1 | =head1 NAME |
1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
2 | |
3 | JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast |
3 | JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast |
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4 | |
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5 | JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ |
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6 | (http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html) |
4 | |
7 | |
5 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
8 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
6 | |
9 | |
7 | use JSON::XS; |
10 | use JSON::XS; |
8 | |
11 | |
9 | # exported functions, they croak on error |
12 | # exported functions, they croak on error |
10 | # and expect/generate UTF-8 |
13 | # and expect/generate UTF-8 |
11 | |
14 | |
12 | $utf8_encoded_json_text = to_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref; |
15 | $utf8_encoded_json_text = to_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref; |
13 | $perl_hash_or_arrayref = from_json $utf8_encoded_json_text; |
16 | $perl_hash_or_arrayref = from_json $utf8_encoded_json_text; |
14 | |
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15 | # objToJson and jsonToObj aliases to to_json and from_json |
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16 | # are exported for compatibility to the JSON module, |
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17 | # but should not be used in new code. |
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18 | |
17 | |
19 | # OO-interface |
18 | # OO-interface |
20 | |
19 | |
21 | $coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref; |
20 | $coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref; |
22 | $pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar); |
21 | $pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar); |
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41 | |
40 | |
42 | =head2 FEATURES |
41 | =head2 FEATURES |
43 | |
42 | |
44 | =over 4 |
43 | =over 4 |
45 | |
44 | |
46 | =item * correct unicode handling |
45 | =item * correct Unicode handling |
47 | |
46 | |
48 | This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how and when |
47 | This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how and when |
49 | it does so. |
48 | it does so. |
50 | |
49 | |
51 | =item * round-trip integrity |
50 | =item * round-trip integrity |
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71 | This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO |
70 | This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO |
72 | interface. |
71 | interface. |
73 | |
72 | |
74 | =item * reasonably versatile output formats |
73 | =item * reasonably versatile output formats |
75 | |
74 | |
76 | You can choose between the most compact guarenteed single-line format |
75 | You can choose between the most compact guaranteed single-line format |
77 | possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format |
76 | possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format |
78 | (for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole |
77 | (for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole |
79 | unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that |
78 | Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that |
80 | stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like. |
79 | stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like. |
81 | |
80 | |
82 | =back |
81 | =back |
83 | |
82 | |
84 | =cut |
83 | =cut |
85 | |
84 | |
86 | package JSON::XS; |
85 | package JSON::XS; |
87 | |
86 | |
88 | use strict; |
87 | use strict; |
89 | |
88 | |
90 | our $VERSION = '1.4'; |
89 | our $VERSION = '1.53'; |
91 | our @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
90 | our @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
92 | |
91 | |
93 | our @EXPORT = qw(to_json from_json objToJson jsonToObj); |
92 | our @EXPORT = qw(to_json from_json); |
94 | |
93 | |
95 | use Exporter; |
94 | use Exporter; |
96 | use XSLoader; |
95 | use XSLoader; |
97 | |
96 | |
98 | =head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE |
97 | =head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE |
99 | |
98 | |
100 | The following convinience methods are provided by this module. They are |
99 | The following convenience methods are provided by this module. They are |
101 | exported by default: |
100 | exported by default: |
102 | |
101 | |
103 | =over 4 |
102 | =over 4 |
104 | |
103 | |
105 | =item $json_text = to_json $perl_scalar |
104 | =item $json_text = to_json $perl_scalar |
106 | |
105 | |
107 | Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference to |
106 | Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string |
108 | a hash or array) to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string (that is, the string contains |
107 | (that is, the string contains octets only). Croaks on error. |
109 | octets only). Croaks on error. |
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110 | |
108 | |
111 | This function call is functionally identical to: |
109 | This function call is functionally identical to: |
112 | |
110 | |
113 | $json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar) |
111 | $json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar) |
114 | |
112 | |
115 | except being faster. |
113 | except being faster. |
116 | |
114 | |
117 | =item $perl_scalar = from_json $json_text |
115 | =item $perl_scalar = from_json $json_text |
118 | |
116 | |
119 | The opposite of C<to_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries to |
117 | The opposite of C<to_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries |
120 | parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting simple |
118 | to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting |
121 | scalar or reference. Croaks on error. |
119 | reference. Croaks on error. |
122 | |
120 | |
123 | This function call is functionally identical to: |
121 | This function call is functionally identical to: |
124 | |
122 | |
125 | $perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text) |
123 | $perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text) |
126 | |
124 | |
… | |
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136 | Perl. |
134 | Perl. |
137 | |
135 | |
138 | =back |
136 | =back |
139 | |
137 | |
140 | |
138 | |
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139 | =head1 A FEW NOTES ON UNICODE AND PERL |
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140 | |
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141 | Since this often leads to confusion, here are a few very clear words on |
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142 | how Unicode works in Perl, modulo bugs. |
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143 | |
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144 | =over 4 |
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145 | |
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146 | =item 1. Perl strings can store characters with ordinal values > 255. |
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147 | |
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148 | This enables you to store Unicode characters as single characters in a |
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149 | Perl string - very natural. |
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150 | |
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151 | =item 2. Perl does I<not> associate an encoding with your strings. |
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152 | |
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153 | Unless you force it to, e.g. when matching it against a regex, or printing |
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154 | the scalar to a file, in which case Perl either interprets your string as |
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155 | locale-encoded text, octets/binary, or as Unicode, depending on various |
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156 | settings. In no case is an encoding stored together with your data, it is |
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157 | I<use> that decides encoding, not any magical metadata. |
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158 | |
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159 | =item 3. The internal utf-8 flag has no meaning with regards to the |
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160 | encoding of your string. |
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161 | |
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162 | Just ignore that flag unless you debug a Perl bug, a module written in |
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163 | XS or want to dive into the internals of perl. Otherwise it will only |
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164 | confuse you, as, despite the name, it says nothing about how your string |
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165 | is encoded. You can have Unicode strings with that flag set, with that |
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166 | flag clear, and you can have binary data with that flag set and that flag |
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167 | clear. Other possibilities exist, too. |
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168 | |
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169 | If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't |
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170 | exist. |
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171 | |
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172 | =item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be |
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173 | validly interpreted as a Unicode codepoint. |
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174 | |
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175 | If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a |
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176 | Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string. |
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177 | |
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178 | =item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string. |
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179 | |
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180 | It's a fact. Learn to live with it. |
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181 | |
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182 | =back |
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183 | |
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184 | I hope this helps :) |
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185 | |
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186 | |
141 | =head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE |
187 | =head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE |
142 | |
188 | |
143 | The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or |
189 | The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or |
144 | decoding style, within the limits of supported formats. |
190 | decoding style, within the limits of supported formats. |
145 | |
191 | |
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158 | |
204 | |
159 | =item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable]) |
205 | =item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable]) |
160 | |
206 | |
161 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not |
207 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not |
162 | generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any |
208 | generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any |
163 | unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a |
209 | Unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a |
164 | single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence, |
210 | single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence, |
165 | as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native |
211 | as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native |
166 | unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string, |
212 | Unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string, |
167 | or any other superset of ASCII. |
213 | or any other superset of ASCII. |
168 | |
214 | |
169 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode |
215 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode |
170 | characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results |
216 | characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results |
171 | in a faster and more compact format. |
217 | in a faster and more compact format. |
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180 | =item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable]) |
226 | =item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable]) |
181 | |
227 | |
182 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode |
228 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode |
183 | the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters |
229 | the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters |
184 | outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a |
230 | outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a |
185 | latin1-encoded JSON text or a native unicode string. The C<decode> method |
231 | latin1-encoded JSON text or a native Unicode string. The C<decode> method |
186 | will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default |
232 | will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default |
187 | expects unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1. |
233 | expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1. |
188 | |
234 | |
189 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode |
235 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode |
190 | characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. |
236 | characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. |
191 | |
237 | |
192 | The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON |
238 | The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON |
193 | text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded |
239 | text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded |
194 | size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded |
240 | size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded |
195 | in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and |
241 | in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and |
196 | transfering), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when |
242 | transferring), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when |
197 | you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently |
243 | you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently |
198 | in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders. |
244 | in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders. |
199 | |
245 | |
200 | JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"] |
246 | JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"] |
201 | => ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not) |
247 | => ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not) |
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209 | range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future |
255 | range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future |
210 | versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16 |
256 | versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16 |
211 | and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627. |
257 | and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627. |
212 | |
258 | |
213 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON |
259 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON |
214 | string as a (non-encoded) unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a |
260 | string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a |
215 | unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs |
261 | Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs |
216 | to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module. |
262 | to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module. |
217 | |
263 | |
218 | Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON: |
264 | Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON: |
219 | |
265 | |
220 | use Encode; |
266 | use Encode; |
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244 | |
290 | |
245 | =item $json = $json->indent ([$enable]) |
291 | =item $json = $json->indent ([$enable]) |
246 | |
292 | |
247 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline |
293 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline |
248 | format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair |
294 | format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair |
249 | into its own line, identing them properly. |
295 | into its own line, indenting them properly. |
250 | |
296 | |
251 | If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the |
297 | If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the |
252 | resulting JSON text is guarenteed not to contain any C<newlines>. |
298 | resulting JSON text is guaranteed not to contain any C<newlines>. |
253 | |
299 | |
254 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. |
300 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. |
255 | |
301 | |
256 | =item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable]) |
302 | =item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable]) |
257 | |
303 | |
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282 | |
328 | |
283 | Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled: |
329 | Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled: |
284 | |
330 | |
285 | {"key": "value"} |
331 | {"key": "value"} |
286 | |
332 | |
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333 | =item $json = $json->relaxed ([$enable]) |
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334 | |
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335 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept some |
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336 | extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). C<encode> will not be |
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337 | affected in anyway. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid |
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338 | JSON texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to |
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339 | parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration files, |
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340 | resource files etc.) |
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341 | |
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342 | If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept |
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343 | valid JSON texts. |
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344 | |
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345 | Currently accepted extensions are: |
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346 | |
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347 | =over 4 |
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348 | |
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349 | =item * list items can have an end-comma |
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350 | |
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351 | JSON I<separates> array elements and key-value pairs with commas. This |
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352 | can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually and want to be able to |
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353 | quickly append elements, so this extension accepts comma at the end of |
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354 | such items not just between them: |
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355 | |
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356 | [ |
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357 | 1, |
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358 | 2, <- this comma not normally allowed |
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359 | ] |
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360 | { |
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361 | "k1": "v1", |
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362 | "k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed |
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363 | } |
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364 | |
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365 | =item * shell-style '#'-comments |
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366 | |
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367 | Whenever JSON allows whitespace, shell-style comments are additionally |
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368 | allowed. They are terminated by the first carriage-return or line-feed |
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369 | character, after which more white-space and comments are allowed. |
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370 | |
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371 | [ |
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372 | 1, # this comment not allowed in JSON |
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373 | # neither this one... |
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374 | ] |
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375 | |
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376 | =back |
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377 | |
287 | =item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable]) |
378 | =item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable]) |
288 | |
379 | |
289 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects |
380 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects |
290 | by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead. |
381 | by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead. |
291 | |
382 | |
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293 | pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs |
384 | pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs |
294 | of the same script). |
385 | of the same script). |
295 | |
386 | |
296 | This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as |
387 | This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as |
297 | the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled, |
388 | the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled, |
298 | the same hash migh be encoded differently even if contains the same data, |
389 | the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data, |
299 | as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl. |
390 | as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl. |
300 | |
391 | |
301 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. |
392 | This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. |
302 | |
393 | |
303 | =item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable]) |
394 | =item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable]) |
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320 | |
411 | |
321 | =item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable]) |
412 | =item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable]) |
322 | |
413 | |
323 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not |
414 | If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not |
324 | barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the |
415 | barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the |
325 | B<convert_blessed> option will decide wether C<null> (C<convert_blessed> |
416 | B<convert_blessed> option will decide whether C<null> (C<convert_blessed> |
326 | disabled or no C<to_json> method found) or a representation of the |
417 | disabled or no C<to_json> method found) or a representation of the |
327 | object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<to_json> method found) is being |
418 | object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<to_json> method found) is being |
328 | encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>. |
419 | encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>. |
329 | |
420 | |
330 | If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an |
421 | If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an |
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351 | future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are |
442 | future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are |
352 | enabled by this setting. |
443 | enabled by this setting. |
353 | |
444 | |
354 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<allow_blessed> setting will decide what |
445 | If C<$enable> is false, then the C<allow_blessed> setting will decide what |
355 | to do when a blessed object is found. |
446 | to do when a blessed object is found. |
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447 | |
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448 | =item $json = $json->filter_json_object ([$coderef->($hashref)]) |
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449 | |
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450 | When C<$coderef> is specified, it will be called from C<decode> each |
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451 | time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to the |
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452 | newly-created hash. If the code references returns a single scalar (which |
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453 | need not be a reference), this value (i.e. a copy of that scalar to avoid |
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454 | aliasing) is inserted into the deserialised data structure. If it returns |
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455 | an empty list (NOTE: I<not> C<undef>, which is a valid scalar), the |
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456 | original deserialised hash will be inserted. This setting can slow down |
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457 | decoding considerably. |
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458 | |
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459 | When C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, any existing callback will |
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460 | be removed and C<decode> will not change the deserialised hash in any |
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461 | way. |
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462 | |
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463 | Example, convert all JSON objects into the integer 5: |
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464 | |
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465 | my $js = JSON::XS->new->filter_json_object (sub { 5 }); |
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466 | # returns [5] |
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467 | $js->decode ('[{}]') |
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468 | # throw an exception because allow_nonref is not enabled |
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469 | # so a lone 5 is not allowed. |
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470 | $js->decode ('{"a":1, "b":2}'); |
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471 | |
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472 | =item $json = $json->filter_json_single_key_object ($key [=> $coderef->($value)]) |
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473 | |
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474 | Works remotely similar to C<filter_json_object>, but is only called for |
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475 | JSON objects having a single key named C<$key>. |
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476 | |
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477 | This C<$coderef> is called before the one specified via |
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478 | C<filter_json_object>, if any. It gets passed the single value in the JSON |
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479 | object. If it returns a single value, it will be inserted into the data |
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480 | structure. If it returns nothing (not even C<undef> but the empty list), |
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481 | the callback from C<filter_json_object> will be called next, as if no |
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482 | single-key callback were specified. |
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483 | |
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484 | If C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, the corresponding callback will be |
|
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485 | disabled. There can only ever be one callback for a given key. |
|
|
486 | |
|
|
487 | As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object> |
|
|
488 | one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key |
|
|
489 | objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially |
|
|
490 | as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept |
|
|
491 | as JSON gets (it's basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not |
|
|
492 | support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks |
|
|
493 | like a serialised Perl hash. |
|
|
494 | |
|
|
495 | Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or |
|
|
496 | C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even |
|
|
497 | things like C<__class_md5sum(classname)__>, to reduce the risk of clashing |
|
|
498 | with real hashes. |
|
|
499 | |
|
|
500 | Example, decode JSON objects of the form C<< { "__widget__" => <id> } >> |
|
|
501 | into the corresponding C<< $WIDGET{<id>} >> object: |
|
|
502 | |
|
|
503 | # return whatever is in $WIDGET{5}: |
|
|
504 | JSON::XS |
|
|
505 | ->new |
|
|
506 | ->filter_json_single_key_object (__widget__ => sub { |
|
|
507 | $WIDGET{ $_[0] } |
|
|
508 | }) |
|
|
509 | ->decode ('{"__widget__": 5') |
|
|
510 | |
|
|
511 | # this can be used with a TO_JSON method in some "widget" class |
|
|
512 | # for serialisation to json: |
|
|
513 | sub WidgetBase::TO_JSON { |
|
|
514 | my ($self) = @_; |
|
|
515 | |
|
|
516 | unless ($self->{id}) { |
|
|
517 | $self->{id} = ..get..some..id..; |
|
|
518 | $WIDGET{$self->{id}} = $self; |
|
|
519 | } |
|
|
520 | |
|
|
521 | { __widget__ => $self->{id} } |
|
|
522 | } |
356 | |
523 | |
357 | =item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable]) |
524 | =item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable]) |
358 | |
525 | |
359 | Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for |
526 | Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for |
360 | strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either |
527 | strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either |
… | |
… | |
393 | given character in a string. |
560 | given character in a string. |
394 | |
561 | |
395 | Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures |
562 | Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures |
396 | that the object is only a single hash/object or array. |
563 | that the object is only a single hash/object or array. |
397 | |
564 | |
398 | The argument to C<max_depth> will be rounded up to the next nearest power |
565 | The argument to C<max_depth> will be rounded up to the next highest power |
399 | of two. |
566 | of two. If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be |
|
|
567 | used, which is rarely useful. |
|
|
568 | |
|
|
569 | See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful. |
|
|
570 | |
|
|
571 | =item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size]) |
|
|
572 | |
|
|
573 | Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is |
|
|
574 | being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode> |
|
|
575 | is called on a string longer then this number of characters it will not |
|
|
576 | attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no |
|
|
577 | effect on C<encode> (yet). |
|
|
578 | |
|
|
579 | The argument to C<max_size> will be rounded up to the next B<highest> |
|
|
580 | power of two (so may be more than requested). If no argument is given, the |
|
|
581 | limit check will be deactivated (same as when C<0> is specified). |
400 | |
582 | |
401 | See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful. |
583 | See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful. |
402 | |
584 | |
403 | =item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar) |
585 | =item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar) |
404 | |
586 | |
… | |
… | |
441 | vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most |
623 | vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most |
442 | circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics |
624 | circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics |
443 | (what you put in comes out as something equivalent). |
625 | (what you put in comes out as something equivalent). |
444 | |
626 | |
445 | For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions, |
627 | For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions, |
446 | lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppcercase I<Perl> |
628 | lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppercase I<Perl> |
447 | refers to the abstract Perl language itself. |
629 | refers to the abstract Perl language itself. |
448 | |
630 | |
449 | |
631 | |
450 | =head2 JSON -> PERL |
632 | =head2 JSON -> PERL |
451 | |
633 | |
452 | =over 4 |
634 | =over 4 |
453 | |
635 | |
454 | =item object |
636 | =item object |
455 | |
637 | |
456 | A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object |
638 | A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object |
457 | keys is preserved (JSON does not preserver object key ordering itself). |
639 | keys is preserved (JSON does not preserve object key ordering itself). |
458 | |
640 | |
459 | =item array |
641 | =item array |
460 | |
642 | |
461 | A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl. |
643 | A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl. |
462 | |
644 | |
… | |
… | |
466 | are represented by the same codepoints in the Perl string, so no manual |
648 | are represented by the same codepoints in the Perl string, so no manual |
467 | decoding is necessary. |
649 | decoding is necessary. |
468 | |
650 | |
469 | =item number |
651 | =item number |
470 | |
652 | |
471 | A JSON number becomes either an integer or numeric (floating point) |
653 | A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or |
472 | scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On the |
654 | string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On |
473 | Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all the |
655 | the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all |
474 | conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and might |
656 | the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and |
475 | represent more values exactly than (floating point) numbers. |
657 | might represent more values exactly than (floating point) numbers. |
|
|
658 | |
|
|
659 | If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent |
|
|
660 | it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as |
|
|
661 | a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of |
|
|
662 | precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value. |
|
|
663 | |
|
|
664 | Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be |
|
|
665 | represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of |
|
|
666 | precision. |
|
|
667 | |
|
|
668 | This might create round-tripping problems as numbers might become strings, |
|
|
669 | but as Perl is typeless there is no other way to do it. |
476 | |
670 | |
477 | =item true, false |
671 | =item true, false |
478 | |
672 | |
479 | These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>, |
673 | These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>, |
480 | respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers |
674 | respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers |
481 | C<1> and C<0>. You can check wether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using |
675 | C<1> and C<0>. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using |
482 | the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function. |
676 | the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function. |
483 | |
677 | |
484 | =item null |
678 | =item null |
485 | |
679 | |
486 | A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl. |
680 | A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl. |
… | |
… | |
522 | to_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true] |
716 | to_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true] |
523 | |
717 | |
524 | =item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false |
718 | =item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false |
525 | |
719 | |
526 | These special values become JSON true and JSON false values, |
720 | These special values become JSON true and JSON false values, |
527 | respectively. You cna alos use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want. |
721 | respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want. |
528 | |
722 | |
529 | =item blessed objects |
723 | =item blessed objects |
530 | |
724 | |
531 | Blessed objects are not allowed. JSON::XS currently tries to encode their |
725 | Blessed objects are not allowed. JSON::XS currently tries to encode their |
532 | underlying representation (hash- or arrayref), but this behaviour might |
726 | underlying representation (hash- or arrayref), but this behaviour might |
… | |
… | |
549 | to_json [$value] # yields ["5"] |
743 | to_json [$value] # yields ["5"] |
550 | |
744 | |
551 | # undef becomes null |
745 | # undef becomes null |
552 | to_json [undef] # yields [null] |
746 | to_json [undef] # yields [null] |
553 | |
747 | |
554 | You can force the type to be a string by stringifying it: |
748 | You can force the type to be a JSON string by stringifying it: |
555 | |
749 | |
556 | my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number |
750 | my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number |
557 | "$x"; # stringified |
751 | "$x"; # stringified |
558 | $x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify |
752 | $x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify |
559 | print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often |
753 | print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often |
560 | |
754 | |
561 | You can force the type to be a number by numifying it: |
755 | You can force the type to be a JSON number by numifying it: |
562 | |
756 | |
563 | my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string |
757 | my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string |
564 | $x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number |
758 | $x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number |
565 | $x *= 1; # same thing, the choise is yours. |
759 | $x *= 1; # same thing, the choice is yours. |
566 | |
760 | |
567 | You can not currently output JSON booleans or force the type in other, |
761 | You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me |
568 | less obscure, ways. Tell me if you need this capability. |
762 | if you need this capability. |
569 | |
763 | |
570 | =back |
764 | =back |
571 | |
765 | |
572 | |
766 | |
573 | =head1 COMPARISON |
767 | =head1 COMPARISON |
… | |
… | |
582 | |
776 | |
583 | =item JSON 1.07 |
777 | =item JSON 1.07 |
584 | |
778 | |
585 | Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl). |
779 | Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl). |
586 | |
780 | |
587 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles unicode values is |
781 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles Unicode values is |
588 | undocumented. One can get far by feeding it unicode strings and doing |
782 | undocumented. One can get far by feeding it Unicode strings and doing |
589 | en-/decoding oneself, but unicode escapes are not working properly). |
783 | en-/decoding oneself, but Unicode escapes are not working properly). |
590 | |
784 | |
591 | No roundtripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g. |
785 | No round-tripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g. |
592 | the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will |
786 | the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will |
593 | decode into the number 2. |
787 | decode into the number 2. |
594 | |
788 | |
595 | =item JSON::PC 0.01 |
789 | =item JSON::PC 0.01 |
596 | |
790 | |
597 | Very fast. |
791 | Very fast. |
598 | |
792 | |
599 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling. |
793 | Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling. |
600 | |
794 | |
601 | No roundtripping. |
795 | No round-tripping. |
602 | |
796 | |
603 | Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic |
797 | Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic |
604 | values will make it croak). |
798 | values will make it croak). |
605 | |
799 | |
606 | Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}> |
800 | Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}> |
… | |
… | |
616 | Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much |
810 | Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much |
617 | undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a |
811 | undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a |
618 | single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to |
812 | single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to |
619 | generate ASCII-only JSON texts). |
813 | generate ASCII-only JSON texts). |
620 | |
814 | |
621 | Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (unicode |
815 | Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (Unicode |
622 | escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to |
816 | escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to |
623 | I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour). |
817 | I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour). |
624 | |
818 | |
625 | No roundtripping (simple cases work, but this depends on wether the scalar |
819 | No round-tripping (simple cases work, but this depends on whether the scalar |
626 | value was used in a numeric context or not). |
820 | value was used in a numeric context or not). |
627 | |
821 | |
628 | Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state. |
822 | Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state. |
629 | |
823 | |
630 | Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not |
824 | Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not |
631 | getting fixed). |
825 | getting fixed). |
632 | |
826 | |
633 | Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and |
827 | Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and |
634 | return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security |
828 | return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security |
635 | issue: imagine two banks transfering money between each other using |
829 | issue: imagine two banks transferring money between each other using |
636 | JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money, |
830 | JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money, |
637 | while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a |
831 | while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a |
638 | good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and |
832 | good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and |
639 | the transaction will still not succeed). |
833 | the transaction will still not succeed). |
640 | |
834 | |
641 | =item JSON::DWIW 0.04 |
835 | =item JSON::DWIW 0.04 |
642 | |
836 | |
643 | Very fast. Very natural. Very nice. |
837 | Very fast. Very natural. Very nice. |
644 | |
838 | |
645 | Undocumented unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes |
839 | Undocumented Unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes |
646 | still don't get parsed properly). |
840 | still don't get parsed properly). |
647 | |
841 | |
648 | Very inflexible. |
842 | Very inflexible. |
649 | |
843 | |
650 | No roundtripping. |
844 | No round-tripping. |
651 | |
845 | |
652 | Does not generate valid JSON texts (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys |
846 | Does not generate valid JSON texts (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys |
653 | result in nothing being output) |
847 | result in nothing being output) |
654 | |
848 | |
655 | Does not check input for validity. |
849 | Does not check input for validity. |
… | |
… | |
670 | my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n"; |
864 | my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n"; |
671 | |
865 | |
672 | This will usually generate JSON texts that also parse as valid |
866 | This will usually generate JSON texts that also parse as valid |
673 | YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key |
867 | YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key |
674 | lengths that JSON doesn't have, so you should make sure that your hash |
868 | lengths that JSON doesn't have, so you should make sure that your hash |
675 | keys are noticably shorter than the 1024 characters YAML allows. |
869 | keys are noticeably shorter than the 1024 characters YAML allows. |
676 | |
870 | |
677 | There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of. In general |
871 | There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of. In general |
678 | you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice versa, |
872 | you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice versa, |
679 | or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are high |
873 | or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are high |
680 | that you will run into severe interoperability problems. |
874 | that you will run into severe interoperability problems. |
… | |
… | |
698 | with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables |
892 | with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables |
699 | shrink). Higher is better: |
893 | shrink). Higher is better: |
700 | |
894 | |
701 | module | encode | decode | |
895 | module | encode | decode | |
702 | -----------|------------|------------| |
896 | -----------|------------|------------| |
703 | JSON | 7645.468 | 4208.613 | |
897 | JSON | 4990.842 | 4088.813 | |
704 | JSON::DWIW | 40721.398 | 77101.176 | |
898 | JSON::DWIW | 51653.990 | 71575.154 | |
705 | JSON::PC | 65948.176 | 78251.940 | |
899 | JSON::PC | 65948.176 | 74631.744 | |
706 | JSON::Syck | 22844.793 | 26479.192 | |
900 | JSON::PP | 8931.652 | 3817.168 | |
|
|
901 | JSON::Syck | 24877.248 | 27776.848 | |
707 | JSON::XS | 388361.481 | 199728.762 | |
902 | JSON::XS | 388361.481 | 227951.304 | |
708 | JSON::XS/2 | 218453.333 | 192399.266 | |
903 | JSON::XS/2 | 227951.304 | 218453.333 | |
709 | JSON::XS/3 | 338250.323 | 192399.266 | |
904 | JSON::XS/3 | 338250.323 | 218453.333 | |
710 | Storable | 15779.925 | 14169.946 | |
905 | Storable | 16500.016 | 135300.129 | |
711 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
906 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
712 | |
907 | |
713 | That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding, |
908 | That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding, |
714 | about three times faster on decoding, and over fourty times faster |
909 | about three times faster on decoding, and over forty times faster |
715 | than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares |
910 | than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares |
716 | favourably to Storable for small amounts of data. |
911 | favourably to Storable for small amounts of data. |
717 | |
912 | |
718 | Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals |
913 | Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals |
719 | search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg): |
914 | search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg): |
720 | |
915 | |
721 | module | encode | decode | |
916 | module | encode | decode | |
722 | -----------|------------|------------| |
917 | -----------|------------|------------| |
723 | JSON | 254.685 | 37.665 | |
918 | JSON | 55.260 | 34.971 | |
724 | JSON::DWIW | 843.343 | 1049.731 | |
919 | JSON::DWIW | 825.228 | 1082.513 | |
725 | JSON::PC | 3602.116 | 2307.352 | |
920 | JSON::PC | 3571.444 | 2394.829 | |
|
|
921 | JSON::PP | 210.987 | 32.574 | |
726 | JSON::Syck | 505.107 | 787.899 | |
922 | JSON::Syck | 552.551 | 787.544 | |
727 | JSON::XS | 5747.196 | 3690.220 | |
923 | JSON::XS | 5780.463 | 4854.519 | |
728 | JSON::XS/2 | 3968.121 | 3676.634 | |
924 | JSON::XS/2 | 3869.998 | 4798.975 | |
729 | JSON::XS/3 | 6105.246 | 3662.508 | |
925 | JSON::XS/3 | 5862.880 | 4798.975 | |
730 | Storable | 4417.337 | 5285.161 | |
926 | Storable | 4445.002 | 5235.027 | |
731 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
927 | -----------+------------+------------+ |
732 | |
928 | |
733 | Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly |
929 | Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly |
734 | decodes faster). |
930 | decodes faster). |
735 | |
931 | |
736 | On large strings containing lots of high unicode characters, some modules |
932 | On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some modules |
737 | (such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result |
933 | (such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result |
738 | will be broken due to missing (or wrong) unicode handling. Others refuse |
934 | will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others refuse |
739 | to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair |
935 | to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair |
740 | comparison table for that case. |
936 | comparison table for that case. |
741 | |
937 | |
742 | |
938 | |
743 | =head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
939 | =head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
… | |
… | |
749 | any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am |
945 | any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am |
750 | trying hard on making that true, but you never know. |
946 | trying hard on making that true, but you never know. |
751 | |
947 | |
752 | Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should |
948 | Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should |
753 | limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your |
949 | limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your |
754 | resources run out, thats just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that |
950 | resources run out, that's just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that |
755 | can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is |
951 | can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is |
756 | usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode |
952 | usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode |
757 | it into a Perl structure. |
953 | it into a Perl structure. While JSON::XS can check the size of the JSON |
|
|
954 | text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you |
|
|
955 | might want to check the size before you accept the string. |
758 | |
956 | |
759 | Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and |
957 | Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and |
760 | arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64 |
958 | arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64 |
761 | machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but |
959 | machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but |
762 | only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak |
960 | only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak |
… | |
… | |
768 | And last but least, something else could bomb you that I forgot to think |
966 | And last but least, something else could bomb you that I forgot to think |
769 | of. In that case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, |
967 | of. In that case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, |
770 | though... |
968 | though... |
771 | |
969 | |
772 | If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption |
970 | If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption |
773 | by javascript scripts in a browser you should have a look at |
971 | by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at |
774 | L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see wether |
972 | L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether |
775 | you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser |
973 | you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser |
776 | design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major |
974 | design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major |
777 | browser developers care only for features, not about doing security |
975 | browser developers care only for features, not about doing security |
778 | right). |
976 | right). |
779 | |
977 | |
780 | |
978 | |
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979 | =head1 THREADS |
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980 | |
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981 | This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no |
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982 | plans to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the |
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983 | horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated |
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984 | process simulations - use fork, its I<much> faster, cheaper, better). |
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985 | |
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986 | (It might actually work, but you have been warned). |
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987 | |
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988 | |
781 | =head1 BUGS |
989 | =head1 BUGS |
782 | |
990 | |
783 | While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does |
991 | While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does |
784 | not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is |
992 | not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is |
785 | still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they |
993 | still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they |
786 | will be fixed swiftly, though. |
994 | will be fixed swiftly, though. |
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995 | |
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996 | Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting |
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997 | service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason. |
787 | |
998 | |
788 | =cut |
999 | =cut |
789 | |
1000 | |
790 | our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::XS::Boolean" }; |
1001 | our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::XS::Boolean" }; |
791 | our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::XS::Boolean" }; |
1002 | our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::XS::Boolean" }; |