[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/JSON-XS/README

Comparing JSON-XS/README (file contents):
Revision 1.24 by root, Thu Mar 27 06:37:35 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.36 by root, Wed Jul 27 15:53:40 2011 UTC

      $perl_scalar = $coder->decode ($unicode_json_text);
      # Note that JSON version 2.0 and above will automatically use JSON::XS
      # if available, at virtually no speed overhead either, so you should
      # be able to just:
- use JSON;
+     use JSON;
      # and do the same things, except that you have a pure-perl fallback now.
 DESCRIPTION
     This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its
     primary goal is to be *correct* and its secondary goal is to be *fast*.
     To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
     Beginning with version 2.0 of the JSON module, when both JSON and
     JSON::XS are installed, then JSON will fall back on JSON::XS (this can
-    be overriden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheritign
+    be overridden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheriting
     constructor and methods). If JSON::XS is not available, it will fall
     back to the compatible JSON::PP module as backend, so using JSON instead
     of JSON::XS gives you a portable JSON API that can be fast when you need
     and doesn't require a C compiler when that is a problem.
     to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON
     modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most
     cases their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening
     to bug reports for other reasons.
-    See COMPARISON, below, for a comparison to some other JSON modules.
     See MAPPING, below, on how JSON::XS maps perl values to JSON values and
     vice versa.
   FEATURES
     *   correct Unicode handling
         This module knows how to handle Unicode, documents how and when it
         does so, and even documents what "correct" means.
     *   round-trip integrity
-        When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes
+        When you serialise a perl data structure using only data types
-        supported by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on
+        supported by JSON and Perl, the deserialised data structure is
-        the Perl level. (e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2"
+        identical on the Perl level. (e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly
-        just because it looks like a number). There minor *are* exceptions
+        become "2" just because it looks like a number). There *are* minor
-        to this, read the MAPPING section below to learn about those.
+        exceptions to this, read the MAPPING section below to learn about
+        those.
     *   strict checking of JSON correctness
         There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by
         default, and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter
         too.
     *   simple to use
         This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an
-        objetc oriented interface interface.
+        object oriented interface interface.
     *   reasonably versatile output formats
         You can choose between the most compact guaranteed-single-line
-        format possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii
+        format possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ASCII
         format (for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports
         the whole Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you
         want to read that stuff). Or you can combine those features in
         whatever way you like.
         This function call is functionally identical to:
            $json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)
-        except being faster.
+        Except being faster.
     $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
         The opposite of "encode_json": expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and
         tries to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the
         resulting reference. Croaks on error.
         This function call is functionally identical to:
            $perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)
-        except being faster.
+        Except being faster.
     $is_boolean = JSON::XS::is_bool $scalar
         Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::XS::true
         or JSON::XS::false, two constants that act like 1 and 0,
         respectively and are used to represent JSON "true" and "false"
         If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it
         doesn't exist.
     4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be
-    validly interpreted as a Unicode codepoint.
+    validly interpreted as a Unicode code point.
         If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string,
         but a Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string.
     5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is *not* a UTF-8
     string.
         contains the same data, as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering
         in Perl.
         This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
+        This setting has currently no effect on tied hashes.
     $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])
     $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
         If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method can
         convert a non-reference into its corresponding string, number or
         null JSON value, which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise,
         Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled
         "allow_nonref", resulting in an invalid JSON text:
            JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
            => "Hello, World!"
+    $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])
+    $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown
+        If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode" will *not* throw an
+        exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON (for
+        example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON "null" value.
+        Note that blessed objects are not included here and are handled
+        separately by c<allow_nonref>.
+        If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will throw an
+        exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.
+        This option does not affect "decode" in any way, and it is
+        recommended to leave it off unless you know your communications
+        partner.
     $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])
     $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
         If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will not
         barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of
         saving space.
     $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])
     $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
         Sets the maximum nesting level (default 512) accepted while encoding
-        or decoding. If the JSON text or Perl data structure has an equal or
+        or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in JSON text or a
-        higher nesting level then this limit, then the encoder and decoder
+        Perl data structure, then the encoder and decoder will stop and
-        will stop and croak at that point.
+        croak at that point.
         Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the
         encoder needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of
         "{" or "[" characters without their matching closing parenthesis
         crossed to reach a given character in a string.
         Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that
         ensures that the object is only a single hash/object or array.
-        The argument to "max_depth" will be rounded up to the next highest
-        power of two. If no argument is given, the highest possible setting
+        If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be used,
-        will be used, which is rarely useful.
+        which is rarely useful.
+        Note that nesting is implemented by recursion in C. The default
+        value has been chosen to be as large as typical operating systems
+        allow without crashing.
         See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is
         useful.
     $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])
     $max_size = $json->get_max_size
         Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where
         decoding is being attempted. The default is 0, meaning no limit.
-        When "decode" is called on a string longer then this number of
+        When "decode" is called on a string that is longer then this many
-        characters it will not attempt to decode the string but throw an
+        bytes, it will not attempt to decode the string but throw an
         exception. This setting has no effect on "encode" (yet).
-        The argument to "max_size" will be rounded up to the next highest
-        power of two (so may be more than requested). If no argument is
-        given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as when 0 is
+        If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same
-        specified).
+        as when 0 is specified).
         See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is
         useful.
     $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)
            JSON::XS->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail")
            => ([], 3)
 INCREMENTAL PARSING
-    [This section and the API it details is still EXPERIMENTAL]
     In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON texts.
     While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting Perl
     data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a JSON
     stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has a
     full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
     using "decode_prefix" to see if a full JSON object is available, but is
-    much more efficient (JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text
+    much more efficient (and can be implemented with a minimum of method
-    once it is sure it has enough text to get a decisive result, using a
+    calls).
-    very simple but truly incremental parser).
-    The following two methods deal with this.
+    JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text once it is sure it has
+    enough text to get a decisive result, using a very simple but truly
+    incremental parser. This means that it sometimes won't stop as early as
+    the full parser, for example, it doesn't detect mismatched parentheses.
+    The only thing it guarantees is that it starts decoding as soon as a
+    syntactically valid JSON text has been seen. This means you need to set
+    resource limits (e.g. "max_size") to ensure the parser will stop parsing
+    in the presence if syntax errors.
+    The following methods implement this incremental parser.
     [void, scalar or list context] = $json->incr_parse ([$string])
         This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text
         and extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of
         these functions are optional).
         otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators between the
         JSON objects or arrays, instead they must be concatenated
         back-to-back. If an error occurs, an exception will be raised as in
         the scalar context case. Note that in this case, any
         previously-parsed JSON texts will be lost.
+        Example: Parse some JSON arrays/objects in a given string and return
+        them.
+           my @objs = JSON::XS->new->incr_parse ("[5][7][1,2]");
     $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
         This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue,
         that is, you can manipulate it. This *only* works when a preceding
         call to "incr_parse" in *scalar context* successfully returned an
         after a JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by
         non-JSON text (such as commas).
     $json->incr_skip
         This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove
-        the parsed text from the input buffer. This is useful after
+        the parsed text from the input buffer so far. This is useful after
         "incr_parse" died, in which case the input buffer and incremental
         parser state is left unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and
         to reset the parse state.
+        The difference to "incr_reset" is that only text until the parse
+        error occured is removed.
+    $json->incr_reset
+        This completely resets the incremental parser, that is, after this
+        call, it will be as if the parser had never parsed anything.
+        This is useful if you want to repeatedly parse JSON objects and want
+        to ignore any trailing data, which means you have to reset the
+        parser after each successful decode.
   LIMITATIONS
     All options that affect decoding are supported, except "allow_nonref".
     The reason for this is that it cannot be made to work sensibly: JSON
     objects and arrays are self-delimited, i.e. you can concatenate them
         Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
         represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss
         of precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping
         ability, but the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON
         number).
+        Note that precision is not accuracy - binary floating point values
+        cannot represent most decimal fractions exactly, and when converting
+        from and to floating point, JSON::XS only guarantees precision up to
+        but not including the leats significant bit.
     true, false
         These JSON atoms become "JSON::XS::true" and "JSON::XS::false",
         respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the
         numbers 1 and 0. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean by
         an exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers 0
         and 1, which get turned into "false" and "true" atoms in JSON. You
         can also use "JSON::XS::false" and "JSON::XS::true" to improve
         readability.
-           encode_json [\0,JSON::XS::true]      # yields [false,true]
+           encode_json [\0, JSON::XS::true]      # yields [false,true]
     JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false
         These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
         respectively. You can also use "\1" and "\0" directly if you want.
            $x *= 1;     # same thing, the choice is yours.
         You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways.
         Tell me if you need this capability (but don't forget to explain why
         it's needed :).
+        Note that numerical precision has the same meaning as under Perl (so
+        binary to decimal conversion follows the same rules as in Perl,
+        which can differ to other languages). Also, your perl interpreter
+        might expose extensions to the floating point numbers of your
+        platform, such as infinities or NaN's - these cannot be represented
+        in JSON, and it is an error to pass those in.
 ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES
     The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify
     encodings or codesets - "utf8", "latin1" and "ascii". There seems to be
     some confusion on what these do, so here is a short comparison:
         structure back. This is useful when your channel for JSON transfer
         is not 8-bit clean or the encoding might be mangled in between (e.g.
         in mail), and works because ASCII is a proper subset of most 8-bit
         and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
+  JSON and ECMAscript
+    JSON syntax is based on how literals are represented in javascript (the
+    not-standardised predecessor of ECMAscript) which is presumably why it
+    is called "JavaScript Object Notation".
+    However, JSON is not a subset (and also not a superset of course) of
+    ECMAscript (the standard) or javascript (whatever browsers actually
+    implement).
+    If you want to use javascript's "eval" function to "parse" JSON, you
+    might run into parse errors for valid JSON texts, or the resulting data
+    structure might not be queryable:
+    One of the problems is that U+2028 and U+2029 are valid characters
+    inside JSON strings, but are not allowed in ECMAscript string literals,
+    so the following Perl fragment will not output something that can be
+    guaranteed to be parsable by javascript's "eval":
+       use JSON::XS;
+       print encode_json [chr 0x2028];
+    The right fix for this is to use a proper JSON parser in your javascript
+    programs, and not rely on "eval" (see for example Douglas Crockford's
+    json2.js parser).
+    If this is not an option, you can, as a stop-gap measure, simply encode
+    to ASCII-only JSON:
+       use JSON::XS;
+       print JSON::XS->new->ascii->encode ([chr 0x2028]);
+    Note that this will enlarge the resulting JSON text quite a bit if you
+    have many non-ASCII characters. You might be tempted to run some regexes
+    to only escape U+2028 and U+2029, e.g.:
+       # DO NOT USE THIS!
+       my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ([chr 0x2028]);
+       $json =~ s/\xe2\x80\xa8/\\u2028/g; # escape U+2028
+       $json =~ s/\xe2\x80\xa9/\\u2029/g; # escape U+2029
+       print $json;
+    Note that *this is a bad idea*: the above only works for U+2028 and
+    U+2029 and thus only for fully ECMAscript-compliant parsers. Many
+    existing javascript implementations, however, have issues with other
+    characters as well - using "eval" naively simply *will* cause problems.
+    Another problem is that some javascript implementations reserve some
+    property names for their own purposes (which probably makes them
+    non-ECMAscript-compliant). For example, Iceweasel reserves the
+    "__proto__" property name for its own purposes.
+    If that is a problem, you could parse try to filter the resulting JSON
+    output for these property strings, e.g.:
+       $json =~ s/"__proto__"\s*:/"__proto__renamed":/g;
+    This works because "__proto__" is not valid outside of strings, so every
+    occurence of ""__proto__"\s*:" must be a string used as property name.
+    If you know of other incompatibilities, please let me know.
   JSON and YAML
     You often hear that JSON is a subset of YAML. This is, however, a mass
     hysteria(*) and very far from the truth (as of the time of this
     writing), so let me state it clearly: *in general, there is no way to
     configure JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML* that works
        my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";
     This will *usually* generate JSON texts that also parse as valid YAML.
     Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key
     lengths that JSON doesn't have and also has different and incompatible
-    unicode handling, so you should make sure that your hash keys are
+    unicode character escape syntax, so you should make sure that your hash
-    noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows and
+    keys are noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML
-    that you do not have characters with codepoint values outside the
+    allows and that you do not have characters with codepoint values outside
-    Unicode BMP (basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow "\/"
+    the Unicode BMP (basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow "\/"
     sequences in strings (which JSON::XS does not *currently* generate, but
     other JSON generators might).
     There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of (or the
     YAML specification has been changed yet again - it does so quite often).
         (which is not that difficult or long) and finally make YAML
         compatible to it, and educating users about the changes, instead of
         spreading lies about the real compatibility for many *years* and
         trying to silence people who point out that it isn't true.
+        Addendum/2009: the YAML 1.2 spec is still incompatible with JSON,
+        even though the incompatibilities have been documented (and are
+        known to Brian) for many years and the spec makes explicit claims
+        that YAML is a superset of JSON. It would be so easy to fix, but
+        apparently, bullying people and corrupting userdata is so much
+        easier.
   SPEED
     It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following
     tables. They have been generated with the help of the "eg/bench" program
     in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own
     system.
     First comes a comparison between various modules using a very short
     single-line JSON string (also available at
     <http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/short.json>).
-       {"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1", "we were just talking"], \
+       {"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1",
-       "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7, true,  false]}
+       "we were just talking"], "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7,
+       1,  0]}
     It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses the
     functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface with
-    pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables shrink).
+    pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables shrink.
-    Higher is better:
+    JSON::DWIW/DS uses the deserialise function, while JSON::DWIW::FJ uses
+    the from_json method). Higher is better:
-       module     |     encode |     decode |
+       module        |     encode |     decode |
-       -----------|------------|------------|
+       --------------|------------|------------|
-       JSON 1.x   |   4990.842 |   4088.813 |
+       JSON::DWIW/DS |  86302.551 | 102300.098 |
-       JSON::DWIW |  51653.990 |  71575.154 |
+       JSON::DWIW/FJ |  86302.551 |  75983.768 |
-       JSON::PC   |  65948.176 |  74631.744 |
+       JSON::PP      |  15827.562 |   6638.658 |
-       JSON::PP   |   8931.652 |   3817.168 |
+       JSON::Syck    |  63358.066 |  47662.545 |
-       JSON::Syck |  24877.248 |  27776.848 |
+       JSON::XS      | 511500.488 | 511500.488 |
-       JSON::XS   | 388361.481 | 227951.304 |
+       JSON::XS/2    | 291271.111 | 388361.481 |
-       JSON::XS/2 | 227951.304 | 218453.333 |
+       JSON::XS/3    | 361577.931 | 361577.931 |
-       JSON::XS/3 | 338250.323 | 218453.333 |
+       Storable      |  66788.280 | 265462.278 |
-       Storable   |  16500.016 | 135300.129 |
-       -----------+------------+------------+
+       --------------+------------+------------+
-    That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on
+    That is, JSON::XS is almost six times faster than JSON::DWIW on
-    encoding, about three times faster on decoding, and over forty times
+    encoding, about five times faster on decoding, and over thirty to
-    faster than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also
+    seventy times faster than JSON's pure perl implementation. It also
     compares favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.
     Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals
     search API (<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/long.json>).
-       module     |     encode |     decode |
+       module        |     encode |     decode |
-       -----------|------------|------------|
+       --------------|------------|------------|
-       JSON 1.x   |     55.260 |     34.971 |
+       JSON::DWIW/DS |   1647.927 |   2673.916 |
-       JSON::DWIW |    825.228 |   1082.513 |
+       JSON::DWIW/FJ |   1630.249 |   2596.128 |
-       JSON::PC   |   3571.444 |   2394.829 |
-       JSON::PP   |    210.987 |     32.574 |
+       JSON::PP      |    400.640 |     62.311 |
-       JSON::Syck |    552.551 |    787.544 |
+       JSON::Syck    |   1481.040 |   1524.869 |
-       JSON::XS   |   5780.463 |   4854.519 |
+       JSON::XS      |  20661.596 |   9541.183 |
-       JSON::XS/2 |   3869.998 |   4798.975 |
+       JSON::XS/2    |  10683.403 |   9416.938 |
-       JSON::XS/3 |   5862.880 |   4798.975 |
+       JSON::XS/3    |  20661.596 |   9400.054 |
-       Storable   |   4445.002 |   5235.027 |
+       Storable      |  19765.806 |  10000.725 |
-       -----------+------------+------------+
+       --------------+------------+------------+
     Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly
-    decodes faster).
+    decodes a bit faster).
     On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some
     modules (such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the
     result will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others
     refuse to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a
     information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by
     JSON::XS will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.
     If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption by JavaScript
     scripts in a browser you should have a look at
-    <http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether
+    <http://blog.archive.jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security/>
-    you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are
+    to see whether you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which
-    browser design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it,
+    really are browser design bugs, but it is still you who will have to
-    as major browser developers care only for features, not about getting
+    deal with it, as major browser developers care only for features, not
-    security right).
+    about getting security right).
 THREADS
     This module is *not* guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no plans
     to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the
     horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated
     (It might actually work, but you have been warned).
 BUGS
     While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does
-    not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is
+    not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. If you
-    still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs
-    they will be fixed swiftly, though.
+    keep reporting bugs they will be fixed swiftly, though.
     Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting
     service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.
 SEE ALSO

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Comparing JSON-XS/README (file contents): Revision 1.24 by root, Thu Mar 27 06:37:35 2008 UTC vs. Revision 1.36 by root, Wed Jul 27 15:53:40 2011 UTC

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Comparing JSON-XS/README (file contents):
Revision 1.24 by root, Thu Mar 27 06:37:35 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.36 by root, Wed Jul 27 15:53:40 2011 UTC