1 | =head1 NAME |
1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
2 | |
3 | JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast |
3 | JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast |
4 | |
4 | |
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5 | JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ |
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6 | (http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html) |
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7 | |
5 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
8 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
6 | |
9 | |
7 | use JSON::XS; |
10 | use JSON::XS; |
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11 | |
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12 | # exported functions, they croak on error |
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13 | # and expect/generate UTF-8 |
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14 | |
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15 | $utf8_encoded_json_text = to_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref; |
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16 | $perl_hash_or_arrayref = from_json $utf8_encoded_json_text; |
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17 | |
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18 | # OO-interface |
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19 | |
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20 | $coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref; |
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21 | $pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar); |
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22 | $perl_scalar = $coder->decode ($unicode_json_text); |
8 | |
23 | |
9 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
24 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
10 | |
25 | |
11 | This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its |
26 | This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its |
12 | primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be |
27 | primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be |
… | |
… | |
18 | their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug |
33 | their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug |
19 | reports for other reasons. |
34 | reports for other reasons. |
20 | |
35 | |
21 | See COMPARISON, below, for a comparison to some other JSON modules. |
36 | See COMPARISON, below, for a comparison to some other JSON modules. |
22 | |
37 | |
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38 | See MAPPING, below, on how JSON::XS maps perl values to JSON values and |
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39 | vice versa. |
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40 | |
23 | =head2 FEATURES |
41 | =head2 FEATURES |
24 | |
42 | |
25 | =over 4 |
43 | =over 4 |
26 | |
44 | |
27 | =item * correct handling of unicode issues |
45 | =item * correct Unicode handling |
28 | |
46 | |
29 | This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how it does so. |
47 | This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how and when |
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48 | it does so. |
30 | |
49 | |
31 | =item * round-trip integrity |
50 | =item * round-trip integrity |
32 | |
51 | |
33 | When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported |
52 | When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported |
34 | by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level. |
53 | by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level. |
35 | (e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2"). |
54 | (e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks |
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55 | like a number). |
36 | |
56 | |
37 | =item * strict checking of JSON correctness |
57 | =item * strict checking of JSON correctness |
38 | |
58 | |
39 | There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON strings by default, |
59 | There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default, |
40 | and only JSON is accepted as input (the latter is a security feature). |
60 | and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security |
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61 | feature). |
41 | |
62 | |
42 | =item * fast |
63 | =item * fast |
43 | |
64 | |
44 | compared to other JSON modules, this module compares favourably. |
65 | Compared to other JSON modules, this module compares favourably in terms |
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66 | of speed, too. |
45 | |
67 | |
46 | =item * simple to use |
68 | =item * simple to use |
47 | |
69 | |
48 | This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO |
70 | This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO |
49 | interface. |
71 | interface. |
50 | |
72 | |
51 | =item * reasonably versatile output formats |
73 | =item * reasonably versatile output formats |
52 | |
74 | |
53 | You can choose between the most compact format possible, a pure-ascii |
75 | You can choose between the most compact guaranteed single-line format |
54 | format, or a pretty-printed format. Or you can combine those features in |
76 | possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format |
55 | whatever way you like. |
77 | (for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole |
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78 | Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that |
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79 | stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like. |
56 | |
80 | |
57 | =back |
81 | =back |
58 | |
82 | |
59 | =cut |
83 | =cut |
60 | |
84 | |
61 | package JSON::XS; |
85 | package JSON::XS; |
62 | |
86 | |
63 | BEGIN { |
87 | use strict; |
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88 | |
64 | $VERSION = '0.2'; |
89 | our $VERSION = '1.53'; |
65 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
90 | our @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
66 | |
91 | |
67 | @EXPORT = qw(to_json from_json); |
92 | our @EXPORT = qw(to_json from_json); |
68 | require Exporter; |
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69 | |
93 | |
70 | require XSLoader; |
94 | use Exporter; |
71 | XSLoader::load JSON::XS::, $VERSION; |
95 | use XSLoader; |
72 | } |
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73 | |
96 | |
74 | =head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE |
97 | =head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE |
75 | |
98 | |
76 | The following convinience methods are provided by this module. They are |
99 | The following convenience methods are provided by this module. They are |
77 | exported by default: |
100 | exported by default: |
78 | |
101 | |
79 | =over 4 |
102 | =over 4 |
80 | |
103 | |
81 | =item $json_string = to_json $perl_scalar |
104 | =item $json_text = to_json $perl_scalar |
82 | |
105 | |
83 | Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference to |
106 | Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string |
84 | a hash or array) to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string (that is, the string contains |
107 | (that is, the string contains octets only). Croaks on error. |
85 | octets only). Croaks on error. |
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86 | |
108 | |
87 | This function call is functionally identical to C<< JSON::XS->new->utf8 |
109 | This function call is functionally identical to: |
88 | (1)->encode ($perl_scalar) >>. |
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89 | |
110 | |
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111 | $json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar) |
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112 | |
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113 | except being faster. |
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114 | |
90 | =item $perl_scalar = from_json $json_string |
115 | =item $perl_scalar = from_json $json_text |
91 | |
116 | |
92 | The opposite of C<to_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries to |
117 | The opposite of C<to_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries |
93 | parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON string, returning the resulting simple |
118 | to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting |
94 | scalar or reference. Croaks on error. |
119 | reference. Croaks on error. |
95 | |
120 | |
96 | This function call is functionally identical to C<< JSON::XS->new->utf8 |
121 | This function call is functionally identical to: |
97 | (1)->decode ($json_string) >>. |
122 | |
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123 | $perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text) |
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124 | |
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125 | except being faster. |
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126 | |
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127 | =item $is_boolean = JSON::XS::is_bool $scalar |
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128 | |
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129 | Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::XS::true or |
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130 | JSON::XS::false, two constants that act like C<1> and C<0>, respectively |
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131 | and are used to represent JSON C<true> and C<false> values in Perl. |
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132 | |
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133 | See MAPPING, below, for more information on how JSON values are mapped to |
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134 | Perl. |
98 | |
135 | |
99 | =back |
136 | =back |
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137 | |
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138 | |
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139 | =head1 A FEW NOTES ON UNICODE AND PERL |
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140 | |
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141 | Since this often leads to confusion, here are a few very clear words on |
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142 | how Unicode works in Perl, modulo bugs. |
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143 | |
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144 | =over 4 |
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145 | |
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146 | =item 1. Perl strings can store characters with ordinal values > 255. |
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147 | |
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148 | This enables you to store Unicode characters as single characters in a |
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149 | Perl string - very natural. |
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150 | |
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151 | =item 2. Perl does I<not> associate an encoding with your strings. |
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152 | |
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153 | Unless you force it to, e.g. when matching it against a regex, or printing |
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154 | the scalar to a file, in which case Perl either interprets your string as |
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155 | locale-encoded text, octets/binary, or as Unicode, depending on various |
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156 | settings. In no case is an encoding stored together with your data, it is |
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157 | I<use> that decides encoding, not any magical metadata. |
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158 | |
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159 | =item 3. The internal utf-8 flag has no meaning with regards to the |
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160 | encoding of your string. |
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161 | |
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162 | Just ignore that flag unless you debug a Perl bug, a module written in |
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163 | XS or want to dive into the internals of perl. Otherwise it will only |
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164 | confuse you, as, despite the name, it says nothing about how your string |
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165 | is encoded. You can have Unicode strings with that flag set, with that |
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166 | flag clear, and you can have binary data with that flag set and that flag |
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167 | clear. Other possibilities exist, too. |
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168 | |
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169 | If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't |
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170 | exist. |
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171 | |
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172 | =item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be |
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173 | validly interpreted as a Unicode codepoint. |
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174 | |
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175 | If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a |
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176 | Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string. |
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177 | |
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178 | =item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string. |
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179 | |
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180 | It's a fact. Learn to live with it. |
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181 | |
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182 | =back |
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183 | |
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184 | I hope this helps :) |
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185 | |
100 | |
186 | |
101 | =head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE |
187 | =head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE |
102 | |
188 | |
103 | The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or |
189 | The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or |
104 | decoding style, within the limits of supported formats. |
190 | decoding style, within the limits of supported formats. |
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111 | strings. All boolean flags described below are by default I<disabled>. |
197 | strings. All boolean flags described below are by default I<disabled>. |
112 | |
198 | |
113 | The mutators for flags all return the JSON object again and thus calls can |
199 | The mutators for flags all return the JSON object again and thus calls can |
114 | be chained: |
200 | be chained: |
115 | |
201 | |
116 | my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8(1)->space_after(1)->encode ({a => [1,2]}) |
202 | my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after->encode ({a => [1,2]}) |
117 | => {"a": [1, 2]} |
203 | => {"a": [1, 2]} |
118 | |
204 | |
119 | =item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable]) |
205 | =item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable]) |
120 | |
206 | |
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207 | =item $enabled = $json->get_ascii |
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208 | |
121 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will |
209 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not |
122 | not generate characters outside the code range C<0..127>. Any unicode |
210 | generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any |
123 | characters outside that range will be escaped using either a single |
211 | Unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a |
124 | \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence, as per |
212 | single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence, |
125 | RFC4627. |
213 | as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native |
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214 | Unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string, |
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215 | or any other superset of ASCII. |
126 | |
216 | |
127 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode |
217 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode |
128 | characters unless necessary. |
218 | characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results |
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219 | in a faster and more compact format. |
129 | |
220 | |
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221 | The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be |
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222 | transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not |
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223 | contain any 8 bit characters. |
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224 | |
130 | JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode (chr 0x10401) |
225 | JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401]) |
131 | => \ud801\udc01 |
226 | => ["\ud801\udc01"] |
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227 | |
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228 | =item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable]) |
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229 | |
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230 | =item $enabled = $json->get_latin1 |
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231 | |
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232 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode |
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233 | the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters |
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234 | outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a |
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235 | latin1-encoded JSON text or a native Unicode string. The C<decode> method |
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236 | will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default |
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237 | expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1. |
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238 | |
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239 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode |
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240 | characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. |
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241 | |
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242 | The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON |
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243 | text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded |
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244 | size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded |
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245 | in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and |
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246 | transferring), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when |
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247 | you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently |
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248 | in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders. |
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249 | |
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250 | JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"] |
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251 | => ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not) |
132 | |
252 | |
133 | =item $json = $json->utf8 ([$enable]) |
253 | =item $json = $json->utf8 ([$enable]) |
134 | |
254 | |
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255 | =item $enabled = $json->get_utf8 |
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256 | |
135 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode |
257 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode |
136 | the JSON string into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the |
258 | the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the |
137 | C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please |
259 | C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please |
138 | note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the |
260 | note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the |
139 | range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. |
261 | range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future |
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262 | versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16 |
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263 | and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627. |
140 | |
264 | |
141 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON |
265 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON |
142 | string as a (non-encoded) unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a |
266 | string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a |
143 | unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs |
267 | Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs |
144 | to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module. |
268 | to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module. |
145 | |
269 | |
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270 | Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON: |
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271 | |
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272 | use Encode; |
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273 | $jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object); |
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274 | |
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275 | Example, decode UTF-32LE-encoded JSON: |
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276 | |
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277 | use Encode; |
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278 | $object = JSON::XS->new->decode (decode "UTF-32LE", $jsontext); |
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279 | |
146 | =item $json = $json->pretty ([$enable]) |
280 | =item $json = $json->pretty ([$enable]) |
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281 | |
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282 | =item $enabled = $json->get_pretty |
147 | |
283 | |
148 | This enables (or disables) all of the C<indent>, C<space_before> and |
284 | This enables (or disables) all of the C<indent>, C<space_before> and |
149 | C<space_after> (and in the future possibly more) flags in one call to |
285 | C<space_after> (and in the future possibly more) flags in one call to |
150 | generate the most readable (or most compact) form possible. |
286 | generate the most readable (or most compact) form possible. |
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287 | |
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288 | Example, pretty-print some simple structure: |
151 | |
289 | |
152 | my $json = JSON::XS->new->pretty(1)->encode ({a => [1,2]}) |
290 | my $json = JSON::XS->new->pretty(1)->encode ({a => [1,2]}) |
153 | => |
291 | => |
154 | { |
292 | { |
155 | "a" : [ |
293 | "a" : [ |
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158 | ] |
296 | ] |
159 | } |
297 | } |
160 | |
298 | |
161 | =item $json = $json->indent ([$enable]) |
299 | =item $json = $json->indent ([$enable]) |
162 | |
300 | |
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301 | =item $enabled = $json->get_indent |
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302 | |
163 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline |
303 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline |
164 | format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair |
304 | format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair |
165 | into its own line, identing them properly. |
305 | into its own line, indenting them properly. |
166 | |
306 | |
167 | If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the |
307 | If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the |
168 | resulting JSON strings is guarenteed not to contain any C<newlines>. |
308 | resulting JSON text is guaranteed not to contain any C<newlines>. |
169 | |
309 | |
170 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON strings. |
310 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. |
171 | |
311 | |
172 | =item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable]) |
312 | =item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable]) |
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313 | |
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314 | =item $enabled = $json->get_space_before |
173 | |
315 | |
174 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra |
316 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra |
175 | optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects. |
317 | optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects. |
176 | |
318 | |
177 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra |
319 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra |
178 | space at those places. |
320 | space at those places. |
179 | |
321 | |
180 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON strings. You will also most |
322 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. You will also |
181 | likely combine this setting with C<space_after>. |
323 | most likely combine this setting with C<space_after>. |
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324 | |
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325 | Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled: |
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326 | |
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327 | {"key" :"value"} |
182 | |
328 | |
183 | =item $json = $json->space_after ([$enable]) |
329 | =item $json = $json->space_after ([$enable]) |
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330 | |
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331 | =item $enabled = $json->get_space_after |
184 | |
332 | |
185 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra |
333 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra |
186 | optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects |
334 | optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects |
187 | and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array |
335 | and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array |
188 | members. |
336 | members. |
189 | |
337 | |
190 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra |
338 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra |
191 | space at those places. |
339 | space at those places. |
192 | |
340 | |
193 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON strings. |
341 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. |
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342 | |
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343 | Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled: |
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344 | |
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345 | {"key": "value"} |
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346 | |
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347 | =item $json = $json->relaxed ([$enable]) |
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348 | |
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349 | =item $enabled = $json->get_relaxed |
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350 | |
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351 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept some |
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352 | extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). C<encode> will not be |
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353 | affected in anyway. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid |
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354 | JSON texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to |
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355 | parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration files, |
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356 | resource files etc.) |
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357 | |
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358 | If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept |
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359 | valid JSON texts. |
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360 | |
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361 | Currently accepted extensions are: |
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362 | |
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363 | =over 4 |
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364 | |
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365 | =item * list items can have an end-comma |
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366 | |
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367 | JSON I<separates> array elements and key-value pairs with commas. This |
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368 | can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually and want to be able to |
|
|
369 | quickly append elements, so this extension accepts comma at the end of |
|
|
370 | such items not just between them: |
|
|
371 | |
|
|
372 | [ |
|
|
373 | 1, |
|
|
374 | 2, <- this comma not normally allowed |
|
|
375 | ] |
|
|
376 | { |
|
|
377 | "k1": "v1", |
|
|
378 | "k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed |
|
|
379 | } |
|
|
380 | |
|
|
381 | =item * shell-style '#'-comments |
|
|
382 | |
|
|
383 | Whenever JSON allows whitespace, shell-style comments are additionally |
|
|
384 | allowed. They are terminated by the first carriage-return or line-feed |
|
|
385 | character, after which more white-space and comments are allowed. |
|
|
386 | |
|
|
387 | [ |
|
|
388 | 1, # this comment not allowed in JSON |
|
|
389 | # neither this one... |
|
|
390 | ] |
|
|
391 | |
|
|
392 | =back |
194 | |
393 | |
195 | =item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable]) |
394 | =item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable]) |
|
|
395 | |
|
|
396 | =item $enabled = $json->get_canonical |
196 | |
397 | |
197 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects |
398 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects |
198 | by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead. |
399 | by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead. |
199 | |
400 | |
200 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value |
401 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value |
201 | pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs |
402 | pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs |
202 | of the same script). |
403 | of the same script). |
203 | |
404 | |
204 | This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as |
405 | This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as |
205 | the same JSON string (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled, |
406 | the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled, |
206 | the same hash migh be encoded differently even if contains the same data, |
407 | the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data, |
207 | as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl. |
408 | as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl. |
208 | |
409 | |
209 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON strings. |
410 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. |
210 | |
411 | |
211 | =item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable]) |
412 | =item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable]) |
|
|
413 | |
|
|
414 | =item $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref |
212 | |
415 | |
213 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a |
416 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a |
214 | non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value, |
417 | non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value, |
215 | which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON |
418 | which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON |
216 | values instead of croaking. |
419 | values instead of croaking. |
217 | |
420 | |
218 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will croak if it isn't |
421 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will croak if it isn't |
219 | passed an arrayref or hashref, as JSON strings must either be an object |
422 | passed an arrayref or hashref, as JSON texts must either be an object |
220 | or array. Likewise, C<decode> will croak if given something that is not a |
423 | or array. Likewise, C<decode> will croak if given something that is not a |
221 | JSON object or array. |
424 | JSON object or array. |
222 | |
425 | |
|
|
426 | Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled C<allow_nonref>, |
|
|
427 | resulting in an invalid JSON text: |
|
|
428 | |
|
|
429 | JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!") |
|
|
430 | => "Hello, World!" |
|
|
431 | |
|
|
432 | =item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable]) |
|
|
433 | |
|
|
434 | =item $enabled = $json->get_allow_bless |
|
|
435 | |
|
|
436 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not |
|
|
437 | barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the |
|
|
438 | B<convert_blessed> option will decide whether C<null> (C<convert_blessed> |
|
|
439 | disabled or no C<to_json> method found) or a representation of the |
|
|
440 | object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<to_json> method found) is being |
|
|
441 | encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>. |
|
|
442 | |
|
|
443 | If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an |
|
|
444 | exception when it encounters a blessed object. |
|
|
445 | |
|
|
446 | =item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable]) |
|
|
447 | |
|
|
448 | =item $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed |
|
|
449 | |
|
|
450 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a |
|
|
451 | blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method |
|
|
452 | on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context |
|
|
453 | and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object. If no |
|
|
454 | C<TO_JSON> method is found, the value of C<allow_blessed> will decide what |
|
|
455 | to do. |
|
|
456 | |
|
|
457 | The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON> |
|
|
458 | returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same |
|
|
459 | way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle |
|
|
460 | (== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other |
|
|
461 | methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are |
|
|
462 | usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with the C<to_json> |
|
|
463 | function. |
|
|
464 | |
|
|
465 | This setting does not yet influence C<decode> in any way, but in the |
|
|
466 | future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are |
|
|
467 | enabled by this setting. |
|
|
468 | |
|
|
469 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<allow_blessed> setting will decide what |
|
|
470 | to do when a blessed object is found. |
|
|
471 | |
|
|
472 | =item $json = $json->filter_json_object ([$coderef->($hashref)]) |
|
|
473 | |
|
|
474 | When C<$coderef> is specified, it will be called from C<decode> each |
|
|
475 | time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to the |
|
|
476 | newly-created hash. If the code references returns a single scalar (which |
|
|
477 | need not be a reference), this value (i.e. a copy of that scalar to avoid |
|
|
478 | aliasing) is inserted into the deserialised data structure. If it returns |
|
|
479 | an empty list (NOTE: I<not> C<undef>, which is a valid scalar), the |
|
|
480 | original deserialised hash will be inserted. This setting can slow down |
|
|
481 | decoding considerably. |
|
|
482 | |
|
|
483 | When C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, any existing callback will |
|
|
484 | be removed and C<decode> will not change the deserialised hash in any |
|
|
485 | way. |
|
|
486 | |
|
|
487 | Example, convert all JSON objects into the integer 5: |
|
|
488 | |
|
|
489 | my $js = JSON::XS->new->filter_json_object (sub { 5 }); |
|
|
490 | # returns [5] |
|
|
491 | $js->decode ('[{}]') |
|
|
492 | # throw an exception because allow_nonref is not enabled |
|
|
493 | # so a lone 5 is not allowed. |
|
|
494 | $js->decode ('{"a":1, "b":2}'); |
|
|
495 | |
|
|
496 | =item $json = $json->filter_json_single_key_object ($key [=> $coderef->($value)]) |
|
|
497 | |
|
|
498 | Works remotely similar to C<filter_json_object>, but is only called for |
|
|
499 | JSON objects having a single key named C<$key>. |
|
|
500 | |
|
|
501 | This C<$coderef> is called before the one specified via |
|
|
502 | C<filter_json_object>, if any. It gets passed the single value in the JSON |
|
|
503 | object. If it returns a single value, it will be inserted into the data |
|
|
504 | structure. If it returns nothing (not even C<undef> but the empty list), |
|
|
505 | the callback from C<filter_json_object> will be called next, as if no |
|
|
506 | single-key callback were specified. |
|
|
507 | |
|
|
508 | If C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, the corresponding callback will be |
|
|
509 | disabled. There can only ever be one callback for a given key. |
|
|
510 | |
|
|
511 | As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object> |
|
|
512 | one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key |
|
|
513 | objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially |
|
|
514 | as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept |
|
|
515 | as JSON gets (it's basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not |
|
|
516 | support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks |
|
|
517 | like a serialised Perl hash. |
|
|
518 | |
|
|
519 | Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or |
|
|
520 | C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even |
|
|
521 | things like C<__class_md5sum(classname)__>, to reduce the risk of clashing |
|
|
522 | with real hashes. |
|
|
523 | |
|
|
524 | Example, decode JSON objects of the form C<< { "__widget__" => <id> } >> |
|
|
525 | into the corresponding C<< $WIDGET{<id>} >> object: |
|
|
526 | |
|
|
527 | # return whatever is in $WIDGET{5}: |
|
|
528 | JSON::XS |
|
|
529 | ->new |
|
|
530 | ->filter_json_single_key_object (__widget__ => sub { |
|
|
531 | $WIDGET{ $_[0] } |
|
|
532 | }) |
|
|
533 | ->decode ('{"__widget__": 5') |
|
|
534 | |
|
|
535 | # this can be used with a TO_JSON method in some "widget" class |
|
|
536 | # for serialisation to json: |
|
|
537 | sub WidgetBase::TO_JSON { |
|
|
538 | my ($self) = @_; |
|
|
539 | |
|
|
540 | unless ($self->{id}) { |
|
|
541 | $self->{id} = ..get..some..id..; |
|
|
542 | $WIDGET{$self->{id}} = $self; |
|
|
543 | } |
|
|
544 | |
|
|
545 | { __widget__ => $self->{id} } |
|
|
546 | } |
|
|
547 | |
223 | =item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable]) |
548 | =item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable]) |
224 | |
549 | |
|
|
550 | =item $enabled = $json->get_shrink |
|
|
551 | |
225 | Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for |
552 | Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for |
226 | strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either |
553 | strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either |
227 | C<encode> or C<decode> to their minimum size possible. This can save |
554 | C<encode> or C<decode> to their minimum size possible. This can save |
228 | memory when your JSON strings are either very very long or you have many |
555 | memory when your JSON texts are either very very long or you have many |
229 | short strings. It will also try to downgrade any strings to octet-form |
556 | short strings. It will also try to downgrade any strings to octet-form |
230 | if possible: perl stores strings internally either in an encoding called |
557 | if possible: perl stores strings internally either in an encoding called |
231 | UTF-X or in octet-form. The latter cannot store everything but uses less |
558 | UTF-X or in octet-form. The latter cannot store everything but uses less |
232 | space in general. |
559 | space in general (and some buggy Perl or C code might even rely on that |
|
|
560 | internal representation being used). |
233 | |
561 | |
|
|
562 | The actual definition of what shrink does might change in future versions, |
|
|
563 | but it will always try to save space at the expense of time. |
|
|
564 | |
234 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), the string returned by C<encode> will be shrunk-to-fit, |
565 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), the string returned by C<encode> will |
235 | while all strings generated by C<decode> will also be shrunk-to-fit. |
566 | be shrunk-to-fit, while all strings generated by C<decode> will also be |
|
|
567 | shrunk-to-fit. |
236 | |
568 | |
237 | If C<$enable> is false, then the normal perl allocation algorithms are used. |
569 | If C<$enable> is false, then the normal perl allocation algorithms are used. |
238 | If you work with your data, then this is likely to be faster. |
570 | If you work with your data, then this is likely to be faster. |
239 | |
571 | |
240 | In the future, this setting might control other things, such as converting |
572 | In the future, this setting might control other things, such as converting |
241 | strings that look like integers or floats into integers or floats |
573 | strings that look like integers or floats into integers or floats |
242 | internally (there is no difference on the Perl level), saving space. |
574 | internally (there is no difference on the Perl level), saving space. |
243 | |
575 | |
|
|
576 | =item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth]) |
|
|
577 | |
|
|
578 | =item $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth |
|
|
579 | |
|
|
580 | Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding |
|
|
581 | or decoding. If the JSON text or Perl data structure has an equal or |
|
|
582 | higher nesting level then this limit, then the encoder and decoder will |
|
|
583 | stop and croak at that point. |
|
|
584 | |
|
|
585 | Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder |
|
|
586 | needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[> |
|
|
587 | characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a |
|
|
588 | given character in a string. |
|
|
589 | |
|
|
590 | Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures |
|
|
591 | that the object is only a single hash/object or array. |
|
|
592 | |
|
|
593 | The argument to C<max_depth> will be rounded up to the next highest power |
|
|
594 | of two. If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be |
|
|
595 | used, which is rarely useful. |
|
|
596 | |
|
|
597 | See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful. |
|
|
598 | |
|
|
599 | =item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size]) |
|
|
600 | |
|
|
601 | =item $max_size = $json->get_max_size |
|
|
602 | |
|
|
603 | Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is |
|
|
604 | being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode> |
|
|
605 | is called on a string longer then this number of characters it will not |
|
|
606 | attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no |
|
|
607 | effect on C<encode> (yet). |
|
|
608 | |
|
|
609 | The argument to C<max_size> will be rounded up to the next B<highest> |
|
|
610 | power of two (so may be more than requested). If no argument is given, the |
|
|
611 | limit check will be deactivated (same as when C<0> is specified). |
|
|
612 | |
|
|
613 | See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful. |
|
|
614 | |
244 | =item $json_string = $json->encode ($perl_scalar) |
615 | =item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar) |
245 | |
616 | |
246 | Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference |
617 | Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference |
247 | to a hash or array) to its JSON representation. Simple scalars will be |
618 | to a hash or array) to its JSON representation. Simple scalars will be |
248 | converted into JSON string or number sequences, while references to arrays |
619 | converted into JSON string or number sequences, while references to arrays |
249 | become JSON arrays and references to hashes become JSON objects. Undefined |
620 | become JSON arrays and references to hashes become JSON objects. Undefined |
250 | Perl values (e.g. C<undef>) become JSON C<null> values. Neither C<true> |
621 | Perl values (e.g. C<undef>) become JSON C<null> values. Neither C<true> |
251 | nor C<false> values will be generated. |
622 | nor C<false> values will be generated. |
252 | |
623 | |
253 | =item $perl_scalar = $json->decode ($json_string) |
624 | =item $perl_scalar = $json->decode ($json_text) |
254 | |
625 | |
255 | The opposite of C<encode>: expects a JSON string and tries to parse it, |
626 | The opposite of C<encode>: expects a JSON text and tries to parse it, |
256 | returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error. |
627 | returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error. |
257 | |
628 | |
258 | JSON numbers and strings become simple Perl scalars. JSON arrays become |
629 | JSON numbers and strings become simple Perl scalars. JSON arrays become |
259 | Perl arrayrefs and JSON objects become Perl hashrefs. C<true> becomes |
630 | Perl arrayrefs and JSON objects become Perl hashrefs. C<true> becomes |
260 | C<1>, C<false> becomes C<0> and C<null> becomes C<undef>. |
631 | C<1>, C<false> becomes C<0> and C<null> becomes C<undef>. |
261 | |
632 | |
|
|
633 | =item ($perl_scalar, $characters) = $json->decode_prefix ($json_text) |
|
|
634 | |
|
|
635 | This works like the C<decode> method, but instead of raising an exception |
|
|
636 | when there is trailing garbage after the first JSON object, it will |
|
|
637 | silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters consumed |
|
|
638 | so far. |
|
|
639 | |
|
|
640 | This is useful if your JSON texts are not delimited by an outer protocol |
|
|
641 | (which is not the brightest thing to do in the first place) and you need |
|
|
642 | to know where the JSON text ends. |
|
|
643 | |
|
|
644 | JSON::XS->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail") |
|
|
645 | => ([], 3) |
|
|
646 | |
262 | =back |
647 | =back |
|
|
648 | |
|
|
649 | |
|
|
650 | =head1 MAPPING |
|
|
651 | |
|
|
652 | This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and |
|
|
653 | vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most |
|
|
654 | circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics |
|
|
655 | (what you put in comes out as something equivalent). |
|
|
656 | |
|
|
657 | For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions, |
|
|
658 | lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppercase I<Perl> |
|
|
659 | refers to the abstract Perl language itself. |
|
|
660 | |
|
|
661 | |
|
|
662 | =head2 JSON -> PERL |
|
|
663 | |
|
|
664 | =over 4 |
|
|
665 | |
|
|
666 | =item object |
|
|
667 | |
|
|
668 | A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object |
|
|
669 | keys is preserved (JSON does not preserve object key ordering itself). |
|
|
670 | |
|
|
671 | =item array |
|
|
672 | |
|
|
673 | A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl. |
|
|
674 | |
|
|
675 | =item string |
|
|
676 | |
|
|
677 | A JSON string becomes a string scalar in Perl - Unicode codepoints in JSON |
|
|
678 | are represented by the same codepoints in the Perl string, so no manual |
|
|
679 | decoding is necessary. |
|
|
680 | |
|
|
681 | =item number |
|
|
682 | |
|
|
683 | A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or |
|
|
684 | string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On |
|
|
685 | the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all |
|
|
686 | the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and |
|
|
687 | might represent more values exactly than (floating point) numbers. |
|
|
688 | |
|
|
689 | If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent |
|
|
690 | it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as |
|
|
691 | a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of |
|
|
692 | precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value. |
|
|
693 | |
|
|
694 | Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be |
|
|
695 | represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of |
|
|
696 | precision. |
|
|
697 | |
|
|
698 | This might create round-tripping problems as numbers might become strings, |
|
|
699 | but as Perl is typeless there is no other way to do it. |
|
|
700 | |
|
|
701 | =item true, false |
|
|
702 | |
|
|
703 | These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>, |
|
|
704 | respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers |
|
|
705 | C<1> and C<0>. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using |
|
|
706 | the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function. |
|
|
707 | |
|
|
708 | =item null |
|
|
709 | |
|
|
710 | A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl. |
|
|
711 | |
|
|
712 | =back |
|
|
713 | |
|
|
714 | |
|
|
715 | =head2 PERL -> JSON |
|
|
716 | |
|
|
717 | The mapping from Perl to JSON is slightly more difficult, as Perl is a |
|
|
718 | truly typeless language, so we can only guess which JSON type is meant by |
|
|
719 | a Perl value. |
|
|
720 | |
|
|
721 | =over 4 |
|
|
722 | |
|
|
723 | =item hash references |
|
|
724 | |
|
|
725 | Perl hash references become JSON objects. As there is no inherent ordering |
|
|
726 | in hash keys (or JSON objects), they will usually be encoded in a |
|
|
727 | pseudo-random order that can change between runs of the same program but |
|
|
728 | stays generally the same within a single run of a program. JSON::XS can |
|
|
729 | optionally sort the hash keys (determined by the I<canonical> flag), so |
|
|
730 | the same datastructure will serialise to the same JSON text (given same |
|
|
731 | settings and version of JSON::XS), but this incurs a runtime overhead |
|
|
732 | and is only rarely useful, e.g. when you want to compare some JSON text |
|
|
733 | against another for equality. |
|
|
734 | |
|
|
735 | =item array references |
|
|
736 | |
|
|
737 | Perl array references become JSON arrays. |
|
|
738 | |
|
|
739 | =item other references |
|
|
740 | |
|
|
741 | Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an |
|
|
742 | exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and |
|
|
743 | C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can |
|
|
744 | also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability. |
|
|
745 | |
|
|
746 | to_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true] |
|
|
747 | |
|
|
748 | =item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false |
|
|
749 | |
|
|
750 | These special values become JSON true and JSON false values, |
|
|
751 | respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want. |
|
|
752 | |
|
|
753 | =item blessed objects |
|
|
754 | |
|
|
755 | Blessed objects are not allowed. JSON::XS currently tries to encode their |
|
|
756 | underlying representation (hash- or arrayref), but this behaviour might |
|
|
757 | change in future versions. |
|
|
758 | |
|
|
759 | =item simple scalars |
|
|
760 | |
|
|
761 | Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most |
|
|
762 | difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as |
|
|
763 | JSON null value, scalars that have last been used in a string context |
|
|
764 | before encoding as JSON strings and anything else as number value: |
|
|
765 | |
|
|
766 | # dump as number |
|
|
767 | to_json [2] # yields [2] |
|
|
768 | to_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17] |
|
|
769 | my $value = 5; to_json [$value] # yields [5] |
|
|
770 | |
|
|
771 | # used as string, so dump as string |
|
|
772 | print $value; |
|
|
773 | to_json [$value] # yields ["5"] |
|
|
774 | |
|
|
775 | # undef becomes null |
|
|
776 | to_json [undef] # yields [null] |
|
|
777 | |
|
|
778 | You can force the type to be a JSON string by stringifying it: |
|
|
779 | |
|
|
780 | my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number |
|
|
781 | "$x"; # stringified |
|
|
782 | $x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify |
|
|
783 | print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often |
|
|
784 | |
|
|
785 | You can force the type to be a JSON number by numifying it: |
|
|
786 | |
|
|
787 | my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string |
|
|
788 | $x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number |
|
|
789 | $x *= 1; # same thing, the choice is yours. |
|
|
790 | |
|
|
791 | You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me |
|
|
792 | if you need this capability. |
|
|
793 | |
|
|
794 | =back |
|
|
795 | |
263 | |
796 | |
264 | =head1 COMPARISON |
797 | =head1 COMPARISON |
265 | |
798 | |
266 | As already mentioned, this module was created because none of the existing |
799 | As already mentioned, this module was created because none of the existing |
267 | JSON modules could be made to work correctly. First I will describe the |
800 | JSON modules could be made to work correctly. First I will describe the |
… | |
… | |
273 | |
806 | |
274 | =item JSON 1.07 |
807 | =item JSON 1.07 |
275 | |
808 | |
276 | Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl). |
809 | Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl). |
277 | |
810 | |
278 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles unicode values is |
811 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles Unicode values is |
279 | undocumented. One can get far by feeding it unicode strings and doing |
812 | undocumented. One can get far by feeding it Unicode strings and doing |
280 | en-/decoding oneself, but unicode escapes are not working properly). |
813 | en-/decoding oneself, but Unicode escapes are not working properly). |
281 | |
814 | |
282 | No roundtripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g. |
815 | No round-tripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g. |
283 | the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will |
816 | the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will |
284 | decode into the number 2. |
817 | decode into the number 2. |
285 | |
818 | |
286 | =item JSON::PC 0.01 |
819 | =item JSON::PC 0.01 |
287 | |
820 | |
288 | Very fast. |
821 | Very fast. |
289 | |
822 | |
290 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling. |
823 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling. |
291 | |
824 | |
292 | No roundtripping. |
825 | No round-tripping. |
293 | |
826 | |
294 | Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic |
827 | Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic |
295 | values will make it croak). |
828 | values will make it croak). |
296 | |
829 | |
297 | Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}> |
830 | Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}> |
298 | which is not a valid JSON string. |
831 | which is not a valid JSON text. |
299 | |
832 | |
300 | Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not |
833 | Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not |
301 | getting fixed). |
834 | getting fixed). |
302 | |
835 | |
303 | =item JSON::Syck 0.21 |
836 | =item JSON::Syck 0.21 |
… | |
… | |
305 | Very buggy (often crashes). |
838 | Very buggy (often crashes). |
306 | |
839 | |
307 | Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much |
840 | Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much |
308 | undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a |
841 | undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a |
309 | single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to |
842 | single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to |
310 | generate ASCII-only JSON strings). |
843 | generate ASCII-only JSON texts). |
311 | |
844 | |
312 | Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (unicode |
845 | Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (Unicode |
313 | escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to |
846 | escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to |
314 | I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour). |
847 | I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour). |
315 | |
848 | |
316 | No roundtripping (simple cases work, but this depends on wether the scalar |
849 | No round-tripping (simple cases work, but this depends on whether the scalar |
317 | value was used in a numeric context or not). |
850 | value was used in a numeric context or not). |
318 | |
851 | |
319 | Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state. |
852 | Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state. |
320 | |
853 | |
321 | Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not |
854 | Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not |
322 | getting fixed). |
855 | getting fixed). |
323 | |
856 | |
324 | Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and |
857 | Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and |
325 | return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security |
858 | return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security |
326 | issue: imagine two banks transfering money between each other using |
859 | issue: imagine two banks transferring money between each other using |
327 | JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money, |
860 | JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money, |
328 | while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a |
861 | while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a |
329 | good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and |
862 | good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and |
330 | the transaction will still not succeed). |
863 | the transaction will still not succeed). |
331 | |
864 | |
332 | =item JSON::DWIW 0.04 |
865 | =item JSON::DWIW 0.04 |
333 | |
866 | |
334 | Very fast. Very natural. Very nice. |
867 | Very fast. Very natural. Very nice. |
335 | |
868 | |
336 | Undocumented unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes |
869 | Undocumented Unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes |
337 | still don't get parsed properly). |
870 | still don't get parsed properly). |
338 | |
871 | |
339 | Very inflexible. |
872 | Very inflexible. |
340 | |
873 | |
341 | No roundtripping. |
874 | No round-tripping. |
342 | |
875 | |
343 | Does not generate valid JSON (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys |
876 | Does not generate valid JSON texts (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys |
344 | result in nothing being output) |
877 | result in nothing being output) |
345 | |
878 | |
346 | Does not check input for validity. |
879 | Does not check input for validity. |
347 | |
880 | |
348 | =back |
881 | =back |
|
|
882 | |
|
|
883 | |
|
|
884 | =head2 JSON and YAML |
|
|
885 | |
|
|
886 | You often hear that JSON is a subset (or a close subset) of YAML. This is, |
|
|
887 | however, a mass hysteria and very far from the truth. In general, there is |
|
|
888 | no way to configure JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML. |
|
|
889 | |
|
|
890 | If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this |
|
|
891 | algorithm (subject to change in future versions): |
|
|
892 | |
|
|
893 | my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1); |
|
|
894 | my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n"; |
|
|
895 | |
|
|
896 | This will usually generate JSON texts that also parse as valid |
|
|
897 | YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key |
|
|
898 | lengths that JSON doesn't have, so you should make sure that your hash |
|
|
899 | keys are noticeably shorter than the 1024 characters YAML allows. |
|
|
900 | |
|
|
901 | There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of. In general |
|
|
902 | you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice versa, |
|
|
903 | or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are high |
|
|
904 | that you will run into severe interoperability problems. |
|
|
905 | |
349 | |
906 | |
350 | =head2 SPEED |
907 | =head2 SPEED |
351 | |
908 | |
352 | It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following |
909 | It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following |
353 | tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program |
910 | tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program |
354 | in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own |
911 | in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own |
355 | system. |
912 | system. |
356 | |
913 | |
357 | First is a comparison between various modules using a very simple JSON |
914 | First comes a comparison between various modules using a very short |
|
|
915 | single-line JSON string: |
|
|
916 | |
|
|
917 | {"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1", "we were just talking"], \ |
|
|
918 | "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7, true, false]} |
|
|
919 | |
358 | string, showing the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS is |
920 | It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses |
359 | the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 is the OO interface with |
921 | the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface |
360 | pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled). |
922 | with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables |
|
|
923 | shrink). Higher is better: |
361 | |
924 | |
362 | module | encode | decode | |
925 | module | encode | decode | |
363 | -----------|------------|------------| |
926 | -----------|------------|------------| |
364 | JSON | 14006 | 6820 | |
927 | JSON 1.x | 4990.842 | 4088.813 | |
365 | JSON::DWIW | 200937 | 120386 | |
928 | JSON::DWIW | 51653.990 | 71575.154 | |
366 | JSON::PC | 85065 | 129366 | |
929 | JSON::PC | 65948.176 | 74631.744 | |
367 | JSON::Syck | 59898 | 44232 | |
930 | JSON::PP | 8931.652 | 3817.168 | |
368 | JSON::XS | 1171478 | 342435 | |
931 | JSON::Syck | 24877.248 | 27776.848 | |
369 | JSON::XS/2 | 730760 | 328714 | |
932 | JSON::XS | 388361.481 | 227951.304 | |
|
|
933 | JSON::XS/2 | 227951.304 | 218453.333 | |
|
|
934 | JSON::XS/3 | 338250.323 | 218453.333 | |
|
|
935 | Storable | 16500.016 | 135300.129 | |
370 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
936 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
371 | |
937 | |
372 | That is, JSON::XS is 6 times faster than than JSON::DWIW and about 80 |
938 | That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding, |
|
|
939 | about three times faster on decoding, and over forty times faster |
373 | times faster than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. |
940 | than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares |
|
|
941 | favourably to Storable for small amounts of data. |
374 | |
942 | |
375 | Using a longer test string (roughly 8KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals |
943 | Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals |
376 | search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg): |
944 | search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg): |
377 | |
945 | |
378 | module | encode | decode | |
946 | module | encode | decode | |
379 | -----------|------------|------------| |
947 | -----------|------------|------------| |
380 | JSON | 673 | 38 | |
948 | JSON 1.x | 55.260 | 34.971 | |
381 | JSON::DWIW | 5271 | 770 | |
949 | JSON::DWIW | 825.228 | 1082.513 | |
382 | JSON::PC | 9901 | 2491 | |
950 | JSON::PC | 3571.444 | 2394.829 | |
383 | JSON::Syck | 2360 | 786 | |
951 | JSON::PP | 210.987 | 32.574 | |
384 | JSON::XS | 37398 | 3202 | |
952 | JSON::Syck | 552.551 | 787.544 | |
385 | JSON::XS/2 | 13765 | 3153 | |
953 | JSON::XS | 5780.463 | 4854.519 | |
|
|
954 | JSON::XS/2 | 3869.998 | 4798.975 | |
|
|
955 | JSON::XS/3 | 5862.880 | 4798.975 | |
|
|
956 | Storable | 4445.002 | 5235.027 | |
386 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
957 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
387 | |
958 | |
388 | Again, JSON::XS leads by far in the encoding case, while still beating |
959 | Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly |
389 | every other module in the decoding case. |
960 | decodes faster). |
390 | |
961 | |
391 | Last example is an almost 8MB large hash with many large binary values |
962 | On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some modules |
392 | (PNG files), resulting in a lot of escaping: |
963 | (such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result |
|
|
964 | will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others refuse |
|
|
965 | to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair |
|
|
966 | comparison table for that case. |
|
|
967 | |
|
|
968 | |
|
|
969 | =head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
|
|
970 | |
|
|
971 | When you are using JSON in a protocol, talking to untrusted potentially |
|
|
972 | hostile creatures requires relatively few measures. |
|
|
973 | |
|
|
974 | First of all, your JSON decoder should be secure, that is, should not have |
|
|
975 | any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am |
|
|
976 | trying hard on making that true, but you never know. |
|
|
977 | |
|
|
978 | Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should |
|
|
979 | limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your |
|
|
980 | resources run out, that's just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that |
|
|
981 | can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is |
|
|
982 | usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode |
|
|
983 | it into a Perl structure. While JSON::XS can check the size of the JSON |
|
|
984 | text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you |
|
|
985 | might want to check the size before you accept the string. |
|
|
986 | |
|
|
987 | Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and |
|
|
988 | arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64 |
|
|
989 | machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but |
|
|
990 | only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak |
|
|
991 | to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. to be |
|
|
992 | conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process |
|
|
993 | has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the |
|
|
994 | C<max_depth> method. |
|
|
995 | |
|
|
996 | And last but least, something else could bomb you that I forgot to think |
|
|
997 | of. In that case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, |
|
|
998 | though... |
|
|
999 | |
|
|
1000 | If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption |
|
|
1001 | by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at |
|
|
1002 | L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether |
|
|
1003 | you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser |
|
|
1004 | design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major |
|
|
1005 | browser developers care only for features, not about doing security |
|
|
1006 | right). |
|
|
1007 | |
|
|
1008 | |
|
|
1009 | =head1 THREADS |
|
|
1010 | |
|
|
1011 | This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no |
|
|
1012 | plans to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the |
|
|
1013 | horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated |
|
|
1014 | process simulations - use fork, its I<much> faster, cheaper, better). |
|
|
1015 | |
|
|
1016 | (It might actually work, but you have been warned). |
|
|
1017 | |
393 | |
1018 | |
394 | =head1 BUGS |
1019 | =head1 BUGS |
395 | |
1020 | |
396 | While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does |
1021 | While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does |
397 | not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is |
1022 | not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is |
398 | still very young and not well-tested. If you keep reporting bugs they will |
1023 | still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they |
399 | be fixed swiftly, though. |
1024 | will be fixed swiftly, though. |
|
|
1025 | |
|
|
1026 | Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting |
|
|
1027 | service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason. |
400 | |
1028 | |
401 | =cut |
1029 | =cut |
|
|
1030 | |
|
|
1031 | our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::XS::Boolean" }; |
|
|
1032 | our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::XS::Boolean" }; |
|
|
1033 | |
|
|
1034 | sub true() { $true } |
|
|
1035 | sub false() { $false } |
|
|
1036 | |
|
|
1037 | sub is_bool($) { |
|
|
1038 | UNIVERSAL::isa $_[0], "JSON::XS::Boolean" |
|
|
1039 | # or UNIVERSAL::isa $_[0], "JSON::Literal" |
|
|
1040 | } |
|
|
1041 | |
|
|
1042 | XSLoader::load "JSON::XS", $VERSION; |
|
|
1043 | |
|
|
1044 | package JSON::XS::Boolean; |
|
|
1045 | |
|
|
1046 | use overload |
|
|
1047 | "0+" => sub { ${$_[0]} }, |
|
|
1048 | "++" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} + 1 }, |
|
|
1049 | "--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 }, |
|
|
1050 | fallback => 1; |
402 | |
1051 | |
403 | 1; |
1052 | 1; |
404 | |
1053 | |
405 | =head1 AUTHOR |
1054 | =head1 AUTHOR |
406 | |
1055 | |