1 | =head1 NAME |
1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
2 | |
3 | JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast |
3 | JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast |
4 | |
4 | |
|
|
5 | JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ |
|
|
6 | (http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html) |
|
|
7 | |
5 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
8 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
6 | |
9 | |
7 | use JSON::XS; |
10 | use JSON::XS; |
|
|
11 | |
|
|
12 | # exported functions, they croak on error |
|
|
13 | # and expect/generate UTF-8 |
|
|
14 | |
|
|
15 | $utf8_encoded_json_text = encode_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref; |
|
|
16 | $perl_hash_or_arrayref = decode_json $utf8_encoded_json_text; |
|
|
17 | |
|
|
18 | # OO-interface |
|
|
19 | |
|
|
20 | $coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref; |
|
|
21 | $pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar); |
|
|
22 | $perl_scalar = $coder->decode ($unicode_json_text); |
|
|
23 | |
|
|
24 | # Note that JSON version 2.0 and above will automatically use JSON::XS |
|
|
25 | # if available, at virtually no speed overhead either, so you should |
|
|
26 | # be able to just: |
|
|
27 | |
|
|
28 | use JSON; |
|
|
29 | |
|
|
30 | # and do the same things, except that you have a pure-perl fallback now. |
8 | |
31 | |
9 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
32 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
10 | |
33 | |
11 | This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its |
34 | This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its |
12 | primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be |
35 | primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be |
13 | I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C. |
36 | I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C. |
|
|
37 | |
|
|
38 | Beginning with version 2.0 of the JSON module, when both JSON and |
|
|
39 | JSON::XS are installed, then JSON will fall back on JSON::XS (this can be |
|
|
40 | overriden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheritign constructor |
|
|
41 | and methods). If JSON::XS is not available, it will fall back to the |
|
|
42 | compatible JSON::PP module as backend, so using JSON instead of JSON::XS |
|
|
43 | gives you a portable JSON API that can be fast when you need and doesn't |
|
|
44 | require a C compiler when that is a problem. |
14 | |
45 | |
15 | As this is the n-th-something JSON module on CPAN, what was the reason |
46 | As this is the n-th-something JSON module on CPAN, what was the reason |
16 | to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON |
47 | to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON |
17 | modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases |
48 | modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases |
18 | their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug |
49 | their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug |
19 | reports for other reasons. |
50 | reports for other reasons. |
20 | |
51 | |
21 | See COMPARISON, below, for a comparison to some other JSON modules. |
52 | See COMPARISON, below, for a comparison to some other JSON modules. |
22 | |
53 | |
|
|
54 | See MAPPING, below, on how JSON::XS maps perl values to JSON values and |
|
|
55 | vice versa. |
|
|
56 | |
23 | =head2 FEATURES |
57 | =head2 FEATURES |
24 | |
58 | |
25 | =over 4 |
59 | =over 4 |
26 | |
60 | |
27 | =item * correct handling of unicode issues |
61 | =item * correct Unicode handling |
28 | |
62 | |
29 | This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how it does so. |
63 | This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how and when |
|
|
64 | it does so. |
30 | |
65 | |
31 | =item * round-trip integrity |
66 | =item * round-trip integrity |
32 | |
67 | |
33 | When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported |
68 | When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported |
34 | by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level. |
69 | by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level. |
35 | (e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2"). |
70 | (e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks |
|
|
71 | like a number). |
36 | |
72 | |
37 | =item * strict checking of JSON correctness |
73 | =item * strict checking of JSON correctness |
38 | |
74 | |
39 | There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON strings by default, |
75 | There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default, |
40 | and only JSON is accepted as input (the latter is a security feature). |
76 | and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security |
|
|
77 | feature). |
41 | |
78 | |
42 | =item * fast |
79 | =item * fast |
43 | |
80 | |
44 | compared to other JSON modules, this module compares favourably. |
81 | Compared to other JSON modules, this module compares favourably in terms |
|
|
82 | of speed, too. |
45 | |
83 | |
46 | =item * simple to use |
84 | =item * simple to use |
47 | |
85 | |
48 | This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO |
86 | This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO |
49 | interface. |
87 | interface. |
50 | |
88 | |
51 | =item * reasonably versatile output formats |
89 | =item * reasonably versatile output formats |
52 | |
90 | |
53 | You can choose between the most compact format possible, a pure-ascii |
91 | You can choose between the most compact guaranteed single-line format |
54 | format, or a pretty-printed format. Or you can combine those features in |
92 | possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format |
55 | whatever way you like. |
93 | (for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole |
|
|
94 | Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that |
|
|
95 | stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like. |
56 | |
96 | |
57 | =back |
97 | =back |
58 | |
98 | |
59 | =cut |
99 | =cut |
60 | |
100 | |
61 | package JSON::XS; |
101 | package JSON::XS; |
62 | |
102 | |
63 | BEGIN { |
103 | use strict; |
|
|
104 | |
64 | $VERSION = '0.2'; |
105 | our $VERSION = '2.01'; |
65 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
106 | our @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
66 | |
107 | |
67 | @EXPORT = qw(to_json from_json); |
108 | our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json to_json from_json); |
68 | require Exporter; |
|
|
69 | |
109 | |
|
|
110 | sub to_json($) { |
70 | require XSLoader; |
111 | require Carp; |
71 | XSLoader::load JSON::XS::, $VERSION; |
112 | Carp::croak ("JSON::XS::to_json has been renamed to encode_json, either downgrade to pre-2.0 versions of JSON::XS or rename the call"); |
72 | } |
113 | } |
73 | |
114 | |
|
|
115 | sub from_json($) { |
|
|
116 | require Carp; |
|
|
117 | Carp::croak ("JSON::XS::from_json has been renamed to decode_json, either downgrade to pre-2.0 versions of JSON::XS or rename the call"); |
|
|
118 | } |
|
|
119 | |
|
|
120 | use Exporter; |
|
|
121 | use XSLoader; |
|
|
122 | |
74 | =head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE |
123 | =head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE |
75 | |
124 | |
76 | The following convinience methods are provided by this module. They are |
125 | The following convenience methods are provided by this module. They are |
77 | exported by default: |
126 | exported by default: |
78 | |
127 | |
79 | =over 4 |
128 | =over 4 |
80 | |
129 | |
81 | =item $json_string = to_json $perl_scalar |
130 | =item $json_text = encode_json $perl_scalar |
82 | |
131 | |
83 | Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference to |
132 | Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string |
84 | a hash or array) to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string (that is, the string contains |
133 | (that is, the string contains octets only). Croaks on error. |
85 | octets only). Croaks on error. |
|
|
86 | |
134 | |
87 | This function call is functionally identical to C<< JSON::XS->new->utf8 |
135 | This function call is functionally identical to: |
88 | (1)->encode ($perl_scalar) >>. |
|
|
89 | |
136 | |
|
|
137 | $json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar) |
|
|
138 | |
|
|
139 | except being faster. |
|
|
140 | |
90 | =item $perl_scalar = from_json $json_string |
141 | =item $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text |
91 | |
142 | |
92 | The opposite of C<to_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries to |
143 | The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries |
93 | parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON string, returning the resulting simple |
144 | to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting |
94 | scalar or reference. Croaks on error. |
145 | reference. Croaks on error. |
95 | |
146 | |
96 | This function call is functionally identical to C<< JSON::XS->new->utf8 |
147 | This function call is functionally identical to: |
97 | (1)->decode ($json_string) >>. |
148 | |
|
|
149 | $perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text) |
|
|
150 | |
|
|
151 | except being faster. |
|
|
152 | |
|
|
153 | =item $is_boolean = JSON::XS::is_bool $scalar |
|
|
154 | |
|
|
155 | Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::XS::true or |
|
|
156 | JSON::XS::false, two constants that act like C<1> and C<0>, respectively |
|
|
157 | and are used to represent JSON C<true> and C<false> values in Perl. |
|
|
158 | |
|
|
159 | See MAPPING, below, for more information on how JSON values are mapped to |
|
|
160 | Perl. |
98 | |
161 | |
99 | =back |
162 | =back |
|
|
163 | |
|
|
164 | |
|
|
165 | =head1 A FEW NOTES ON UNICODE AND PERL |
|
|
166 | |
|
|
167 | Since this often leads to confusion, here are a few very clear words on |
|
|
168 | how Unicode works in Perl, modulo bugs. |
|
|
169 | |
|
|
170 | =over 4 |
|
|
171 | |
|
|
172 | =item 1. Perl strings can store characters with ordinal values > 255. |
|
|
173 | |
|
|
174 | This enables you to store Unicode characters as single characters in a |
|
|
175 | Perl string - very natural. |
|
|
176 | |
|
|
177 | =item 2. Perl does I<not> associate an encoding with your strings. |
|
|
178 | |
|
|
179 | Unless you force it to, e.g. when matching it against a regex, or printing |
|
|
180 | the scalar to a file, in which case Perl either interprets your string as |
|
|
181 | locale-encoded text, octets/binary, or as Unicode, depending on various |
|
|
182 | settings. In no case is an encoding stored together with your data, it is |
|
|
183 | I<use> that decides encoding, not any magical metadata. |
|
|
184 | |
|
|
185 | =item 3. The internal utf-8 flag has no meaning with regards to the |
|
|
186 | encoding of your string. |
|
|
187 | |
|
|
188 | Just ignore that flag unless you debug a Perl bug, a module written in |
|
|
189 | XS or want to dive into the internals of perl. Otherwise it will only |
|
|
190 | confuse you, as, despite the name, it says nothing about how your string |
|
|
191 | is encoded. You can have Unicode strings with that flag set, with that |
|
|
192 | flag clear, and you can have binary data with that flag set and that flag |
|
|
193 | clear. Other possibilities exist, too. |
|
|
194 | |
|
|
195 | If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't |
|
|
196 | exist. |
|
|
197 | |
|
|
198 | =item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be |
|
|
199 | validly interpreted as a Unicode codepoint. |
|
|
200 | |
|
|
201 | If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a |
|
|
202 | Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string. |
|
|
203 | |
|
|
204 | =item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string. |
|
|
205 | |
|
|
206 | It's a fact. Learn to live with it. |
|
|
207 | |
|
|
208 | =back |
|
|
209 | |
|
|
210 | I hope this helps :) |
|
|
211 | |
100 | |
212 | |
101 | =head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE |
213 | =head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE |
102 | |
214 | |
103 | The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or |
215 | The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or |
104 | decoding style, within the limits of supported formats. |
216 | decoding style, within the limits of supported formats. |
… | |
… | |
111 | strings. All boolean flags described below are by default I<disabled>. |
223 | strings. All boolean flags described below are by default I<disabled>. |
112 | |
224 | |
113 | The mutators for flags all return the JSON object again and thus calls can |
225 | The mutators for flags all return the JSON object again and thus calls can |
114 | be chained: |
226 | be chained: |
115 | |
227 | |
116 | my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8(1)->space_after(1)->encode ({a => [1,2]}) |
228 | my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after->encode ({a => [1,2]}) |
117 | => {"a": [1, 2]} |
229 | => {"a": [1, 2]} |
118 | |
230 | |
119 | =item $json = $json->ascii ($enable) |
231 | =item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable]) |
120 | |
232 | |
|
|
233 | =item $enabled = $json->get_ascii |
|
|
234 | |
121 | If C<$enable> is true, then the C<encode> method will not generate |
235 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not |
122 | characters outside the code range C<0..127>. Any unicode characters |
236 | generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any |
123 | outside that range will be escaped using either a single \uXXXX (BMP |
237 | Unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a |
124 | characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence, as per RFC4627. |
238 | single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence, |
|
|
239 | as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native |
|
|
240 | Unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string, |
|
|
241 | or any other superset of ASCII. |
125 | |
242 | |
126 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode |
243 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode |
127 | characters unless necessary. |
244 | characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results |
|
|
245 | in a faster and more compact format. |
128 | |
246 | |
|
|
247 | The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be |
|
|
248 | transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not |
|
|
249 | contain any 8 bit characters. |
|
|
250 | |
129 | JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode (chr 0x10401) |
251 | JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401]) |
130 | => \ud801\udc01 |
252 | => ["\ud801\udc01"] |
131 | |
253 | |
|
|
254 | =item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable]) |
|
|
255 | |
|
|
256 | =item $enabled = $json->get_latin1 |
|
|
257 | |
|
|
258 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode |
|
|
259 | the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters |
|
|
260 | outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a |
|
|
261 | latin1-encoded JSON text or a native Unicode string. The C<decode> method |
|
|
262 | will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default |
|
|
263 | expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1. |
|
|
264 | |
|
|
265 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode |
|
|
266 | characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. |
|
|
267 | |
|
|
268 | The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON |
|
|
269 | text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded |
|
|
270 | size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded |
|
|
271 | in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and |
|
|
272 | transferring), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when |
|
|
273 | you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently |
|
|
274 | in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders. |
|
|
275 | |
|
|
276 | JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"] |
|
|
277 | => ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not) |
|
|
278 | |
132 | =item $json = $json->utf8 ($enable) |
279 | =item $json = $json->utf8 ([$enable]) |
133 | |
280 | |
|
|
281 | =item $enabled = $json->get_utf8 |
|
|
282 | |
134 | If C<$enable> is true, then the C<encode> method will encode the JSON |
283 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode |
135 | string into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the C<decode> |
284 | the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the |
136 | method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please note that |
285 | C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please |
137 | UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the range |
286 | note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the |
138 | C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. |
287 | range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future |
|
|
288 | versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16 |
|
|
289 | and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627. |
139 | |
290 | |
140 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON |
291 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON |
141 | string as a (non-encoded) unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a |
292 | string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a |
142 | unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs |
293 | Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs |
143 | to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module. |
294 | to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module. |
144 | |
295 | |
|
|
296 | Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON: |
|
|
297 | |
|
|
298 | use Encode; |
|
|
299 | $jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object); |
|
|
300 | |
|
|
301 | Example, decode UTF-32LE-encoded JSON: |
|
|
302 | |
|
|
303 | use Encode; |
|
|
304 | $object = JSON::XS->new->decode (decode "UTF-32LE", $jsontext); |
|
|
305 | |
145 | =item $json = $json->pretty ($enable) |
306 | =item $json = $json->pretty ([$enable]) |
146 | |
307 | |
147 | This enables (or disables) all of the C<indent>, C<space_before> and |
308 | This enables (or disables) all of the C<indent>, C<space_before> and |
148 | C<space_after> (and in the future possibly more) flags in one call to |
309 | C<space_after> (and in the future possibly more) flags in one call to |
149 | generate the most readable (or most compact) form possible. |
310 | generate the most readable (or most compact) form possible. |
|
|
311 | |
|
|
312 | Example, pretty-print some simple structure: |
150 | |
313 | |
151 | my $json = JSON::XS->new->pretty(1)->encode ({a => [1,2]}) |
314 | my $json = JSON::XS->new->pretty(1)->encode ({a => [1,2]}) |
152 | => |
315 | => |
153 | { |
316 | { |
154 | "a" : [ |
317 | "a" : [ |
155 | 1, |
318 | 1, |
156 | 2 |
319 | 2 |
157 | ] |
320 | ] |
158 | } |
321 | } |
159 | |
322 | |
160 | =item $json = $json->indent ($enable) |
323 | =item $json = $json->indent ([$enable]) |
161 | |
324 | |
|
|
325 | =item $enabled = $json->get_indent |
|
|
326 | |
162 | If C<$enable> is true, then the C<encode> method will use a multiline |
327 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline |
163 | format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair |
328 | format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair |
164 | into its own line, identing them properly. |
329 | into its own line, indenting them properly. |
165 | |
330 | |
166 | If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the |
331 | If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the |
167 | resulting JSON strings is guarenteed not to contain any C<newlines>. |
332 | resulting JSON text is guaranteed not to contain any C<newlines>. |
168 | |
333 | |
169 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON strings. |
334 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. |
170 | |
335 | |
171 | =item $json = $json->space_before ($enable) |
336 | =item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable]) |
172 | |
337 | |
|
|
338 | =item $enabled = $json->get_space_before |
|
|
339 | |
173 | If C<$enable> is true, then the C<encode> method will add an extra |
340 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra |
174 | optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects. |
341 | optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects. |
175 | |
342 | |
176 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra |
343 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra |
177 | space at those places. |
344 | space at those places. |
178 | |
345 | |
179 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON strings. You will also most |
346 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. You will also |
180 | likely combine this setting with C<space_after>. |
347 | most likely combine this setting with C<space_after>. |
181 | |
348 | |
|
|
349 | Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled: |
|
|
350 | |
|
|
351 | {"key" :"value"} |
|
|
352 | |
182 | =item $json = $json->space_after ($enable) |
353 | =item $json = $json->space_after ([$enable]) |
183 | |
354 | |
|
|
355 | =item $enabled = $json->get_space_after |
|
|
356 | |
184 | If C<$enable> is true, then the C<encode> method will add an extra |
357 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra |
185 | optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects |
358 | optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects |
186 | and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array |
359 | and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array |
187 | members. |
360 | members. |
188 | |
361 | |
189 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra |
362 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra |
190 | space at those places. |
363 | space at those places. |
191 | |
364 | |
192 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON strings. |
365 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. |
193 | |
366 | |
|
|
367 | Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled: |
|
|
368 | |
|
|
369 | {"key": "value"} |
|
|
370 | |
|
|
371 | =item $json = $json->relaxed ([$enable]) |
|
|
372 | |
|
|
373 | =item $enabled = $json->get_relaxed |
|
|
374 | |
|
|
375 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept some |
|
|
376 | extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). C<encode> will not be |
|
|
377 | affected in anyway. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid |
|
|
378 | JSON texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to |
|
|
379 | parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration files, |
|
|
380 | resource files etc.) |
|
|
381 | |
|
|
382 | If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept |
|
|
383 | valid JSON texts. |
|
|
384 | |
|
|
385 | Currently accepted extensions are: |
|
|
386 | |
|
|
387 | =over 4 |
|
|
388 | |
|
|
389 | =item * list items can have an end-comma |
|
|
390 | |
|
|
391 | JSON I<separates> array elements and key-value pairs with commas. This |
|
|
392 | can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually and want to be able to |
|
|
393 | quickly append elements, so this extension accepts comma at the end of |
|
|
394 | such items not just between them: |
|
|
395 | |
|
|
396 | [ |
|
|
397 | 1, |
|
|
398 | 2, <- this comma not normally allowed |
|
|
399 | ] |
|
|
400 | { |
|
|
401 | "k1": "v1", |
|
|
402 | "k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed |
|
|
403 | } |
|
|
404 | |
|
|
405 | =item * shell-style '#'-comments |
|
|
406 | |
|
|
407 | Whenever JSON allows whitespace, shell-style comments are additionally |
|
|
408 | allowed. They are terminated by the first carriage-return or line-feed |
|
|
409 | character, after which more white-space and comments are allowed. |
|
|
410 | |
|
|
411 | [ |
|
|
412 | 1, # this comment not allowed in JSON |
|
|
413 | # neither this one... |
|
|
414 | ] |
|
|
415 | |
|
|
416 | =back |
|
|
417 | |
194 | =item $json = $json->canonical ($enable) |
418 | =item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable]) |
195 | |
419 | |
|
|
420 | =item $enabled = $json->get_canonical |
|
|
421 | |
196 | If C<$enable> is true, then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects |
422 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects |
197 | by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead. |
423 | by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead. |
198 | |
424 | |
199 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value |
425 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value |
200 | pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs |
426 | pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs |
201 | of the same script). |
427 | of the same script). |
202 | |
428 | |
203 | This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as |
429 | This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as |
204 | the same JSON string (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled, |
430 | the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled, |
205 | the same hash migh be encoded differently even if contains the same data, |
431 | the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data, |
206 | as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl. |
432 | as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl. |
207 | |
433 | |
208 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON strings. |
434 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. |
209 | |
435 | |
210 | =item $json = $json->allow_nonref ($enable) |
436 | =item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable]) |
211 | |
437 | |
|
|
438 | =item $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref |
|
|
439 | |
212 | If C<$enable> is true, then the C<encode> method can convert a |
440 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a |
213 | non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value, |
441 | non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value, |
214 | which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON |
442 | which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON |
215 | values instead of croaking. |
443 | values instead of croaking. |
216 | |
444 | |
217 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will croak if it isn't |
445 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will croak if it isn't |
218 | passed an arrayref or hashref, as JSON strings must either be an object |
446 | passed an arrayref or hashref, as JSON texts must either be an object |
219 | or array. Likewise, C<decode> will croak if given something that is not a |
447 | or array. Likewise, C<decode> will croak if given something that is not a |
220 | JSON object or array. |
448 | JSON object or array. |
221 | |
449 | |
|
|
450 | Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled C<allow_nonref>, |
|
|
451 | resulting in an invalid JSON text: |
|
|
452 | |
|
|
453 | JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!") |
|
|
454 | => "Hello, World!" |
|
|
455 | |
|
|
456 | =item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable]) |
|
|
457 | |
|
|
458 | =item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed |
|
|
459 | |
|
|
460 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not |
|
|
461 | barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the |
|
|
462 | B<convert_blessed> option will decide whether C<null> (C<convert_blessed> |
|
|
463 | disabled or no C<TO_JSON> method found) or a representation of the |
|
|
464 | object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<TO_JSON> method found) is being |
|
|
465 | encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>. |
|
|
466 | |
|
|
467 | If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an |
|
|
468 | exception when it encounters a blessed object. |
|
|
469 | |
|
|
470 | =item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable]) |
|
|
471 | |
|
|
472 | =item $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed |
|
|
473 | |
|
|
474 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a |
|
|
475 | blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method |
|
|
476 | on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context |
|
|
477 | and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object. If no |
|
|
478 | C<TO_JSON> method is found, the value of C<allow_blessed> will decide what |
|
|
479 | to do. |
|
|
480 | |
|
|
481 | The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON> |
|
|
482 | returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same |
|
|
483 | way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle |
|
|
484 | (== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other |
|
|
485 | methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are |
|
|
486 | usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with any C<to_json> |
|
|
487 | function or method. |
|
|
488 | |
|
|
489 | This setting does not yet influence C<decode> in any way, but in the |
|
|
490 | future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are |
|
|
491 | enabled by this setting. |
|
|
492 | |
|
|
493 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<allow_blessed> setting will decide what |
|
|
494 | to do when a blessed object is found. |
|
|
495 | |
|
|
496 | =item $json = $json->filter_json_object ([$coderef->($hashref)]) |
|
|
497 | |
|
|
498 | When C<$coderef> is specified, it will be called from C<decode> each |
|
|
499 | time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to the |
|
|
500 | newly-created hash. If the code references returns a single scalar (which |
|
|
501 | need not be a reference), this value (i.e. a copy of that scalar to avoid |
|
|
502 | aliasing) is inserted into the deserialised data structure. If it returns |
|
|
503 | an empty list (NOTE: I<not> C<undef>, which is a valid scalar), the |
|
|
504 | original deserialised hash will be inserted. This setting can slow down |
|
|
505 | decoding considerably. |
|
|
506 | |
|
|
507 | When C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, any existing callback will |
|
|
508 | be removed and C<decode> will not change the deserialised hash in any |
|
|
509 | way. |
|
|
510 | |
|
|
511 | Example, convert all JSON objects into the integer 5: |
|
|
512 | |
|
|
513 | my $js = JSON::XS->new->filter_json_object (sub { 5 }); |
|
|
514 | # returns [5] |
|
|
515 | $js->decode ('[{}]') |
|
|
516 | # throw an exception because allow_nonref is not enabled |
|
|
517 | # so a lone 5 is not allowed. |
|
|
518 | $js->decode ('{"a":1, "b":2}'); |
|
|
519 | |
|
|
520 | =item $json = $json->filter_json_single_key_object ($key [=> $coderef->($value)]) |
|
|
521 | |
|
|
522 | Works remotely similar to C<filter_json_object>, but is only called for |
|
|
523 | JSON objects having a single key named C<$key>. |
|
|
524 | |
|
|
525 | This C<$coderef> is called before the one specified via |
|
|
526 | C<filter_json_object>, if any. It gets passed the single value in the JSON |
|
|
527 | object. If it returns a single value, it will be inserted into the data |
|
|
528 | structure. If it returns nothing (not even C<undef> but the empty list), |
|
|
529 | the callback from C<filter_json_object> will be called next, as if no |
|
|
530 | single-key callback were specified. |
|
|
531 | |
|
|
532 | If C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, the corresponding callback will be |
|
|
533 | disabled. There can only ever be one callback for a given key. |
|
|
534 | |
|
|
535 | As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object> |
|
|
536 | one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key |
|
|
537 | objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially |
|
|
538 | as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept |
|
|
539 | as JSON gets (it's basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not |
|
|
540 | support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks |
|
|
541 | like a serialised Perl hash. |
|
|
542 | |
|
|
543 | Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or |
|
|
544 | C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even |
|
|
545 | things like C<__class_md5sum(classname)__>, to reduce the risk of clashing |
|
|
546 | with real hashes. |
|
|
547 | |
|
|
548 | Example, decode JSON objects of the form C<< { "__widget__" => <id> } >> |
|
|
549 | into the corresponding C<< $WIDGET{<id>} >> object: |
|
|
550 | |
|
|
551 | # return whatever is in $WIDGET{5}: |
|
|
552 | JSON::XS |
|
|
553 | ->new |
|
|
554 | ->filter_json_single_key_object (__widget__ => sub { |
|
|
555 | $WIDGET{ $_[0] } |
|
|
556 | }) |
|
|
557 | ->decode ('{"__widget__": 5') |
|
|
558 | |
|
|
559 | # this can be used with a TO_JSON method in some "widget" class |
|
|
560 | # for serialisation to json: |
|
|
561 | sub WidgetBase::TO_JSON { |
|
|
562 | my ($self) = @_; |
|
|
563 | |
|
|
564 | unless ($self->{id}) { |
|
|
565 | $self->{id} = ..get..some..id..; |
|
|
566 | $WIDGET{$self->{id}} = $self; |
|
|
567 | } |
|
|
568 | |
|
|
569 | { __widget__ => $self->{id} } |
|
|
570 | } |
|
|
571 | |
|
|
572 | =item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable]) |
|
|
573 | |
|
|
574 | =item $enabled = $json->get_shrink |
|
|
575 | |
|
|
576 | Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for |
|
|
577 | strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either |
|
|
578 | C<encode> or C<decode> to their minimum size possible. This can save |
|
|
579 | memory when your JSON texts are either very very long or you have many |
|
|
580 | short strings. It will also try to downgrade any strings to octet-form |
|
|
581 | if possible: perl stores strings internally either in an encoding called |
|
|
582 | UTF-X or in octet-form. The latter cannot store everything but uses less |
|
|
583 | space in general (and some buggy Perl or C code might even rely on that |
|
|
584 | internal representation being used). |
|
|
585 | |
|
|
586 | The actual definition of what shrink does might change in future versions, |
|
|
587 | but it will always try to save space at the expense of time. |
|
|
588 | |
|
|
589 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), the string returned by C<encode> will |
|
|
590 | be shrunk-to-fit, while all strings generated by C<decode> will also be |
|
|
591 | shrunk-to-fit. |
|
|
592 | |
|
|
593 | If C<$enable> is false, then the normal perl allocation algorithms are used. |
|
|
594 | If you work with your data, then this is likely to be faster. |
|
|
595 | |
|
|
596 | In the future, this setting might control other things, such as converting |
|
|
597 | strings that look like integers or floats into integers or floats |
|
|
598 | internally (there is no difference on the Perl level), saving space. |
|
|
599 | |
|
|
600 | =item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth]) |
|
|
601 | |
|
|
602 | =item $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth |
|
|
603 | |
|
|
604 | Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding |
|
|
605 | or decoding. If the JSON text or Perl data structure has an equal or |
|
|
606 | higher nesting level then this limit, then the encoder and decoder will |
|
|
607 | stop and croak at that point. |
|
|
608 | |
|
|
609 | Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder |
|
|
610 | needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[> |
|
|
611 | characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a |
|
|
612 | given character in a string. |
|
|
613 | |
|
|
614 | Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures |
|
|
615 | that the object is only a single hash/object or array. |
|
|
616 | |
|
|
617 | The argument to C<max_depth> will be rounded up to the next highest power |
|
|
618 | of two. If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be |
|
|
619 | used, which is rarely useful. |
|
|
620 | |
|
|
621 | See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful. |
|
|
622 | |
|
|
623 | =item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size]) |
|
|
624 | |
|
|
625 | =item $max_size = $json->get_max_size |
|
|
626 | |
|
|
627 | Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is |
|
|
628 | being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode> |
|
|
629 | is called on a string longer then this number of characters it will not |
|
|
630 | attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no |
|
|
631 | effect on C<encode> (yet). |
|
|
632 | |
|
|
633 | The argument to C<max_size> will be rounded up to the next B<highest> |
|
|
634 | power of two (so may be more than requested). If no argument is given, the |
|
|
635 | limit check will be deactivated (same as when C<0> is specified). |
|
|
636 | |
|
|
637 | See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful. |
|
|
638 | |
222 | =item $json_string = $json->encode ($perl_scalar) |
639 | =item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar) |
223 | |
640 | |
224 | Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference |
641 | Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference |
225 | to a hash or array) to its JSON representation. Simple scalars will be |
642 | to a hash or array) to its JSON representation. Simple scalars will be |
226 | converted into JSON string or number sequences, while references to arrays |
643 | converted into JSON string or number sequences, while references to arrays |
227 | become JSON arrays and references to hashes become JSON objects. Undefined |
644 | become JSON arrays and references to hashes become JSON objects. Undefined |
228 | Perl values (e.g. C<undef>) become JSON C<null> values. Neither C<true> |
645 | Perl values (e.g. C<undef>) become JSON C<null> values. Neither C<true> |
229 | nor C<false> values will be generated. |
646 | nor C<false> values will be generated. |
230 | |
647 | |
231 | =item $perl_scalar = $json->decode ($json_string) |
648 | =item $perl_scalar = $json->decode ($json_text) |
232 | |
649 | |
233 | The opposite of C<encode>: expects a JSON string and tries to parse it, |
650 | The opposite of C<encode>: expects a JSON text and tries to parse it, |
234 | returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error. |
651 | returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error. |
235 | |
652 | |
236 | JSON numbers and strings become simple Perl scalars. JSON arrays become |
653 | JSON numbers and strings become simple Perl scalars. JSON arrays become |
237 | Perl arrayrefs and JSON objects become Perl hashrefs. C<true> becomes |
654 | Perl arrayrefs and JSON objects become Perl hashrefs. C<true> becomes |
238 | C<1>, C<false> becomes C<0> and C<null> becomes C<undef>. |
655 | C<1>, C<false> becomes C<0> and C<null> becomes C<undef>. |
239 | |
656 | |
|
|
657 | =item ($perl_scalar, $characters) = $json->decode_prefix ($json_text) |
|
|
658 | |
|
|
659 | This works like the C<decode> method, but instead of raising an exception |
|
|
660 | when there is trailing garbage after the first JSON object, it will |
|
|
661 | silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters consumed |
|
|
662 | so far. |
|
|
663 | |
|
|
664 | This is useful if your JSON texts are not delimited by an outer protocol |
|
|
665 | (which is not the brightest thing to do in the first place) and you need |
|
|
666 | to know where the JSON text ends. |
|
|
667 | |
|
|
668 | JSON::XS->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail") |
|
|
669 | => ([], 3) |
|
|
670 | |
240 | =back |
671 | =back |
|
|
672 | |
|
|
673 | |
|
|
674 | =head1 MAPPING |
|
|
675 | |
|
|
676 | This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and |
|
|
677 | vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most |
|
|
678 | circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics |
|
|
679 | (what you put in comes out as something equivalent). |
|
|
680 | |
|
|
681 | For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions, |
|
|
682 | lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppercase I<Perl> |
|
|
683 | refers to the abstract Perl language itself. |
|
|
684 | |
|
|
685 | |
|
|
686 | =head2 JSON -> PERL |
|
|
687 | |
|
|
688 | =over 4 |
|
|
689 | |
|
|
690 | =item object |
|
|
691 | |
|
|
692 | A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object |
|
|
693 | keys is preserved (JSON does not preserve object key ordering itself). |
|
|
694 | |
|
|
695 | =item array |
|
|
696 | |
|
|
697 | A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl. |
|
|
698 | |
|
|
699 | =item string |
|
|
700 | |
|
|
701 | A JSON string becomes a string scalar in Perl - Unicode codepoints in JSON |
|
|
702 | are represented by the same codepoints in the Perl string, so no manual |
|
|
703 | decoding is necessary. |
|
|
704 | |
|
|
705 | =item number |
|
|
706 | |
|
|
707 | A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or |
|
|
708 | string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On |
|
|
709 | the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all |
|
|
710 | the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and |
|
|
711 | might represent more values exactly than (floating point) numbers. |
|
|
712 | |
|
|
713 | If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent |
|
|
714 | it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as |
|
|
715 | a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of |
|
|
716 | precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value. |
|
|
717 | |
|
|
718 | Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be |
|
|
719 | represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of |
|
|
720 | precision. |
|
|
721 | |
|
|
722 | This might create round-tripping problems as numbers might become strings, |
|
|
723 | but as Perl is typeless there is no other way to do it. |
|
|
724 | |
|
|
725 | =item true, false |
|
|
726 | |
|
|
727 | These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>, |
|
|
728 | respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers |
|
|
729 | C<1> and C<0>. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using |
|
|
730 | the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function. |
|
|
731 | |
|
|
732 | =item null |
|
|
733 | |
|
|
734 | A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl. |
|
|
735 | |
|
|
736 | =back |
|
|
737 | |
|
|
738 | |
|
|
739 | =head2 PERL -> JSON |
|
|
740 | |
|
|
741 | The mapping from Perl to JSON is slightly more difficult, as Perl is a |
|
|
742 | truly typeless language, so we can only guess which JSON type is meant by |
|
|
743 | a Perl value. |
|
|
744 | |
|
|
745 | =over 4 |
|
|
746 | |
|
|
747 | =item hash references |
|
|
748 | |
|
|
749 | Perl hash references become JSON objects. As there is no inherent ordering |
|
|
750 | in hash keys (or JSON objects), they will usually be encoded in a |
|
|
751 | pseudo-random order that can change between runs of the same program but |
|
|
752 | stays generally the same within a single run of a program. JSON::XS can |
|
|
753 | optionally sort the hash keys (determined by the I<canonical> flag), so |
|
|
754 | the same datastructure will serialise to the same JSON text (given same |
|
|
755 | settings and version of JSON::XS), but this incurs a runtime overhead |
|
|
756 | and is only rarely useful, e.g. when you want to compare some JSON text |
|
|
757 | against another for equality. |
|
|
758 | |
|
|
759 | =item array references |
|
|
760 | |
|
|
761 | Perl array references become JSON arrays. |
|
|
762 | |
|
|
763 | =item other references |
|
|
764 | |
|
|
765 | Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an |
|
|
766 | exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and |
|
|
767 | C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can |
|
|
768 | also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability. |
|
|
769 | |
|
|
770 | encode_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true] |
|
|
771 | |
|
|
772 | =item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false |
|
|
773 | |
|
|
774 | These special values become JSON true and JSON false values, |
|
|
775 | respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want. |
|
|
776 | |
|
|
777 | =item blessed objects |
|
|
778 | |
|
|
779 | Blessed objects are not allowed. JSON::XS currently tries to encode their |
|
|
780 | underlying representation (hash- or arrayref), but this behaviour might |
|
|
781 | change in future versions. |
|
|
782 | |
|
|
783 | =item simple scalars |
|
|
784 | |
|
|
785 | Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most |
|
|
786 | difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as |
|
|
787 | JSON null value, scalars that have last been used in a string context |
|
|
788 | before encoding as JSON strings and anything else as number value: |
|
|
789 | |
|
|
790 | # dump as number |
|
|
791 | encode_json [2] # yields [2] |
|
|
792 | encode_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17] |
|
|
793 | my $value = 5; encode_json [$value] # yields [5] |
|
|
794 | |
|
|
795 | # used as string, so dump as string |
|
|
796 | print $value; |
|
|
797 | encode_json [$value] # yields ["5"] |
|
|
798 | |
|
|
799 | # undef becomes null |
|
|
800 | encode_json [undef] # yields [null] |
|
|
801 | |
|
|
802 | You can force the type to be a JSON string by stringifying it: |
|
|
803 | |
|
|
804 | my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number |
|
|
805 | "$x"; # stringified |
|
|
806 | $x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify |
|
|
807 | print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often |
|
|
808 | |
|
|
809 | You can force the type to be a JSON number by numifying it: |
|
|
810 | |
|
|
811 | my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string |
|
|
812 | $x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number |
|
|
813 | $x *= 1; # same thing, the choice is yours. |
|
|
814 | |
|
|
815 | You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me |
|
|
816 | if you need this capability. |
|
|
817 | |
|
|
818 | =back |
|
|
819 | |
241 | |
820 | |
242 | =head1 COMPARISON |
821 | =head1 COMPARISON |
243 | |
822 | |
244 | As already mentioned, this module was created because none of the existing |
823 | As already mentioned, this module was created because none of the existing |
245 | JSON modules could be made to work correctly. First I will describe the |
824 | JSON modules could be made to work correctly. First I will describe the |
… | |
… | |
251 | |
830 | |
252 | =item JSON 1.07 |
831 | =item JSON 1.07 |
253 | |
832 | |
254 | Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl). |
833 | Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl). |
255 | |
834 | |
256 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles unicode values is |
835 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles Unicode values is |
257 | undocumented. One can get far by feeding it unicode strings and doing |
836 | undocumented. One can get far by feeding it Unicode strings and doing |
258 | en-/decoding oneself, but unicode escapes are not working properly). |
837 | en-/decoding oneself, but Unicode escapes are not working properly). |
259 | |
838 | |
260 | No roundtripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g. |
839 | No round-tripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g. |
261 | the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will |
840 | the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will |
262 | decode into the number 2. |
841 | decode into the number 2. |
263 | |
842 | |
264 | =item JSON::PC 0.01 |
843 | =item JSON::PC 0.01 |
265 | |
844 | |
266 | Very fast. |
845 | Very fast. |
267 | |
846 | |
268 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling. |
847 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling. |
269 | |
848 | |
270 | No roundtripping. |
849 | No round-tripping. |
271 | |
850 | |
272 | Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic |
851 | Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic |
273 | values will make it croak). |
852 | values will make it croak). |
274 | |
853 | |
275 | Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}> |
854 | Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}> |
276 | which is not a valid JSON string. |
855 | which is not a valid JSON text. |
277 | |
856 | |
278 | Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not |
857 | Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not |
279 | getting fixed). |
858 | getting fixed). |
280 | |
859 | |
281 | =item JSON::Syck 0.21 |
860 | =item JSON::Syck 0.21 |
… | |
… | |
283 | Very buggy (often crashes). |
862 | Very buggy (often crashes). |
284 | |
863 | |
285 | Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much |
864 | Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much |
286 | undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a |
865 | undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a |
287 | single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to |
866 | single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to |
288 | generate ASCII-only JSON strings). |
867 | generate ASCII-only JSON texts). |
289 | |
868 | |
290 | Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (unicode |
869 | Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (Unicode |
291 | escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to |
870 | escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to |
292 | I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour). |
871 | I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour). |
293 | |
872 | |
294 | No roundtripping (simple cases work, but this depends on wether the scalar |
873 | No round-tripping (simple cases work, but this depends on whether the scalar |
295 | value was used in a numeric context or not). |
874 | value was used in a numeric context or not). |
296 | |
875 | |
297 | Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state. |
876 | Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state. |
298 | |
877 | |
299 | Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not |
878 | Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not |
300 | getting fixed). |
879 | getting fixed). |
301 | |
880 | |
302 | Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and |
881 | Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and |
303 | return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security |
882 | return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security |
304 | issue: imagine two banks transfering money between each other using |
883 | issue: imagine two banks transferring money between each other using |
305 | JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money, |
884 | JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money, |
306 | while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a |
885 | while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a |
307 | good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and |
886 | good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and |
308 | the transaction will still not succeed). |
887 | the transaction will still not succeed). |
309 | |
888 | |
310 | =item JSON::DWIW 0.04 |
889 | =item JSON::DWIW 0.04 |
311 | |
890 | |
312 | Very fast. Very natural. Very nice. |
891 | Very fast. Very natural. Very nice. |
313 | |
892 | |
314 | Undocumented unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes |
893 | Undocumented Unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes |
315 | still don't get parsed properly). |
894 | still don't get parsed properly). |
316 | |
895 | |
317 | Very inflexible. |
896 | Very inflexible. |
318 | |
897 | |
319 | No roundtripping. |
898 | No round-tripping. |
320 | |
899 | |
321 | Does not generate valid JSON (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys |
900 | Does not generate valid JSON texts (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys |
322 | result in nothing being output) |
901 | result in nothing being output) |
323 | |
902 | |
324 | Does not check input for validity. |
903 | Does not check input for validity. |
325 | |
904 | |
326 | =back |
905 | =back |
|
|
906 | |
|
|
907 | |
|
|
908 | =head2 JSON and YAML |
|
|
909 | |
|
|
910 | You often hear that JSON is a subset of YAML. This is, however, a mass |
|
|
911 | hysteria and very far from the truth. In general, there is no way to |
|
|
912 | configure JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML that works for |
|
|
913 | all cases. |
|
|
914 | |
|
|
915 | If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this |
|
|
916 | algorithm (subject to change in future versions): |
|
|
917 | |
|
|
918 | my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1); |
|
|
919 | my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n"; |
|
|
920 | |
|
|
921 | This will usually generate JSON texts that also parse as valid |
|
|
922 | YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key |
|
|
923 | lengths that JSON doesn't have and also has different and incompatible |
|
|
924 | unicode handling, so you should make sure that your hash keys are |
|
|
925 | noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows and that |
|
|
926 | you do not have codepoints with values outside the Unicode BMP (basic |
|
|
927 | multilingual page). YAML also does not allow C<\/> sequences in strings |
|
|
928 | (which JSON::XS does not I<currently> generate). |
|
|
929 | |
|
|
930 | There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of. In general |
|
|
931 | you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice versa, |
|
|
932 | or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are high |
|
|
933 | that you will run into severe interoperability problems when you least |
|
|
934 | expect it. |
|
|
935 | |
327 | |
936 | |
328 | =head2 SPEED |
937 | =head2 SPEED |
329 | |
938 | |
330 | It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following |
939 | It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following |
331 | tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program |
940 | tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program |
332 | in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own |
941 | in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own |
333 | system. |
942 | system. |
334 | |
943 | |
335 | First is a comparison between various modules using a very simple JSON |
944 | First comes a comparison between various modules using a very short |
|
|
945 | single-line JSON string: |
|
|
946 | |
|
|
947 | {"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1", "we were just talking"], \ |
|
|
948 | "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7, true, false]} |
|
|
949 | |
336 | string, showing the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS is |
950 | It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses |
337 | the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 is the OO interface with |
951 | the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface |
338 | pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled). |
952 | with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables |
|
|
953 | shrink). Higher is better: |
339 | |
954 | |
340 | module | encode | decode | |
955 | module | encode | decode | |
341 | -----------|------------|------------| |
956 | -----------|------------|------------| |
342 | JSON | 14006 | 6820 | |
957 | JSON 1.x | 4990.842 | 4088.813 | |
343 | JSON::DWIW | 200937 | 120386 | |
958 | JSON::DWIW | 51653.990 | 71575.154 | |
344 | JSON::PC | 85065 | 129366 | |
959 | JSON::PC | 65948.176 | 74631.744 | |
345 | JSON::Syck | 59898 | 44232 | |
960 | JSON::PP | 8931.652 | 3817.168 | |
346 | JSON::XS | 1171478 | 342435 | |
961 | JSON::Syck | 24877.248 | 27776.848 | |
347 | JSON::XS/2 | 730760 | 328714 | |
962 | JSON::XS | 388361.481 | 227951.304 | |
|
|
963 | JSON::XS/2 | 227951.304 | 218453.333 | |
|
|
964 | JSON::XS/3 | 338250.323 | 218453.333 | |
|
|
965 | Storable | 16500.016 | 135300.129 | |
348 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
966 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
349 | |
967 | |
350 | That is, JSON::XS is 6 times faster than than JSON::DWIW and about 80 |
968 | That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding, |
|
|
969 | about three times faster on decoding, and over forty times faster |
351 | times faster than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. |
970 | than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares |
|
|
971 | favourably to Storable for small amounts of data. |
352 | |
972 | |
353 | Using a longer test string (roughly 8KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals |
973 | Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals |
354 | search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg): |
974 | search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg): |
355 | |
975 | |
356 | module | encode | decode | |
976 | module | encode | decode | |
357 | -----------|------------|------------| |
977 | -----------|------------|------------| |
358 | JSON | 673 | 38 | |
978 | JSON 1.x | 55.260 | 34.971 | |
359 | JSON::DWIW | 5271 | 770 | |
979 | JSON::DWIW | 825.228 | 1082.513 | |
360 | JSON::PC | 9901 | 2491 | |
980 | JSON::PC | 3571.444 | 2394.829 | |
361 | JSON::Syck | 2360 | 786 | |
981 | JSON::PP | 210.987 | 32.574 | |
362 | JSON::XS | 37398 | 3202 | |
982 | JSON::Syck | 552.551 | 787.544 | |
363 | JSON::XS/2 | 13765 | 3153 | |
983 | JSON::XS | 5780.463 | 4854.519 | |
|
|
984 | JSON::XS/2 | 3869.998 | 4798.975 | |
|
|
985 | JSON::XS/3 | 5862.880 | 4798.975 | |
|
|
986 | Storable | 4445.002 | 5235.027 | |
364 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
987 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
365 | |
988 | |
366 | Again, JSON::XS leads by far in the encoding case, while still beating |
989 | Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly |
367 | every other module in the decoding case. |
990 | decodes faster). |
368 | |
991 | |
369 | Last example is an almost 8MB large hash with many large binary values |
992 | On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some modules |
370 | (PNG files), resulting in a lot of escaping: |
993 | (such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result |
|
|
994 | will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others refuse |
|
|
995 | to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair |
|
|
996 | comparison table for that case. |
|
|
997 | |
|
|
998 | |
|
|
999 | =head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
|
|
1000 | |
|
|
1001 | When you are using JSON in a protocol, talking to untrusted potentially |
|
|
1002 | hostile creatures requires relatively few measures. |
|
|
1003 | |
|
|
1004 | First of all, your JSON decoder should be secure, that is, should not have |
|
|
1005 | any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am |
|
|
1006 | trying hard on making that true, but you never know. |
|
|
1007 | |
|
|
1008 | Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should |
|
|
1009 | limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your |
|
|
1010 | resources run out, that's just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that |
|
|
1011 | can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is |
|
|
1012 | usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode |
|
|
1013 | it into a Perl structure. While JSON::XS can check the size of the JSON |
|
|
1014 | text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you |
|
|
1015 | might want to check the size before you accept the string. |
|
|
1016 | |
|
|
1017 | Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and |
|
|
1018 | arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64 |
|
|
1019 | machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but |
|
|
1020 | only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak |
|
|
1021 | to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. To be |
|
|
1022 | conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process |
|
|
1023 | has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the |
|
|
1024 | C<max_depth> method. |
|
|
1025 | |
|
|
1026 | And last but least, something else could bomb you that I forgot to think |
|
|
1027 | of. In that case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, |
|
|
1028 | though... |
|
|
1029 | |
|
|
1030 | If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption |
|
|
1031 | by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at |
|
|
1032 | L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether |
|
|
1033 | you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser |
|
|
1034 | design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major |
|
|
1035 | browser developers care only for features, not about getting security |
|
|
1036 | right). |
|
|
1037 | |
|
|
1038 | |
|
|
1039 | =head1 THREADS |
|
|
1040 | |
|
|
1041 | This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no |
|
|
1042 | plans to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the |
|
|
1043 | horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated |
|
|
1044 | process simulations - use fork, its I<much> faster, cheaper, better). |
|
|
1045 | |
|
|
1046 | (It might actually work, but you have been warned). |
|
|
1047 | |
371 | |
1048 | |
372 | =head1 BUGS |
1049 | =head1 BUGS |
373 | |
1050 | |
374 | While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does |
1051 | While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does |
375 | not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is |
1052 | not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is |
376 | still very young and not well-tested. If you keep reporting bugs they will |
1053 | still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they |
377 | be fixed swiftly, though. |
1054 | will be fixed swiftly, though. |
|
|
1055 | |
|
|
1056 | Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting |
|
|
1057 | service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason. |
378 | |
1058 | |
379 | =cut |
1059 | =cut |
|
|
1060 | |
|
|
1061 | our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::XS::Boolean" }; |
|
|
1062 | our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::XS::Boolean" }; |
|
|
1063 | |
|
|
1064 | sub true() { $true } |
|
|
1065 | sub false() { $false } |
|
|
1066 | |
|
|
1067 | sub is_bool($) { |
|
|
1068 | UNIVERSAL::isa $_[0], "JSON::XS::Boolean" |
|
|
1069 | # or UNIVERSAL::isa $_[0], "JSON::Literal" |
|
|
1070 | } |
|
|
1071 | |
|
|
1072 | XSLoader::load "JSON::XS", $VERSION; |
|
|
1073 | |
|
|
1074 | package JSON::XS::Boolean; |
|
|
1075 | |
|
|
1076 | use overload |
|
|
1077 | "0+" => sub { ${$_[0]} }, |
|
|
1078 | "++" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} + 1 }, |
|
|
1079 | "--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 }, |
|
|
1080 | fallback => 1; |
380 | |
1081 | |
381 | 1; |
1082 | 1; |
382 | |
1083 | |
383 | =head1 AUTHOR |
1084 | =head1 AUTHOR |
384 | |
1085 | |