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Revision 1.55 by root, Sun Oct 22 00:49:29 2006 UTC vs.
Revision 1.67 by root, Tue Oct 24 02:25:16 2006 UTC

15 15
16 aio_read $fh, 30000, 1024, $buffer, 0, sub { 16 aio_read $fh, 30000, 1024, $buffer, 0, sub {
17 $_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!"; 17 $_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";
18 }; 18 };
19 19
20 use IO::AIO 2; # version has aio objects 20 # version 2+ has request and group objects
21 use IO::AIO 2;
21 22
22 my $req = aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { }; 23 my $req = aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };
23 $req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue 24 $req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
24 25
25 # AnyEvent 26 my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
27 add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
28
29 # AnyEvent integration
26 open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!"; 30 open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!";
27 my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb }); 31 my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb });
28 32
29 # Event 33 # Event integration
30 Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno, 34 Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
31 poll => 'r', 35 poll => 'r',
32 cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb); 36 cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
33 37
34 # Glib/Gtk2 38 # Glib/Gtk2 integration
35 add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno, 39 add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
36 in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 }; 40 in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
37 41
38 # Tk 42 # Tk integration
39 Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "", 43 Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
40 readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb); 44 readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
41 45
42 # Danga::Socket 46 # Danga::Socket integration
43 Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno => 47 Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
44 \&IO::AIO::poll_cb); 48 \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
45 49
46
47=head1 DESCRIPTION 50=head1 DESCRIPTION
48 51
49This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your 52This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
50operating system supports. 53operating system supports.
51 54
52Currently, a number of threads are started that execute your read/writes 55Currently, a number of threads are started that execute your read/writes
53and signal their completion. You don't need thread support in your libc or 56and signal their completion. You don't need thread support in perl, and
54perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible to the 57the threads created by this module will not be visible to perl. In the
55pthreads library. In the future, this module might make use of the native 58future, this module might make use of the native aio functions available
56aio functions available on many operating systems. However, they are often 59on many operating systems. However, they are often not well-supported
57not well-supported (Linux doesn't allow them on normal files currently, 60(Linux doesn't allow them on normal files currently, for example),
58for example), and they would only support aio_read and aio_write, so the 61and they would only support aio_read and aio_write, so the remaining
59remaining functionality would have to be implemented using threads anyway. 62functionality would have to be implemented using threads anyway.
60 63
61Although the module will work with in the presence of other threads, it is 64Although the module will work with in the presence of other threads, it is
62currently not reentrant, so use appropriate locking yourself, always call 65currently not reentrant, so use appropriate locking yourself, always call
63C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never call C<poll_cb> (or other 66C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never call C<poll_cb> (or other
64C<aio_> functions) recursively. 67C<aio_> functions) recursively.
73use base 'Exporter'; 76use base 'Exporter';
74 77
75BEGIN { 78BEGIN {
76 our $VERSION = '2.0'; 79 our $VERSION = '2.0';
77 80
78 our @EXPORT = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat 81 our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat
79 aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink 82 aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink
80 aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link aio_move 83 aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link aio_move
81 aio_group); 84 aio_group aio_nop);
82 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb min_parallel max_parallel max_outstanding nreqs); 85 our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri));
86 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
87 min_parallel max_parallel max_outstanding nreqs);
83 88
84 @IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ'; 89 @IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
85 90
86 require XSLoader; 91 require XSLoader;
87 XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION); 92 XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
179 print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n"; 184 print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";
180 }; 185 };
181 186
182=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status) 187=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
183 188
189[EXPERIMENTAL due to internal aio_group use]
190
184Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or 191Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
185destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with 192destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
186the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok. 193the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.
187 194
188This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If 195This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If
198=cut 205=cut
199 206
200sub aio_move($$$) { 207sub aio_move($$$) {
201 my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_; 208 my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
202 209
203 my $grp = aio_group; 210 my $grp = aio_group $cb;
204 211
205 add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub { 212 add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {
206 if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) { 213 if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
207 add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub { 214 add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
208 if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) { 215 if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
218 chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh; 225 chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;
219 chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh; 226 chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;
220 close $dst_fh; 227 close $dst_fh;
221 228
222 add $grp aio_unlink $src, sub { 229 add $grp aio_unlink $src, sub {
223 $cb->($_[0]); 230 $grp->result ($_[0]);
224 }; 231 };
225 } else { 232 } else {
226 my $errno = $!; 233 my $errno = $!;
227 add $grp aio_unlink $dst, sub { 234 add $grp aio_unlink $dst, sub {
228 $! = $errno; 235 $! = $errno;
229 $cb->(-1); 236 $grp->result (-1);
230 }; 237 };
231 } 238 }
232 }; 239 };
233 } else { 240 } else {
234 $cb->(-1); 241 $grp->result (-1);
235 } 242 }
236 }, 243 },
237 244
238 } else { 245 } else {
239 $cb->(-1); 246 $grp->result (-1);
240 } 247 }
241 }; 248 };
242 } else { 249 } else {
243 $cb->($_[0]); 250 $grp->result ($_[0]);
244 } 251 }
245 }; 252 };
246 253
247 $grp 254 $grp
248} 255}
340The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref 347The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref
341with the filenames. 348with the filenames.
342 349
343=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs) 350=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
344 351
352[EXPERIMENTAL due to internal aio_group use]
353
345Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to 354Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
346separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of names, ones 355separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of names, ones
347you can recurse into (directories or links to them), and ones you cannot 356you can recurse into (directories or links to them), and ones you cannot
348recurse into (everything else). 357recurse into (everything else).
349 358
350C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that consists of many sub 359C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that creates of many sub requests_
351requests. C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio 360C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio requests that
352requests that this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a 361this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a suitable default
353suitable default will be chosen (currently 8). 362will be chosen (currently 6).
354 363
355On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives 364On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives
356two array-refs with path-relative entry names. 365two array-refs with path-relative entry names.
357 366
358Example: 367Example:
395=cut 404=cut
396 405
397sub aio_scandir($$$) { 406sub aio_scandir($$$) {
398 my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_; 407 my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;
399 408
400 my $grp = aio_group; 409 my $grp = aio_group $cb;
401 410
402 $maxreq = 8 if $maxreq <= 0; 411 $maxreq = 6 if $maxreq <= 0;
403 412
404 # stat once 413 # stat once
405 add $grp aio_stat $path, sub { 414 add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {
406 return $cb->() if $_[0]; 415 return $grp->result () if $_[0];
407 my $now = time; 416 my $now = time;
408 my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9]; 417 my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
409 418
410 # read the directory entries 419 # read the directory entries
411 add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub { 420 add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {
412 my $entries = shift 421 my $entries = shift
413 or return $cb->(); 422 or return $grp->result ();
414 423
415 # stat the dir another time 424 # stat the dir another time
416 add $grp aio_stat $path, sub { 425 add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {
417 my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9]; 426 my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
418 427
423 $ndirs = -1; 432 $ndirs = -1;
424 } else { 433 } else {
425 # if nlink == 2, we are finished 434 # if nlink == 2, we are finished
426 # on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2 435 # on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
427 $ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2 436 $ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
428 or return $cb->([], $entries); 437 or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
429 } 438 }
430 439
431 # sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs 440 # sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
432 # dirs == files without ".", short entries first 441 # dirs == files without ".", short entries first
433 $entries = [map $_->[0], 442 $entries = [map $_->[0],
438 my (@dirs, @nondirs); 447 my (@dirs, @nondirs);
439 448
440 my ($statcb, $schedcb); 449 my ($statcb, $schedcb);
441 my $nreq = 0; 450 my $nreq = 0;
442 451
452 my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group;
453
443 $schedcb = sub { 454 $schedcb = sub {
444 if (@$entries) { 455 if (@$entries) {
445 if ($nreq < $maxreq) { 456 if ($nreq < $maxreq) {
446 my $ent = pop @$entries; 457 my $ent = pop @$entries;
447 $nreq++; 458 $nreq++;
448 add $grp aio_stat "$path/$ent/.", sub { $statcb->($_[0], $ent) }; 459 add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$ent/.", sub { $statcb->($_[0], $ent) };
449 } 460 }
450 } elsif (!$nreq) { 461 } elsif (!$nreq) {
451 # finished 462 # finished
463 $statgrp->cancel;
452 undef $statcb; 464 undef $statcb;
453 undef $schedcb; 465 undef $schedcb;
454 $cb->(\@dirs, \@nondirs) if $cb; 466 $grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
455 undef $cb;
456 } 467 }
457 }; 468 };
458 $statcb = sub { 469 $statcb = sub {
459 my ($status, $entry) = @_; 470 my ($status, $entry) = @_;
460 471
502callback with the fdatasync result code. 513callback with the fdatasync result code.
503 514
504If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be 515If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
505detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead. 516detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
506 517
507=item aio_group $callback->() 518=item aio_group $callback->(...)
508 519
509[EXPERIMENTAL] 520[EXPERIMENTAL]
510 521
511This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a 522This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
512container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle 523container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
524 add $grp 535 add $grp
525 (aio_stat ...), 536 (aio_stat ...),
526 (aio_stat ...), 537 (aio_stat ...),
527 ...; 538 ...;
528 539
540=item aio_nop $callback->()
541
542This is a special request - it does nothing in itself and is only used for
543side effects, such as when you want to add a dummy request to a group so
544that finishing the requests in the group depends on executing the given
545code.
546
547While this request does nothing, it still goes through the execution
548phase and still requires a worker thread. Thus, the callback will not
549be executed immediately but only after other requests in the queue have
550entered their execution phase. This can be used to measure request
551latency.
552
529=item aio_sleep $fractional_seconds, $callback->() *NOT EXPORTED* 553=item IO::AIO::aio_sleep $fractional_seconds, $callback->() *NOT EXPORTED*
530 554
531Mainly used for debugging and benchmarking, this aio request puts one of 555Mainly used for debugging and benchmarking, this aio request puts one of
532the request workers to sleep for the given time. 556the request workers to sleep for the given time.
557
558While it is theoretically handy to have simple I/O scheduling requests
559like sleep and file handle readable/writable, the overhead this creates
560is immense, so do not use this function except to put your application
561under artificial I/O pressure.
533 562
534=back 563=back
535 564
536=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS 565=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
537 566
546callback) and B<done> (request has reached the end of its lifetime and 575callback) and B<done> (request has reached the end of its lifetime and
547holds no resources anymore). 576holds no resources anymore).
548 577
549=over 4 578=over 4
550 579
551=item $req->cancel 580=item cancel $req
552 581
553Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution 582Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
554when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when 583when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
555entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise 584entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
556untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be 585untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be
557stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely. 586stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.
558 587
588=item cb $req $callback->(...)
589
590Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
591
559=back 592=back
560 593
561=head2 IO::AIO::GRP CLASS 594=head2 IO::AIO::GRP CLASS
562 595
563This class is a subclass of L<IO::AIO::REQ>, so all its methods apply to 596This class is a subclass of L<IO::AIO::REQ>, so all its methods apply to
577You add requests by calling the C<add> method with one or more 610You add requests by calling the C<add> method with one or more
578C<IO::AIO::REQ> objects: 611C<IO::AIO::REQ> objects:
579 612
580 $grp->add (aio_unlink "..."); 613 $grp->add (aio_unlink "...");
581 614
582 add $grp aio_stat "...", sub { ... }; 615 add $grp aio_stat "...", sub {
616 $_[0] or return $grp->result ("error");
617
618 # add another request dynamically, if first succeeded
619 add $grp aio_open "...", sub {
620 $grp->result ("ok");
621 };
622 };
583 623
584This makes it very easy to create composite requests (see the source of 624This makes it very easy to create composite requests (see the source of
585C<aio_move> for an application) that work and feel like simple requests. 625C<aio_move> for an application) that work and feel like simple requests.
586 626
627=over 4
628
587The IO::AIO::GRP objects will be cleaned up during calls to 629=item * The IO::AIO::GRP objects will be cleaned up during calls to
588C<IO::AIO::poll_cb>, just like any other request. 630C<IO::AIO::poll_cb>, just like any other request.
589 631
590They can be canceled like any other request. Canceling will cancel not 632=item * They can be canceled like any other request. Canceling will cancel not
591just the request itself, but also all requests it contains. 633only the request itself, but also all requests it contains.
592 634
593They can also can also be added to other IO::AIO::GRP objects. 635=item * They can also can also be added to other IO::AIO::GRP objects.
636
637=item * You must not add requests to a group from within the group callback (or
638any later time).
639
640=item * This does not harmonise well with C<max_outstanding>, so best do
641not combine C<aio_group> with it. Groups and feeders are recommended for
642this kind of concurrency-limiting.
643
644=back
594 645
595Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they 646Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they
596will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the 647will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the
597C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to 648C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to
598exist. 649exist.
599 650
651That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests. And
652in the callbacks of those requests, you can add further requests to the
653group. And only when all those requests have finished will the the group
654itself finish.
655
600=over 4 656=over 4
601 657
658=item add $grp ...
659
602=item $grp->add (...) 660=item $grp->add (...)
603 661
604=item add $grp ... 662Add one or more requests to the group. Any type of L<IO::AIO::REQ> can
663be added, including other groups, as long as you do not create circular
664dependencies.
605 665
606Add one or more 666Returns all its arguments.
607Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution 667
608when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when 668=item $grp->result (...)
609entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise 669
610untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be 670Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
611stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely. 671subrequests have finished. By default, no argument will be passed.
672
673=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
674
675[VERY EXPERIMENTAL]
676
677Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
678generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
679although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
680this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For
681example, C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat>
682requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
683
684To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
685instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
686feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<feed_limit>,
687below) requests active in the group itself and is expected to queue more
688requests.
689
690The feed can queue as many requests as it likes (i.e. C<add> does not
691impose any limits).
692
693If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
694automatically removed from the group.
695
696If the feed limit is C<0>, it will be set to C<2> automatically.
697
698Example:
699
700 # stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
701
702 my $grp = aio_group sub { print "finished\n" };
703 feed_limit $grp 4;
704 feed $grp sub {
705 my $file = pop @files
706 or return;
707
708 add $grp aio_stat $file, sub { ... };
709 };
710
711=item feed_limit $grp $num
712
713Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
714the group contains less than this many requests.
715
716Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
612 717
613=back 718=back
614 719
615=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS 720=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
616 721
674 IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb 779 IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
675 if IO::AIO::nreqs; 780 if IO::AIO::nreqs;
676 781
677=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads 782=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
678 783
679Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current default 784Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current
680is C<4>, which means four asynchronous operations can be done at one time 785default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute
681(the number of outstanding operations, however, is unlimited). 786concurrently at any one time (the number of outstanding requests,
787however, is unlimited).
682 788
683IO::AIO starts threads only on demand, when an AIO request is queued and 789IO::AIO starts threads only on demand, when an AIO request is queued and
684no free thread exists. 790no free thread exists.
685 791
686It is recommended to keep the number of threads low, as some Linux 792It is recommended to keep the number of threads relatively low, as some
687kernel versions will scale negatively with the number of threads (higher 793Linux kernel versions will scale negatively with the number of threads
688parallelity => MUCH higher latency). With current Linux 2.6 versions, 4-32 794(higher parallelity => MUCH higher latency). With current Linux 2.6
689threads should be fine. 795versions, 4-32 threads should be fine.
690 796
691Under most circumstances you don't need to call this function, as the 797Under most circumstances you don't need to call this function, as the
692module selects a default that is suitable for low to moderate load. 798module selects a default that is suitable for low to moderate load.
693 799
694=item IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads 800=item IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
705 811
706Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function. 812Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
707 813
708=item $oldnreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $nreqs 814=item $oldnreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $nreqs
709 815
816[DEPRECATED]
817
710Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you 818Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you
711try to queue up more than this number of requests, the caller will block until 819try to queue up more than this number of requests, the caller will block until
712some requests have been handled. 820some requests have been handled.
713 821
714The default is very large, so normally there is no practical limit. If you 822The default is very large, so normally there is no practical limit. If you
715queue up many requests in a loop it often improves speed if you set 823queue up many requests in a loop it often improves speed if you set
716this to a relatively low number, such as C<100>. 824this to a relatively low number, such as C<100>.
825
826This function does not work well together with C<aio_group>'s, and their
827feeder interface is better suited to limiting concurrency, so do not use
828this function.
717 829
718Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function. 830Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
719 831
720=back 832=back
721 833
735 or return undef; 847 or return undef;
736 848
737 *$sym 849 *$sym
738} 850}
739 851
740min_parallel 4; 852min_parallel 8;
741 853
742END { 854END {
743 max_parallel 0; 855 max_parallel 0;
744} 856}
745 857
759 871
760In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had 872In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had
761not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used 873not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used
762yet. 874yet.
763 875
876=head2 MEMORY USAGE
877
878Each aio request uses - depending on your architecture - around 128 bytes
879of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly a few
880hundred bytes). Perl scalars and other data passed into aio requests will
881also be locked.
882
883This is now awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a
884problem.
885
886Each thread needs a stack area which is usually around 16k, sometimes much
887larger, depending on the OS.
888
764=head1 SEE ALSO 889=head1 SEE ALSO
765 890
766L<Coro>, L<Linux::AIO> (obsolete). 891L<Coro>, L<Linux::AIO> (obsolete).
767 892
768=head1 AUTHOR 893=head1 AUTHOR

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