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Revision 1.91 by root, Mon Oct 30 23:30:29 2006 UTC vs.
Revision 1.220 by root, Sun Apr 1 17:46:02 2012 UTC

…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	use IO::AIO;	7	use IO::AIO;
8		8
9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	9	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
10	my ($fh) = @_;	10	my $fh = shift
		11	or die "/etc/passwd: $!";
11	...	12	...
12	};	13	};
13		14
14	aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };	15	aio_unlink "/tmp/file", sub { };
15		16
…		…
25	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue	26	$req->cancel; # cancel request if still in queue
26		27
27	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };	28	my $grp = aio_group sub { print "all stats done\n" };
28	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;	29	add $grp aio_stat "..." for ...;
29		30
30	# AnyEvent integration
31	open my $fh, "<&=" . IO::AIO::poll_fileno or die "$!";
32	my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => 'r', cb => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb });
33
34	# Event integration
35	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
36	poll => 'r',
37	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
38
39	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
40	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
41	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
42
43	# Tk integration
44	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
45	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
46
47	# Danga::Socket integration
48	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
49	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
50
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	31	=head1 DESCRIPTION
52		32
53	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your	33	This module implements asynchronous I/O using whatever means your
54	operating system supports.	34	operating system supports. It is implemented as an interface to C<libeio>
		35	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libeio.html>).
55		36
56	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program	37	Asynchronous means that operations that can normally block your program
57	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation	38	(e.g. reading from disk) will be done asynchronously: the operation
58	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This	39	will still block, but you can do something else in the meantime. This
59	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even	40	is extremely useful for programs that need to stay interactive even
…		…
61	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are	42	etc.), but can also be used to easily do operations in parallel that are
62	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster	43	normally done sequentially, e.g. stat'ing many files, which is much faster
63	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations	44	on a RAID volume or over NFS when you do a number of stat operations
64	concurrently.	45	concurrently.
65		46
66	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for example	47	While most of this works on all types of file descriptors (for
67	sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that support	48	example sockets), using these functions on file descriptors that
68	nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is very inefficient or	49	support nonblocking operation (again, sockets, pipes etc.) is
69	might not work (aio_read fails on sockets/pipes/fifos). Use an event loop	50	very inefficient. Use an event loop for that (such as the L<EV>
70	for that (such as the L<Event|Event> module): IO::AIO will naturally fit	51	module): IO::AIO will naturally fit into such an event loop itself.
71	into such an event loop itself.
72		52
73	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your	53	In this version, a number of threads are started that execute your
74	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support	54	requests and signal their completion. You don't need thread support
75	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible	55	in perl, and the threads created by this module will not be visible
76	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio	56	to perl. In the future, this module might make use of the native aio
…		…
78	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal	58	not well-supported or restricted (GNU/Linux doesn't allow them on normal
79	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and	59	files currently, for example), and they would only support aio_read and
80	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented	60	aio_write, so the remaining functionality would have to be implemented
81	using threads anyway.	61	using threads anyway.
82		62
83	Although the module will work with in the presence of other (Perl-)	63	Although the module will work in the presence of other (Perl-) threads,
84	threads, it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate	64	it is currently not reentrant in any way, so use appropriate locking
85	locking yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or	65	yourself, always call C<poll_cb> from within the same thread, or never
86	never call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.	66	call C<poll_cb> (or other C<aio_> functions) recursively.
87		67
88	=head2 EXAMPLE	68	=head2 EXAMPLE
89		69
90	This is a simple example that uses the Event module and loads	70	This is a simple example that uses the EV module and loads
91	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:	71	F</etc/passwd> asynchronously:
92		72
93	use Fcntl;	73	use Fcntl;
94	use Event;	74	use EV;
95	use IO::AIO;	75	use IO::AIO;
96		76
97	# register the IO::AIO callback with Event	77	# register the IO::AIO callback with EV
98	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	78	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
99	poll => 'r',
100	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
101		79
102	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd	80	# queue the request to open /etc/passwd
103	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	81	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
104	my $fh = $_[0]	82	my $fh = shift
105	or die "error while opening: $!";	83	or die "error while opening: $!";
106		84
107	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking	85	# stat'ing filehandles is generally non-blocking
108	my $size = -s $fh;	86	my $size = -s $fh;
109		87
…		…
117		95
118	# file contents now in $contents	96	# file contents now in $contents
119	print $contents;	97	print $contents;
120		98
121	# exit event loop and program	99	# exit event loop and program
122	Event::unloop;	100	EV::unloop;
123	};	101	};
124	};	102	};
125		103
126	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,	104	# possibly queue up other requests, or open GUI windows,
127	# check for sockets etc. etc.	105	# check for sockets etc. etc.
128		106
129	# process events as long as there are some:	107	# process events as long as there are some:
130	Event::loop;	108	EV::loop;
131		109
132	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME	110	=head1 REQUEST ANATOMY AND LIFETIME
133		111
134	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not	112	Every C<aio_*> function creates a request. which is a C data structure not
135	directly visible to Perl.	113	directly visible to Perl.
…		…
183		161
184	=cut	162	=cut
185		163
186	package IO::AIO;	164	package IO::AIO;
187		165
188	no warnings;	166	use Carp ();
189	use strict 'vars';	167
		168	use common::sense;
190		169
191	use base 'Exporter';	170	use base 'Exporter';
192		171
193	BEGIN {	172	BEGIN {
194	our $VERSION = '2.2';	173	our $VERSION = '4.13';
195		174
196	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close aio_stat	175	our @AIO_REQ = qw(aio_sendfile aio_seek aio_read aio_write aio_open aio_close
197	aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_scandir aio_symlink	176	aio_stat aio_lstat aio_unlink aio_rmdir aio_readdir aio_readdirx
198	aio_readlink aio_fsync aio_fdatasync aio_readahead aio_rename aio_link	177	aio_scandir aio_symlink aio_readlink aio_realpath aio_sync
199	aio_move aio_copy aio_group aio_nop aio_mknod);	178	aio_fsync aio_syncfs aio_fdatasync aio_sync_file_range aio_fallocate
		179	aio_pathsync aio_readahead
		180	aio_rename aio_link aio_move aio_copy aio_group
		181	aio_nop aio_mknod aio_load aio_rmtree aio_mkdir aio_chown
		182	aio_chmod aio_utime aio_truncate
		183	aio_msync aio_mtouch aio_mlock aio_mlockall
		184	aio_statvfs
		185	aio_wd);
		186
200	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));	187	our @EXPORT = (@AIO_REQ, qw(aioreq_pri aioreq_nice));
201	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush	188	our @EXPORT_OK = qw(poll_fileno poll_cb poll_wait flush
202	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle	189	min_parallel max_parallel max_idle idle_timeout
203	nreqs nready npending nthreads	190	nreqs nready npending nthreads
204	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs);	191	max_poll_time max_poll_reqs
		192	sendfile fadvise madvise
		193	mmap munmap munlock munlockall);
		194
		195	push @AIO_REQ, qw(aio_busy); # not exported
205		196
206	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';	197	@IO::AIO::GRP::ISA = 'IO::AIO::REQ';
207		198
208	require XSLoader;	199	require XSLoader;
209	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);	200	XSLoader::load ("IO::AIO", $VERSION);
210	}	201	}
211		202
212	=head1 FUNCTIONS	203	=head1 FUNCTIONS
213		204
214	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS	205	=head2 QUICK OVERVIEW
		206
		207	This section simply lists the prototypes of the most important functions
		208	for quick reference. See the following sections for function-by-function
		209	documentation.
		210
		211	aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		212	aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
		213	aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
		214	aio_seek $fh,$offset,$whence, $callback->($offs)
		215	aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		216	aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
		217	aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
		218	aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
		219	aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
		220	aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
		221	aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		222	aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		223	aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		224	aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		225	aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		226	aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
		227	aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
		228	aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		229	aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		230	aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
		231	aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($link)
		232	aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		233	aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		234	aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
		235	aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
		236	aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		237	IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		238	IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		239	aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
		240	aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		241	aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		242	aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
		243	aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		244	aio_sync $callback->($status)
		245	aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		246	aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
		247	aio_fdatasync $fh, $callback->($status)
		248	aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		249	aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		250	aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		251	aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		252	aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		253	aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		254	aio_group $callback->(...)
		255	aio_nop $callback->()
		256
		257	$prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
		258	aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
		259
		260	IO::AIO::poll_wait
		261	IO::AIO::poll_cb
		262	IO::AIO::poll
		263	IO::AIO::flush
		264	IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
		265	IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
		266	IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
		267	IO::AIO::max_parallel $nthreads
		268	IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
		269	IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		270	IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		271	IO::AIO::nreqs
		272	IO::AIO::nready
		273	IO::AIO::npending
		274
		275	IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		276	IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		277	IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $length, $advice
		278	IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $length, $protect
		279	IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		280	IO::AIO::munlockall
		281
		282	=head2 API NOTES
215		283
216	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall	284	All the C<aio_*> calls are more or less thin wrappers around the syscall
217	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,	285	with the same name (sans C<aio_>). The arguments are similar or identical,
218	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument	286	and they all accept an additional (and optional) C<$callback> argument
219	which must be a code reference. This code reference will get called with	287	which must be a code reference. This code reference will be called after
220	the syscall return code (e.g. most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike	288	the syscall has been executed in an asynchronous fashion. The results
221	perl, which usually delivers "false") as it's sole argument when the given	289	of the request will be passed as arguments to the callback (and, if an
222	syscall has been executed asynchronously.	290	error occured, in C<$!>) - for most requests the syscall return code (e.g.
		291	most syscalls return C<-1> on error, unlike perl, which usually delivers
		292	"false").
		293
		294	Some requests (such as C<aio_readdir>) pass the actual results and
		295	communicate failures by passing C<undef>.
223		296
224	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle	297	All functions expecting a filehandle keep a copy of the filehandle
225	internally until the request has finished.	298	internally until the request has finished.
226		299
227	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow	300	All functions return request objects of type L<IO::AIO::REQ> that allow
228	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.	301	further manipulation of those requests while they are in-flight.
229		302
230	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<must> be absolute and	303	The pathnames you pass to these routines I<should> be absolute. The
231	encoded as octets. The reason for the former is that at the time the	304	reason for this is that at the time the request is being executed, the
232	request is being executed, the current working directory could have	305	current working directory could have changed. Alternatively, you can
233	changed. Alternatively, you can make sure that you never change the	306	make sure that you never change the current working directory anywhere
234	current working directory anywhere in the program and then use relative	307	in the program and then use relative paths. You can also take advantage
235	paths.	308	of IO::AIOs working directory abstraction, that lets you specify paths
		309	relative to some previously-opened "working directory object" - see the
		310	description of the C<IO::AIO::WD> class later in this document.
236		311
237	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass	312	To encode pathnames as octets, either make sure you either: a) always pass
238	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without	313	in filenames you got from outside (command line, readdir etc.) without
239	tinkering, b) are ASCII or ISO 8859-1, c) use the Encode module and encode	314	tinkering, b) are in your native filesystem encoding, c) use the Encode
240	your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in effect in the user	315	module and encode your pathnames to the locale (or other) encoding in
241	environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on unicode filenames or e)	316	effect in the user environment, d) use Glib::filename_from_unicode on
242	use something else to ensure your scalar has the correct contents.	317	unicode filenames or e) use something else to ensure your scalar has the
		318	correct contents.
243		319
244	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO	320	This works, btw. independent of the internal UTF-8 bit, which IO::AIO
245	handles correctly wether it is set or not.	321	handles correctly whether it is set or not.
		322
		323	=head2 AIO REQUEST FUNCTIONS
246		324
247	=over 4	325	=over 4
248		326
249	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]	327	=item $prev_pri = aioreq_pri [$pri]
250		328
…		…
270	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {	348	aio_read $_[0], ..., sub {
271	...	349	...
272	};	350	};
273	};	351	};
274		352
		353
275	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust	354	=item aioreq_nice $pri_adjust
276		355
277	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current	356	Similar to C<aioreq_pri>, but subtracts the given value from the current
278	priority, so the effect is cumulative.	357	priority, so the effect is cumulative.
		358
279		359
280	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)	360	=item aio_open $pathname, $flags, $mode, $callback->($fh)
281		361
282	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly	362	Asynchronously open or create a file and call the callback with a newly
283	created filehandle for the file.	363	created filehandle for the file.
…		…
289	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.	369	list. They are the same as used by C<sysopen>.
290		370
291	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it	371	Likewise, C<$mode> specifies the mode of the newly created file, if it
292	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,	372	didn't exist and C<O_CREAT> has been given, just like perl's C<sysopen>,
293	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,	373	except that it is mandatory (i.e. use C<0> if you don't create new files,
294	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do).	374	and C<0666> or C<0777> if you do). Note that the C<$mode> will be modified
		375	by the umask in effect then the request is being executed, so better never
		376	change the umask.
295		377
296	Example:	378	Example:
297		379
298	aio_open "/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	380	aio_open "/etc/passwd", IO::AIO::O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
299	if ($_[0]) {	381	if ($_[0]) {
300	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";	382	print "open successful, fh is $_[0]\n";
301	...	383	...
302	} else {	384	} else {
303	die "open failed: $!\n";	385	die "open failed: $!\n";
304	}	386	}
305	};	387	};
306		388
		389	In addition to all the common open modes/flags (C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>,
		390	C<O_RDWR>, C<O_CREAT>, C<O_TRUNC>, C<O_EXCL> and C<O_APPEND>), the
		391	following POSIX and non-POSIX constants are available (missing ones on
		392	your system are, as usual, C<0>):
		393
		394	C<O_ASYNC>, C<O_DIRECT>, C<O_NOATIME>, C<O_CLOEXEC>, C<O_NOCTTY>, C<O_NOFOLLOW>,
		395	C<O_NONBLOCK>, C<O_EXEC>, C<O_SEARCH>, C<O_DIRECTORY>, C<O_DSYNC>,
		396	C<O_RSYNC>, C<O_SYNC> and C<O_TTY_INIT>.
		397
		398
307	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)	399	=item aio_close $fh, $callback->($status)
308		400
309	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result	401	Asynchronously close a file and call the callback with the result
310	code. I<WARNING:> although accepted, you should not pass in a perl	402	code.
311	filehandle here, as perl will likely close the file descriptor another
312	time when the filehandle is destroyed. Normally, you can safely call perls
313	C<close> or just let filehandles go out of scope.
314		403
315	This is supposed to be a bug in the API, so that might change. It's	404	Unfortunately, you can't do this to perl. Perl I<insists> very strongly on
316	therefore best to avoid this function.	405	closing the file descriptor associated with the filehandle itself.
		406
		407	Therefore, C<aio_close> will not close the filehandle - instead it will
		408	use dup2 to overwrite the file descriptor with the write-end of a pipe
		409	(the pipe fd will be created on demand and will be cached).
		410
		411	Or in other words: the file descriptor will be closed, but it will not be
		412	free for reuse until the perl filehandle is closed.
		413
		414	=cut
		415
		416	=item aio_seek $fh, $offset, $whence, $callback->($offs)
		417
		418	Seeks the filehandle to the new C<$offset>, similarly to perl'S
		419	C<sysseek>. The C<$whence> can use the traditional values (C<0> for
		420	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_SET>, C<1> for C<IO::AIO::SEEK_CUR> or C<2> for
		421	C<IO::AIO::SEEK_END>).
		422
		423	The resulting absolute offset will be passed to the callback, or C<-1> in
		424	case of an error.
		425
		426	In theory, the C<$whence> constants could be different than the
		427	corresponding values from L<Fcntl>, but perl guarantees they are the same,
		428	so don't panic.
317		429
318	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	430	=item aio_read $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
319		431
320	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)	432	=item aio_write $fh,$offset,$length, $data,$dataoffset, $callback->($retval)
321		433
322	Reads or writes C<length> bytes from the specified C<fh> and C<offset>	434	Reads or writes C<$length> bytes from or to the specified C<$fh> and
323	into the scalar given by C<data> and offset C<dataoffset> and calls the	435	C<$offset> into the scalar given by C<$data> and offset C<$dataoffset>
324	callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on error, just	436	and calls the callback without the actual number of bytes read (or -1 on
325	like the syscall).	437	error, just like the syscall).
		438
		439	C<aio_read> will, like C<sysread>, shrink or grow the C<$data> scalar to
		440	offset plus the actual number of bytes read.
		441
		442	If C<$offset> is undefined, then the current file descriptor offset will
		443	be used (and updated), otherwise the file descriptor offset will not be
		444	changed by these calls.
		445
		446	If C<$length> is undefined in C<aio_write>, use the remaining length of
		447	C<$data>.
		448
		449	If C<$dataoffset> is less than zero, it will be counted from the end of
		450	C<$data>.
326		451
327	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request	452	The C<$data> scalar I<MUST NOT> be modified in any way while the request
328	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or WW3 (if the	453	is outstanding. Modifying it can result in segfaults or World War III (if
329	necessary/optional hardware is installed).	454	the necessary/optional hardware is installed).
330		455
331	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at	456	Example: Read 15 bytes at offset 7 into scalar C<$buffer>, starting at
332	offset C<0> within the scalar:	457	offset C<0> within the scalar:
333		458
334	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {	459	aio_read $fh, 7, 15, $buffer, 0, sub {
335	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";	460	$_[0] > 0 or die "read error: $!";
336	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";	461	print "read $_[0] bytes: <$buffer>\n";
337	};	462	};
338		463
		464
339	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)	465	=item aio_sendfile $out_fh, $in_fh, $in_offset, $length, $callback->($retval)
340		466
341	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts	467	Tries to copy C<$length> bytes from C<$in_fh> to C<$out_fh>. It starts
342	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current	468	reading at byte offset C<$in_offset>, and starts writing at the current
343	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more	469	file offset of C<$out_fh>. Because of that, it is not safe to issue more
344	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each	470	than one C<aio_sendfile> per C<$out_fh>, as they will interfere with each
345	other.	471	other. The same C<$in_fh> works fine though, as this function does not
		472	move or use the file offset of C<$in_fh>.
346		473
		474	Please note that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from C<$in_fh> than
		475	are written, and there is no way to find out how many more bytes have been
		476	read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only provides the
		477	number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result value equals
		478	C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been read.
		479
		480	Unlike with other C<aio_> functions, it makes a lot of sense to use
		481	C<aio_sendfile> on non-blocking sockets, as long as one end (typically
		482	the C<$in_fh>) is a file - the file I/O will then be asynchronous, while
		483	the socket I/O will be non-blocking. Note, however, that you can run
		484	into a trap where C<aio_sendfile> reads some data with readahead, then
		485	fails to write all data, and when the socket is ready the next time, the
		486	data in the cache is already lost, forcing C<aio_sendfile> to again hit
		487	the disk. Explicit C<aio_read> + C<aio_write> let's you better control
		488	resource usage.
		489
347	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile> syscall to provide	490	This call tries to make use of a native C<sendfile>-like syscall to
348	zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to a	491	provide zero-copy operation. For this to work, C<$out_fh> should refer to
349	socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to mmap'able file.	492	a socket, and C<$in_fh> should refer to an mmap'able file.
350		493
351	If the native sendfile call fails or is not implemented, it will be	494	If a native sendfile cannot be found or it fails with C<ENOSYS>,
352	emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any type of filehandle	495	C<EINVAL>, C<ENOTSUP>, C<EOPNOTSUPP>, C<EAFNOSUPPORT>, C<EPROTOTYPE> or
		496	C<ENOTSOCK>, it will be emulated, so you can call C<aio_sendfile> on any
353	regardless of the limitations of the operating system.	497	type of filehandle regardless of the limitations of the operating system.
354		498
355	Please note, however, that C<aio_sendfile> can read more bytes from	499	As native sendfile syscalls (as practically any non-POSIX interface hacked
356	C<$in_fh> than are written, and there is no way to find out how many	500	together in a hurry to improve benchmark numbers) tend to be rather buggy
357	bytes have been read from C<aio_sendfile> alone, as C<aio_sendfile> only	501	on many systems, this implementation tries to work around some known bugs
358	provides the number of bytes written to C<$out_fh>. Only if the result	502	in Linux and FreeBSD kernels (probably others, too), but that might fail,
359	value equals C<$length> one can assume that C<$length> bytes have been	503	so you really really should check the return value of C<aio_sendfile> -
360	read.	504	fewre bytes than expected might have been transferred.
		505
361		506
362	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)	507	=item aio_readahead $fh,$offset,$length, $callback->($retval)
363		508
364	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that	509	C<aio_readahead> populates the page cache with data from a file so that
365	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>	510	subsequent reads from that file will not block on disk I/O. The C<$offset>
…		…
371	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.	516	file. The current file offset of the file is left unchanged.
372		517
373	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be	518	If that syscall doesn't exist (likely if your OS isn't Linux) it will be
374	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.	519	emulated by simply reading the data, which would have a similar effect.
375		520
		521
376	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)	522	=item aio_stat $fh_or_path, $callback->($status)
377		523
378	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)	524	=item aio_lstat $fh, $callback->($status)
379		525
380	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will	526	Works like perl's C<stat> or C<lstat> in void context. The callback will
…		…
385	for an explanation.	531	for an explanation.
386		532
387	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an	533	Currently, the stats are always 64-bit-stats, i.e. instead of returning an
388	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated	534	error when stat'ing a large file, the results will be silently truncated
389	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.	535	unless perl itself is compiled with large file support.
		536
		537	To help interpret the mode and dev/rdev stat values, IO::AIO offers the
		538	following constants and functions (if not implemented, the constants will
		539	be C<0> and the functions will either C<croak> or fall back on traditional
		540	behaviour).
		541
		542	C<S_IFMT>, C<S_IFIFO>, C<S_IFCHR>, C<S_IFBLK>, C<S_IFLNK>, C<S_IFREG>,
		543	C<S_IFDIR>, C<S_IFWHT>, C<S_IFSOCK>, C<IO::AIO::major $dev_t>,
		544	C<IO::AIO::minor $dev_t>, C<IO::AIO::makedev $major, $minor>.
390		545
391	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:	546	Example: Print the length of F</etc/passwd>:
392		547
393	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {	548	aio_stat "/etc/passwd", sub {
394	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";	549	$_[0] and die "stat failed: $!";
395	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";	550	print "size is ", -s _, "\n";
396	};	551	};
397		552
		553
		554	=item aio_statvfs $fh_or_path, $callback->($statvfs)
		555
		556	Works like the POSIX C<statvfs> or C<fstatvfs> syscalls, depending on
		557	whether a file handle or path was passed.
		558
		559	On success, the callback is passed a hash reference with the following
		560	members: C<bsize>, C<frsize>, C<blocks>, C<bfree>, C<bavail>, C<files>,
		561	C<ffree>, C<favail>, C<fsid>, C<flag> and C<namemax>. On failure, C<undef>
		562	is passed.
		563
		564	The following POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* constants are defined: C<ST_RDONLY> and
		565	C<ST_NOSUID>.
		566
		567	The following non-POSIX IO::AIO::ST_* flag masks are defined to
		568	their correct value when available, or to C<0> on systems that do
		569	not support them: C<ST_NODEV>, C<ST_NOEXEC>, C<ST_SYNCHRONOUS>,
		570	C<ST_MANDLOCK>, C<ST_WRITE>, C<ST_APPEND>, C<ST_IMMUTABLE>, C<ST_NOATIME>,
		571	C<ST_NODIRATIME> and C<ST_RELATIME>.
		572
		573	Example: stat C</wd> and dump out the data if successful.
		574
		575	aio_statvfs "/wd", sub {
		576	my $f = $_[0]
		577	or die "statvfs: $!";
		578
		579	use Data::Dumper;
		580	say Dumper $f;
		581	};
		582
		583	# result:
		584	{
		585	bsize => 1024,
		586	bfree => 4333064312,
		587	blocks => 10253828096,
		588	files => 2050765568,
		589	flag => 4096,
		590	favail => 2042092649,
		591	bavail => 4333064312,
		592	ffree => 2042092649,
		593	namemax => 255,
		594	frsize => 1024,
		595	fsid => 1810
		596	}
		597
		598
		599	=item aio_utime $fh_or_path, $atime, $mtime, $callback->($status)
		600
		601	Works like perl's C<utime> function (including the special case of $atime
		602	and $mtime being undef). Fractional times are supported if the underlying
		603	syscalls support them.
		604
		605	When called with a pathname, uses utimes(2) if available, otherwise
		606	utime(2). If called on a file descriptor, uses futimes(2) if available,
		607	otherwise returns ENOSYS, so this is not portable.
		608
		609	Examples:
		610
		611	# set atime and mtime to current time (basically touch(1)):
		612	aio_utime "path", undef, undef;
		613	# set atime to current time and mtime to beginning of the epoch:
		614	aio_utime "path", time, undef; # undef==0
		615
		616
		617	=item aio_chown $fh_or_path, $uid, $gid, $callback->($status)
		618
		619	Works like perl's C<chown> function, except that C<undef> for either $uid
		620	or $gid is being interpreted as "do not change" (but -1 can also be used).
		621
		622	Examples:
		623
		624	# same as "chown root path" in the shell:
		625	aio_chown "path", 0, -1;
		626	# same as above:
		627	aio_chown "path", 0, undef;
		628
		629
		630	=item aio_truncate $fh_or_path, $offset, $callback->($status)
		631
		632	Works like truncate(2) or ftruncate(2).
		633
		634
		635	=item aio_chmod $fh_or_path, $mode, $callback->($status)
		636
		637	Works like perl's C<chmod> function.
		638
		639
398	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)	640	=item aio_unlink $pathname, $callback->($status)
399		641
400	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the	642	Asynchronously unlink (delete) a file and call the callback with the
401	result code.	643	result code.
402		644
		645
403	=item aio_mknod $path, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)	646	=item aio_mknod $pathname, $mode, $dev, $callback->($status)
404		647
405	[EXPERIMENTAL]	648	[EXPERIMENTAL]
406		649
407	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).	650	Asynchronously create a device node (or fifo). See mknod(2).
408		651
409	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:	652	The only (POSIX-) portable way of calling this function is:
410		653
411	aio_mknod $path, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...	654	aio_mknod $pathname, IO::AIO::S_IFIFO | $mode, 0, sub { ...
		655
		656	See C<aio_stat> for info about some potentially helpful extra constants
		657	and functions.
412		658
413	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	659	=item aio_link $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
414		660
415	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	661	Asynchronously create a new link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
416	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	662	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
417		663
		664
418	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	665	=item aio_symlink $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
419		666
420	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at	667	Asynchronously create a new symbolic link to the existing object at C<$srcpath> at
421	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.	668	the path C<$dstpath> and call the callback with the result code.
422		669
		670
423	=item aio_readlink $path, $callback->($link)	671	=item aio_readlink $pathname, $callback->($link)
424		672
425	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to	673	Asynchronously read the symlink specified by C<$path> and pass it to
426	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the	674	the callback. If an error occurs, nothing or undef gets passed to the
427	callback.	675	callback.
428		676
		677
		678	=item aio_realpath $pathname, $callback->($path)
		679
		680	Asynchronously make the path absolute and resolve any symlinks in
		681	C<$path>. The resulting path only consists of directories (Same as
		682	L<Cwd::realpath>).
		683
		684	This request can be used to get the absolute path of the current working
		685	directory by passing it a path of F<.> (a single dot).
		686
		687
429	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	688	=item aio_rename $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
430		689
431	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as	690	Asynchronously rename the object at C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath>, just as
432	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.	691	rename(2) and call the callback with the result code.
433		692
		693
		694	=item aio_mkdir $pathname, $mode, $callback->($status)
		695
		696	Asynchronously mkdir (create) a directory and call the callback with
		697	the result code. C<$mode> will be modified by the umask at the time the
		698	request is executed, so do not change your umask.
		699
		700
434	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)	701	=item aio_rmdir $pathname, $callback->($status)
435		702
436	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the	703	Asynchronously rmdir (delete) a directory and call the callback with the
437	result code.	704	result code.
		705
438		706
439	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)	707	=item aio_readdir $pathname, $callback->($entries)
440		708
441	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire	709	Unlike the POSIX call of the same name, C<aio_readdir> reads an entire
442	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be	710	directory (i.e. opendir + readdir + closedir). The entries will not be
443	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.	711	sorted, and will B<NOT> include the C<.> and C<..> entries.
444		712
445	The callback a single argument which is either C<undef> or an array-ref	713	The callback is passed a single argument which is either C<undef> or an
446	with the filenames.	714	array-ref with the filenames.
		715
		716
		717	=item aio_readdirx $pathname, $flags, $callback->($entries, $flags)
		718
		719	Quite similar to C<aio_readdir>, but the C<$flags> argument allows one to
		720	tune behaviour and output format. In case of an error, C<$entries> will be
		721	C<undef>.
		722
		723	The flags are a combination of the following constants, ORed together (the
		724	flags will also be passed to the callback, possibly modified):
		725
		726	=over 4
		727
		728	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DENTS
		729
		730	When this flag is off, then the callback gets an arrayref consisting of
		731	names only (as with C<aio_readdir>), otherwise it gets an arrayref with
		732	C<[$name, $type, $inode]> arrayrefs, each describing a single directory
		733	entry in more detail.
		734
		735	C<$name> is the name of the entry.
		736
		737	C<$type> is one of the C<IO::AIO::DT_xxx> constants:
		738
		739	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>, C<IO::AIO::DT_FIFO>, C<IO::AIO::DT_CHR>, C<IO::AIO::DT_DIR>,
		740	C<IO::AIO::DT_BLK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_REG>, C<IO::AIO::DT_LNK>, C<IO::AIO::DT_SOCK>,
		741	C<IO::AIO::DT_WHT>.
		742
		743	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN> means just that: readdir does not know. If you need to
		744	know, you have to run stat yourself. Also, for speed reasons, the C<$type>
		745	scalars are read-only: you can not modify them.
		746
		747	C<$inode> is the inode number (which might not be exact on systems with 64
		748	bit inode numbers and 32 bit perls). This field has unspecified content on
		749	systems that do not deliver the inode information.
		750
		751	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST
		752
		753	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order where
		754	likely directories come first, in optimal stat order. This is useful when
		755	you need to quickly find directories, or you want to find all directories
		756	while avoiding to stat() each entry.
		757
		758	If the system returns type information in readdir, then this is used
		759	to find directories directly. Otherwise, likely directories are names
		760	beginning with ".", or otherwise names with no dots, of which names with
		761	short names are tried first.
		762
		763	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_STAT_ORDER
		764
		765	When this flag is set, then the names will be returned in an order
		766	suitable for stat()'ing each one. That is, when you plan to stat()
		767	all files in the given directory, then the returned order will likely
		768	be fastest.
		769
		770	If both this flag and C<IO::AIO::READDIR_DIRS_FIRST> are specified, then
		771	the likely dirs come first, resulting in a less optimal stat order.
		772
		773	=item IO::AIO::READDIR_FOUND_UNKNOWN
		774
		775	This flag should not be set when calling C<aio_readdirx>. Instead, it
		776	is being set by C<aio_readdirx>, when any of the C<$type>'s found were
		777	C<IO::AIO::DT_UNKNOWN>. The absence of this flag therefore indicates that all
		778	C<$type>'s are known, which can be used to speed up some algorithms.
		779
		780	=back
		781
		782
		783	=item aio_load $pathname, $data, $callback->($status)
		784
		785	This is a composite request that tries to fully load the given file into
		786	memory. Status is the same as with aio_read.
		787
		788	=cut
		789
		790	sub aio_load($$;$) {
		791	my ($path, undef, $cb) = @_;
		792	my $data = \$_[1];
		793
		794	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		795	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		796
		797	aioreq_pri $pri;
		798	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		799	my $fh = shift
		800	or return $grp->result (-1);
		801
		802	aioreq_pri $pri;
		803	add $grp aio_read $fh, 0, (-s $fh), $$data, 0, sub {
		804	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		805	};
		806	};
		807
		808	$grp
		809	}
447		810
448	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	811	=item aio_copy $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
449		812
450	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	813	Try to copy the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
451	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	814	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
452	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	815	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
453		816
454	This is a composite request that it creates the destination file with	817	This is a composite request that creates the destination file with
455	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using	818	mode 0200 and copies the contents of the source file into it using
456	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and	819	C<aio_sendfile>, followed by restoring atime, mtime, access mode and
457	uid/gid, in that order.	820	uid/gid, in that order.
458		821
459	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if	822	If an error occurs, the partial destination file will be unlinked, if
…		…
469	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	832	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
470		833
471	aioreq_pri $pri;	834	aioreq_pri $pri;
472	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {	835	add $grp aio_open $src, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
473	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {	836	if (my $src_fh = $_[0]) {
474	my @stat = stat $src_fh;	837	my @stat = stat $src_fh; # hmm, might block over nfs?
475		838
476	aioreq_pri $pri;	839	aioreq_pri $pri;
477	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {	840	add $grp aio_open $dst, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, 0200, sub {
478	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {	841	if (my $dst_fh = $_[0]) {
479	aioreq_pri $pri;	842	aioreq_pri $pri;
480	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {	843	add $grp aio_sendfile $dst_fh, $src_fh, 0, $stat[7], sub {
481	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {	844	if ($_[0] == $stat[7]) {
482	$grp->result (0);	845	$grp->result (0);
483	close $src_fh;	846	close $src_fh;
484		847
485	# those should not normally block. should. should.	848	my $ch = sub {
		849	aioreq_pri $pri;
		850	add $grp aio_chmod $dst_fh, $stat[2] & 07777, sub {
		851	aioreq_pri $pri;
		852	add $grp aio_chown $dst_fh, $stat[4], $stat[5], sub {
		853	aioreq_pri $pri;
		854	add $grp aio_close $dst_fh;
		855	}
		856	};
		857	};
		858
		859	aioreq_pri $pri;
		860	add $grp aio_utime $dst_fh, $stat[8], $stat[9], sub {
		861	if ($_[0] < 0 && $! == ENOSYS) {
		862	aioreq_pri $pri;
486	utime $stat[8], $stat[9], $dst;	863	add $grp aio_utime $dst, $stat[8], $stat[9], $ch;
487	chmod $stat[2] & 07777, $dst_fh;	864	} else {
488	chown $stat[4], $stat[5], $dst_fh;	865	$ch->();
		866	}
489	close $dst_fh;	867	};
490	} else {	868	} else {
491	$grp->result (-1);	869	$grp->result (-1);
492	close $src_fh;	870	close $src_fh;
493	close $dst_fh;	871	close $dst_fh;
494		872
…		…
511		889
512	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)	890	=item aio_move $srcpath, $dstpath, $callback->($status)
513		891
514	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or	892	Try to move the I<file> (directories not supported as either source or
515	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with	893	destination) from C<$srcpath> to C<$dstpath> and call the callback with
516	the C<0> (error) or C<-1> ok.	894	a status of C<0> (ok) or C<-1> (error, see C<$!>).
517		895
518	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first. If	896	This is a composite request that tries to rename(2) the file first; if
519	rename files with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if	897	rename fails with C<EXDEV>, it copies the file with C<aio_copy> and, if
520	that is successful, unlinking the C<$srcpath>.	898	that is successful, unlinks the C<$srcpath>.
521		899
522	=cut	900	=cut
523		901
524	sub aio_move($$;$) {	902	sub aio_move($$;$) {
525	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;	903	my ($src, $dst, $cb) = @_;
…		…
532	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {	910	if ($_[0] && $! == EXDEV) {
533	aioreq_pri $pri;	911	aioreq_pri $pri;
534	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {	912	add $grp aio_copy $src, $dst, sub {
535	$grp->result ($_[0]);	913	$grp->result ($_[0]);
536		914
537	if (!$_[0]) {	915	unless ($_[0]) {
538	aioreq_pri $pri;	916	aioreq_pri $pri;
539	add $grp aio_unlink $src;	917	add $grp aio_unlink $src;
540	}	918	}
541	};	919	};
542	} else {	920	} else {
…		…
545	};	923	};
546		924
547	$grp	925	$grp
548	}	926	}
549		927
550	=item aio_scandir $path, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)	928	=item aio_scandir $pathname, $maxreq, $callback->($dirs, $nondirs)
551		929
552	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to	930	Scans a directory (similar to C<aio_readdir>) but additionally tries to
553	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of	931	efficiently separate the entries of directory C<$path> into two sets of
554	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot	932	names, directories you can recurse into (directories), and ones you cannot
555	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).	933	recurse into (everything else, including symlinks to directories).
…		…
572		950
573	Implementation notes.	951	Implementation notes.
574		952
575	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.	953	The C<aio_readdir> cannot be avoided, but C<stat()>'ing every entry can.
576		954
		955	If readdir returns file type information, then this is used directly to
		956	find directories.
		957
577	After reading the directory, the modification time, size etc. of the	958	Otherwise, after reading the directory, the modification time, size etc.
578	directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they match (and	959	of the directory before and after the readdir is checked, and if they
579	isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide how many	960	match (and isn't the current time), the link count will be used to decide
580	entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the number	961	how many entries are directories (if >= 2). Otherwise, no knowledge of the
581	of subdirectories will be assumed.	962	number of subdirectories will be assumed.
582		963
583	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories (everything without	964	Then entries will be sorted into likely directories a non-initial dot
584	a non-initial dot currently) and likely non-directories (everything	965	currently) and likely non-directories (see C<aio_readdirx>). Then every
585	else). Then every entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed,	966	entry plus an appended C</.> will be C<stat>'ed, likely directories first,
586	likely directories first. If that succeeds, it assumes that the entry	967	in order of their inode numbers. If that succeeds, it assumes that the
587	is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked	968	entry is a directory or a symlink to directory (which will be checked
588	seperately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because	969	separately). This is often faster than stat'ing the entry itself because
589	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode	970	filesystems might detect the type of the entry without reading the inode
590	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature).	971	data (e.g. ext2fs filetype feature), even on systems that cannot return
		972	the filetype information on readdir.
591		973
592	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the	974	If the known number of directories (link count - 2) has been reached, the
593	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.	975	rest of the entries is assumed to be non-directories.
594		976
595	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which	977	This only works with certainty on POSIX (= UNIX) filesystems, which
…		…
599	as those tend to return 0 or 1 as link counts, which disables the	981	as those tend to return 0 or 1 as link counts, which disables the
600	directory counting heuristic.	982	directory counting heuristic.
601		983
602	=cut	984	=cut
603		985
604	sub aio_scandir($$$) {	986	sub aio_scandir($$;$) {
605	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;	987	my ($path, $maxreq, $cb) = @_;
606		988
607	my $pri = aioreq_pri;	989	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
608		990
609	my $grp = aio_group $cb;	991	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
610		992
611	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;	993	$maxreq = 4 if $maxreq <= 0;
612		994
613	# stat once	995	# get a wd object
614	aioreq_pri $pri;	996	aioreq_pri $pri;
615	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	997	add $grp aio_wd $path, sub {
		998	$_[0]
616	return $grp->result () if $_[0];	999	or return $grp->result ();
617	my $now = time;
618	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
619		1000
620	# read the directory entries	1001	my $wd = [shift, "."];
		1002
		1003	# stat once
621	aioreq_pri $pri;	1004	aioreq_pri $pri;
622	add $grp aio_readdir $path, sub {	1005	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
623	my $entries = shift
624	or return $grp->result ();	1006	return $grp->result () if $_[0];
		1007	my $now = time;
		1008	my $hash1 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
625		1009
626	# stat the dir another time	1010	# read the directory entries
627	aioreq_pri $pri;	1011	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1012	add $grp aio_readdirx $wd, READDIR_DIRS_FIRST, sub {
		1013	my $entries = shift
		1014	or return $grp->result ();
		1015
		1016	# stat the dir another time
		1017	aioreq_pri $pri;
628	add $grp aio_stat $path, sub {	1018	add $grp aio_stat $wd, sub {
629	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];	1019	my $hash2 = join ":", (stat _)[0,1,3,7,9];
630		1020
631	my $ndirs;	1021	my $ndirs;
632		1022
633	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy	1023	# take the slow route if anything looks fishy
634	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {	1024	if ($hash1 ne $hash2 or (stat _)[9] == $now) {
635	$ndirs = -1;	1025	$ndirs = -1;
636	} else {	1026	} else {
637	# if nlink == 2, we are finished	1027	# if nlink == 2, we are finished
638	# on non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2	1028	# for non-posix-fs's, we rely on nlink < 2
639	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2	1029	$ndirs = (stat _)[3] - 2
640	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);	1030	or return $grp->result ([], $entries);
641	}	1031	}
642		1032
643	# sort into likely dirs and likely nondirs
644	# dirs == files without ".", short entries first
645	$entries = [map $_->[0],
646	sort { $b->[1] cmp $a->[1] }
647	map [$_, sprintf "%s%04d", (/.\./ ? "1" : "0"), length],
648	@$entries];
649
650	my (@dirs, @nondirs);	1033	my (@dirs, @nondirs);
651		1034
652	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {	1035	my $statgrp = add $grp aio_group sub {
653	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);	1036	$grp->result (\@dirs, \@nondirs);
654	};	1037	};
655		1038
656	limit $statgrp $maxreq;	1039	limit $statgrp $maxreq;
657	feed $statgrp sub {	1040	feed $statgrp sub {
658	return unless @$entries;	1041	return unless @$entries;
659	my $entry = pop @$entries;	1042	my $entry = shift @$entries;
660		1043
661	aioreq_pri $pri;	1044	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1045	$wd->[1] = "$entry/.";
662	add $statgrp aio_stat "$path/$entry/.", sub {	1046	add $statgrp aio_stat $wd, sub {
663	if ($_[0] < 0) {	1047	if ($_[0] < 0) {
664	push @nondirs, $entry;	1048	push @nondirs, $entry;
665	} else {	1049	} else {
666	# need to check for real directory	1050	# need to check for real directory
667	aioreq_pri $pri;	1051	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1052	$wd->[1] = $entry;
668	add $statgrp aio_lstat "$path/$entry", sub {	1053	add $statgrp aio_lstat $wd, sub {
669	if (-d _) {	1054	if (-d _) {
670	push @dirs, $entry;	1055	push @dirs, $entry;
671		1056
672	unless (--$ndirs) {	1057	unless (--$ndirs) {
673	push @nondirs, @$entries;	1058	push @nondirs, @$entries;
674	feed $statgrp;	1059	feed $statgrp;
		1060	}
		1061	} else {
		1062	push @nondirs, $entry;
675	}	1063	}
676	} else {
677	push @nondirs, $entry;
678	}	1064	}
679	}	1065	}
680	}	1066	};
681	};	1067	};
682	};	1068	};
683	};	1069	};
684	};	1070	};
685	};	1071	};
686		1072
687	$grp	1073	$grp
688	}	1074	}
689		1075
		1076	=item aio_rmtree $pathname, $callback->($status)
		1077
		1078	Delete a directory tree starting (and including) C<$path>, return the
		1079	status of the final C<rmdir> only. This is a composite request that
		1080	uses C<aio_scandir> to recurse into and rmdir directories, and unlink
		1081	everything else.
		1082
		1083	=cut
		1084
		1085	sub aio_rmtree;
		1086	sub aio_rmtree($;$) {
		1087	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		1088
		1089	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1090	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1091
		1092	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1093	add $grp aio_scandir $path, 0, sub {
		1094	my ($dirs, $nondirs) = @_;
		1095
		1096	my $dirgrp = aio_group sub {
		1097	add $grp aio_rmdir $path, sub {
		1098	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1099	};
		1100	};
		1101
		1102	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_rmtree "$path/$_" for @$dirs;
		1103	(aioreq_pri $pri), add $dirgrp aio_unlink "$path/$_" for @$nondirs;
		1104
		1105	add $grp $dirgrp;
		1106	};
		1107
		1108	$grp
		1109	}
		1110
		1111	=item aio_sync $callback->($status)
		1112
		1113	Asynchronously call sync and call the callback when finished.
		1114
690	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)	1115	=item aio_fsync $fh, $callback->($status)
691		1116
692	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback	1117	Asynchronously call fsync on the given filehandle and call the callback
693	with the fsync result code.	1118	with the fsync result code.
694		1119
…		…
697	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the	1122	Asynchronously call fdatasync on the given filehandle and call the
698	callback with the fdatasync result code.	1123	callback with the fdatasync result code.
699		1124
700	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be	1125	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
701	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.	1126	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1127
		1128	=item aio_syncfs $fh, $callback->($status)
		1129
		1130	Asynchronously call the syncfs syscall to sync the filesystem associated
		1131	to the given filehandle and call the callback with the syncfs result
		1132	code. If syncfs is not available, calls sync(), but returns C<-1> and sets
		1133	errno to C<ENOSYS> nevertheless.
		1134
		1135	=item aio_sync_file_range $fh, $offset, $nbytes, $flags, $callback->($status)
		1136
		1137	Sync the data portion of the file specified by C<$offset> and C<$length>
		1138	to disk (but NOT the metadata), by calling the Linux-specific
		1139	sync_file_range call. If sync_file_range is not available or it returns
		1140	ENOSYS, then fdatasync or fsync is being substituted.
		1141
		1142	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE>,
		1143	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE> and
		1144	C<IO::AIO::SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER>: refer to the sync_file_range
		1145	manpage for details.
		1146
		1147	=item aio_pathsync $pathname, $callback->($status)
		1148
		1149	This request tries to open, fsync and close the given path. This is a
		1150	composite request intended to sync directories after directory operations
		1151	(E.g. rename). This might not work on all operating systems or have any
		1152	specific effect, but usually it makes sure that directory changes get
		1153	written to disc. It works for anything that can be opened for read-only,
		1154	not just directories.
		1155
		1156	Future versions of this function might fall back to other methods when
		1157	C<fsync> on the directory fails (such as calling C<sync>).
		1158
		1159	Passes C<0> when everything went ok, and C<-1> on error.
		1160
		1161	=cut
		1162
		1163	sub aio_pathsync($;$) {
		1164	my ($path, $cb) = @_;
		1165
		1166	my $pri = aioreq_pri;
		1167	my $grp = aio_group $cb;
		1168
		1169	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1170	add $grp aio_open $path, O_RDONLY, 0, sub {
		1171	my ($fh) = @_;
		1172	if ($fh) {
		1173	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1174	add $grp aio_fsync $fh, sub {
		1175	$grp->result ($_[0]);
		1176
		1177	aioreq_pri $pri;
		1178	add $grp aio_close $fh;
		1179	};
		1180	} else {
		1181	$grp->result (-1);
		1182	}
		1183	};
		1184
		1185	$grp
		1186	}
		1187
		1188	=item aio_msync $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1189
		1190	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which only works on mmap(2)ed
		1191	scalars (see the C<IO::AIO::mmap> function, although it also works on data
		1192	scalars managed by the L<Sys::Mmap> or L<Mmap> modules, note that the
		1193	scalar must only be modified in-place while an aio operation is pending on
		1194	it).
		1195
		1196	It calls the C<msync> function of your OS, if available, with the memory
		1197	area starting at C<$offset> in the string and ending C<$length> bytes
		1198	later. If C<$length> is negative, counts from the end, and if C<$length>
		1199	is C<undef>, then it goes till the end of the string. The flags can be
		1200	a combination of C<IO::AIO::MS_ASYNC>, C<IO::AIO::MS_INVALIDATE> and
		1201	C<IO::AIO::MS_SYNC>.
		1202
		1203	=item aio_mtouch $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, flags = 0, $callback->($status)
		1204
		1205	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1206	scalars.
		1207
		1208	It touches (reads or writes) all memory pages in the specified
		1209	range inside the scalar. All caveats and parameters are the same
		1210	as for C<aio_msync>, above, except for flags, which must be either
		1211	C<0> (which reads all pages and ensures they are instantiated) or
		1212	C<IO::AIO::MT_MODIFY>, which modifies the memory page s(by reading and
		1213	writing an octet from it, which dirties the page).
		1214
		1215	=item aio_mlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef, $callback->($status)
		1216
		1217	This is a rather advanced IO::AIO call, which works best on mmap(2)ed
		1218	scalars.
		1219
		1220	It reads in all the pages of the underlying storage into memory (if any)
		1221	and locks them, so they are not getting swapped/paged out or removed.
		1222
		1223	If C<$length> is undefined, then the scalar will be locked till the end.
		1224
		1225	On systems that do not implement C<mlock>, this function returns C<-1>
		1226	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1227
		1228	Note that the corresponding C<munlock> is synchronous and is
		1229	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1230
		1231	Example: open a file, mmap and mlock it - both will be undone when
		1232	C<$data> gets destroyed.
		1233
		1234	open my $fh, "<", $path or die "$path: $!";
		1235	my $data;
		1236	IO::AIO::mmap $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh;
		1237	aio_mlock $data; # mlock in background
		1238
		1239	=item aio_mlockall $flags, $callback->($status)
		1240
		1241	Calls the C<mlockall> function with the given C<$flags> (a combination of
		1242	C<IO::AIO::MCL_CURRENT> and C<IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE>).
		1243
		1244	On systems that do not implement C<mlockall>, this function returns C<-1>
		1245	and sets errno to C<ENOSYS>.
		1246
		1247	Note that the corresponding C<munlockall> is synchronous and is
		1248	documented under L<MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS>.
		1249
		1250	Example: asynchronously lock all current and future pages into memory.
		1251
		1252	aio_mlockall IO::AIO::MCL_FUTURE;
702		1253
703	=item aio_group $callback->(...)	1254	=item aio_group $callback->(...)
704		1255
705	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a	1256	This is a very special aio request: Instead of doing something, it is a
706	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle	1257	container for other aio requests, which is useful if you want to bundle
…		…
744	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function	1295	immense (it blocks a thread for a long time) so do not use this function
745	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.	1296	except to put your application under artificial I/O pressure.
746		1297
747	=back	1298	=back
748		1299
		1300
		1301	=head2 IO::AIO::WD - multiple working directories
		1302
		1303	Your process only has one current working directory, which is used by all
		1304	threads. This makes it hard to use relative paths (some other component
		1305	could call C<chdir> at any time, and it is hard to control when the path
		1306	will be used by IO::AIO).
		1307
		1308	One solution for this is to always use absolute paths. This usually works,
		1309	but can be quite slow (the kernel has to walk the whole path on every
		1310	access), and can also be a hassle to implement.
		1311
		1312	Newer POSIX systems have a number of functions (openat, fdopendir,
		1313	futimensat and so on) that make it possible to specify working directories
		1314	per operation.
		1315
		1316	For portability, and because the clowns who "designed", or shall I write,
		1317	perpetrated this new interface were obviously half-drunk, this abstraction
		1318	cannot be perfect, though.
		1319
		1320	IO::AIO allows you to convert directory paths into a so-called IO::AIO::WD
		1321	object. This object stores the canonicalised, absolute version of the
		1322	path, and on systems that allow it, also a directory file descriptor.
		1323
		1324	Everywhere where a pathname is accepted by IO::AIO (e.g. in C<aio_stat>
		1325	or C<aio_unlink>), one can specify an array reference with an IO::AIO::WD
		1326	object and a pathname instead (or the IO::AIO::WD object alone, which
		1327	gets interpreted as C<[$wd, "."]>). If the pathname is absolute, the
		1328	IO::AIO::WD object is ignored, otherwise the pathname is resolved relative
		1329	to that IO::AIO::WD object.
		1330
		1331	For example, to get a wd object for F</etc> and then stat F<passwd>
		1332	inside, you would write:
		1333
		1334	aio_wd "/etc", sub {
		1335	my $etcdir = shift;
		1336
		1337	# although $etcdir can be undef on error, there is generally no reason
		1338	# to check for errors here, as aio_stat will fail with ENOENT
		1339	# when $etcdir is undef.
		1340
		1341	aio_stat [$etcdir, "passwd"], sub {
		1342	# yay
		1343	};
		1344	};
		1345
		1346	That C<aio_wd> is a request and not a normal function shows that creating
		1347	an IO::AIO::WD object is itself a potentially blocking operation, which is
		1348	why it is done asynchronously.
		1349
		1350	To stat the directory obtained with C<aio_wd> above, one could write
		1351	either of the following three request calls:
		1352
		1353	aio_lstat "/etc" , sub { ... # pathname as normal string
		1354	aio_lstat [$wd, "."], sub { ... # "." relative to $wd (i.e. $wd itself)
		1355	aio_lstat $wd , sub { ... # shorthand for the previous
		1356
		1357	As with normal pathnames, IO::AIO keeps a copy of the working directory
		1358	object and the pathname string, so you could write the following without
		1359	causing any issues due to C<$path> getting reused:
		1360
		1361	my $path = [$wd, undef];
		1362
		1363	for my $name (qw(abc def ghi)) {
		1364	$path->[1] = $name;
		1365	aio_stat $path, sub {
		1366	# ...
		1367	};
		1368	}
		1369
		1370	There are some caveats: when directories get renamed (or deleted), the
		1371	pathname string doesn't change, so will point to the new directory (or
		1372	nowhere at all), while the directory fd, if available on the system,
		1373	will still point to the original directory. Most functions accepting a
		1374	pathname will use the directory fd on newer systems, and the string on
		1375	older systems. Some functions (such as realpath) will always rely on the
		1376	string form of the pathname.
		1377
		1378	So this fucntionality is mainly useful to get some protection against
		1379	C<chdir>, to easily get an absolute path out of a relative path for future
		1380	reference, and to speed up doing many operations in the same directory
		1381	(e.g. when stat'ing all files in a directory).
		1382
		1383	The following functions implement this working directory abstraction:
		1384
		1385	=over 4
		1386
		1387	=item aio_wd $pathname, $callback->($wd)
		1388
		1389	Asynchonously canonicalise the given pathname and convert it to an
		1390	IO::AIO::WD object representing it. If possible and supported on the
		1391	system, also open a directory fd to speed up pathname resolution relative
		1392	to this working directory.
		1393
		1394	If something goes wrong, then C<undef> is passwd to the callback instead
		1395	of a working directory object and C<$!> is set appropriately. Since
		1396	passing C<undef> as working directory component of a pathname fails the
		1397	request with C<ENOENT>, there is often no need for error checking in the
		1398	C<aio_wd> callback, as future requests using the value will fail in the
		1399	expected way.
		1400
		1401	If this call isn't available because your OS lacks it or it couldn't be
		1402	detected, it will be emulated by calling C<fsync> instead.
		1403
		1404	=item IO::AIO::CWD
		1405
		1406	This is a compiletime constant (object) that represents the process
		1407	current working directory.
		1408
		1409	Specifying this object as working directory object for a pathname is as
		1410	if the pathname would be specified directly, without a directory object,
		1411	e.g., these calls are functionally identical:
		1412
		1413	aio_stat "somefile", sub { ... };
		1414	aio_stat [IO::AIO::CWD, "somefile"], sub { ... };
		1415
		1416	=back
		1417
		1418
749	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS	1419	=head2 IO::AIO::REQ CLASS
750		1420
751	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when	1421	All non-aggregate C<aio_*> functions return an object of this class when
752	called in non-void context.	1422	called in non-void context.
753		1423
…		…
756	=item cancel $req	1426	=item cancel $req
757		1427
758	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution	1428	Cancels the request, if possible. Has the effect of skipping execution
759	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when	1429	when entering the B<execute> state and skipping calling the callback when
760	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise	1430	entering the the B<result> state, but will leave the request otherwise
761	untouched. That means that requests that currently execute will not be	1431	untouched (with the exception of readdir). That means that requests that
762	stopped and resources held by the request will not be freed prematurely.	1432	currently execute will not be stopped and resources held by the request
		1433	will not be freed prematurely.
763		1434
764	=item cb $req $callback->(...)	1435	=item cb $req $callback->(...)
765		1436
766	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.	1437	Replace (or simply set) the callback registered to the request.
767		1438
…		…
818	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they	1489	Their lifetime, simplified, looks like this: when they are empty, they
819	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the	1490	will finish very quickly. If they contain only requests that are in the
820	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to	1491	C<done> state, they will also finish. Otherwise they will continue to
821	exist.	1492	exist.
822		1493
823	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests. And	1494	That means after creating a group you have some time to add requests
824	in the callbacks of those requests, you can add further requests to the	1495	(precisely before the callback has been invoked, which is only done within
825	group. And only when all those requests have finished will the the group	1496	the C<poll_cb>). And in the callbacks of those requests, you can add
826	itself finish.	1497	further requests to the group. And only when all those requests have
		1498	finished will the the group itself finish.
827		1499
828	=over 4	1500	=over 4
829		1501
830	=item add $grp ...	1502	=item add $grp ...
831		1503
…		…
840	=item $grp->cancel_subs	1512	=item $grp->cancel_subs
841		1513
842	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request	1514	Cancel all subrequests and clears any feeder, but not the group request
843	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.	1515	itself. Useful when you queued a lot of events but got a result early.
844		1516
		1517	The group request will finish normally (you cannot add requests to the
		1518	group).
		1519
845	=item $grp->result (...)	1520	=item $grp->result (...)
846		1521
847	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all	1522	Set the result value(s) that will be passed to the group callback when all
848	subrequests have finished and set thre groups errno to the current value	1523	subrequests have finished and set the groups errno to the current value
849	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,	1524	of errno (just like calling C<errno> without an error number). By default,
850	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.	1525	no argument will be passed and errno is zero.
851		1526
852	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])	1527	=item $grp->errno ([$errno])
853		1528
…		…
864	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)	1539	=item feed $grp $callback->($grp)
865		1540
866	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached	1541	Sets a feeder/generator on this group: every group can have an attached
867	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,	1542	generator that generates requests if idle. The idea behind this is that,
868	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,	1543	although you could just queue as many requests as you want in a group,
869	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For	1544	this might starve other requests for a potentially long time. For example,
870	example, C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands C<aio_stat>	1545	C<aio_scandir> might generate hundreds of thousands of C<aio_stat>
871	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.	1546	requests, delaying any later requests for a long time.
872		1547
873	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can	1548	To avoid this, and allow incremental generation of requests, you can
874	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The	1549	instead a group and set a feeder on it that generates those requests. The
875	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,	1550	feed callback will be called whenever there are few enough (see C<limit>,
…		…
880	not impose any limits).	1555	not impose any limits).
881		1556
882	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be	1557	If the feed does not queue more requests when called, it will be
883	automatically removed from the group.	1558	automatically removed from the group.
884		1559
885	If the feed limit is C<0>, it will be set to C<2> automatically.	1560	If the feed limit is C<0> when this method is called, it will be set to
		1561	C<2> automatically.
886		1562
887	Example:	1563	Example:
888		1564
889	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:	1565	# stat all files in @files, but only ever use four aio requests concurrently:
890		1566
…		…
902	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever	1578	Sets the feeder limit for the group: The feeder will be called whenever
903	the group contains less than this many requests.	1579	the group contains less than this many requests.
904		1580
905	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.	1581	Setting the limit to C<0> will pause the feeding process.
906		1582
		1583	The default value for the limit is C<0>, but note that setting a feeder
		1584	automatically bumps it up to C<2>.
		1585
907	=back	1586	=back
908		1587
909	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS	1588	=head2 SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
910		1589
911	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION	1590	=head3 EVENT PROCESSING AND EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
…		…
913	=over 4	1592	=over 4
914		1593
915	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno	1594	=item $fileno = IO::AIO::poll_fileno
916		1595
917	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be	1596	Return the I<request result pipe file descriptor>. This filehandle must be
918	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. Event or	1597	polled for reading by some mechanism outside this module (e.g. EV, Glib,
919	select, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable you have	1598	select and so on, see below or the SYNOPSIS). If the pipe becomes readable
920	to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.	1599	you have to call C<poll_cb> to check the results.
921		1600
922	See C<poll_cb> for an example.	1601	See C<poll_cb> for an example.
923		1602
924	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb	1603	=item IO::AIO::poll_cb
925		1604
926	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call this	1605	Process some outstanding events on the result pipe. You have to call
927	regularly. Returns the number of events processed. Returns immediately	1606	this regularly. Returns C<0> if all events could be processed (or there
928	when no events are outstanding. The amount of events processed depends on	1607	were no events to process), or C<-1> if it returned earlier for whatever
929	the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.	1608	reason. Returns immediately when no events are outstanding. The amount of
		1609	events processed depends on the settings of C<IO::AIO::max_poll_req> and
		1610	C<IO::AIO::max_poll_time>.
930		1611
931	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle	1612	If not all requests were processed for whatever reason, the filehandle
932	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns.	1613	will still be ready when C<poll_cb> returns, so normally you don't have to
		1614	do anything special to have it called later.
		1615
		1616	Apart from calling C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> when the event filehandle becomes
		1617	ready, it can be beneficial to call this function from loops which submit
		1618	a lot of requests, to make sure the results get processed when they become
		1619	available and not just when the loop is finished and the event loop takes
		1620	over again. This function returns very fast when there are no outstanding
		1621	requests.
933		1622
934	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls	1623	Example: Install an Event watcher that automatically calls
935	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority:	1624	IO::AIO::poll_cb with high priority (more examples can be found in the
		1625	SYNOPSIS section, at the top of this document):
936		1626
937	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1627	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
938	poll => 'r', async => 1,	1628	poll => 'r', async => 1,
939	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1629	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1630
		1631	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait
		1632
		1633	If there are any outstanding requests and none of them in the result
		1634	phase, wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply
		1635	does a C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to
		1636	synchronously wait for some requests to finish).
		1637
		1638	See C<nreqs> for an example.
		1639
		1640	=item IO::AIO::poll
		1641
		1642	Waits until some requests have been handled.
		1643
		1644	Returns the number of requests processed, but is otherwise strictly
		1645	equivalent to:
		1646
		1647	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1648
		1649	=item IO::AIO::flush
		1650
		1651	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
		1652
		1653	Strictly equivalent to:
		1654
		1655	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
		1656	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
940		1657
941	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs	1658	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_reqs $nreqs
942		1659
943	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds	1660	=item IO::AIO::max_poll_time $seconds
944		1661
…		…
969	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority	1686	# use a low priority so other tasks have priority
970	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,	1687	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
971	poll => 'r', nice => 1,	1688	poll => 'r', nice => 1,
972	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);	1689	cb => &IO::AIO::poll_cb);
973		1690
974	=item IO::AIO::poll_wait	1691	=back
975
976	Wait till the result filehandle becomes ready for reading (simply does a
977	C<select> on the filehandle. This is useful if you want to synchronously
978	wait for some requests to finish).
979
980	See C<nreqs> for an example.
981
982	=item IO::AIO::poll
983
984	Waits until some requests have been handled.
985
986	Strictly equivalent to:
987
988	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
989	if IO::AIO::nreqs;
990
991	=item IO::AIO::flush
992
993	Wait till all outstanding AIO requests have been handled.
994
995	Strictly equivalent to:
996
997	IO::AIO::poll_wait, IO::AIO::poll_cb
998	while IO::AIO::nreqs;
999		1692
1000	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS	1693	=head3 CONTROLLING THE NUMBER OF THREADS
		1694
		1695	=over
1001		1696
1002	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads	1697	=item IO::AIO::min_parallel $nthreads
1003		1698
1004	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current	1699	Set the minimum number of AIO threads to C<$nthreads>. The current
1005	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute	1700	default is C<8>, which means eight asynchronous operations can execute
…		…
1033		1728
1034	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.	1729	Under normal circumstances you don't need to call this function.
1035		1730
1036	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads	1731	=item IO::AIO::max_idle $nthreads
1037		1732
1038	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle (i.e.,	1733	Limit the number of threads (default: 4) that are allowed to idle
1039	threads that did not get a request to process within 10 seconds). That	1734	(i.e., threads that did not get a request to process within the idle
1040	means if a thread becomes idle while C<$nthreads> other threads are also	1735	timeout (default: 10 seconds). That means if a thread becomes idle while
1041	idle, it will free its resources and exit.	1736	C<$nthreads> other threads are also idle, it will free its resources and
		1737	exit.
1042		1738
1043	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)	1739	This is useful when you allow a large number of threads (e.g. 100 or 1000)
1044	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources	1740	to allow for extremely high load situations, but want to free resources
1045	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).	1741	under normal circumstances (1000 threads can easily consume 30MB of RAM).
1046		1742
1047	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread	1743	The default is probably ok in most situations, especially if thread
1048	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might	1744	creation is fast. If thread creation is very slow on your system you might
1049	want to use larger values.	1745	want to use larger values.
1050		1746
		1747	=item IO::AIO::idle_timeout $seconds
		1748
		1749	Sets the minimum idle timeout (default 10) after which worker threads are
		1750	allowed to exit. SEe C<IO::AIO::max_idle>.
		1751
1051	=item $oldmaxreqs = IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs	1752	=item IO::AIO::max_outstanding $maxreqs
		1753
		1754	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If
		1755	you do queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to
		1756	C<IO::AIO::poll_cb> (and other functions calling C<poll_cb>, such as
		1757	C<IO::AIO::flush> or C<IO::AIO::poll>) will block until the limit is no
		1758	longer exceeded.
		1759
		1760	In other words, this setting does not enforce a queue limit, but can be
		1761	used to make poll functions block if the limit is exceeded.
1052		1762
1053	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it	1763	This is a very bad function to use in interactive programs because it
1054	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better	1764	blocks, and a bad way to reduce concurrency because it is inexact: Better
1055	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.	1765	use an C<aio_group> together with a feed callback.
1056		1766
1057	Sets the maximum number of outstanding requests to C<$nreqs>. If you	1767	It's main use is in scripts without an event loop - when you want to stat
1058	to queue up more than this number of requests, the next call to the	1768	a lot of files, you can write somehting like this:
1059	C<poll_cb> (and C<poll_some> and other functions calling C<poll_cb>)
1060	function will block until the limit is no longer exceeded.
1061		1769
1062	The default value is very large, so there is no practical limit on the	1770	IO::AIO::max_outstanding 32;
1063	number of outstanding requests.
1064		1771
1065	You can still queue as many requests as you want. Therefore,	1772	for my $path (...) {
1066	C<max_oustsanding> is mainly useful in simple scripts (with low values) or	1773	aio_stat $path , ...;
1067	as a stop gap to shield against fatal memory overflow (with large values).	1774	IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1775	}
		1776
		1777	IO::AIO::flush;
		1778
		1779	The call to C<poll_cb> inside the loop will normally return instantly, but
		1780	as soon as more thna C<32> reqeusts are in-flight, it will block until
		1781	some requests have been handled. This keeps the loop from pushing a large
		1782	number of C<aio_stat> requests onto the queue.
		1783
		1784	The default value for C<max_outstanding> is very large, so there is no
		1785	practical limit on the number of outstanding requests.
		1786
		1787	=back
1068		1788
1069	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION	1789	=head3 STATISTICAL INFORMATION
		1790
		1791	=over
1070		1792
1071	=item IO::AIO::nreqs	1793	=item IO::AIO::nreqs
1072		1794
1073	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending	1795	Returns the number of requests currently in the ready, execute or pending
1074	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).	1796	states (i.e. for which their callback has not been invoked yet).
…		…
1088	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,	1810	Returns the number of requests currently in the pending state (executed,
1089	but not yet processed by poll_cb).	1811	but not yet processed by poll_cb).
1090		1812
1091	=back	1813	=back
1092		1814
		1815	=head3 MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
		1816
		1817	IO::AIO implements some functions that might be useful, but are not
		1818	asynchronous.
		1819
		1820	=over 4
		1821
		1822	=item IO::AIO::sendfile $ofh, $ifh, $offset, $count
		1823
		1824	Calls the C<eio_sendfile_sync> function, which is like C<aio_sendfile>,
		1825	but is blocking (this makes most sense if you know the input data is
		1826	likely cached already and the output filehandle is set to non-blocking
		1827	operations).
		1828
		1829	Returns the number of bytes copied, or C<-1> on error.
		1830
		1831	=item IO::AIO::fadvise $fh, $offset, $len, $advice
		1832
		1833	Simply calls the C<posix_fadvise> function (see its
		1834	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1835	available: C<IO::AIO::FADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1836	C<IO::AIO::FADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_NOREUSE>,
		1837	C<IO::AIO::FADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::FADV_DONTNEED>.
		1838
		1839	On systems that do not implement C<posix_fadvise>, this function returns
		1840	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_fadvise>.
		1841
		1842	=item IO::AIO::madvise $scalar, $offset, $len, $advice
		1843
		1844	Simply calls the C<posix_madvise> function (see its
		1845	manpage for details). The following advice constants are
		1846	available: C<IO::AIO::MADV_NORMAL>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_SEQUENTIAL>,
		1847	C<IO::AIO::MADV_RANDOM>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_WILLNEED>, C<IO::AIO::MADV_DONTNEED>.
		1848
		1849	On systems that do not implement C<posix_madvise>, this function returns
		1850	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<posix_madvise>.
		1851
		1852	=item IO::AIO::mprotect $scalar, $offset, $len, $protect
		1853
		1854	Simply calls the C<mprotect> function on the preferably AIO::mmap'ed
		1855	$scalar (see its manpage for details). The following protect
		1856	constants are available: C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ>,
		1857	C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>.
		1858
		1859	On systems that do not implement C<mprotect>, this function returns
		1860	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<mprotect>.
		1861
		1862	=item IO::AIO::mmap $scalar, $length, $prot, $flags, $fh[, $offset]
		1863
		1864	Memory-maps a file (or anonymous memory range) and attaches it to the
		1865	given C<$scalar>, which will act like a string scalar.
		1866
		1867	The only operations allowed on the scalar are C<substr>/C<vec> that don't
		1868	change the string length, and most read-only operations such as copying it
		1869	or searching it with regexes and so on.
		1870
		1871	Anything else is unsafe and will, at best, result in memory leaks.
		1872
		1873	The memory map associated with the C<$scalar> is automatically removed
		1874	when the C<$scalar> is destroyed, or when the C<IO::AIO::mmap> or
		1875	C<IO::AIO::munmap> functions are called.
		1876
		1877	This calls the C<mmap>(2) function internally. See your system's manual
		1878	page for details on the C<$length>, C<$prot> and C<$flags> parameters.
		1879
		1880	The C<$length> must be larger than zero and smaller than the actual
		1881	filesize.
		1882
		1883	C<$prot> is a combination of C<IO::AIO::PROT_NONE>, C<IO::AIO::PROT_EXEC>,
		1884	C<IO::AIO::PROT_READ> and/or C<IO::AIO::PROT_WRITE>,
		1885
		1886	C<$flags> can be a combination of C<IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED> or
		1887	C<IO::AIO::MAP_PRIVATE>, or a number of system-specific flags (when
		1888	not available, the are defined as 0): C<IO::AIO::MAP_ANONYMOUS>
		1889	(which is set to C<MAP_ANON> if your system only provides this
		1890	constant), C<IO::AIO::MAP_HUGETLB>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_LOCKED>,
		1891	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NORESERVE>, C<IO::AIO::MAP_POPULATE> or
		1892	C<IO::AIO::MAP_NONBLOCK>
		1893
		1894	If C<$fh> is C<undef>, then a file descriptor of C<-1> is passed.
		1895
		1896	C<$offset> is the offset from the start of the file - it generally must be
		1897	a multiple of C<IO::AIO::PAGESIZE> and defaults to C<0>.
		1898
		1899	Example:
		1900
		1901	use Digest::MD5;
		1902	use IO::AIO;
		1903
		1904	open my $fh, "<verybigfile"
		1905	or die "$!";
		1906
		1907	IO::AIO::mmap my $data, -s $fh, IO::AIO::PROT_READ, IO::AIO::MAP_SHARED, $fh
		1908	or die "verybigfile: $!";
		1909
		1910	my $fast_md5 = md5 $data;
		1911
		1912	=item IO::AIO::munmap $scalar
		1913
		1914	Removes a previous mmap and undefines the C<$scalar>.
		1915
		1916	=item IO::AIO::munlock $scalar, $offset = 0, $length = undef
		1917
		1918	Calls the C<munlock> function, undoing the effects of a previous
		1919	C<aio_mlock> call (see its description for details).
		1920
		1921	=item IO::AIO::munlockall
		1922
		1923	Calls the C<munlockall> function.
		1924
		1925	On systems that do not implement C<munlockall>, this function returns
		1926	ENOSYS, otherwise the return value of C<munlockall>.
		1927
		1928	=back
		1929
1093	=cut	1930	=cut
1094		1931
1095	# support function to convert a fd into a perl filehandle
1096	sub _fd2fh {
1097	return undef if $_[0] < 0;
1098
1099	# try to generate nice filehandles
1100	my $sym = "IO::AIO::fd#$_[0]";
1101	local *$sym;
1102
1103	open *$sym, "+<&=$_[0]" # usually works under any unix
1104	or open *$sym, "<&=$_[0]" # cygwin needs this
1105	or open *$sym, ">&=$_[0]" # or this
1106	or return undef;
1107
1108	*$sym
1109	}
1110
1111	min_parallel 8;	1932	min_parallel 8;
1112		1933
1113	END {	1934	END { flush }
1114	min_parallel 1;
1115	flush;
1116	};
1117		1935
1118	1;	1936	1;
1119		1937
		1938	=head1 EVENT LOOP INTEGRATION
		1939
		1940	It is recommended to use L<AnyEvent::AIO> to integrate IO::AIO
		1941	automatically into many event loops:
		1942
		1943	# AnyEvent integration (EV, Event, Glib, Tk, POE, urxvt, pureperl...)
		1944	use AnyEvent::AIO;
		1945
		1946	You can also integrate IO::AIO manually into many event loops, here are
		1947	some examples of how to do this:
		1948
		1949	# EV integration
		1950	my $aio_w = EV::io IO::AIO::poll_fileno, EV::READ, \&IO::AIO::poll_cb;
		1951
		1952	# Event integration
		1953	Event->io (fd => IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		1954	poll => 'r',
		1955	cb => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1956
		1957	# Glib/Gtk2 integration
		1958	add_watch Glib::IO IO::AIO::poll_fileno,
		1959	in => sub { IO::AIO::poll_cb; 1 };
		1960
		1961	# Tk integration
		1962	Tk::Event::IO->fileevent (IO::AIO::poll_fileno, "",
		1963	readable => \&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1964
		1965	# Danga::Socket integration
		1966	Danga::Socket->AddOtherFds (IO::AIO::poll_fileno =>
		1967	\&IO::AIO::poll_cb);
		1968
1120	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR	1969	=head2 FORK BEHAVIOUR
1121		1970
1122	This module should do "the right thing" when the process using it forks:	1971	Usage of pthreads in a program changes the semantics of fork
		1972	considerably. Specifically, only async-safe functions can be called after
		1973	fork. Perl doesn't know about this, so in general, you cannot call fork
		1974	with defined behaviour in perl if pthreads are involved. IO::AIO uses
		1975	pthreads, so this applies, but many other extensions and (for inexplicable
		1976	reasons) perl itself often is linked against pthreads, so this limitation
		1977	applies to quite a lot of perls.
1123		1978
1124	Before the fork, IO::AIO enters a quiescent state where no requests	1979	This module no longer tries to fight your OS, or POSIX. That means IO::AIO
1125	can be added in other threads and no results will be processed. After	1980	only works in the process that loaded it. Forking is fully supported, but
1126	the fork the parent simply leaves the quiescent state and continues	1981	using IO::AIO in the child is not.
1127	request/result processing, while the child frees the request/result queue
1128	(so that the requests started before the fork will only be handled in the
1129	parent). Threads will be started on demand until the limit set in the
1130	parent process has been reached again.
1131		1982
1132	In short: the parent will, after a short pause, continue as if fork had	1983	You might get around by not I<using> IO::AIO before (or after)
1133	not been called, while the child will act as if IO::AIO has not been used	1984	forking. You could also try to call the L<IO::AIO::reinit> function in the
1134	yet.	1985	child:
		1986
		1987	=over 4
		1988
		1989	=item IO::AIO::reinit
		1990
		1991	Abandons all current requests and I/O threads and simply reinitialises all
		1992	data structures. This is not an operation supported by any standards, but
		1993	happens to work on GNU/Linux and some newer BSD systems.
		1994
		1995	The only reasonable use for this function is to call it after forking, if
		1996	C<IO::AIO> was used in the parent. Calling it while IO::AIO is active in
		1997	the process will result in undefined behaviour. Calling it at any time
		1998	will also result in any undefined (by POSIX) behaviour.
		1999
		2000	=back
1135		2001
1136	=head2 MEMORY USAGE	2002	=head2 MEMORY USAGE
1137		2003
1138	Per-request usage:	2004	Per-request usage:
1139		2005
…		…
1141	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly	2007	bytes of memory. In addition, stat requests need a stat buffer (possibly
1142	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl	2008	a few hundred bytes), readdir requires a result buffer and so on. Perl
1143	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and	2009	scalars and other data passed into aio requests will also be locked and
1144	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.	2010	will consume memory till the request has entered the done state.
1145		2011
1146	This is now awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a	2012	This is not awfully much, so queuing lots of requests is not usually a
1147	problem.	2013	problem.
1148		2014
1149	Per-thread usage:	2015	Per-thread usage:
1150		2016
1151	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for	2017	In the execution phase, some aio requests require more memory for
…		…
1156		2022
1157	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.	2023	Known bugs will be fixed in the next release.
1158		2024
1159	=head1 SEE ALSO	2025	=head1 SEE ALSO
1160		2026
1161	L<Coro::AIO>.	2027	L<AnyEvent::AIO> for easy integration into event loops, L<Coro::AIO> for a
		2028	more natural syntax.
1162		2029
1163	=head1 AUTHOR	2030	=head1 AUTHOR
1164		2031
1165	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	2032	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1166	http://home.schmorp.de/	2033	http://home.schmorp.de/

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