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Revision 1.55 by root, Sun Oct 22 00:49:29 2006 UTC vs.
Revision 1.66 by root, Mon Oct 23 22:54:27 2006 UTC

15 15
16 aio_read $fh, 30000, 1024, $buffer, 0, sub { 16 aio_read $fh, 30000, 1024, $buffer, 0, sub {
17 $_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!"; 17 $_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";
18 }; 18 };
19 19
20 use IO::AIO 2; # version has aio objects 20 # version 2+ has request and group objects
21 use IO::AIO 2;
21 22
22 my $req = aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { }; 23 my $req = aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };
23 $req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue 24 $req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
24 25
25 # AnyEvent 26 my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
27 add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
28
29 # AnyEvent integration
26 open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!"; 30 open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!";
27 my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb }); 31 my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb });
28 32
29 # Event 33 # Event integration
30 Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, 34 Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
31 poll => 'r', 35 poll => 'r',
32 cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb); 36 cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
33 37
34 # Glib/Gtk2 38 # Glib/Gtk2 integration
35 add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno, 39 add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
36 in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 }; 40 in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
37 41
38 # Tk 42 # Tk integration
39 Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "", 43 Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
40 readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb); 44 readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
41 45
42 # Danga::Socket 46 # Danga::Socket integration
43 Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno => 47 Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
44 \&IO::AIO::poll_cb); 48 \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
45 49
46
47=head1 DESCRIPTION 50=head1 DESCRIPTION
48 51
49This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your 52This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
50operating system supports. 53operating system supports.
51 54
52Currently, a number of threads are started that execute your read/writes 55Currently, a number of threads are started that execute your read/writes
53and signal their completion. You don't need thread support in your libc or 56and signal their completion. You don't need thread support in perl, and
54perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible to the 57the threads created by this module will not be visible to perl. In the
55pthreads library. In the future, this module might make use of the native 58future, this module might make use of the native aio functions available
56aio functions available on many operating systems. However, they are often 59on many operating systems. However, they are often not well-supported
57not well-supported (Linux doesn't allow them on normal files currently, 60(Linux doesn't allow them on normal files currently, for example),
58for example), and they would only support aio_read and aio_write, so the 61and they would only support aio_read and aio_write, so the remaining
59remaining functionality would have to be implemented using threads anyway. 62functionality would have to be implemented using threads anyway.
60 63
61Although the module will work with in the presence of other threads, it is 64Although the module will work with in the presence of other threads, it is
62currently not reentrant, so use appropriate locking yourself, always call 65currently not reentrant, so use appropriate locking yourself, always call
63C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never call C<poll_cb> (or other 66C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never call C<poll_cb> (or other
64C<aio_> functions) recursively. 67C<aio_> functions) recursively.
76 our $VERSION = '2.0'; 79 our $VERSION = '2.0';
77 80
78 our @EXPORT = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat 81 our @EXPORT = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat
79 aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink 82 aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink
80 aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link aio_move 83 aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link aio_move
81 aio_group); 84 aio_group aio_nop);
82 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb min_parallel max_parallel max_outstanding nreqs); 85 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb min_parallel max_parallel max_outstanding nreqs);
83 86
84 @IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ'; 87 @IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
85 88
86 require XSLoader; 89 require XSLoader;
179 print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n"; 182 print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";
180 }; 183 };
181 184
182=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status) 185=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
183 186
187[EXPERIMENTAL due to internal aio_group use]
188
184Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or 189Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
185destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with 190destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
186the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok. 191the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.
187 192
188This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If 193This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If
198=cut 203=cut
199 204
200sub aio_move($$$) { 205sub aio_move($$$) {
201 my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_; 206 my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
202 207
203 my $grp = aio_group; 208 my $grp = aio_group $cb;
204 209
205 add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub { 210 add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {
206 if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) { 211 if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
207 add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub { 212 add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
208 if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) { 213 if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
218 chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh; 223 chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;
219 chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh; 224 chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;
220 close $dst_fh; 225 close $dst_fh;
221 226
222 add $grp aio_unlink $src, sub { 227 add $grp aio_unlink $src, sub {
223 $cb->($_[0]); 228 $grp->result ($_[0]);
224 }; 229 };
225 } else { 230 } else {
226 my $errno = $!; 231 my $errno = $!;
227 add $grp aio_unlink $dst, sub { 232 add $grp aio_unlink $dst, sub {
228 $! = $errno; 233 $! = $errno;
229 $cb->(-1); 234 $grp->result (-1);
230 }; 235 };
231 } 236 }
232 }; 237 };
233 } else { 238 } else {
234 $cb->(-1); 239 $grp->result (-1);
235 } 240 }
236 }, 241 },
237 242
238 } else { 243 } else {
239 $cb->(-1); 244 $grp->result (-1);
240 } 245 }
241 }; 246 };
242 } else { 247 } else {
243 $cb->($_[0]); 248 $grp->result ($_[0]);
244 } 249 }
245 }; 250 };
246 251
247 $grp 252 $grp
248} 253}
340The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref 345The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref
341with the filenames. 346with the filenames.
342 347
343=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs) 348=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
344 349
350[EXPERIMENTAL due to internal aio_group use]
351
345Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to 352Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
346separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of names, ones 353separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of names, ones
347you can recurse into (directories or links to them), and ones you cannot 354you can recurse into (directories or links to them), and ones you cannot
348recurse into (everything else). 355recurse into (everything else).
349 356
350C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that consists of many sub 357C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that creates of many sub requests_
351requests. C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio 358C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio requests that
352requests that this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a 359this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a suitable default
353suitable default will be chosen (currently 8). 360will be chosen (currently 6).
354 361
355On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives 362On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives
356two array-refs with path-relative entry names. 363two array-refs with path-relative entry names.
357 364
358Example: 365Example:
395=cut 402=cut
396 403
397sub aio_scandir($$$) { 404sub aio_scandir($$$) {
398 my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_; 405 my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;
399 406
400 my $grp = aio_group; 407 my $grp = aio_group $cb;
401 408
402 $maxreq = 8 if $maxreq <= 0; 409 $maxreq = 6 if $maxreq <= 0;
403 410
404 # stat once 411 # stat once
405 add $grp aio_stat $path, sub { 412 add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {
406 return $cb->() if $_[0]; 413 return $grp->result () if $_[0];
407 my $now = time; 414 my $now = time;
408 my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9]; 415 my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
409 416
410 # read the directory entries 417 # read the directory entries
411 add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub { 418 add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {
412 my $entries = shift 419 my $entries = shift
413 or return $cb->(); 420 or return $grp->result ();
414 421
415 # stat the dir another time 422 # stat the dir another time
416 add $grp aio_stat $path, sub { 423 add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {
417 my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9]; 424 my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
418 425
423 $ndirs = -1; 430 $ndirs = -1;
424 } else { 431 } else {
425 # if nlink == 2, we are finished 432 # if nlink == 2, we are finished
426 # on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2 433 # on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
427 $ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2 434 $ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
428 or return $cb->([], $entries); 435 or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
429 } 436 }
430 437
431 # sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs 438 # sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
432 # dirs == files without ".", short entries first 439 # dirs == files without ".", short entries first
433 $entries = [map $_->[0], 440 $entries = [map $_->[0],
438 my (@dirs, @nondirs); 445 my (@dirs, @nondirs);
439 446
440 my ($statcb, $schedcb); 447 my ($statcb, $schedcb);
441 my $nreq = 0; 448 my $nreq = 0;
442 449
450 my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group;
451
443 $schedcb = sub { 452 $schedcb = sub {
444 if (@$entries) { 453 if (@$entries) {
445 if ($nreq < $maxreq) { 454 if ($nreq < $maxreq) {
446 my $ent = pop @$entries; 455 my $ent = pop @$entries;
447 $nreq++; 456 $nreq++;
448 add $grp aio_stat "$path/$ent/.", sub { $statcb->($_[0], $ent) }; 457 add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$ent/.", sub { $statcb->($_[0], $ent) };
449 } 458 }
450 } elsif (!$nreq) { 459 } elsif (!$nreq) {
451 # finished 460 # finished
461 $statgrp->cancel;
452 undef $statcb; 462 undef $statcb;
453 undef $schedcb; 463 undef $schedcb;
454 $cb->(\@dirs, \@nondirs) if $cb; 464 $grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
455 undef $cb;
456 } 465 }
457 }; 466 };
458 $statcb = sub { 467 $statcb = sub {
459 my ($status, $entry) = @_; 468 my ($status, $entry) = @_;
460 469
502callback with the fdatasync result code. 511callback with the fdatasync result code.
503 512
504If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be 513If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
505detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead. 514detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
506 515
507=item aio_group $callback->() 516=item aio_group $callback->(...)
508 517
509[EXPERIMENTAL] 518[EXPERIMENTAL]
510 519
511This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a 520This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
512container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle 521container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
524 add $grp 533 add $grp
525 (aio_stat ...), 534 (aio_stat ...),
526 (aio_stat ...), 535 (aio_stat ...),
527 ...; 536 ...;
528 537
538=item aio_nop $callback->()
539
540This is a special request - it does nothing in itself and is only used for
541side effects, such as when you want to add a dummy request to a group so
542that finishing the requests in the group depends on executing the given
543code.
544
545While this request does nothing, it still goes through the execution
546phase and still requires a worker thread. Thus, the callback will not
547be executed immediately but only after other requests in the queue have
548entered their execution phase. This can be used to measure request
549latency.
550
529=item aio_sleep $fractional_seconds, $callback->() *NOT EXPORTED* 551=item IO::AIO::aio_sleep $fractional_seconds, $callback->() *NOT EXPORTED*
530 552
531Mainly used for debugging and benchmarking, this aio request puts one of 553Mainly used for debugging and benchmarking, this aio request puts one of
532the request workers to sleep for the given time. 554the request workers to sleep for the given time.
555
556While it is theoretically handy to have simple I/O scheduling requests
557like sleep and file handle readable/writable, the overhead this creates
558is immense, so do not use this function except to put your application
559under artificial I/O pressure.
533 560
534=back 561=back
535 562
536=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS 563=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
537 564
546callback) and B<done> (request has reached the end of its lifetime and 573callback) and B<done> (request has reached the end of its lifetime and
547holds no resources anymore). 574holds no resources anymore).
548 575
549=over 4 576=over 4
550 577
551=item $req->cancel 578=item cancel $req
552 579
553Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution 580Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
554when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when 581when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
555entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise 582entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
556untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be 583untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be
557stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely. 584stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.
558 585
586=item cb $req $callback->(...)
587
588Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
589
559=back 590=back
560 591
561=head2 IO::AIO::GRP CLASS 592=head2 IO::AIO::GRP CLASS
562 593
563This class is a subclass of L<IO::AIO::REQ>, so all its methods apply to 594This class is a subclass of L<IO::AIO::REQ>, so all its methods apply to
577You add requests by calling the C<add> method with one or more 608You add requests by calling the C<add> method with one or more
578C<IO::AIO::REQ> objects: 609C<IO::AIO::REQ> objects:
579 610
580 $grp->add (aio_unlink "..."); 611 $grp->add (aio_unlink "...");
581 612
582 add $grp aio_stat "...", sub { ... }; 613 add $grp aio_stat "...", sub {
614 $_[0] or return $grp->result ("error");
615
616 # add another request dynamically, if first succeeded
617 add $grp aio_open "...", sub {
618 $grp->result ("ok");
619 };
620 };
583 621
584This makes it very easy to create composite requests (see the source of 622This makes it very easy to create composite requests (see the source of
585C<aio_move> for an application) that work and feel like simple requests. 623C<aio_move> for an application) that work and feel like simple requests.
586 624
625=over 4
626
587The IO::AIO::GRP objects will be cleaned up during calls to 627=item * The IO::AIO::GRP objects will be cleaned up during calls to
588C<IO::AIO::poll_cb>, just like any other request. 628C<IO::AIO::poll_cb>, just like any other request.
589 629
590They can be canceled like any other request. Canceling will cancel not 630=item * They can be canceled like any other request. Canceling will cancel not
591just the request itself, but also all requests it contains. 631only the request itself, but also all requests it contains.
592 632
593They can also can also be added to other IO::AIO::GRP objects. 633=item * They can also can also be added to other IO::AIO::GRP objects.
634
635=item * You must not add requests to a group from within the group callback (or
636any later time).
637
638=item * This does not harmonise well with C<max_outstanding>, so best do
639not combine C<aio_group> with it. Groups and feeders are recommended for
640this kind of concurrency-limiting.
641
642=back
594 643
595Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they 644Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they
596will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the 645will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the
597C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to 646C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to
598exist. 647exist.
599 648
649That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests. And
650in the callbacks of those requests, you can add further requests to the
651group. And only when all those requests have finished will the the group
652itself finish.
653
600=over 4 654=over 4
601 655
656=item add $grp ...
657
602=item $grp->add (...) 658=item $grp->add (...)
603 659
604=item add $grp ... 660Add one or more requests to the group. Any type of L<IO::AIO::REQ> can
661be added, including other groups, as long as you do not create circular
662dependencies.
605 663
606Add one or more 664Returns all its arguments.
607Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution 665
608when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when 666=item $grp->result (...)
609entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise 667
610untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be 668Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
611stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely. 669subrequests have finished. By default, no argument will be passed.
670
671=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
672
673[VERY EXPERIMENTAL]
674
675Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
676generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
677although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
678this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For
679example, C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat>
680requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
681
682To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
683instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
684feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<feed_limit>,
685below) requests active in the group itself and is expected to queue more
686requests.
687
688The feed can queue as many requests as it likes (i.e. C<add> does not
689impose any limits).
690
691If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
692automatically removed from the group.
693
694If the feed limit is C<0>, it will be set to C<2> automatically.
695
696Example:
697
698 # stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
699
700 my $grp = aio_group sub { print "finished\n" };
701 feed_limit $grp 4;
702 feed $grp sub {
703 my $file = pop @files
704 or return;
705
706 add $grp aio_stat $file, sub { ... };
707 };
708
709=item feed_limit $grp $num
710
711Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
712the group contains less than this many requests.
713
714Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
612 715
613=back 716=back
614 717
615=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS 718=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
616 719
674 IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb 777 IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
675 if IO::AIO::nreqs; 778 if IO::AIO::nreqs;
676 779
677=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads 780=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
678 781
679Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current default 782Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current
680is C<4>, which means four asynchronous operations can be done at one time 783default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute
681(the number of outstanding operations, however, is unlimited). 784concurrently at any one time (the number of outstanding requests,
785however, is unlimited).
682 786
683IO::AIO starts threads only on demand, when an AIO request is queued and 787IO::AIO starts threads only on demand, when an AIO request is queued and
684no free thread exists. 788no free thread exists.
685 789
686It is recommended to keep the number of threads low, as some Linux 790It is recommended to keep the number of threads relatively low, as some
687kernel versions will scale negatively with the number of threads (higher 791Linux kernel versions will scale negatively with the number of threads
688parallelity => MUCH higher latency). With current Linux 2.6 versions, 4-32 792(higher parallelity => MUCH higher latency). With current Linux 2.6
689threads should be fine. 793versions, 4-32 threads should be fine.
690 794
691Under most circumstances you don't need to call this function, as the 795Under most circumstances you don't need to call this function, as the
692module selects a default that is suitable for low to moderate load. 796module selects a default that is suitable for low to moderate load.
693 797
694=item IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads 798=item IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
705 809
706Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function. 810Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
707 811
708=item $oldnreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $nreqs 812=item $oldnreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $nreqs
709 813
814[DEPRECATED]
815
710Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you 816Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you
711try to queue up more than this number of requests, the caller will block until 817try to queue up more than this number of requests, the caller will block until
712some requests have been handled. 818some requests have been handled.
713 819
714The default is very large, so normally there is no practical limit. If you 820The default is very large, so normally there is no practical limit. If you
715queue up many requests in a loop it often improves speed if you set 821queue up many requests in a loop it often improves speed if you set
716this to a relatively low number, such as C<100>. 822this to a relatively low number, such as C<100>.
823
824This function does not work well together with C<aio_group>'s, and their
825feeder interface is better suited to limiting concurrency, so do not use
826this function.
717 827
718Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function. 828Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
719 829
720=back 830=back
721 831
735 or return undef; 845 or return undef;
736 846
737 *$sym 847 *$sym
738} 848}
739 849
740min_parallel 4; 850min_parallel 8;
741 851
742END { 852END {
743 max_parallel 0; 853 max_parallel 0;
744} 854}
745 855
759 869
760In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had 870In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had
761not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used 871not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used
762yet. 872yet.
763 873
874=head2 MEMORY USAGE
875
876Each aio request uses - depending on your architecture - around 128 bytes
877of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly a few
878hundred bytes). Perl scalars and other data passed into aio requests will
879also be locked.
880
881This is now awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a
882problem.
883
884Each thread needs a stack area which is usually around 16k, sometimes much
885larger, depending on the OS.
886
764=head1 SEE ALSO 887=head1 SEE ALSO
765 888
766L<Coro>, L<Linux::AIO> (obsolete). 889L<Coro>, L<Linux::AIO> (obsolete).
767 890
768=head1 AUTHOR 891=head1 AUTHOR

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