1256	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
		1257	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
		1258	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
		1259	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
		1260	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,
		1261	not just directories.
		1262
		1263	Future versions of this function might fall back to other methods when
		1264	C<fsync> on the directory fails (such as calling C<sync>).
		1265
		1266	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.
		1267
		1268	=cut
		1269
		1270	sub aio_pathsync($;$) {
		1271	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		1272
		1273	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1274	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1275
		1276	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1277	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		1278	my ($fh) = @_;
		1279	if ($fh) {
		1280	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1281	add $grp aio_fsync $fh, sub {
		1282	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1283
		1284	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1285	add $grp aio_close $fh;
		1286	};
		1287	} else {
		1288	$grp->result (-1);
		1289	}
		1290	};
		1291
		1292	$grp
		1293	}
		1294
		1295	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1296
		1297	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed
		1298	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data
		1299	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the
		1300	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on
		1301	it).
		1302
		1303	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory
		1304	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes
		1305	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>
		1306	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be
		1307	a combination of C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC>, C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE> and
		1308	C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>.
		1309
		1310	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1311
		1312	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1313	scalars.
		1314
		1315	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified
		1316	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same
		1317	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either
		1318	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or
		1319	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory pages (by reading and
		1320	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).
		1321
		1322	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		1323
		1324	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1325	scalars.
		1326
		1327	It reads in all the pages of the underlying storage into memory (if any)
		1328	and locks them, so they are not getting swapped/paged out or removed.
		1329
		1330	If C<$length> is undefined, then the scalar will be locked till the end.
		1331
		1332	On systems that do not implement C<mlock>, this function returns C<-1>
		1333	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1334
		1335	Note that the corresponding C<munlock> is synchronous and is
		1336	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1337
		1338	Example: open a file, mmap and mlock it - both will be undone when
		1339	C<$data> gets destroyed.
		1340
		1341	open my $fh, "<", $path or die "$path: $!";
		1342	my $data;
		1343	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;
		1344	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background
		1345
		1346	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		1347
		1348	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a combination of
		1349	C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT> and C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE>).
		1350
		1351	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>
		1352	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1353
		1354	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is
		1355	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1356
		1357	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.
		1358
		1359	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;
		1360
		1361	=item aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		1362
		1363	Queries the extents of the given file (by calling the Linux C<FIEMAP>
		1364	ioctl, see L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/IO-AIO/doc/fiemap.txt> for details). If
		1365	the ioctl is not available on your OS, then this request will fail with
		1366	C<ENOSYS>.
		1367
		1368	C<$start> is the starting offset to query extents for, C<$length> is the
		1369	size of the range to query - if it is C<undef>, then the whole file will
		1370	be queried.
		1371
		1372	C<$flags> is a combination of flags (C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> or
		1373	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR> - C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAGS_COMPAT> is also
		1374	exported), and is normally C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> to query
		1375	the data portion.
		1376
		1377	C<$count> is the maximum number of extent records to return. If it is
		1378	C<undef>, then IO::AIO queries all extents of the range. As a very special
		1379	case, if it is C<0>, then the callback receives the number of extents
		1380	instead of the extents themselves (which is unreliable, see below).
		1381
		1382	If an error occurs, the callback receives no arguments. The special
		1383	C<errno> value C<IO::AIO::EBADR> is available to test for flag errors.
		1384
		1385	Otherwise, the callback receives an array reference with extent
		1386	structures. Each extent structure is an array reference itself, with the
		1387	following members:
		1388
		1389	[$logical, $physical, $length, $flags]
		1390
		1391	Flags is any combination of the following flag values (typically either C<0>
		1392	or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST> (1)):
		1393
		1394	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN>,
		1395	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_ENCODED>,
		1396	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_ENCRYPTED>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED>,
		1397	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_TAIL>,
		1398	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED> or
		1399	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_SHARED>.
		1400
		1401	At the time of this writing (Linux 3.2), this requets is unreliable unless
		1402	C<$count> is C<undef>, as the kernel has all sorts of bugs preventing
		1403	it to return all extents of a range for files with large number of
		1404	extents. The code works around all these issues if C<$count> is undef.
695		1405
696	=item aio_group $callback->(...)	1406	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
697		1407
698	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a	1408	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
699	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle	1409	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
…		…
737	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function	1447	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
738	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.	1448	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
739		1449
740	=back	1450	=back
741		1451
		1452
		1453	=head2 IO::AIO::WD - multiple working directories
		1454
		1455	Your process only has one current working directory, which is used by all
		1456	threads. This makes it hard to use relative paths (some other component
		1457	could call C<chdir> at any time, and it is hard to control when the path
		1458	will be used by IO::AIO).
		1459
		1460	One solution for this is to always use absolute paths. This usually works,
		1461	but can be quite slow (the kernel has to walk the whole path on every
		1462	access), and can also be a hassle to implement.
		1463
		1464	Newer POSIX systems have a number of functions (openat, fdopendir,
		1465	futimensat and so on) that make it possible to specify working directories
		1466	per operation.
		1467
		1468	For portability, and because the clowns who "designed", or shall I write,
		1469	perpetrated this new interface were obviously half-drunk, this abstraction
		1470	cannot be perfect, though.
		1471
		1472	IO::AIO allows you to convert directory paths into a so-called IO::AIO::WD
		1473	object. This object stores the canonicalised, absolute version of the
		1474	path, and on systems that allow it, also a directory file descriptor.
		1475
		1476	Everywhere where a pathname is accepted by IO::AIO (e.g. in C<aio_stat>
		1477	or C<aio_unlink>), one can specify an array reference with an IO::AIO::WD
		1478	object and a pathname instead (or the IO::AIO::WD object alone, which
		1479	gets interpreted as C<[$wd, "."]>). If the pathname is absolute, the
		1480	IO::AIO::WD object is ignored, otherwise the pathname is resolved relative
		1481	to that IO::AIO::WD object.
		1482
		1483	For example, to get a wd object for F</etc> and then stat F<passwd>
		1484	inside, you would write:
		1485
		1486	aio_wd "/etc", sub {
		1487	my $etcdir = shift;
		1488
		1489	# although $etcdir can be undef on error, there is generally no reason
		1490	# to check for errors here, as aio_stat will fail with ENOENT
		1491	# when $etcdir is undef.
		1492
		1493	aio_stat [$etcdir, "passwd"], sub {
		1494	# yay
		1495	};
		1496	};
		1497
		1498	That C<aio_wd> is a request and not a normal function shows that creating
		1499	an IO::AIO::WD object is itself a potentially blocking operation, which is
		1500	why it is done asynchronously.
		1501
		1502	To stat the directory obtained with C<aio_wd> above, one could write
		1503	either of the following three request calls:
		1504
		1505	aio_lstat "/etc" , sub { ... # pathname as normal string
		1506	aio_lstat [$wd, "."], sub { ... # "." relative to $wd (i.e. $wd itself)
		1507	aio_lstat $wd , sub { ... # shorthand for the previous
		1508
		1509	As with normal pathnames, IO::AIO keeps a copy of the working directory
		1510	object and the pathname string, so you could write the following without
		1511	causing any issues due to C<$path> getting reused:
		1512
		1513	my $path = [$wd, undef];
		1514
		1515	for my $name (qw(abc def ghi)) {
		1516	$path->[1] = $name;
		1517	aio_stat $path, sub {
		1518	# ...
		1519	};
		1520	}
		1521
		1522	There are some caveats: when directories get renamed (or deleted), the
		1523	pathname string doesn't change, so will point to the new directory (or
		1524	nowhere at all), while the directory fd, if available on the system,
		1525	will still point to the original directory. Most functions accepting a
		1526	pathname will use the directory fd on newer systems, and the string on
		1527	older systems. Some functions (such as realpath) will always rely on the
		1528	string form of the pathname.
		1529
		1530	So this functionality is mainly useful to get some protection against
		1531	C<chdir>, to easily get an absolute path out of a relative path for future
		1532	reference, and to speed up doing many operations in the same directory
		1533	(e.g. when stat'ing all files in a directory).
		1534
		1535	The following functions implement this working directory abstraction:
		1536
		1537	=over 4
		1538
		1539	=item aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		1540
		1541	Asynchonously canonicalise the given pathname and convert it to an
		1542	IO::AIO::WD object representing it. If possible and supported on the
		1543	system, also open a directory fd to speed up pathname resolution relative
		1544	to this working directory.
		1545
		1546	If something goes wrong, then C<undef> is passwd to the callback instead
		1547	of a working directory object and C<$!> is set appropriately. Since
		1548	passing C<undef> as working directory component of a pathname fails the
		1549	request with C<ENOENT>, there is often no need for error checking in the
		1550	C<aio_wd> callback, as future requests using the value will fail in the
		1551	expected way.
		1552
		1553	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
		1554	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1555
		1556	=item IO::AIO::CWD
		1557
		1558	This is a compiletime constant (object) that represents the process
		1559	current working directory.
		1560
		1561	Specifying this object as working directory object for a pathname is as if
		1562	the pathname would be specified directly, without a directory object. For
		1563	example, these calls are functionally identical:
		1564
		1565	aio_stat "somefile", sub { ... };
		1566	aio_stat [IO::AIO::CWD, "somefile"], sub { ... };
		1567
		1568	=back
		1569
		1570	To recover the path associated with an IO::AIO::WD object, you can use
		1571	C<aio_realpath>:
		1572
		1573	aio_realpath $wd, sub {
		1574	warn "path is $_[0]\n";
		1575	};
		1576
		1577
742	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1578	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
743		1579
744	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1580	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
745	called in non-void context.	1581	called in non-void context.
746		1582
…		…
749	=item cancel $req	1585	=item cancel $req
750		1586
751	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution	1587	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
752	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when	1588	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
753	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise	1589	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
754	untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be	1590	untouched (with the exception of readdir). That means that requests that
755	stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.	1591	currently execute will not be stopped and resources held by the request
		1592	will not be freed prematurely.
756		1593
757	=item cb $req $callback->(...)	1594	=item cb $req $callback->(...)
758		1595
759	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.	1596	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
760		1597
…		…
811	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they	1648	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they
812	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the	1649	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the
813	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to	1650	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to
814	exist.	1651	exist.
815		1652
816	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests. And	1653	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests
817	in the callbacks of those requests, you can add further requests to the	1654	(precisely before the callback has been invoked, which is only done within
818	group. And only when all those requests have finished will the the group	1655	the C<poll_cb>). And in the callbacks of those requests, you can add
819	itself finish.	1656	further requests to the group. And only when all those requests have
		1657	finished will the the group itself finish.
820		1658
821	=over 4	1659	=over 4
822		1660
823	=item add $grp ...	1661	=item add $grp ...
824		1662
…		…
833	=item $grp->cancel_subs	1671	=item $grp->cancel_subs
834		1672
835	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request	1673	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request
836	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.	1674	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.
837		1675
		1676	The group request will finish normally (you cannot add requests to the
		1677	group).
		1678
838	=item $grp->result (...)	1679	=item $grp->result (...)
839		1680
840	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all	1681	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
841	subrequests have finished and set thre groups errno to the current value	1682	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value
842	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,	1683	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,
843	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.	1684	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.
844		1685
845	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])	1686	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])
846		1687
…		…
857	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)	1698	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
858		1699
859	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached	1700	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
860	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,	1701	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
861	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,	1702	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
862	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For	1703	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
863	example, C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat>	1704	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands of C<aio_stat>
864	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.	1705	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
865		1706
866	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can	1707	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
867	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The	1708	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
868	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,	1709	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
…		…
873	not impose any limits).	1714	not impose any limits).
874		1715
875	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be	1716	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
876	automatically removed from the group.	1717	automatically removed from the group.
877		1718
878	If the feed limit is C<0>, it will be set to C<2> automatically.	1719	If the feed limit is C<0> when this method is called, it will be set to
		1720	C<2> automatically.
879		1721
880	Example:	1722	Example:
881		1723
882	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:	1724	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
883		1725
…		…
895	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever	1737	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
896	the group contains less than this many requests.	1738	the group contains less than this many requests.
897		1739
898	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.	1740	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
899		1741
		1742	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder
		1743	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.
		1744
900	=back	1745	=back
901		1746
902	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS	1747	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
903		1748
904	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION	1749	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
…		…
906	=over 4	1751	=over 4
907		1752
908	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno	1753	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno
909		1754
910	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be	1755	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be
911	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. Event or	1756	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. EV, Glib,
912	select, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable you have	1757	select and so on, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable
913	to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.	1758	you have to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.
914		1759
915	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1760	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
916		1761
917	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1762	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
918		1763
919	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this	1764	Process some requests that have reached the result phase (i.e. they have
920	regularly. Returns the number of events processed. Returns immediately	1765	been executed but the results are not yet reported). You have to call
921	when no events are outstanding. The amount of events processed depends on	1766	this "regularly" to finish outstanding requests.
922	the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.
923		1767
		1768	Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there were no
		1769	events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever
		1770	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount
		1771	of events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req>,
		1772	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time> and C<IO::AIO::max_outstanding>.
		1773
924	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle	1774	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the poll file
925	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns.	1775	descriptor will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you
		1776	don't have to do anything special to have it called later.
		1777
		1778	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes
		1779	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit
		1780	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become
		1781	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes
		1782	over again. This function returns very fast when there are no outstanding
		1783	requests.
926		1784
927	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1785	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
928	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority:	1786	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority (more examples can be found in the
		1787	SYNOPSIS section, at the top of this document):
929		1788
930	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1789	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
931	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1790	poll => 'r', async => 1,
932	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1791	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1792
		1793	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
		1794
		1795	Wait until either at least one request is in the result phase or no
		1796	requests are outstanding anymore.
		1797
		1798	This is useful if you want to synchronously wait for some requests to
		1799	become ready, without actually handling them.
		1800
		1801	See C<nreqs> for an example.
		1802
		1803	=item IO::AIO::poll
		1804
		1805	Waits until some requests have been handled.
		1806
		1807	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
		1808	equivalent to:
		1809
		1810	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1811
		1812	=item IO::AIO::flush
		1813
		1814	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
		1815
		1816	Strictly equivalent to:
		1817
		1818	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1819	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
933		1820
934	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs	1821	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
935		1822
936	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds	1823	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
937		1824
…		…
962	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority	1849	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority
963	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1850	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
964	poll => 'r', nice => 1,	1851	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
965	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1852	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
966		1853
967	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait	1854	=back
968
969	Wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply does a
970	C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to synchronously
971	wait for some requests to finish).
972
973	See C<nreqs> for an example.
974
975	=item IO::AIO::poll
976
977	Waits until some requests have been handled.
978
979	Strictly equivalent to:
980
981	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
982	if IO::AIO::nreqs;
983
984	=item IO::AIO::flush
985
986	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
987
988	Strictly equivalent to:
989
990	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
991	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
992		1855
993	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS	1856	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
		1857
		1858	=over
994		1859
995	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads	1860	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
996		1861
997	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current	1862	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current
998	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute	1863	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute
…		…
1026		1891
1027	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1892	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
1028		1893
1029	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads	1894	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
1030		1895
1031	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle (i.e.,	1896	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle
1032	threads that did not get a request to process within 10 seconds). That	1897	(i.e., threads that did not get a request to process within the idle
1033	means if a thread becomes idle while C<$nthreads> other threads are also	1898	timeout (default: 10 seconds). That means if a thread becomes idle while
1034	idle, it will free its resources and exit.	1899	C<$nthreads> other threads are also idle, it will free its resources and
		1900	exit.
1035		1901
1036	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)	1902	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)
1037	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources	1903	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources
1038	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).	1904	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).
1039		1905
1040	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread	1906	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread
1041	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might	1907	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might
1042	want to use larger values.	1908	want to use larger values.
1043		1909
		1910	=item IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		1911
		1912	Sets the minimum idle timeout (default 10) after which worker threads are
		1913	allowed to exit. SEe C<IO::AIO::max_idle>.
		1914
1044	=item $oldmaxreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs	1915	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		1916
		1917	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If
		1918	you do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to
		1919	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> (and other functions calling C<poll_cb>, such as
		1920	C<IO::AIO::flush> or C<IO::AIO::poll>) will block until the limit is no
		1921	longer exceeded.
		1922
		1923	In other words, this setting does not enforce a queue limit, but can be
		1924	used to make poll functions block if the limit is exceeded.
1045		1925
1046	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it	1926	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
1047	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better	1927	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
1048	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.	1928	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
1049		1929
1050	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you	1930	It's main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat
1051	to queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to the	1931	a lot of files, you can write somehting like this:
1052	C<poll_cb> (and C<poll_some> and other functions calling C<poll_cb>)
1053	function will block until the limit is no longer exceeded.
1054		1932
1055	The default value is very large, so there is no practical limit on the	1933	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;
1056	number of outstanding requests.
1057		1934
1058	You can still queue as many requests as you want. Therefore,	1935	for my $path (...) {
1059	C<max_oustsanding> is mainly useful in simple scripts (with low values) or	1936	aio_stat $path , ...;
1060	as a stop gap to shield against fatal memory overflow (with large values).	1937	IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1938	}
		1939
		1940	IO::AIO::flush;
		1941
		1942	The call to C<poll_cb> inside the loop will normally return instantly, but
		1943	as soon as more thna C<32> reqeusts are in-flight, it will block until
		1944	some requests have been handled. This keeps the loop from pushing a large
		1945	number of C<aio_stat> requests onto the queue.
		1946
		1947	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no
		1948	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.
		1949
		1950	=back
1061		1951
1062	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION	1952	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
		1953
		1954	=over
1063		1955
1064	=item IO::AIO::nreqs	1956	=item IO::AIO::nreqs
1065		1957
1066	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending	1958	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending
1067	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).	1959	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).
…		…
1081	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,	1973	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
1082	but not yet processed by poll_cb).	1974	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
1083		1975
1084	=back	1976	=back
1085		1977
		1978	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
		1979
		1980	IO::AIO implements some functions that might be useful, but are not
		1981	asynchronous.
		1982
		1983	=over 4
		1984
		1985	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		1986
		1987	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,
		1988	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is
		1989	likely cached already and the output filehandle is set to non-blocking
		1990	operations).
		1991
		1992	Returns the number of bytes copied, or C<-1> on error.
		1993
		1994	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		1995
		1996	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its
		1997	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1998	available: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1999	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,
		2000	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.
		2001
		2002	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns
		2003	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.
		2004
		2005	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice
		2006
		2007	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its
		2008	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		2009	available: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		2010	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.
		2011
		2012	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns
		2013	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.
		2014
		2015	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect
		2016
		2017	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed
		2018	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect
		2019	constants are available: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,
		2020	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.
		2021
		2022	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns
		2023	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.
		2024
		2025	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]
		2026
		2027	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the
		2028	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar. Returns true on
		2029	success, and false otherwise.
		2030
		2031	The only operations allowed on the scalar are C<substr>/C<vec> that don't
		2032	change the string length, and most read-only operations such as copying it
		2033	or searching it with regexes and so on.
		2034
		2035	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.
		2036
		2037	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed
		2038	when the C<$scalar> is destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap> or
		2039	C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called.
		2040
		2041	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual
		2042	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.
		2043
		2044	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual
		2045	filesize.
		2046
		2047	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,
		2048	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,
		2049
		2050	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or
		2051	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>, or a number of system-specific flags (when
		2052	not available, the are defined as 0): C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS>
		2053	(which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this
		2054	constant), C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,
		2055	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE> or
		2056	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>
		2057
		2058	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.
		2059
		2060	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be
		2061	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.
		2062
		2063	Example:
		2064
		2065	use Digest::MD5;
		2066	use IO::AIO;
		2067
		2068	open my $fh, "<verybigfile"
		2069	or die "$!";
		2070
		2071	IO::AIO::mmap my $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh
		2072	or die "verybigfile: $!";
		2073
		2074	my $fast_md5 = md5 $data;
		2075
		2076	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		2077
		2078	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.
		2079
		2080	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		2081
		2082	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous
		2083	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).
		2084
		2085	=item IO::AIO::munlockall
		2086
		2087	Calls the C<munlockall> function.
		2088
		2089	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns
		2090	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.
		2091
		2092	=item IO::AIO::splice $r_fh, $r_off, $w_fh, $w_off, $length, $flags
		2093
		2094	Calls the GNU/Linux C<splice(2)> syscall, if available. If C<$r_off> or
		2095	C<$w_off> are C<undef>, then C<NULL> is passed for these, otherwise they
		2096	should be the file offset.
		2097
		2098	C<$r_fh> and C<$w_fh> should not refer to the same file, as splice might
		2099	silently corrupt the data in this case.
		2100
		2101	The following symbol flag values are available: C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MOVE>,
		2102	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK>, C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MORE> and
		2103	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_GIFT>.
		2104
		2105	See the C<splice(2)> manpage for details.
		2106
		2107	=item IO::AIO::tee $r_fh, $w_fh, $length, $flags
		2108
		2109	Calls the GNU/Linux C<tee(2)> syscall, see it's manpage and the
		2110	description for C<IO::AIO::splice> above for details.
		2111
		2112	=back
		2113
1086	=cut	2114	=cut
1087		2115
1088	# support function to convert a fd into a perl filehandle
1089	sub _fd2fh {
1090	return undef if $_[0] < 0;
1091
1092	# try to generate nice filehandles
1093	my $sym = "IO::AIO::fd#$_[0]";
1094	local *$sym;
1095
1096	open *$sym, "+<&=$_[0]" # usually works under any unix
1097	or open *$sym, "<&=$_[0]" # cygwin needs this
1098	or open *$sym, ">&=$_[0]" # or this
1099	or return undef;
1100
1101	*$sym
1102	}
1103
1104	min_parallel 8;	2116	min_parallel 8;
1105		2117
1106	END {	2118	END { flush }
1107	min_parallel 1;
1108	flush;
1109	};
1110		2119
1111	1;	2120	1;
1112		2121
		2122	=head1 EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		2123
		2124	It is recommended to use L<AnyEvent::AIO> to integrate IO::AIO
		2125	automatically into many event loops:
		2126
		2127	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
		2128	use AnyEvent::AIO;
		2129
		2130	You can also integrate IO::AIO manually into many event loops, here are
		2131	some examples of how to do this:
		2132
		2133	# EV integration
		2134	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		2135
		2136	# Event integration
		2137	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2138	poll => 'r',
		2139	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2140
		2141	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
		2142	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2143	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
		2144
		2145	# Tk integration
		2146	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
		2147	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2148
		2149	# Danga::Socket integration
		2150	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
		2151	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2152
1113	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	2153	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
1114		2154
1115	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	2155	Usage of pthreads in a program changes the semantics of fork
		2156	considerably. Specifically, only async-safe functions can be called after
		2157	fork. Perl doesn't know about this, so in general, you cannot call fork
		2158	with defined behaviour in perl if pthreads are involved. IO::AIO uses
		2159	pthreads, so this applies, but many other extensions and (for inexplicable
		2160	reasons) perl itself often is linked against pthreads, so this limitation
		2161	applies to quite a lot of perls.
1116		2162
1117	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	2163	This module no longer tries to fight your OS, or POSIX. That means IO::AIO
1118	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	2164	only works in the process that loaded it. Forking is fully supported, but
1119	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	2165	using IO::AIO in the child is not.
1120	request/result processing, while the child frees the request/result queue
1121	(so that the requests started before the fork will only be handled in the
1122	parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit set in the
1123	parent process has been reached again.
1124		2166
1125	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	2167	You might get around by not I<using> IO::AIO before (or after)
1126	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	2168	forking. You could also try to call the L<IO::AIO::reinit> function in the
1127	yet.	2169	child:
		2170
		2171	=over 4
		2172
		2173	=item IO::AIO::reinit
		2174
		2175	Abandons all current requests and I/O threads and simply reinitialises all
		2176	data structures. This is not an operation supported by any standards, but
		2177	happens to work on GNU/Linux and some newer BSD systems.
		2178
		2179	The only reasonable use for this function is to call it after forking, if
		2180	C<IO::AIO> was used in the parent. Calling it while IO::AIO is active in
		2181	the process will result in undefined behaviour. Calling it at any time
		2182	will also result in any undefined (by POSIX) behaviour.
		2183
		2184	=back
1128		2185
1129	=head2 MEMORY USAGE	2186	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
1130		2187
1131	Per-request usage:	2188	Per-request usage:
1132		2189
…		…
1134	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly	2191	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly
1135	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl	2192	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl
1136	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and	2193	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and
1137	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.	2194	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.
1138		2195
1139	This is now awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a	2196	This is not awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a
1140	problem.	2197	problem.
1141		2198
1142	Per-thread usage:	2199	Per-thread usage:
1143		2200
1144	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for	2201	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for
…		…
1149		2206
1150	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.	2207	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.
1151		2208
1152	=head1 SEE ALSO	2209	=head1 SEE ALSO
1153		2210
1154	L<Coro::AIO>.	2211	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a
		2212	more natural syntax.
1155		2213
1156	=head1 AUTHOR	2214	=head1 AUTHOR
1157		2215
1158	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2216	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1159	http://home.schmorp.de/	2217	http://home.schmorp.de/

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