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Revision 1.70 by root, Tue Oct 24 03:40:38 2006 UTC vs.
Revision 1.239 by root, Thu Dec 13 02:26:28 2012 UTC

…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
10	my ($fh) = @_;	10	my $fh = shift
		11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";
11	...	12	...
12	};	13	};
13		14
14	aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };	15	aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };
15		16
…		…
25	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue	26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
26		27
27	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };	28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
28	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;	29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
29		30
30	# AnyEvent integration
31	open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!";
32	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb });
33
34	# Event integration
35	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
36	poll => 'r',
37	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
38
39	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
40	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
41	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
42
43	# Tk integration
44	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
45	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
46
47	# Danga::Socket integration
48	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
49	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
50
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	31	=head1 DESCRIPTION
52		32
53	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your	33	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
54	operating system supports.	34	operating system supports. It is implemented as an interface to C<libeio>
		35	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libeio.html>).
55		36
		37	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program
		38	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation
		39	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This
		40	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even
		41	when doing heavy I/O (GUI programs, high performance network servers
		42	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are
		43	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster
		44	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations
		45	concurrently.
		46
		47	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for
		48	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that
		49	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is
		50	very inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<EV>
		51	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.
		52
56	Currently, a number of threads are started that execute your read/writes	53	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your
57	and signal their completion. You don't need thread support in perl, and	54	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support
58	the threads created by this module will not be visible to perl. In the	55	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible
59	future, this module might make use of the native aio functions available	56	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio
60	on many operating systems. However, they are often not well-supported	57	functions available on many operating systems. However, they are often
61	(Linux doesn't allow them on normal files currently, for example),	58	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal
62	and they would only support aio_read and aio_write, so the remaining	59	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and
63	functionality would have to be implemented using threads anyway.	60	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented
		61	using threads anyway.
64		62
65	Although the module will work with in the presence of other threads,	63	Although the module will work in the presence of other (Perl-) threads,
66	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking	64	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking
67	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never	65	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
68	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.	66	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
69		67
		68	=head2 EXAMPLE
		69
		70	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
		71	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
		72
		73	use Fcntl;
		74	use EV;
		75	use IO::AIO;
		76
		77	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
		78	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		79
		80	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd
		81	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		82	my $fh = shift
		83	or die "error while opening: $!";
		84
		85	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking
		86	my $size = -s $fh;
		87
		88	# queue a request to read the file
		89	my $contents;
		90	aio_read $fh, 0, $size, $contents, 0, sub {
		91	$_[0] == $size
		92	or die "short read: $!";
		93
		94	close $fh;
		95
		96	# file contents now in $contents
		97	print $contents;
		98
		99	# exit event loop and program
		100	EV::unloop;
		101	};
		102	};
		103
		104	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
		105	# check for sockets etc. etc.
		106
		107	# process events as long as there are some:
		108	EV::loop;
		109
		110	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
		111
		112	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
		113	directly visible to Perl.
		114
		115	If called in non-void context, every request function returns a Perl
		116	object representing the request. In void context, nothing is returned,
		117	which saves a bit of memory.
		118
		119	The perl object is a fairly standard ref-to-hash object. The hash contents
		120	are not used by IO::AIO so you are free to store anything you like in it.
		121
		122	During their existance, aio requests travel through the following states,
		123	in order:
		124
		125	=over 4
		126
		127	=item ready
		128
		129	Immediately after a request is created it is put into the ready state,
		130	waiting for a thread to execute it.
		131
		132	=item execute
		133
		134	A thread has accepted the request for processing and is currently
		135	executing it (e.g. blocking in read).
		136
		137	=item pending
		138
		139	The request has been executed and is waiting for result processing.
		140
		141	While request submission and execution is fully asynchronous, result
		142	processing is not and relies on the perl interpreter calling C<poll_cb>
		143	(or another function with the same effect).
		144
		145	=item result
		146
		147	The request results are processed synchronously by C<poll_cb>.
		148
		149	The C<poll_cb> function will process all outstanding aio requests by
		150	calling their callbacks, freeing memory associated with them and managing
		151	any groups they are contained in.
		152
		153	=item done
		154
		155	Request has reached the end of its lifetime and holds no resources anymore
		156	(except possibly for the Perl object, but its connection to the actual
		157	aio request is severed and calling its methods will either do nothing or
		158	result in a runtime error).
		159
		160	=back
		161
70	=cut	162	=cut
71		163
72	package IO::AIO;	164	package IO::AIO;
73		165
74	no warnings;	166	use Carp ();
75	use strict 'vars';	167
		168	use common::sense;
76		169
77	use base 'Exporter';	170	use base 'Exporter';
78		171
79	BEGIN {	172	BEGIN {
80	our $VERSION = '2.0';	173	our $VERSION = '4.18';
81		174
82	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat	175	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_seek aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
83	aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink	176	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
84	aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link aio_move	177	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_realpath aio_sync
		178	aio_fsync aio_syncfs aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_allocate
		179	aio_pathsync aio_readahead aio_fiemap
		180	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
		181	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
		182	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate
		183	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall
		184	aio_statvfs
85	aio_group aio_nop);	185	aio_wd);
		186
86	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));	187	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
87	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush	188	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
88	min_parallel max_parallel max_outstanding nreqs);	189	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout
		190	nreqs nready npending nthreads
		191	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs
		192	sendfile fadvise madvise
		193	mmap munmap munlock munlockall);
		194
		195	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
89		196
90	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	197	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
91		198
92	require XSLoader;	199	require XSLoader;
93	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);	200	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
94	}	201	}
95		202
96	=head1 FUNCTIONS	203	=head1 FUNCTIONS
97		204
98	=head2 AIO FUNCTIONS	205	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW
		206
		207	This section simply lists the prototypes most of the functions for
		208	quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function
		209	documentation.
		210
		211	aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		212	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
		213	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
		214	aio_seek $fh,$offset,$whence, $callback->($offs)
		215	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		216	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		217	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
		218	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
		219	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
		220	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
		221	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		222	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		223	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		224	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		225	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		226	aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		227	aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		228	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
		229	aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		230	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		231	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		232	aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		233	aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($link)
		234	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		235	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		236	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
		237	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
		238	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		239	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		240	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		241	aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
		242	aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		243	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		244	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		245	aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		246	aio_sync $callback->($status)
		247	aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		248	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
		249	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)
		250	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		251	aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		252	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		253	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		254	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		255	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		256	aio_group $callback->(...)
		257	aio_nop $callback->()
		258
		259	$prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
		260	aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
		261
		262	IO::AIO::poll_wait
		263	IO::AIO::poll_cb
		264	IO::AIO::poll
		265	IO::AIO::flush
		266	IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
		267	IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
		268	IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
		269	IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
		270	IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		271	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		272	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		273	IO::AIO::nreqs
		274	IO::AIO::nready
		275	IO::AIO::npending
		276
		277	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		278	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		279	IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags[, $fh[, $offset]]
		280	IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		281	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice
		282	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect
		283	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		284	IO::AIO::munlockall
		285
		286	=head2 API NOTES
99		287
100	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	288	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
101	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	289	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
102	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	290	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
103	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	291	which must be a code reference. This code reference will be called after
104	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	292	the syscall has been executed in an asynchronous fashion. The results
105	perl, which usually delivers "false") as it's sole argument when the given	293	of the request will be passed as arguments to the callback (and, if an
106	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	294	error occured, in C<$!>) - for most requests the syscall return code (e.g.
		295	most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike perl, which usually delivers
		296	"false").
		297
		298	Some requests (such as C<aio_readdir>) pass the actual results and
		299	communicate failures by passing C<undef>.
107		300
108	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	301	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
109	internally until the request has finished.	302	internally until the request has finished.
110		303
111	All requests return objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow further	304	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
112	manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.	305	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
113		306
114	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	307	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<should> be absolute. The
115	encoded in byte form. The reason for the former is that at the time the	308	reason for this is that at the time the request is being executed, the
116	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	309	current working directory could have changed. Alternatively, you can
117	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	310	make sure that you never change the current working directory anywhere
118	current working directory.	311	in the program and then use relative paths. You can also take advantage
		312	of IO::AIOs working directory abstraction, that lets you specify paths
		313	relative to some previously-opened "working directory object" - see the
		314	description of the C<IO::AIO::WD> class later in this document.
119		315
120	To encode pathnames to byte form, either make sure you either: a)	316	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
121	always pass in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir	317	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
122	etc.), b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	318	tinkering, b) are in your native filesystem encoding, c) use the Encode
123	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	319	module and encode your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in
124	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	320	effect in the user environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on
125	use something else.	321	unicode filenames or e) use something else to ensure your scalar has the
		322	correct contents.
		323
		324	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
		325	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
		326
		327	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
126		328
127	=over 4	329	=over 4
128		330
129	=item aioreq_pri $pri	331	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
130		332
131	Sets the priority for the next aio request. The default priority	333	Returns the priority value that would be used for the next request and, if
		334	C<$pri> is given, sets the priority for the next aio request.
		335
132	is C<0>, the minimum and maximum priorities are C<-4> and C<4>,	336	The default priority is C<0>, the minimum and maximum priorities are C<-4>
133	respectively. Requests with higher priority will be serviced first.	337	and C<4>, respectively. Requests with higher priority will be serviced
		338	first.
134		339
135	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each call to one of the C<aio_>	340	The priority will be reset to C<0> after each call to one of the C<aio_*>
136	functions.	341	functions.
137		342
138	Example: open a file with low priority, then read something from it with	343	Example: open a file with low priority, then read something from it with
139	higher priority so the read request is serviced before other low priority	344	higher priority so the read request is serviced before other low priority
140	open requests (potentially spamming the cache):	345	open requests (potentially spamming the cache):
…		…
147	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {	352	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {
148	...	353	...
149	};	354	};
150	};	355	};
151		356
		357
152	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust	358	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
153		359
154	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current	360	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current
155	priority, so effects are cumulative.	361	priority, so the effect is cumulative.
		362
156		363
157	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	364	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
158		365
159	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly	366	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly
160	created filehandle for the file.	367	created filehandle for the file (or C<undef> in case of an error).
161		368
162	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,	369	The pathname passed to C<aio_open> must be absolute. See API NOTES, above,
163	for an explanation.	370	for an explanation.
164		371
165	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a	372	The C<$flags> argument is a bitmask. See the C<Fcntl> module for a
166	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.	373	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.
167		374
168	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it	375	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it
169	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,	376	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,
170	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,	377	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,
171	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do).	378	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do). Note that the C<$mode> will be modified
		379	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never
		380	change the umask.
172		381
173	Example:	382	Example:
174		383
175	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	384	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
176	if ($_[0]) {	385	if ($_[0]) {
177	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";	386	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";
178	...	387	...
179	} else {	388	} else {
180	die "open failed: $!\n";	389	die "open failed: $!\n";
181	}	390	}
182	};	391	};
183		392
		393	In addition to all the common open modes/flags (C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>,
		394	C<O_RDWR>, C<O_CREAT>, C<O_TRUNC>, C<O_EXCL> and C<O_APPEND>), the
		395	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on
		396	your system are, as usual, C<0>):
		397
		398	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,
		399	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,
		400	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC> and C<O_TTY_INIT>.
		401
		402
184	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	403	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
185		404
186	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	405	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
187	code. I<WARNING:> although accepted, you should not pass in a perl	406	code.
188	filehandle here, as perl will likely close the file descriptor another
189	time when the filehandle is destroyed. Normally, you can safely call perls
190	C<close> or just let filehandles go out of scope.
191		407
192	This is supposed to be a bug in the API, so that might change. It's	408	Unfortunately, you can't do this to perl. Perl I<insists> very strongly on
193	therefore best to avoid this function.	409	closing the file descriptor associated with the filehandle itself.
		410
		411	Therefore, C<aio_close> will not close the filehandle - instead it will
		412	use dup2 to overwrite the file descriptor with the write-end of a pipe
		413	(the pipe fd will be created on demand and will be cached).
		414
		415	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
		416	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
		417
		418	=cut
		419
		420	=item aio_seek $fh, $offset, $whence, $callback->($offs)
		421
		422	Seeks the filehandle to the new C<$offset>, similarly to perl's
		423	C<sysseek>. The C<$whence> can use the traditional values (C<0> for
		424	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_SET>, C<1> for C<IO::AIO::SEEK_CUR> or C<2> for
		425	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_END>).
		426
		427	The resulting absolute offset will be passed to the callback, or C<-1> in
		428	case of an error.
		429
		430	In theory, the C<$whence> constants could be different than the
		431	corresponding values from L<Fcntl>, but perl guarantees they are the same,
		432	so don't panic.
		433
		434	As a GNU/Linux (and maybe Solaris) extension, also the constants
		435	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_DATA> and C<IO::AIO::SEEK_HOLE> are available, if they
		436	could be found. No guarantees about suitability for use in C<aio_seek> or
		437	Perl's C<sysseek> can be made though, although I would naively assume they
		438	"just work".
194		439
195	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	440	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
196		441
197	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	442	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
198		443
199	Reads or writes C<length> bytes from the specified C<fh> and C<offset>	444	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
200	into the scalar given by C<data> and offset C<dataoffset> and calls the	445	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset>
201	callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on error, just	446	and calls the callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on
202	like the syscall).	447	error, just like the syscall).
		448
		449	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
		450	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
		451
		452	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will
		453	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be
		454	changed by these calls.
		455
		456	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of
		457	C<$data>.
		458
		459	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of
		460	C<$data>.
203		461
204	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request	462	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request
205	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or WW3 (if the	463	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or World War III (if
206	necessary/optional hardware is installed).	464	the necessary/optional hardware is installed).
207		465
208	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at	466	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at
209	offset C<0> within the scalar:	467	offset C<0> within the scalar:
210		468
211	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {	469	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {
212	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";	470	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";
213	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";	471	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";
214	};	472	};
215		473
216	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
217
218	[EXPERIMENTAL due to internal aio_group use]
219
220	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
221	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
222	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.
223
224	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If
225	rename files with C<EXDEV>, it creates the destination file with mode 0200
226	and copies the contents of the source file into it using C<aio_sendfile>,
227	followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and uid/gid, in that
228	order, and unlinking the C<$srcpath>.
229
230	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if
231	possible, except when setting atime, mtime, access mode and uid/gid, where
232	errors are being ignored.
233
234	=cut
235
236	sub aio_move($$$) {
237	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
238
239	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
240
241	add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {
242	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
243	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
244	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
245	my @stat = stat $src_fh;
246
247	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_WRONLY, 0200, sub {
248	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
249	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
250	close $src_fh;
251
252	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
253	utime $stat[8], $stat[9], $dst;
254	chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;
255	chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;
256	close $dst_fh;
257
258	add $grp aio_unlink $src, sub {
259	$grp->result ($_[0]);
260	};
261	} else {
262	my $errno = $!;
263	add $grp aio_unlink $dst, sub {
264	$! = $errno;
265	$grp->result (-1);
266	};
267	}
268	};
269	} else {
270	$grp->result (-1);
271	}
272	},
273
274	} else {
275	$grp->result (-1);
276	}
277	};
278	} else {
279	$grp->result ($_[0]);
280	}
281	};
282
283	$grp
284	}
285		474
286	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)	475	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
287		476
288	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	477	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
289	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	478	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
290	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more	479	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more
291	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each	480	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each
292	other.	481	other. The same C<$in_fh> works fine though, as this function does not
		482	move or use the file offset of C<$in_fh>.
293		483
		484	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than
		485	are written, and there is no way to find out how many more bytes have been
		486	read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the
		487	number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals
		488	C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.
		489
		490	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use
		491	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically
		492	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while
		493	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run
		494	into a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then
		495	fails to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the
		496	data in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit
		497	the disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you better control
		498	resource usage.
		499
294	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile> syscall to provide	500	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile>-like syscall to
295	zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to a	501	provide zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to
296	socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to mmap'able file.	502	a socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.
297		503
298	If the native sendfile call fails or is not implemented, it will be	504	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,
299	emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any type of filehandle	505	C<EINVAL>, C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or
		506	C<ENOTSOCK>, it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any
300	regardless of the limitations of the operating system.	507	type of filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.
301		508
302	Please note, however, that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from	509	As native sendfile syscalls (as practically any non-POSIX interface hacked
303	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many	510	together in a hurry to improve benchmark numbers) tend to be rather buggy
304	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only	511	on many systems, this implementation tries to work around some known bugs
305	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result	512	in Linux and FreeBSD kernels (probably others, too), but that might fail,
306	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been	513	so you really really should check the return value of C<aio_sendfile> -
307	read.	514	fewre bytes than expected might have been transferred.
		515
308		516
309	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	517	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
310		518
311	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	519	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
312	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>	520	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>
…		…
318	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.	526	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.
319		527
320	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be	528	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be
321	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.	529	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.
322		530
		531
323	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)	532	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
324		533
325	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)	534	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
326		535
327	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will	536	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will
…		…
332	for an explanation.	541	for an explanation.
333		542
334	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an	543	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an
335	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated	544	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated
336	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.	545	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.
		546
		547	To help interpret the mode and dev/rdev stat values, IO::AIO offers the
		548	following constants and functions (if not implemented, the constants will
		549	be C<0> and the functions will either C<croak> or fall back on traditional
		550	behaviour).
		551
		552	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,
		553	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,
		554	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.
337		555
338	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:	556	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:
339		557
340	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	558	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
341	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	559	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
342	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";	560	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";
343	};	561	};
344		562
		563
		564	=item aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		565
		566	Works like the POSIX C<statvfs> or C<fstatvfs> syscalls, depending on
		567	whether a file handle or path was passed.
		568
		569	On success, the callback is passed a hash reference with the following
		570	members: C<bsize>, C<frsize>, C<blocks>, C<bfree>, C<bavail>, C<files>,
		571	C<ffree>, C<favail>, C<fsid>, C<flag> and C<namemax>. On failure, C<undef>
		572	is passed.
		573
		574	The following POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* constants are defined: C<ST_RDONLY> and
		575	C<ST_NOSUID>.
		576
		577	The following non-POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* flag masks are defined to
		578	their correct value when available, or to C<0> on systems that do
		579	not support them: C<ST_NODEV>, C<ST_NOEXEC>, C<ST_SYNCHRONOUS>,
		580	C<ST_MANDLOCK>, C<ST_WRITE>, C<ST_APPEND>, C<ST_IMMUTABLE>, C<ST_NOATIME>,
		581	C<ST_NODIRATIME> and C<ST_RELATIME>.
		582
		583	Example: stat C</wd> and dump out the data if successful.
		584
		585	aio_statvfs "/wd", sub {
		586	my $f = $_[0]
		587	or die "statvfs: $!";
		588
		589	use Data::Dumper;
		590	say Dumper $f;
		591	};
		592
		593	# result:
		594	{
		595	bsize => 1024,
		596	bfree => 4333064312,
		597	blocks => 10253828096,
		598	files => 2050765568,
		599	flag => 4096,
		600	favail => 2042092649,
		601	bavail => 4333064312,
		602	ffree => 2042092649,
		603	namemax => 255,
		604	frsize => 1024,
		605	fsid => 1810
		606	}
		607
		608	Here is a (likely partial) list of fsid values used by Linux - it is safe
		609	to hardcode these when the $^O is C<linux>:
		610
		611	0x0000adf5 adfs
		612	0x0000adff affs
		613	0x5346414f afs
		614	0x09041934 anon-inode filesystem
		615	0x00000187 autofs
		616	0x42465331 befs
		617	0x1badface bfs
		618	0x42494e4d binfmt_misc
		619	0x9123683e btrfs
		620	0x0027e0eb cgroupfs
		621	0xff534d42 cifs
		622	0x73757245 coda
		623	0x012ff7b7 coh
		624	0x28cd3d45 cramfs
		625	0x453dcd28 cramfs-wend (wrong endianness)
		626	0x64626720 debugfs
		627	0x00001373 devfs
		628	0x00001cd1 devpts
		629	0x0000f15f ecryptfs
		630	0x00414a53 efs
		631	0x0000137d ext
		632	0x0000ef53 ext2/ext3
		633	0x0000ef51 ext2
		634	0x00004006 fat
		635	0x65735546 fuseblk
		636	0x65735543 fusectl
		637	0x0bad1dea futexfs
		638	0x01161970 gfs2
		639	0x47504653 gpfs
		640	0x00004244 hfs
		641	0xf995e849 hpfs
		642	0x958458f6 hugetlbfs
		643	0x2bad1dea inotifyfs
		644	0x00009660 isofs
		645	0x000072b6 jffs2
		646	0x3153464a jfs
		647	0x6b414653 k-afs
		648	0x0bd00bd0 lustre
		649	0x0000137f minix
		650	0x0000138f minix 30 char names
		651	0x00002468 minix v2
		652	0x00002478 minix v2 30 char names
		653	0x00004d5a minix v3
		654	0x19800202 mqueue
		655	0x00004d44 msdos
		656	0x0000564c novell
		657	0x00006969 nfs
		658	0x6e667364 nfsd
		659	0x00003434 nilfs
		660	0x5346544e ntfs
		661	0x00009fa1 openprom
		662	0x7461636F ocfs2
		663	0x00009fa0 proc
		664	0x6165676c pstorefs
		665	0x0000002f qnx4
		666	0x858458f6 ramfs
		667	0x52654973 reiserfs
		668	0x00007275 romfs
		669	0x67596969 rpc_pipefs
		670	0x73636673 securityfs
		671	0xf97cff8c selinux
		672	0x0000517b smb
		673	0x534f434b sockfs
		674	0x73717368 squashfs
		675	0x62656572 sysfs
		676	0x012ff7b6 sysv2
		677	0x012ff7b5 sysv4
		678	0x01021994 tmpfs
		679	0x15013346 udf
		680	0x00011954 ufs
		681	0x54190100 ufs byteswapped
		682	0x00009fa2 usbdevfs
		683	0x01021997 v9fs
		684	0xa501fcf5 vxfs
		685	0xabba1974 xenfs
		686	0x012ff7b4 xenix
		687	0x58465342 xfs
		688	0x012fd16d xia
		689
		690	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		691
		692	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
		693	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
		694	syscalls support them.
		695
		696	When called with a pathname, uses utimes(2) if available, otherwise
		697	utime(2). If called on a file descriptor, uses futimes(2) if available,
		698	otherwise returns ENOSYS, so this is not portable.
		699
		700	Examples:
		701
		702	# set atime and mtime to current time (basically touch(1)):
		703	aio_utime "path", undef, undef;
		704	# set atime to current time and mtime to beginning of the epoch:
		705	aio_utime "path", time, undef; # undef==0
		706
		707
		708	=item aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		709
		710	Works like perl's C<chown> function, except that C<undef> for either $uid
		711	or $gid is being interpreted as "do not change" (but -1 can also be used).
		712
		713	Examples:
		714
		715	# same as "chown root path" in the shell:
		716	aio_chown "path", 0, -1;
		717	# same as above:
		718	aio_chown "path", 0, undef;
		719
		720
		721	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		722
		723	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
		724
		725
		726	=item aio_allocate $fh, $mode, $offset, $len, $callback->($status)
		727
		728	Allocates or freed disk space according to the C<$mode> argument. See the
		729	linux C<fallocate> docuemntation for details.
		730
		731	C<$mode> can currently be C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>
		732	to allocate space, or C<IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE |
		733	IO::AIO::FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE>, to deallocate a file range.
		734
		735	The file system block size used by C<fallocate> is presumably the
		736	C<f_bsize> returned by C<statvfs>.
		737
		738	If C<fallocate> isn't available or cannot be emulated (currently no
		739	emulation will be attempted), passes C<-1> and sets C<$!> to C<ENOSYS>.
		740
		741
		742	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		743
		744	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
		745
		746
345	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)	747	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
346		748
347	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	749	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
348	result code.	750	result code.
349		751
		752
		753	=item aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		754
		755	[EXPERIMENTAL]
		756
		757	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
		758
		759	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
		760
		761	aio_mknod $pathname, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
		762
		763	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants
		764	and functions.
		765
350	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	766	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
351		767
352	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	768	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
353	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	769	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
354		770
		771
355	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	772	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
356		773
357	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	774	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
358	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	775	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
359		776
		777
		778	=item aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		779
		780	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
		781	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
		782	callback.
		783
		784
		785	=item aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		786
		787	Asynchronously make the path absolute and resolve any symlinks in
		788	C<$path>. The resulting path only consists of directories (same as
		789	L<Cwd::realpath>).
		790
		791	This request can be used to get the absolute path of the current working
		792	directory by passing it a path of F<.> (a single dot).
		793
		794
360	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	795	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
361		796
362	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	797	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
363	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	798	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
364		799
		800
		801	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		802
		803	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with
		804	the result code. C<$mode> will be modified by the umask at the time the
		805	request is executed, so do not change your umask.
		806
		807
365	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	808	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
366		809
367	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the	810	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the
368	result code.	811	result code.
		812
369		813
370	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	814	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
371		815
372	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	816	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
373	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	817	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
374	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.	818	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.
375		819
376	The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref	820	The callback is passed a single argument which is either C<undef> or an
377	with the filenames.	821	array-ref with the filenames.
378		822
		823
		824	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		825
		826	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows one to
		827	tune behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
		828	C<undef>.
		829
		830	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
		831	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
		832
		833	=over 4
		834
		835	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
		836
		837	When this flag is off, then the callback gets an arrayref consisting of
		838	names only (as with C<aio_readdir>), otherwise it gets an arrayref with
		839	C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a single directory
		840	entry in more detail.
		841
		842	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
		843
		844	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
		845
		846	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
		847	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
		848	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
		849
		850	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need to
		851	know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed reasons, the C<$type>
		852	scalars are read-only: you can not modify them.
		853
		854	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
		855	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
		856	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
		857
		858	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		859
		860	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order where
		861	likely directories come first, in optimal stat order. This is useful when
		862	you need to quickly find directories, or you want to find all directories
		863	while avoiding to stat() each entry.
		864
		865	If the system returns type information in readdir, then this is used
		866	to find directories directly. Otherwise, likely directories are names
		867	beginning with ".", or otherwise names with no dots, of which names with
		868	short names are tried first.
		869
		870	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
		871
		872	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
		873	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat()
		874	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely
		875	be fastest.
		876
		877	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified, then
		878	the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order.
		879
		880	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		881
		882	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
		883	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
		884	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absence of this flag therefore indicates that all
		885	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
		886
		887	=back
		888
		889
		890	=item aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		891
		892	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
		893	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
		894
		895	=cut
		896
		897	sub aio_load($$;$) {
		898	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;
		899	my $data = \$_[1];
		900
		901	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		902	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		903
		904	aioreq_pri $pri;
		905	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		906	my $fh = shift
		907	or return $grp->result (-1);
		908
		909	aioreq_pri $pri;
		910	add $grp aio_read $fh, 0, (-s $fh), $$data, 0, sub {
		911	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		912	};
		913	};
		914
		915	$grp
		916	}
		917
		918	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		919
		920	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
		921	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
		922	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
		923
		924	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
		925	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
		926	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
		927	uid/gid, in that order.
		928
		929	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if
		930	possible, except when setting atime, mtime, access mode and uid/gid, where
		931	errors are being ignored.
		932
		933	=cut
		934
		935	sub aio_copy($$;$) {
		936	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
		937
		938	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		939	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		940
		941	aioreq_pri $pri;
		942	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		943	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
		944	my @stat = stat $src_fh; # hmm, might block over nfs?
		945
		946	aioreq_pri $pri;
		947	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {
		948	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
		949	aioreq_pri $pri;
		950	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
		951	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
		952	$grp->result (0);
		953	close $src_fh;
		954
		955	my $ch = sub {
		956	aioreq_pri $pri;
		957	add $grp aio_chmod $dst_fh, $stat[2] & 07777, sub {
		958	aioreq_pri $pri;
		959	add $grp aio_chown $dst_fh, $stat[4], $stat[5], sub {
		960	aioreq_pri $pri;
		961	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;
		962	}
		963	};
		964	};
		965
		966	aioreq_pri $pri;
		967	add $grp aio_utime $dst_fh, $stat[8], $stat[9], sub {
		968	if ($_[0] < 0 && $! == ENOSYS) {
		969	aioreq_pri $pri;
		970	add $grp aio_utime $dst, $stat[8], $stat[9], $ch;
		971	} else {
		972	$ch->();
		973	}
		974	};
		975	} else {
		976	$grp->result (-1);
		977	close $src_fh;
		978	close $dst_fh;
		979
		980	aioreq $pri;
		981	add $grp aio_unlink $dst;
		982	}
		983	};
		984	} else {
		985	$grp->result (-1);
		986	}
		987	},
		988
		989	} else {
		990	$grp->result (-1);
		991	}
		992	};
		993
		994	$grp
		995	}
		996
		997	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		998
		999	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
		1000	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
		1001	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
		1002
		1003	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if
		1004	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if
		1005	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.
		1006
		1007	=cut
		1008
		1009	sub aio_move($$;$) {
		1010	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
		1011
		1012	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1013	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1014
		1015	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1016	add $grp aio_rename $src, $dst, sub {
		1017	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
		1018	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1019	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
		1020	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1021
		1022	unless ($_[0]) {
		1023	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1024	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
		1025	}
		1026	};
		1027	} else {
		1028	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1029	}
		1030	};
		1031
		1032	$grp
		1033	}
		1034
379	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	1035	=item aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
380
381	[EXPERIMENTAL due to internal aio_group use]
382		1036
383	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	1037	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
384	separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of names, ones	1038	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
385	you can recurse into (directories or links to them), and ones you cannot	1039	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
386	recurse into (everything else).	1040	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
387		1041
388	C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that creates of many sub requests_	1042	C<aio_scandir> is a composite request that creates of many sub requests_
389	C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio requests that	1043	C<$maxreq> specifies the maximum number of outstanding aio requests that
390	this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a suitable default	1044	this function generates. If it is C<< <= 0 >>, then a suitable default
391	will be chosen (currently 6).	1045	will be chosen (currently 4).
392		1046
393	On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives	1047	On error, the callback is called without arguments, otherwise it receives
394	two array-refs with path-relative entry names.	1048	two array-refs with path-relative entry names.
395		1049
396	Example:	1050	Example:
…		…
403		1057
404	Implementation notes.	1058	Implementation notes.
405		1059
406	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.	1060	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.
407		1061
		1062	If readdir returns file type information, then this is used directly to
		1063	find directories.
		1064
408	After reading the directory, the modification time, size etc. of the	1065	Otherwise, after reading the directory, the modification time, size etc.
409	directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they match (and	1066	of the directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they
410	isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide how many	1067	match (and isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide
411	entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the number	1068	how many entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the
412	of subdirectories will be assumed.	1069	number of subdirectories will be assumed.
413		1070
414	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories (everything without	1071	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
415	a non-initial dot currently) and likely non-directories (everything	1072	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
416	else). Then every entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed,	1073	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
417	likely directories first. If that succeeds, it assumes that the entry	1074	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
418	is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	1075	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
419	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	1076	separately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
420	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	1077	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
421	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature).	1078	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
		1079	the filetype information on readdir.
422		1080
423	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	1081	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
424	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.	1082	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.
425		1083
426	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which	1084	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which
…		…
430	as those tend to return 0 or 1 as link counts, which disables the	1088	as those tend to return 0 or 1 as link counts, which disables the
431	directory counting heuristic.	1089	directory counting heuristic.
432		1090
433	=cut	1091	=cut
434		1092
435	sub aio_scandir($$$) {	1093	sub aio_scandir($$;$) {
436	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;	1094	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;
437		1095
		1096	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1097
438	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	1098	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
439		1099
440	$maxreq = 6 if $maxreq <= 0;	1100	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
441		1101
442	# stat once	1102	# get a wd object
		1103	aioreq_pri $pri;
443	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1104	add $grp aio_wd $path, sub {
		1105	$_[0]
		1106	or return $grp->result ();
		1107
		1108	my $wd = [shift, "."];
		1109
		1110	# stat once
		1111	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1112	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
444	return $grp->result () if $_[0];	1113	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
445	my $now = time;	1114	my $now = time;
446	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1115	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
447		1116
448	# read the directory entries	1117	# read the directory entries
449	add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {	1118	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1119	add $grp aio_readdirx $wd, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {
450	my $entries = shift	1120	my $entries = shift
451	or return $grp->result ();	1121	or return $grp->result ();
452		1122
453	# stat the dir another time	1123	# stat the dir another time
		1124	aioreq_pri $pri;
454	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1125	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
455	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1126	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
456		1127
457	my $ndirs;	1128	my $ndirs;
458		1129
459	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy	1130	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
460	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {	1131	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
461	$ndirs = -1;	1132	$ndirs = -1;
462	} else {	1133	} else {
463	# if nlink == 2, we are finished	1134	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
464	# on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2	1135	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
465	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2	1136	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
466	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);	1137	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
467	}	1138	}
468		1139
469	# sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
470	# dirs == files without ".", short entries first
471	$entries = [map $_->[0],
472	sort { $b->[1] cmp $a->[1] }
473	map [$_, sprintf "%s%04d", (/.\./ ? "1" : "0"), length],
474	@$entries];
475
476	my (@dirs, @nondirs);	1140	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
477		1141
478	my ($statcb, $schedcb);
479	my $nreq = 0;
480
481	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group;	1142	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
482
483	$schedcb = sub {
484	if (@$entries) {
485	if ($nreq < $maxreq) {
486	my $ent = pop @$entries;
487	$nreq++;
488	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$ent/.", sub { $statcb->($_[0], $ent) };
489	}
490	} elsif (!$nreq) {
491	# finished
492	$statgrp->cancel;
493	undef $statcb;
494	undef $schedcb;
495	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);	1143	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
496	}	1144	};
		1145
		1146	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
		1147	feed $statgrp sub {
		1148	return unless @$entries;
		1149	my $entry = shift @$entries;
		1150
		1151	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1152	$wd->[1] = "$entry/.";
		1153	add $statgrp aio_stat $wd, sub {
		1154	if ($_[0] < 0) {
		1155	push @nondirs, $entry;
		1156	} else {
		1157	# need to check for real directory
		1158	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1159	$wd->[1] = $entry;
		1160	add $statgrp aio_lstat $wd, sub {
		1161	if (-d _) {
		1162	push @dirs, $entry;
		1163
		1164	unless (--$ndirs) {
		1165	push @nondirs, @$entries;
		1166	feed $statgrp;
		1167	}
		1168	} else {
		1169	push @nondirs, $entry;
		1170	}
		1171	}
		1172	}
		1173	};
		1174	};
497	};	1175	};
498	$statcb = sub {
499	my ($status, $entry) = @_;
500
501	if ($status < 0) {
502	$nreq--;
503	push @nondirs, $entry;
504	&$schedcb;
505	} else {
506	# need to check for real directory
507	add $grp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {
508	$nreq--;
509
510	if (-d _) {
511	push @dirs, $entry;
512
513	if (!--$ndirs) {
514	push @nondirs, @$entries;
515	$entries = [];
516	}
517	} else {
518	push @nondirs, $entry;
519	}
520
521	&$schedcb;
522	}
523	}
524	};
525
526	&$schedcb while @$entries && $nreq < $maxreq;
527	};	1176	};
528	};	1177	};
529	};	1178	};
530		1179
531	$grp	1180	$grp
532	}	1181	}
533		1182
		1183	=item aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		1184
		1185	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
		1186	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
		1187	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
		1188	everything else.
		1189
		1190	=cut
		1191
		1192	sub aio_rmtree;
		1193	sub aio_rmtree($;$) {
		1194	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		1195
		1196	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1197	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1198
		1199	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1200	add $grp aio_scandir $path, 0, sub {
		1201	my ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_;
		1202
		1203	my $dirgrp = aio_group sub {
		1204	add $grp aio_rmdir $path, sub {
		1205	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1206	};
		1207	};
		1208
		1209	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_rmtree "$path/$_" for @$dirs;
		1210	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_unlink "$path/$_" for @$nondirs;
		1211
		1212	add $grp $dirgrp;
		1213	};
		1214
		1215	$grp
		1216	}
		1217
		1218	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)
		1219
		1220	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.
		1221
534	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)	1222	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
535		1223
536	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback	1224	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback
537	with the fsync result code.	1225	with the fsync result code.
538		1226
…		…
542	callback with the fdatasync result code.	1230	callback with the fdatasync result code.
543		1231
544	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	1232	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
545	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	1233	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
546		1234
		1235	=item aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		1236
		1237	Asynchronously call the syncfs syscall to sync the filesystem associated
		1238	to the given filehandle and call the callback with the syncfs result
		1239	code. If syncfs is not available, calls sync(), but returns C<-1> and sets
		1240	errno to C<ENOSYS> nevertheless.
		1241
		1242	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		1243
		1244	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
		1245	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
		1246	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns
		1247	ENOSYS, then fdatasync or fsync is being substituted.
		1248
		1249	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
		1250	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
		1251	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
		1252	manpage for details.
		1253
		1254	=item aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		1255
		1256	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
		1257	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
		1258	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
		1259	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
		1260	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,
		1261	not just directories.
		1262
		1263	Future versions of this function might fall back to other methods when
		1264	C<fsync> on the directory fails (such as calling C<sync>).
		1265
		1266	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.
		1267
		1268	=cut
		1269
		1270	sub aio_pathsync($;$) {
		1271	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		1272
		1273	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1274	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1275
		1276	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1277	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		1278	my ($fh) = @_;
		1279	if ($fh) {
		1280	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1281	add $grp aio_fsync $fh, sub {
		1282	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1283
		1284	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1285	add $grp aio_close $fh;
		1286	};
		1287	} else {
		1288	$grp->result (-1);
		1289	}
		1290	};
		1291
		1292	$grp
		1293	}
		1294
		1295	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1296
		1297	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed
		1298	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data
		1299	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the
		1300	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on
		1301	it).
		1302
		1303	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory
		1304	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes
		1305	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>
		1306	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be
		1307	a combination of C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC>, C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE> and
		1308	C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>.
		1309
		1310	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1311
		1312	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1313	scalars.
		1314
		1315	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified
		1316	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same
		1317	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either
		1318	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or
		1319	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory pages (by reading and
		1320	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).
		1321
		1322	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		1323
		1324	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1325	scalars.
		1326
		1327	It reads in all the pages of the underlying storage into memory (if any)
		1328	and locks them, so they are not getting swapped/paged out or removed.
		1329
		1330	If C<$length> is undefined, then the scalar will be locked till the end.
		1331
		1332	On systems that do not implement C<mlock>, this function returns C<-1>
		1333	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1334
		1335	Note that the corresponding C<munlock> is synchronous and is
		1336	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1337
		1338	Example: open a file, mmap and mlock it - both will be undone when
		1339	C<$data> gets destroyed.
		1340
		1341	open my $fh, "<", $path or die "$path: $!";
		1342	my $data;
		1343	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;
		1344	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background
		1345
		1346	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		1347
		1348	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a combination of
		1349	C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT> and C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE>).
		1350
		1351	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>
		1352	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1353
		1354	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is
		1355	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1356
		1357	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.
		1358
		1359	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;
		1360
		1361	=item aio_fiemap $fh, $start, $length, $flags, $count, $cb->(\@extents)
		1362
		1363	Queries the extents of the given file (by calling the Linux C<FIEMAP>
		1364	ioctl, see L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/IO-AIO/doc/fiemap.txt> for details). If
		1365	the ioctl is not available on your OS, then this request will fail with
		1366	C<ENOSYS>.
		1367
		1368	C<$start> is the starting offset to query extents for, C<$length> is the
		1369	size of the range to query - if it is C<undef>, then the whole file will
		1370	be queried.
		1371
		1372	C<$flags> is a combination of flags (C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> or
		1373	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR> - C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAGS_COMPAT> is also
		1374	exported), and is normally C<0> or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC> to query
		1375	the data portion.
		1376
		1377	C<$count> is the maximum number of extent records to return. If it is
		1378	C<undef>, then IO::AIO queries all extents of the range. As a very special
		1379	case, if it is C<0>, then the callback receives the number of extents
		1380	instead of the extents themselves (which is unreliable, see below).
		1381
		1382	If an error occurs, the callback receives no arguments. The special
		1383	C<errno> value C<IO::AIO::EBADR> is available to test for flag errors.
		1384
		1385	Otherwise, the callback receives an array reference with extent
		1386	structures. Each extent structure is an array reference itself, with the
		1387	following members:
		1388
		1389	[$logical, $physical, $length, $flags]
		1390
		1391	Flags is any combination of the following flag values (typically either C<0>
		1392	or C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST> (1)):
		1393
		1394	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN>,
		1395	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_ENCODED>,
		1396	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_ENCRYPTED>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_NOT_ALIGNED>,
		1397	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_TAIL>,
		1398	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN>, C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_MERGED> or
		1399	C<IO::AIO::FIEMAP_EXTENT_SHARED>.
		1400
		1401	At the time of this writing (Linux 3.2), this requets is unreliable unless
		1402	C<$count> is C<undef>, as the kernel has all sorts of bugs preventing
		1403	it to return all extents of a range for files with large number of
		1404	extents. The code works around all these issues if C<$count> is undef.
		1405
547	=item aio_group $callback->(...)	1406	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
548
549	[EXPERIMENTAL]
550		1407
551	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a	1408	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
552	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle	1409	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
553	many requests into a single, composite, request.	1410	many requests into a single, composite, request with a definite callback
		1411	and the ability to cancel the whole request with its subrequests.
554		1412
555	Returns an object of class L<IO::AIO::GRP>. See its documentation below	1413	Returns an object of class L<IO::AIO::GRP>. See its documentation below
556	for more info.	1414	for more info.
557		1415
558	Example:	1416	Example:
…		…
577	phase and still requires a worker thread. Thus, the callback will not	1435	phase and still requires a worker thread. Thus, the callback will not
578	be executed immediately but only after other requests in the queue have	1436	be executed immediately but only after other requests in the queue have
579	entered their execution phase. This can be used to measure request	1437	entered their execution phase. This can be used to measure request
580	latency.	1438	latency.
581		1439
582	=item IO::AIO::aio_sleep $fractional_seconds, $callback->() *NOT EXPORTED*	1440	=item IO::AIO::aio_busy $fractional_seconds, $callback->() *NOT EXPORTED*
583		1441
584	Mainly used for debugging and benchmarking, this aio request puts one of	1442	Mainly used for debugging and benchmarking, this aio request puts one of
585	the request workers to sleep for the given time.	1443	the request workers to sleep for the given time.
586		1444
587	While it is theoretically handy to have simple I/O scheduling requests	1445	While it is theoretically handy to have simple I/O scheduling requests
588	like sleep and file handle readable/writable, the overhead this creates	1446	like sleep and file handle readable/writable, the overhead this creates is
589	is immense, so do not use this function except to put your application	1447	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
590	under artificial I/O pressure.	1448	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
591		1449
592	=back	1450	=back
		1451
		1452
		1453	=head2 IO::AIO::WD - multiple working directories
		1454
		1455	Your process only has one current working directory, which is used by all
		1456	threads. This makes it hard to use relative paths (some other component
		1457	could call C<chdir> at any time, and it is hard to control when the path
		1458	will be used by IO::AIO).
		1459
		1460	One solution for this is to always use absolute paths. This usually works,
		1461	but can be quite slow (the kernel has to walk the whole path on every
		1462	access), and can also be a hassle to implement.
		1463
		1464	Newer POSIX systems have a number of functions (openat, fdopendir,
		1465	futimensat and so on) that make it possible to specify working directories
		1466	per operation.
		1467
		1468	For portability, and because the clowns who "designed", or shall I write,
		1469	perpetrated this new interface were obviously half-drunk, this abstraction
		1470	cannot be perfect, though.
		1471
		1472	IO::AIO allows you to convert directory paths into a so-called IO::AIO::WD
		1473	object. This object stores the canonicalised, absolute version of the
		1474	path, and on systems that allow it, also a directory file descriptor.
		1475
		1476	Everywhere where a pathname is accepted by IO::AIO (e.g. in C<aio_stat>
		1477	or C<aio_unlink>), one can specify an array reference with an IO::AIO::WD
		1478	object and a pathname instead (or the IO::AIO::WD object alone, which
		1479	gets interpreted as C<[$wd, "."]>). If the pathname is absolute, the
		1480	IO::AIO::WD object is ignored, otherwise the pathname is resolved relative
		1481	to that IO::AIO::WD object.
		1482
		1483	For example, to get a wd object for F</etc> and then stat F<passwd>
		1484	inside, you would write:
		1485
		1486	aio_wd "/etc", sub {
		1487	my $etcdir = shift;
		1488
		1489	# although $etcdir can be undef on error, there is generally no reason
		1490	# to check for errors here, as aio_stat will fail with ENOENT
		1491	# when $etcdir is undef.
		1492
		1493	aio_stat [$etcdir, "passwd"], sub {
		1494	# yay
		1495	};
		1496	};
		1497
		1498	That C<aio_wd> is a request and not a normal function shows that creating
		1499	an IO::AIO::WD object is itself a potentially blocking operation, which is
		1500	why it is done asynchronously.
		1501
		1502	To stat the directory obtained with C<aio_wd> above, one could write
		1503	either of the following three request calls:
		1504
		1505	aio_lstat "/etc" , sub { ... # pathname as normal string
		1506	aio_lstat [$wd, "."], sub { ... # "." relative to $wd (i.e. $wd itself)
		1507	aio_lstat $wd , sub { ... # shorthand for the previous
		1508
		1509	As with normal pathnames, IO::AIO keeps a copy of the working directory
		1510	object and the pathname string, so you could write the following without
		1511	causing any issues due to C<$path> getting reused:
		1512
		1513	my $path = [$wd, undef];
		1514
		1515	for my $name (qw(abc def ghi)) {
		1516	$path->[1] = $name;
		1517	aio_stat $path, sub {
		1518	# ...
		1519	};
		1520	}
		1521
		1522	There are some caveats: when directories get renamed (or deleted), the
		1523	pathname string doesn't change, so will point to the new directory (or
		1524	nowhere at all), while the directory fd, if available on the system,
		1525	will still point to the original directory. Most functions accepting a
		1526	pathname will use the directory fd on newer systems, and the string on
		1527	older systems. Some functions (such as realpath) will always rely on the
		1528	string form of the pathname.
		1529
		1530	So this functionality is mainly useful to get some protection against
		1531	C<chdir>, to easily get an absolute path out of a relative path for future
		1532	reference, and to speed up doing many operations in the same directory
		1533	(e.g. when stat'ing all files in a directory).
		1534
		1535	The following functions implement this working directory abstraction:
		1536
		1537	=over 4
		1538
		1539	=item aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		1540
		1541	Asynchonously canonicalise the given pathname and convert it to an
		1542	IO::AIO::WD object representing it. If possible and supported on the
		1543	system, also open a directory fd to speed up pathname resolution relative
		1544	to this working directory.
		1545
		1546	If something goes wrong, then C<undef> is passwd to the callback instead
		1547	of a working directory object and C<$!> is set appropriately. Since
		1548	passing C<undef> as working directory component of a pathname fails the
		1549	request with C<ENOENT>, there is often no need for error checking in the
		1550	C<aio_wd> callback, as future requests using the value will fail in the
		1551	expected way.
		1552
		1553	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
		1554	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1555
		1556	=item IO::AIO::CWD
		1557
		1558	This is a compiletime constant (object) that represents the process
		1559	current working directory.
		1560
		1561	Specifying this object as working directory object for a pathname is as if
		1562	the pathname would be specified directly, without a directory object. For
		1563	example, these calls are functionally identical:
		1564
		1565	aio_stat "somefile", sub { ... };
		1566	aio_stat [IO::AIO::CWD, "somefile"], sub { ... };
		1567
		1568	=back
		1569
		1570	To recover the path associated with an IO::AIO::WD object, you can use
		1571	C<aio_realpath>:
		1572
		1573	aio_realpath $wd, sub {
		1574	warn "path is $_[0]\n";
		1575	};
		1576
593		1577
594	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1578	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
595		1579
596	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1580	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
597	called in non-void context.	1581	called in non-void context.
598
599	A request always moves through the following five states in its lifetime,
600	in order: B<ready> (request has been created, but has not been executed
601	yet), B<execute> (request is currently being executed), B<pending>
602	(request has been executed but callback has not been called yet),
603	B<result> (results are being processed synchronously, includes calling the
604	callback) and B<done> (request has reached the end of its lifetime and
605	holds no resources anymore).
606		1582
607	=over 4	1583	=over 4
608		1584
609	=item cancel $req	1585	=item cancel $req
610		1586
611	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution	1587	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
612	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when	1588	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
613	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise	1589	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
614	untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be	1590	untouched (with the exception of readdir). That means that requests that
615	stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.	1591	currently execute will not be stopped and resources held by the request
		1592	will not be freed prematurely.
616		1593
617	=item cb $req $callback->(...)	1594	=item cb $req $callback->(...)
618		1595
619	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.	1596	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
620		1597
…		…
664	=item * They can also can also be added to other IO::AIO::GRP objects.	1641	=item * They can also can also be added to other IO::AIO::GRP objects.
665		1642
666	=item * You must not add requests to a group from within the group callback (or	1643	=item * You must not add requests to a group from within the group callback (or
667	any later time).	1644	any later time).
668		1645
669	=item * This does not harmonise well with C<max_outstanding>, so best do
670	not combine C<aio_group> with it. Groups and feeders are recommended for
671	this kind of concurrency-limiting.
672
673	=back	1646	=back
674		1647
675	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they	1648	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they
676	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the	1649	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the
677	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to	1650	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to
678	exist.	1651	exist.
679		1652
680	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests. And	1653	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests
681	in the callbacks of those requests, you can add further requests to the	1654	(precisely before the callback has been invoked, which is only done within
682	group. And only when all those requests have finished will the the group	1655	the C<poll_cb>). And in the callbacks of those requests, you can add
683	itself finish.	1656	further requests to the group. And only when all those requests have
		1657	finished will the the group itself finish.
684		1658
685	=over 4	1659	=over 4
686		1660
687	=item add $grp ...	1661	=item add $grp ...
688		1662
…		…
692	be added, including other groups, as long as you do not create circular	1666	be added, including other groups, as long as you do not create circular
693	dependencies.	1667	dependencies.
694		1668
695	Returns all its arguments.	1669	Returns all its arguments.
696		1670
		1671	=item $grp->cancel_subs
		1672
		1673	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request
		1674	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.
		1675
		1676	The group request will finish normally (you cannot add requests to the
		1677	group).
		1678
697	=item $grp->result (...)	1679	=item $grp->result (...)
698		1680
699	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all	1681	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
700	subrequests have finished. By default, no argument will be passed.	1682	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value
		1683	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,
		1684	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.
		1685
		1686	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])
		1687
		1688	Sets the group errno value to C<$errno>, or the current value of errno
		1689	when the argument is missing.
		1690
		1691	Every aio request has an associated errno value that is restored when
		1692	the callback is invoked. This method lets you change this value from its
		1693	default (0).
		1694
		1695	Calling C<result> will also set errno, so make sure you either set C<$!>
		1696	before the call to C<result>, or call c<errno> after it.
701		1697
702	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)	1698	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
703
704	[VERY EXPERIMENTAL]
705		1699
706	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached	1700	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
707	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,	1701	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
708	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,	1702	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
709	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For	1703	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
710	example, C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat>	1704	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands of C<aio_stat>
711	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.	1705	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
712		1706
713	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can	1707	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
714	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The	1708	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
715	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,	1709	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
…		…
720	not impose any limits).	1714	not impose any limits).
721		1715
722	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be	1716	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
723	automatically removed from the group.	1717	automatically removed from the group.
724		1718
725	If the feed limit is C<0>, it will be set to C<2> automatically.	1719	If the feed limit is C<0> when this method is called, it will be set to
		1720	C<2> automatically.
726		1721
727	Example:	1722	Example:
728		1723
729	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:	1724	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
730		1725
…		…
742	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever	1737	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
743	the group contains less than this many requests.	1738	the group contains less than this many requests.
744		1739
745	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.	1740	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
746		1741
		1742	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder
		1743	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.
		1744
747	=back	1745	=back
748		1746
749	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS	1747	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
750		1748
		1749	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		1750
751	=over 4	1751	=over 4
752		1752
753	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno	1753	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno
754		1754
755	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be	1755	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be
756	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. Event or	1756	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. EV, Glib,
757	select, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable you have	1757	select and so on, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable
758	to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.	1758	you have to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.
759		1759
760	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1760	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
761		1761
762	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1762	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
763		1763
764	Process all outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this	1764	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call
765	regularly. Returns the number of events processed. Returns immediately	1765	this regularly. Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there
766	when no events are outstanding.	1766	were no events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever
		1767	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount of
		1768	events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and
		1769	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.
		1770
		1771	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle
		1772	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you don't have to
		1773	do anything special to have it called later.
		1774
		1775	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes
		1776	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit
		1777	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become
		1778	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes
		1779	over again. This function returns very fast when there are no outstanding
		1780	requests.
767		1781
768	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1782	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
769	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority:	1783	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority (more examples can be found in the
		1784	SYNOPSIS section, at the top of this document):
770		1785
771	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1786	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
772	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1787	poll => 'r', async => 1,
773	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1788	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
774		1789
775	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait	1790	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
776		1791
		1792	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
777	Wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply does a	1793	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
778	C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to synchronously wait	1794	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
779	for some requests to finish).	1795	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
780		1796
781	See C<nreqs> for an example.	1797	See C<nreqs> for an example.
782		1798
		1799	=item IO::AIO::poll
		1800
		1801	Waits until some requests have been handled.
		1802
		1803	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
		1804	equivalent to:
		1805
		1806	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1807
783	=item IO::AIO::nreqs	1808	=item IO::AIO::flush
784		1809
785	Returns the number of requests currently outstanding (i.e. for which their	1810	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
786	callback has not been invoked yet).
787		1811
788	Example: wait till there are no outstanding requests anymore:	1812	Strictly equivalent to:
789		1813
790	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb	1814	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
791	while IO::AIO::nreqs;	1815	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
792		1816
793	=item IO::AIO::flush	1817	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
794		1818
795	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.	1819	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
796		1820
797	Strictly equivalent to:	1821	These set the maximum number of requests (default C<0>, meaning infinity)
		1822	that are being processed by C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> in one call, respectively
		1823	the maximum amount of time (default C<0>, meaning infinity) spent in
		1824	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> to process requests (more correctly the mininum amount
		1825	of time C<poll_cb> is allowed to use).
798		1826
799	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb	1827	Setting C<max_poll_time> to a non-zero value creates an overhead of one
800	while IO::AIO::nreqs;	1828	syscall per request processed, which is not normally a problem unless your
		1829	callbacks are really really fast or your OS is really really slow (I am
		1830	not mentioning Solaris here). Using C<max_poll_reqs> incurs no overhead.
801		1831
802	=item IO::AIO::poll	1832	Setting these is useful if you want to ensure some level of
		1833	interactiveness when perl is not fast enough to process all requests in
		1834	time.
803		1835
804	Waits until some requests have been handled.	1836	For interactive programs, values such as C<0.01> to C<0.1> should be fine.
805		1837
806	Strictly equivalent to:	1838	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
		1839	IO::AIO::poll_cb with low priority, to ensure that other parts of the
		1840	program get the CPU sometimes even under high AIO load.
807		1841
808	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb	1842	# try not to spend much more than 0.1s in poll_cb
809	if IO::AIO::nreqs;	1843	IO::AIO::max_poll_time 0.1;
		1844
		1845	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority
		1846	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		1847	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
		1848	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1849
		1850	=back
		1851
		1852	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
		1853
		1854	=over
810		1855
811	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads	1856	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
812		1857
813	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current	1858	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current
814	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute	1859	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute
815	concurrently at any one time (the number of outstanding requests,	1860	concurrently at any one time (the number of outstanding requests,
816	however, is unlimited).	1861	however, is unlimited).
817		1862
818	IO::AIO starts threads only on demand, when an AIO request is queued and	1863	IO::AIO starts threads only on demand, when an AIO request is queued and
819	no free thread exists.	1864	no free thread exists. Please note that queueing up a hundred requests can
		1865	create demand for a hundred threads, even if it turns out that everything
		1866	is in the cache and could have been processed faster by a single thread.
820		1867
821	It is recommended to keep the number of threads relatively low, as some	1868	It is recommended to keep the number of threads relatively low, as some
822	Linux kernel versions will scale negatively with the number of threads	1869	Linux kernel versions will scale negatively with the number of threads
823	(higher parallelity => MUCH higher latency). With current Linux 2.6	1870	(higher parallelity => MUCH higher latency). With current Linux 2.6
824	versions, 4-32 threads should be fine.	1871	versions, 4-32 threads should be fine.
…		…
838	This module automatically runs C<max_parallel 0> at program end, to ensure	1885	This module automatically runs C<max_parallel 0> at program end, to ensure
839	that all threads are killed and that there are no outstanding requests.	1886	that all threads are killed and that there are no outstanding requests.
840		1887
841	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1888	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
842		1889
		1890	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		1891
		1892	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle
		1893	(i.e., threads that did not get a request to process within the idle
		1894	timeout (default: 10 seconds). That means if a thread becomes idle while
		1895	C<$nthreads> other threads are also idle, it will free its resources and
		1896	exit.
		1897
		1898	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)
		1899	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources
		1900	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).
		1901
		1902	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread
		1903	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might
		1904	want to use larger values.
		1905
		1906	=item IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		1907
		1908	Sets the minimum idle timeout (default 10) after which worker threads are
		1909	allowed to exit. SEe C<IO::AIO::max_idle>.
		1910
843	=item $oldnreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $nreqs	1911	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
844		1912
845	[DEPRECATED]
846
847	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you	1913	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If
848	try to queue up more than this number of requests, the caller will block until	1914	you do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to
849	some requests have been handled.	1915	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> (and other functions calling C<poll_cb>, such as
		1916	C<IO::AIO::flush> or C<IO::AIO::poll>) will block until the limit is no
		1917	longer exceeded.
850		1918
851	The default is very large, so normally there is no practical limit. If you	1919	In other words, this setting does not enforce a queue limit, but can be
852	queue up many requests in a loop it often improves speed if you set	1920	used to make poll functions block if the limit is exceeded.
853	this to a relatively low number, such as C<100>.
854		1921
855	This function does not work well together with C<aio_group>'s, and their	1922	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
856	feeder interface is better suited to limiting concurrency, so do not use	1923	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
857	this function.	1924	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
858		1925
859	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1926	It's main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat
		1927	a lot of files, you can write somehting like this:
		1928
		1929	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;
		1930
		1931	for my $path (...) {
		1932	aio_stat $path , ...;
		1933	IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1934	}
		1935
		1936	IO::AIO::flush;
		1937
		1938	The call to C<poll_cb> inside the loop will normally return instantly, but
		1939	as soon as more thna C<32> reqeusts are in-flight, it will block until
		1940	some requests have been handled. This keeps the loop from pushing a large
		1941	number of C<aio_stat> requests onto the queue.
		1942
		1943	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no
		1944	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.
860		1945
861	=back	1946	=back
862		1947
		1948	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
		1949
		1950	=over
		1951
		1952	=item IO::AIO::nreqs
		1953
		1954	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending
		1955	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).
		1956
		1957	Example: wait till there are no outstanding requests anymore:
		1958
		1959	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1960	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
		1961
		1962	=item IO::AIO::nready
		1963
		1964	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready state (not yet
		1965	executed).
		1966
		1967	=item IO::AIO::npending
		1968
		1969	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
		1970	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
		1971
		1972	=back
		1973
		1974	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
		1975
		1976	IO::AIO implements some functions that might be useful, but are not
		1977	asynchronous.
		1978
		1979	=over 4
		1980
		1981	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		1982
		1983	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,
		1984	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is
		1985	likely cached already and the output filehandle is set to non-blocking
		1986	operations).
		1987
		1988	Returns the number of bytes copied, or C<-1> on error.
		1989
		1990	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		1991
		1992	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its
		1993	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1994	available: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1995	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,
		1996	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.
		1997
		1998	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns
		1999	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.
		2000
		2001	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice
		2002
		2003	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its
		2004	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		2005	available: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		2006	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.
		2007
		2008	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns
		2009	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.
		2010
		2011	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect
		2012
		2013	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed
		2014	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect
		2015	constants are available: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,
		2016	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.
		2017
		2018	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns
		2019	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.
		2020
		2021	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]
		2022
		2023	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the
		2024	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar. Returns true on
		2025	success, and false otherwise.
		2026
		2027	The only operations allowed on the scalar are C<substr>/C<vec> that don't
		2028	change the string length, and most read-only operations such as copying it
		2029	or searching it with regexes and so on.
		2030
		2031	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.
		2032
		2033	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed
		2034	when the C<$scalar> is destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap> or
		2035	C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called.
		2036
		2037	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual
		2038	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.
		2039
		2040	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual
		2041	filesize.
		2042
		2043	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,
		2044	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,
		2045
		2046	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or
		2047	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>, or a number of system-specific flags (when
		2048	not available, the are defined as 0): C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS>
		2049	(which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this
		2050	constant), C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,
		2051	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE> or
		2052	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>
		2053
		2054	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.
		2055
		2056	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be
		2057	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.
		2058
		2059	Example:
		2060
		2061	use Digest::MD5;
		2062	use IO::AIO;
		2063
		2064	open my $fh, "<verybigfile"
		2065	or die "$!";
		2066
		2067	IO::AIO::mmap my $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh
		2068	or die "verybigfile: $!";
		2069
		2070	my $fast_md5 = md5 $data;
		2071
		2072	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		2073
		2074	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.
		2075
		2076	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		2077
		2078	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous
		2079	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).
		2080
		2081	=item IO::AIO::munlockall
		2082
		2083	Calls the C<munlockall> function.
		2084
		2085	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns
		2086	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.
		2087
		2088	=item IO::AIO::splice $r_fh, $r_off, $w_fh, $w_off, $length, $flags
		2089
		2090	Calls the GNU/Linux C<splice(2)> syscall, if available. If C<$r_off> or
		2091	C<$w_off> are C<undef>, then C<NULL> is passed for these, otherwise they
		2092	should be the file offset.
		2093
		2094	C<$r_fh> and C<$w_fh> should not refer to the same file, as splice might
		2095	silently corrupt the data in this case.
		2096
		2097	The following symbol flag values are available: C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MOVE>,
		2098	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK>, C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_MORE> and
		2099	C<IO::AIO::SPLICE_F_GIFT>.
		2100
		2101	See the C<splice(2)> manpage for details.
		2102
		2103	=item IO::AIO::tee $r_fh, $w_fh, $length, $flags
		2104
		2105	Calls the GNU/Linux C<tee(2)> syscall, see it's manpage and the
		2106	description for C<IO::AIO::splice> above for details.
		2107
		2108	=back
		2109
863	=cut	2110	=cut
864		2111
865	# support function to convert a fd into a perl filehandle
866	sub _fd2fh {
867	return undef if $_[0] < 0;
868
869	# try to generate nice filehandles
870	my $sym = "IO::AIO::fd#$_[0]";
871	local *$sym;
872
873	open *$sym, "+<&=$_[0]" # usually works under any unix
874	or open *$sym, "<&=$_[0]" # cygwin needs this
875	or open *$sym, ">&=$_[0]" # or this
876	or return undef;
877
878	*$sym
879	}
880
881	min_parallel 8;	2112	min_parallel 8;
882		2113
883	END {	2114	END { flush }
884	max_parallel 0;
885	}
886		2115
887	1;	2116	1;
888		2117
		2118	=head1 EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		2119
		2120	It is recommended to use L<AnyEvent::AIO> to integrate IO::AIO
		2121	automatically into many event loops:
		2122
		2123	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
		2124	use AnyEvent::AIO;
		2125
		2126	You can also integrate IO::AIO manually into many event loops, here are
		2127	some examples of how to do this:
		2128
		2129	# EV integration
		2130	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		2131
		2132	# Event integration
		2133	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2134	poll => 'r',
		2135	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2136
		2137	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
		2138	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		2139	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
		2140
		2141	# Tk integration
		2142	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
		2143	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2144
		2145	# Danga::Socket integration
		2146	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
		2147	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		2148
889	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	2149	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
890		2150
891	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	2151	Usage of pthreads in a program changes the semantics of fork
		2152	considerably. Specifically, only async-safe functions can be called after
		2153	fork. Perl doesn't know about this, so in general, you cannot call fork
		2154	with defined behaviour in perl if pthreads are involved. IO::AIO uses
		2155	pthreads, so this applies, but many other extensions and (for inexplicable
		2156	reasons) perl itself often is linked against pthreads, so this limitation
		2157	applies to quite a lot of perls.
892		2158
893	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	2159	This module no longer tries to fight your OS, or POSIX. That means IO::AIO
894	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	2160	only works in the process that loaded it. Forking is fully supported, but
895	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	2161	using IO::AIO in the child is not.
896	request/result processing, while the child clears the request/result
897	queue (so the requests started before the fork will only be handled in
898	the parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit ste in the
899	parent process has been reached again.
900		2162
901	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	2163	You might get around by not I<using> IO::AIO before (or after)
902	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	2164	forking. You could also try to call the L<IO::AIO::reinit> function in the
903	yet.	2165	child:
		2166
		2167	=over 4
		2168
		2169	=item IO::AIO::reinit
		2170
		2171	Abandons all current requests and I/O threads and simply reinitialises all
		2172	data structures. This is not an operation supported by any standards, but
		2173	happens to work on GNU/Linux and some newer BSD systems.
		2174
		2175	The only reasonable use for this function is to call it after forking, if
		2176	C<IO::AIO> was used in the parent. Calling it while IO::AIO is active in
		2177	the process will result in undefined behaviour. Calling it at any time
		2178	will also result in any undefined (by POSIX) behaviour.
		2179
		2180	=back
904		2181
905	=head2 MEMORY USAGE	2182	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
906		2183
		2184	Per-request usage:
		2185
907	Each aio request uses - depending on your architecture - around 128 bytes	2186	Each aio request uses - depending on your architecture - around 100-200
908	of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly a few	2187	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly
909	hundred bytes). Perl scalars and other data passed into aio requests will	2188	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl
910	also be locked.	2189	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and
		2190	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.
911		2191
912	This is now awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a	2192	This is not awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a
913	problem.	2193	problem.
914		2194
915	Each thread needs a stack area which is usually around 16k, sometimes much	2195	Per-thread usage:
916	larger, depending on the OS.	2196
		2197	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for
		2198	temporary buffers, and each thread requires a stack and other data
		2199	structures (usually around 16k-128k, depending on the OS).
		2200
		2201	=head1 KNOWN BUGS
		2202
		2203	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.
917		2204
918	=head1 SEE ALSO	2205	=head1 SEE ALSO
919		2206
920	L<Coro::AIO>.	2207	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a
		2208	more natural syntax.
921		2209
922	=head1 AUTHOR	2210	=head1 AUTHOR
923		2211
924	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2212	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
925	http://home.schmorp.de/	2213	http://home.schmorp.de/

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