[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/JSON-XS/XS.pm

Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.51 by root, Mon Jul 2 01:12:27 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.96 by root, Wed Mar 26 01:40:42 2008 UTC

…		…
1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
		3	=encoding utf-8
		4
3	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast	5	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast
		6
		7	JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ
		8	(http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html)
4		9
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	10	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		11
7	use JSON::XS;	12	use JSON::XS;
8		13
9	# exported functions, they croak on error	14	# exported functions, they croak on error
10	# and expect/generate UTF-8	15	# and expect/generate UTF-8
11		16
12	$utf8_encoded_json_text = to_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;	17	$utf8_encoded_json_text = encode_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;
13	$perl_hash_or_arrayref = from_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;	18	$perl_hash_or_arrayref = decode_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;
14		19
15	# OO-interface	20	# OO-interface
16		21
17	$coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref;	22	$coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref;
18	$pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar);	23	$pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar);
19	$perl_scalar = $coder->decode ($unicode_json_text);	24	$perl_scalar = $coder->decode ($unicode_json_text);
20		25
		26	# Note that JSON version 2.0 and above will automatically use JSON::XS
		27	# if available, at virtually no speed overhead either, so you should
		28	# be able to just:
		29
		30	use JSON;
		31
		32	# and do the same things, except that you have a pure-perl fallback now.
		33
21	=head1 DESCRIPTION	34	=head1 DESCRIPTION
22		35
23	This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its	36	This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its
24	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be	37	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be
25	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.	38	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
		39
		40	Beginning with version 2.0 of the JSON module, when both JSON and
		41	JSON::XS are installed, then JSON will fall back on JSON::XS (this can be
		42	overriden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheritign constructor
		43	and methods). If JSON::XS is not available, it will fall back to the
		44	compatible JSON::PP module as backend, so using JSON instead of JSON::XS
		45	gives you a portable JSON API that can be fast when you need and doesn't
		46	require a C compiler when that is a problem.
26		47
27	As this is the n-th-something JSON module on CPAN, what was the reason	48	As this is the n-th-something JSON module on CPAN, what was the reason
28	to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON	49	to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON
29	modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases	50	modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases
30	their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug	51	their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug
37		58
38	=head2 FEATURES	59	=head2 FEATURES
39		60
40	=over 4	61	=over 4
41		62
42	=item * correct unicode handling	63	=item * correct Unicode handling
43		64
44	This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how and when	65	This module knows how to handle Unicode, documents how and when it does
45	it does so.	66	so, and even documents what "correct" means.
46		67
47	=item * round-trip integrity	68	=item * round-trip integrity
48		69
49	When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported	70	When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported
50	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.	71	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.
51	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks	72	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks
52	like a number).	73	like a number). There minor I<are> exceptions to this, read the MAPPING
		74	section below to learn about those.
53		75
54	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness	76	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness
55		77
56	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,	78	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,
57	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security	79	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security
58	feature).	80	feature).
59		81
60	=item * fast	82	=item * fast
61		83
62	Compared to other JSON modules, this module compares favourably in terms	84	Compared to other JSON modules and other serialisers such as Storable,
63	of speed, too.	85	this module usually compares favourably in terms of speed, too.
64		86
65	=item * simple to use	87	=item * simple to use
66		88
67	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO	89	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an objetc
68	interface.	90	oriented interface interface.
69		91
70	=item * reasonably versatile output formats	92	=item * reasonably versatile output formats
71		93
72	You can choose between the most compact guarenteed single-line format	94	You can choose between the most compact guaranteed-single-line format
73	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format	95	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format
74	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole	96	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole
75	unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that	97	Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that
76	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.	98	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.
77		99
78	=back	100	=back
79		101
80	=cut	102	=cut
81		103
82	package JSON::XS;	104	package JSON::XS;
83		105
84	use strict;	106	use strict;
85		107
86	our $VERSION = '1.4';	108	our $VERSION = '2.1';
87	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);	109	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
88		110
89	our @EXPORT = qw(to_json from_json);	111	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json to_json from_json);
		112
		113	sub to_json($) {
		114	require Carp;
		115	Carp::croak ("JSON::XS::to_json has been renamed to encode_json, either downgrade to pre-2.0 versions of JSON::XS or rename the call");
		116	}
		117
		118	sub from_json($) {
		119	require Carp;
		120	Carp::croak ("JSON::XS::from_json has been renamed to decode_json, either downgrade to pre-2.0 versions of JSON::XS or rename the call");
		121	}
90		122
91	use Exporter;	123	use Exporter;
92	use XSLoader;	124	use XSLoader;
93		125
94	=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE	126	=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE
95		127
96	The following convinience methods are provided by this module. They are	128	The following convenience methods are provided by this module. They are
97	exported by default:	129	exported by default:
98		130
99	=over 4	131	=over 4
100		132
101	=item $json_text = to_json $perl_scalar	133	=item $json_text = encode_json $perl_scalar
102		134
103	Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference to	135	Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string
104	a hash or array) to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string (that is, the string contains	136	(that is, the string contains octets only). Croaks on error.
105	octets only). Croaks on error.
106		137
107	This function call is functionally identical to:	138	This function call is functionally identical to:
108		139
109	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)	140	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)
110		141
111	except being faster.	142	except being faster.
112		143
113	=item $perl_scalar = from_json $json_text	144	=item $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
114		145
115	The opposite of C<to_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries to	146	The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries
116	parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting simple	147	to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting
117	scalar or reference. Croaks on error.	148	reference. Croaks on error.
118		149
119	This function call is functionally identical to:	150	This function call is functionally identical to:
120		151
121	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)	152	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)
122		153
…		…
132	Perl.	163	Perl.
133		164
134	=back	165	=back
135		166
136		167
		168	=head1 A FEW NOTES ON UNICODE AND PERL
		169
		170	Since this often leads to confusion, here are a few very clear words on
		171	how Unicode works in Perl, modulo bugs.
		172
		173	=over 4
		174
		175	=item 1. Perl strings can store characters with ordinal values > 255.
		176
		177	This enables you to store Unicode characters as single characters in a
		178	Perl string - very natural.
		179
		180	=item 2. Perl does I<not> associate an encoding with your strings.
		181
		182	... until you force it to, e.g. when matching it against a regex, or
		183	printing the scalar to a file, in which case Perl either interprets your
		184	string as locale-encoded text, octets/binary, or as Unicode, depending
		185	on various settings. In no case is an encoding stored together with your
		186	data, it is I<use> that decides encoding, not any magical meta data.
		187
		188	=item 3. The internal utf-8 flag has no meaning with regards to the
		189	encoding of your string.
		190
		191	Just ignore that flag unless you debug a Perl bug, a module written in
		192	XS or want to dive into the internals of perl. Otherwise it will only
		193	confuse you, as, despite the name, it says nothing about how your string
		194	is encoded. You can have Unicode strings with that flag set, with that
		195	flag clear, and you can have binary data with that flag set and that flag
		196	clear. Other possibilities exist, too.
		197
		198	If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't
		199	exist.
		200
		201	=item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be
		202	validly interpreted as a Unicode codepoint.
		203
		204	If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a
		205	Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string.
		206
		207	=item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string.
		208
		209	It's a fact. Learn to live with it.
		210
		211	=back
		212
		213	I hope this helps :)
		214
		215
137	=head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE	216	=head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE
138		217
139	The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or	218	The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or
140	decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.	219	decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.
141		220
…		…
152	my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after->encode ({a => [1,2]})	231	my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after->encode ({a => [1,2]})
153	=> {"a": [1, 2]}	232	=> {"a": [1, 2]}
154		233
155	=item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable])	234	=item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable])
156		235
		236	=item $enabled = $json->get_ascii
		237
157	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not	238	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
158	generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any	239	generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any
159	unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a	240	Unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a
160	single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence,	241	single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence,
161	as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native	242	as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native
162	unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string,	243	Unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string,
163	or any other superset of ASCII.	244	or any other superset of ASCII.
164		245
165	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	246	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
166	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results	247	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results
167	in a faster and more compact format.	248	in a faster and more compact format.
168		249
		250	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		251	document.
		252
169	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be	253	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be
170	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not	254	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not
171	contain any 8 bit characters.	255	contain any 8 bit characters.
172		256
173	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])	257	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])
174	=> ["\ud801\udc01"]	258	=> ["\ud801\udc01"]
175		259
176	=item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable])	260	=item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable])
177		261
		262	=item $enabled = $json->get_latin1
		263
178	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode	264	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
179	the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters	265	the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters
180	outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a	266	outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a
181	latin1-encoded JSON text or a native unicode string. The C<decode> method	267	latin1-encoded JSON text or a native Unicode string. The C<decode> method
182	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default	268	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default
183	expects unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.	269	expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.
184		270
185	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	271	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
186	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.	272	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.
		273
		274	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		275	document.
187		276
188	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON	277	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON
189	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded	278	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded
190	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded	279	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded
191	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and	280	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and
192	transfering), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when	281	transferring), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when
193	you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently	282	you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently
194	in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders.	283	in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders.
195		284
196	JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]	285	JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]
197	=> ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)	286	=> ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)
198		287
199	=item $json = $json->utf8 ([$enable])	288	=item $json = $json->utf8 ([$enable])
		289
		290	=item $enabled = $json->get_utf8
200		291
201	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode	292	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
202	the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the	293	the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the
203	C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please	294	C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please
204	note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the	295	note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the
205	range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future	296	range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future
206	versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16	297	versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16
207	and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.	298	and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.
208		299
209	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON	300	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON
210	string as a (non-encoded) unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a	301	string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a
211	unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs	302	Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs
212	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.	303	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.
		304
		305	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		306	document.
213		307
214	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:	308	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:
215		309
216	use Encode;	310	use Encode;
217	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);	311	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);
…		…
238	]	332	]
239	}	333	}
240		334
241	=item $json = $json->indent ([$enable])	335	=item $json = $json->indent ([$enable])
242		336
		337	=item $enabled = $json->get_indent
		338
243	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline	339	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline
244	format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair	340	format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair
245	into its own line, identing them properly.	341	into its own line, indenting them properly.
246		342
247	If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the	343	If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the
248	resulting JSON text is guarenteed not to contain any C<newlines>.	344	resulting JSON text is guaranteed not to contain any C<newlines>.
249		345
250	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.	346	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
251		347
252	=item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable])	348	=item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable])
		349
		350	=item $enabled = $json->get_space_before
253		351
254	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra	352	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
255	optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects.	353	optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects.
256		354
257	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra	355	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra
…		…
263	Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:	361	Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:
264		362
265	{"key" :"value"}	363	{"key" :"value"}
266		364
267	=item $json = $json->space_after ([$enable])	365	=item $json = $json->space_after ([$enable])
		366
		367	=item $enabled = $json->get_space_after
268		368
269	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra	369	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
270	optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects	370	optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects
271	and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array	371	and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array
272	members.	372	members.
…		…
278		378
279	Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled:	379	Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled:
280		380
281	{"key": "value"}	381	{"key": "value"}
282		382
		383	=item $json = $json->relaxed ([$enable])
		384
		385	=item $enabled = $json->get_relaxed
		386
		387	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept some
		388	extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). C<encode> will not be
		389	affected in anyway. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid
		390	JSON texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to
		391	parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration files,
		392	resource files etc.)
		393
		394	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept
		395	valid JSON texts.
		396
		397	Currently accepted extensions are:
		398
		399	=over 4
		400
		401	=item * list items can have an end-comma
		402
		403	JSON I<separates> array elements and key-value pairs with commas. This
		404	can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually and want to be able to
		405	quickly append elements, so this extension accepts comma at the end of
		406	such items not just between them:
		407
		408	[
		409	1,
		410	2, <- this comma not normally allowed
		411	]
		412	{
		413	"k1": "v1",
		414	"k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed
		415	}
		416
		417	=item * shell-style '#'-comments
		418
		419	Whenever JSON allows whitespace, shell-style comments are additionally
		420	allowed. They are terminated by the first carriage-return or line-feed
		421	character, after which more white-space and comments are allowed.
		422
		423	[
		424	1, # this comment not allowed in JSON
		425	# neither this one...
		426	]
		427
		428	=back
		429
283	=item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable])	430	=item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable])
		431
		432	=item $enabled = $json->get_canonical
284		433
285	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects	434	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects
286	by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.	435	by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.
287		436
288	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value	437	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value
289	pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs	438	pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs
290	of the same script).	439	of the same script).
291		440
292	This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as	441	This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as
293	the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,	442	the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,
294	the same hash migh be encoded differently even if contains the same data,	443	the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data,
295	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.	444	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.
296		445
297	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.	446	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
298		447
299	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])	448	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])
		449
		450	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
300		451
301	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a	452	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a
302	non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,	453	non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,
303	which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON	454	which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON
304	values instead of croaking.	455	values instead of croaking.
…		…
314	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")	465	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
315	=> "Hello, World!"	466	=> "Hello, World!"
316		467
317	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])	468	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])
318		469
		470	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
		471
319	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not	472	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
320	barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the	473	barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the
321	B<convert_blessed> option will decide wether C<null> (C<convert_blessed>	474	B<convert_blessed> option will decide whether C<null> (C<convert_blessed>
322	disabled or no C<to_json> method found) or a representation of the	475	disabled or no C<TO_JSON> method found) or a representation of the
323	object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<to_json> method found) is being	476	object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<TO_JSON> method found) is being
324	encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>.	477	encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>.
325		478
326	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an	479	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
327	exception when it encounters a blessed object.	480	exception when it encounters a blessed object.
328		481
329	=item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable])	482	=item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable])
		483
		484	=item $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed
330		485
331	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a	486	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a
332	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method	487	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method
333	on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context	488	on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context
334	and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object. If no	489	and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object. If no
…		…
338	The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>	493	The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>
339	returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same	494	returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same
340	way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle	495	way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle
341	(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other	496	(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other
342	methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are	497	methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are
343	usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with the C<to_json>	498	usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with any C<to_json>
344	function.	499	function or method.
345		500
346	This setting does not yet influence C<decode> in any way, but in the	501	This setting does not yet influence C<decode> in any way, but in the
347	future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are	502	future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are
348	enabled by this setting.	503	enabled by this setting.
349		504
350	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<allow_blessed> setting will decide what	505	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<allow_blessed> setting will decide what
351	to do when a blessed object is found.	506	to do when a blessed object is found.
352		507
353	=item $json = $json->filter_json_object ([$coderef])	508	=item $json = $json->filter_json_object ([$coderef->($hashref)])
354		509
355	When C<$coderef> is specified, it will be called from C<decode> each	510	When C<$coderef> is specified, it will be called from C<decode> each
356	time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to the	511	time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to the
357	newly-created hash. If the code references returns a single scalar (which	512	newly-created hash. If the code references returns a single scalar (which
358	need not be a reference), this value (i.e. a copy of that scalar to avoid	513	need not be a reference), this value (i.e. a copy of that scalar to avoid
359	aliasing) is inserted into the deserialised data structure. If it returns	514	aliasing) is inserted into the deserialised data structure. If it returns
360	an empty list (NOTE: I<not> C<undef>, which is a valid scalar), the	515	an empty list (NOTE: I<not> C<undef>, which is a valid scalar), the
361	original deserialised hash will be inserted. This setting can slow down	516	original deserialised hash will be inserted. This setting can slow down
362	decoding considerably.	517	decoding considerably.
363		518
364	When C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, C<decode> will not change the	519	When C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, any existing callback will
365	deserialised hash in any way. This is maximally fast.	520	be removed and C<decode> will not change the deserialised hash in any
		521	way.
366		522
367	Example, convert all JSON objects into the integer 5:	523	Example, convert all JSON objects into the integer 5:
368		524
369	my $js = JSON::XS->new->filter_json_object (sub { 5 });	525	my $js = JSON::XS->new->filter_json_object (sub { 5 });
370	# returns [5]	526	# returns [5]
371	$js->decode ('[{}]')	527	$js->decode ('[{}]')
372	# throw an exception because allow_nonref is not enabled:	528	# throw an exception because allow_nonref is not enabled
		529	# so a lone 5 is not allowed.
373	$js->decode ('{"a":1, "b":2}');	530	$js->decode ('{"a":1, "b":2}');
374		531
375	=item $json = $json->filter_json_single_key_object ([$coderef])	532	=item $json = $json->filter_json_single_key_object ($key [=> $coderef->($value)])
376		533
377	Works like C<filter_json_object>, but is only called for JSON objects	534	Works remotely similar to C<filter_json_object>, but is only called for
378	having only a single key.	535	JSON objects having a single key named C<$key>.
379		536
380	This C<$coderef> is called before the one specified via	537	This C<$coderef> is called before the one specified via
381	C<filter_json_object>, if any. If it returns something, that will be	538	C<filter_json_object>, if any. It gets passed the single value in the JSON
382	inserted into the data structure. If it returns nothing, the callback	539	object. If it returns a single value, it will be inserted into the data
383	from C<filter_json_object> will be called next. If you want to force	540	structure. If it returns nothing (not even C<undef> but the empty list),
384	insertion of single-key objects even in the presence of a mutating	541	the callback from C<filter_json_object> will be called next, as if no
385	C<filter_json_object> callback, simply return the passed hash.	542	single-key callback were specified.
		543
		544	If C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, the corresponding callback will be
		545	disabled. There can only ever be one callback for a given key.
386		546
387	As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object>	547	As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object>
388	one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key	548	one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key
389	objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially	549	objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially
390	as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept	550	as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept
391	as JSON gets (its basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not	551	as JSON gets (it's basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not
392	support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks	552	support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks
393	like a serialised Perl hash.	553	like a serialised Perl hash.
394		554
395	Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or	555	Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or
396	C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even	556	C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even
…		…
401	into the corresponding C<< $WIDGET{<id>} >> object:	561	into the corresponding C<< $WIDGET{<id>} >> object:
402		562
403	# return whatever is in $WIDGET{5}:	563	# return whatever is in $WIDGET{5}:
404	JSON::XS	564	JSON::XS
405	->new	565	->new
406	->filter_json_single_key_object (sub {	566	->filter_json_single_key_object (__widget__ => sub {
407	exists $_[0]{__widget__}
408	? $WIDGET{ $_[0]{__widget__} }	567	$WIDGET{ $_[0] }
409	: ()
410	})	568	})
411	->decode ('{"__widget__": 5')	569	->decode ('{"__widget__": 5')
412		570
413	# this can be used with a TO_JSON method in some "widget" class	571	# this can be used with a TO_JSON method in some "widget" class
414	# for serialisation to json:	572	# for serialisation to json:
…		…
422		580
423	{ __widget__ => $self->{id} }	581	{ __widget__ => $self->{id} }
424	}	582	}
425		583
426	=item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable])	584	=item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable])
		585
		586	=item $enabled = $json->get_shrink
427		587
428	Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for	588	Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for
429	strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either	589	strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either
430	C<encode> or C<decode> to their minimum size possible. This can save	590	C<encode> or C<decode> to their minimum size possible. This can save
431	memory when your JSON texts are either very very long or you have many	591	memory when your JSON texts are either very very long or you have many
…		…
449	strings that look like integers or floats into integers or floats	609	strings that look like integers or floats into integers or floats
450	internally (there is no difference on the Perl level), saving space.	610	internally (there is no difference on the Perl level), saving space.
451		611
452	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])	612	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])
453		613
		614	=item $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
		615
454	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding	616	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding
455	or decoding. If the JSON text or Perl data structure has an equal or	617	or decoding. If the JSON text or Perl data structure has an equal or
456	higher nesting level then this limit, then the encoder and decoder will	618	higher nesting level then this limit, then the encoder and decoder will
457	stop and croak at that point.	619	stop and croak at that point.
458		620
…		…
469	used, which is rarely useful.	631	used, which is rarely useful.
470		632
471	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	633	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
472		634
473	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])	635	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])
		636
		637	=item $max_size = $json->get_max_size
474		638
475	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is	639	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is
476	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>	640	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>
477	is called on a string longer then this number of characters it will not	641	is called on a string longer then this number of characters it will not
478	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no	642	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no
…		…
517	=> ([], 3)	681	=> ([], 3)
518		682
519	=back	683	=back
520		684
521		685
		686	=head1 INCREMENTAL PARSING
		687
		688	[This section is still EXPERIMENTAL]
		689
		690	In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON
		691	texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting
		692	Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a
		693	JSON stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has
		694	a full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
		695	using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but is
		696	much more efficient (JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text
		697	once it is sure it has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very
		698	simple but truly incremental parser).
		699
		700	The following two methods deal with this.
		701
		702	=over 4
		703
		704	=item [void, scalar or list context] = $json->incr_parse ([$string])
		705
		706	This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text and
		707	extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of these
		708	functions are optional).
		709
		710	If C<$string> is given, then this string is appended to the already
		711	existing JSON fragment stored in the C<$json> object.
		712
		713	After that, if the function is called in void context, it will simply
		714	return without doing anything further. This can be used to add more text
		715	in as many chunks as you want.
		716
		717	If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
		718	exactly I<one> JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
		719	object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. If there is a parse error,
		720	this method will croak just as C<decode> would do (one can then use
		721	C<incr_skip> to skip the errornous part). This is the most common way of
		722	using the method.
		723
		724	And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
		725	from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
		726	otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators between the JSON
		727	objects or arrays, instead they must be concatenated back-to-back. If
		728	an error occurs, an exception will be raised as in the scalar context
		729	case. Note that in this case, any previously-parsed JSON texts will be
		730	lost.
		731
		732	If there is a parse
		733
		734	=item $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
		735
		736	This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue, that
		737	is, you can manipulate it. This I<only> works when a preceding call to
		738	C<incr_parse> in I<scalar context> successfully returned an object. Under
		739	all other circumstances you must not call this function (I mean it.
		740	although in simple tests it might actually work, it I<will> fail under
		741	real world conditions). As a special exception, you can also call this
		742	method before having parsed anything.
		743
		744	This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text after a
		745	JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by non-JSON text
		746	(such as commas).
		747
		748	=back
		749
		750	=head2 LIMITATIONS
		751
		752	All options that affect decoding are supported, except
		753	C<allow_nonref>. The reason for this is that it cannot be made to
		754	work sensibly: JSON objects and arrays are self-delimited, i.e. you can concatenate
		755	them back to back and still decode them perfectly. This does not hold true
		756	for JSON numbers, however.
		757
		758	For example, is the string C<1> a single JSON number, or is it simply the
		759	start of C<12>? Or is C<12> a single JSON number, or the concatenation
		760	of C<1> and C<2>? In neither case you can tell, and this is why JSON::XS
		761	takes the conservative route and disallows this case.
		762
		763	=head2 EXAMPLES
		764
		765	Some examples will make all this clearer. First, a simple example that
		766	works similarly to C<decode_prefix>: We want to decode the JSON object at
		767	the start of a string and identify the portion after the JSON object:
		768
		769	my $text = "[1,2,3] hello";
		770
		771	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		772
		773	my $obj = $json->incr_parse ($text)
		774	or die "expected JSON object or array at beginning of string";
		775
		776	my $tail = $json->incr_text;
		777	# $tail now contains " hello"
		778
		779	Easy, isn't it?
		780
		781	Now for a more complicated example: Imagine a hypothetical protocol where
		782	you read some requests from a TCP stream, and each request is a JSON
		783	array, without any separation between them (in fact, it is often useful to
		784	use newlines as "separators", as these get interpreted as whitespace at
		785	the start of the JSON text, which makes it possible to test said protocol
		786	with C<telnet>...).
		787
		788	Here is how you'd do it (it is trivial to write this in an event-based
		789	manner):
		790
		791	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		792
		793	# read some data from the socket
		794	while (sysread $socket, my $buf, 4096) {
		795
		796	# split and decode as many requests as possible
		797	for my $request ($json->incr_parse ($buf)) {
		798	# act on the $request
		799	}
		800	}
		801
		802	Another complicated example: Assume you have a string with JSON objects
		803	or arrays, all separated by (optional) comma characters (e.g. C<[1],[2],
		804	[3]>). To parse them, we have to skip the commas between the JSON texts,
		805	and here is where the lvalue-ness of C<incr_text> comes in useful:
		806
		807	my $text = "[1],[2], [3]";
		808	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		809
		810	# void context, so no parsing done
		811	$json->incr_parse ($text);
		812
		813	# now extract as many objects as possible. note the
		814	# use of scalar context so incr_text can be called.
		815	while (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		816	# do something with $obj
		817
		818	# now skip the optional comma
		819	$json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* , //x;
		820	}
		821
		822	Now lets go for a very complex example: Assume that you have a gigantic
		823	JSON array-of-objects, many gigabytes in size, and you want to parse it,
		824	but you cannot load it into memory fully (this has actually happened in
		825	the real world :).
		826
		827	Well, you lost, you have to implement your own JSON parser. But JSON::XS
		828	can still help you: You implement a (very simple) array parser and let
		829	JSON decode the array elements, which are all full JSON objects on their
		830	own (this wouldn't work if the array elements could be JSON numbers, for
		831	example):
		832
		833	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		834
		835	# open the monster
		836	open my $fh, "<bigfile.json"
		837	or die "bigfile: $!";
		838
		839	# first parse the initial "["
		840	for (;;) {
		841	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		842	or die "read error: $!";
		843	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		844
		845	# Exit the loop once we found and removed(!) the initial "[".
		846	# In essence, we are (ab-)using the $json object as a simple scalar
		847	# we append data to.
		848	last if $json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* \[ //x;
		849	}
		850
		851	# now we have the skipped the initial "[", so continue
		852	# parsing all the elements.
		853	for (;;) {
		854	# in this loop we read data until we got a single JSON object
		855	for (;;) {
		856	if (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		857	# do something with $obj
		858	last;
		859	}
		860
		861	# add more data
		862	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		863	or die "read error: $!";
		864	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		865	}
		866
		867	# in this loop we read data until we either found and parsed the
		868	# separating "," between elements, or the final "]"
		869	for (;;) {
		870	# first skip whitespace
		871	$json->incr_text =~ s/^\s*//;
		872
		873	# if we find "]", we are done
		874	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^\]//) {
		875	print "finished.\n";
		876	exit;
		877	}
		878
		879	# if we find ",", we can continue with the next element
		880	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^,//) {
		881	last;
		882	}
		883
		884	# if we find anything else, we have a parse error!
		885	if (length $json->incr_text) {
		886	die "parse error near ", $json->incr_text;
		887	}
		888
		889	# else add more data
		890	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		891	or die "read error: $!";
		892	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		893	}
		894
		895	This is a complex example, but most of the complexity comes from the fact
		896	that we are trying to be correct (bear with me if I am wrong, I never ran
		897	the above example :).
		898
		899
		900
522	=head1 MAPPING	901	=head1 MAPPING
523		902
524	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and	903	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and
525	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most	904	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most
526	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics	905	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics
527	(what you put in comes out as something equivalent).	906	(what you put in comes out as something equivalent).
528		907
529	For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,	908	For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,
530	lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppcercase I<Perl>	909	lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppercase I<Perl>
531	refers to the abstract Perl language itself.	910	refers to the abstract Perl language itself.
532		911
533		912
534	=head2 JSON -> PERL	913	=head2 JSON -> PERL
535		914
536	=over 4	915	=over 4
537		916
538	=item object	917	=item object
539		918
540	A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object	919	A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object
541	keys is preserved (JSON does not preserver object key ordering itself).	920	keys is preserved (JSON does not preserve object key ordering itself).
542		921
543	=item array	922	=item array
544		923
545	A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.	924	A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.
546		925
…		…
550	are represented by the same codepoints in the Perl string, so no manual	929	are represented by the same codepoints in the Perl string, so no manual
551	decoding is necessary.	930	decoding is necessary.
552		931
553	=item number	932	=item number
554		933
555	A JSON number becomes either an integer or numeric (floating point)	934	A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or
556	scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On the	935	string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On
557	Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all the	936	the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all
558	conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and might	937	the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and
559	represent more values exactly than (floating point) numbers.	938	might represent more values exactly than floating point numbers.
		939
		940	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent
		941	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as
		942	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of
		943	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value (in
		944	which case you lose roundtripping ability, as the JSON number will be
		945	re-encoded toa JSON string).
		946
		947	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
		948	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of
		949	precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping ability, but
		950	the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON number).
560		951
561	=item true, false	952	=item true, false
562		953
563	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,	954	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,
564	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers	955	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers
565	C<1> and C<0>. You can check wether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using	956	C<1> and C<0>. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using
566	the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function.	957	the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function.
567		958
568	=item null	959	=item null
569		960
570	A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.	961	A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.
…		…
601	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an	992	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an
602	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and	993	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and
603	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can	994	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can
604	also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability.	995	also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability.
605		996
606	to_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true]	997	encode_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true]
607		998
608	=item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false	999	=item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false
609		1000
610	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,	1001	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
611	respectively. You cna alos use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.	1002	respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.
612		1003
613	=item blessed objects	1004	=item blessed objects
614		1005
615	Blessed objects are not allowed. JSON::XS currently tries to encode their	1006	Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON. See the
616	underlying representation (hash- or arrayref), but this behaviour might	1007	C<allow_blessed> and C<convert_blessed> methods on various options on
617	change in future versions.	1008	how to deal with this: basically, you can choose between throwing an
		1009	exception, encoding the reference as if it weren't blessed, or provide
		1010	your own serialiser method.
618		1011
619	=item simple scalars	1012	=item simple scalars
620		1013
621	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most	1014	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most
622	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as	1015	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as
623	JSON null value, scalars that have last been used in a string context	1016	JSON C<null> values, scalars that have last been used in a string context
624	before encoding as JSON strings and anything else as number value:	1017	before encoding as JSON strings, and anything else as number value:
625		1018
626	# dump as number	1019	# dump as number
627	to_json [2] # yields [2]	1020	encode_json [2] # yields [2]
628	to_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]	1021	encode_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]
629	my $value = 5; to_json [$value] # yields [5]	1022	my $value = 5; encode_json [$value] # yields [5]
630		1023
631	# used as string, so dump as string	1024	# used as string, so dump as string
632	print $value;	1025	print $value;
633	to_json [$value] # yields ["5"]	1026	encode_json [$value] # yields ["5"]
634		1027
635	# undef becomes null	1028	# undef becomes null
636	to_json [undef] # yields [null]	1029	encode_json [undef] # yields [null]
637		1030
638	You can force the type to be a string by stringifying it:	1031	You can force the type to be a JSON string by stringifying it:
639		1032
640	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number	1033	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number
641	"$x"; # stringified	1034	"$x"; # stringified
642	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify	1035	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify
643	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often	1036	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often
644		1037
645	You can force the type to be a number by numifying it:	1038	You can force the type to be a JSON number by numifying it:
646		1039
647	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string	1040	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
648	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number	1041	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
649	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choise is yours.	1042	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choice is yours.
650		1043
651	You can not currently output JSON booleans or force the type in other,	1044	You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me
652	less obscure, ways. Tell me if you need this capability.	1045	if you need this capability (but don't forget to explain why it's needed
		1046	:).
653		1047
654	=back	1048	=back
655		1049
656		1050
657	=head1 COMPARISON	1051	=head1 ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES
658		1052
659	As already mentioned, this module was created because none of the existing	1053	The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify
660	JSON modules could be made to work correctly. First I will describe the	1054	encodings or codesets - C<utf8>, C<latin1> and C<ascii>. There seems to be
661	problems (or pleasures) I encountered with various existing JSON modules,	1055	some confusion on what these do, so here is a short comparison:
662	followed by some benchmark values. JSON::XS was designed not to suffer	1056
663	from any of these problems or limitations.	1057	C<utf8> controls whether the JSON text created by C<encode> (and expected
		1058	by C<decode>) is UTF-8 encoded or not, while C<latin1> and C<ascii> only
		1059	control whether C<encode> escapes character values outside their respective
		1060	codeset range. Neither of these flags conflict with each other, although
		1061	some combinations make less sense than others.
		1062
		1063	Care has been taken to make all flags symmetrical with respect to
		1064	C<encode> and C<decode>, that is, texts encoded with any combination of
		1065	these flag values will be correctly decoded when the same flags are used
		1066	- in general, if you use different flag settings while encoding vs. when
		1067	decoding you likely have a bug somewhere.
		1068
		1069	Below comes a verbose discussion of these flags. Note that a "codeset" is
		1070	simply an abstract set of character-codepoint pairs, while an encoding
		1071	takes those codepoint numbers and I<encodes> them, in our case into
		1072	octets. Unicode is (among other things) a codeset, UTF-8 is an encoding,
		1073	and ISO-8859-1 (= latin 1) and ASCII are both codesets I<and> encodings at
		1074	the same time, which can be confusing.
664		1075
665	=over 4	1076	=over 4
666		1077
667	=item JSON 1.07	1078	=item C<utf8> flag disabled
668		1079
669	Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl).	1080	When C<utf8> is disabled (the default), then C<encode>/C<decode> generate
		1081	and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with high ordinal Unicode
		1082	values (> 255) will be encoded as such characters, and likewise such
		1083	characters are decoded as-is, no canges to them will be done, except
		1084	"(re-)interpreting" them as Unicode codepoints or Unicode characters,
		1085	respectively (to Perl, these are the same thing in strings unless you do
		1086	funny/weird/dumb stuff).
670		1087
671	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles unicode values is	1088	This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g. when you
672	undocumented. One can get far by feeding it unicode strings and doing	1089	want to have UTF-16 encoded JSON texts) or when some other layer does
673	en-/decoding oneself, but unicode escapes are not working properly).	1090	the encoding for you (for example, when printing to a terminal using a
		1091	filehandle that transparently encodes to UTF-8 you certainly do NOT want
		1092	to UTF-8 encode your data first and have Perl encode it another time).
674		1093
675	No roundtripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g.	1094	=item C<utf8> flag enabled
676	the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will
677	decode into the number 2.
678		1095
679	=item JSON::PC 0.01	1096	If the C<utf8>-flag is enabled, C<encode>/C<decode> will encode all
		1097	characters using the corresponding UTF-8 multi-byte sequence, and will
		1098	expect your input strings to be encoded as UTF-8, that is, no "character"
		1099	of the input string must have any value > 255, as UTF-8 does not allow
		1100	that.
680		1101
681	Very fast.	1102	The C<utf8> flag therefore switches between two modes: disabled means you
		1103	will get a Unicode string in Perl, enabled means you get an UTF-8 encoded
		1104	octet/binary string in Perl.
682		1105
683	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling.	1106	=item C<latin1> or C<ascii> flags enabled
684		1107
685	No roundtripping.	1108	With C<latin1> (or C<ascii>) enabled, C<encode> will escape characters
		1109	with ordinal values > 255 (> 127 with C<ascii>) and encode the remaining
		1110	characters as specified by the C<utf8> flag.
686		1111
687	Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic	1112	If C<utf8> is disabled, then the result is also correctly encoded in those
688	values will make it croak).	1113	character sets (as both are proper subsets of Unicode, meaning that a
		1114	Unicode string with all character values < 256 is the same thing as a
		1115	ISO-8859-1 string, and a Unicode string with all character values < 128 is
		1116	the same thing as an ASCII string in Perl).
689		1117
690	Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}>	1118	If C<utf8> is enabled, you still get a correct UTF-8-encoded string,
691	which is not a valid JSON text.	1119	regardless of these flags, just some more characters will be escaped using
		1120	C<\uXXXX> then before.
692		1121
693	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not	1122	Note that ISO-8859-1-I<encoded> strings are not compatible with UTF-8
694	getting fixed).	1123	encoding, while ASCII-encoded strings are. That is because the ISO-8859-1
		1124	encoding is NOT a subset of UTF-8 (despite the ISO-8859-1 I<codeset> being
		1125	a subset of Unicode), while ASCII is.
695		1126
696	=item JSON::Syck 0.21	1127	Surprisingly, C<decode> will ignore these flags and so treat all input
		1128	values as governed by the C<utf8> flag. If it is disabled, this allows you
		1129	to decode ISO-8859-1- and ASCII-encoded strings, as both strict subsets of
		1130	Unicode. If it is enabled, you can correctly decode UTF-8 encoded strings.
697		1131
698	Very buggy (often crashes).	1132	So neither C<latin1> nor C<ascii> are incompatible with the C<utf8> flag -
		1133	they only govern when the JSON output engine escapes a character or not.
699		1134
700	Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much	1135	The main use for C<latin1> is to relatively efficiently store binary data
701	undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a	1136	as JSON, at the expense of breaking compatibility with most JSON decoders.
702	single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to
703	generate ASCII-only JSON texts).
704		1137
705	Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (unicode	1138	The main use for C<ascii> is to force the output to not contain characters
706	escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to	1139	with values > 127, which means you can interpret the resulting string
707	I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour).	1140	as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ASCII, KOI8-R or most about any character set and
708		1141	8-bit-encoding, and still get the same data structure back. This is useful
709	No roundtripping (simple cases work, but this depends on wether the scalar	1142	when your channel for JSON transfer is not 8-bit clean or the encoding
710	value was used in a numeric context or not).	1143	might be mangled in between (e.g. in mail), and works because ASCII is a
711		1144	proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
712	Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state.
713
714	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not
715	getting fixed).
716
717	Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and
718	return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security
719	issue: imagine two banks transfering money between each other using
720	JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money,
721	while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a
722	good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and
723	the transaction will still not succeed).
724
725	=item JSON::DWIW 0.04
726
727	Very fast. Very natural. Very nice.
728
729	Undocumented unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes
730	still don't get parsed properly).
731
732	Very inflexible.
733
734	No roundtripping.
735
736	Does not generate valid JSON texts (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys
737	result in nothing being output)
738
739	Does not check input for validity.
740		1145
741	=back	1146	=back
742		1147
743		1148
744	=head2 JSON and YAML	1149	=head2 JSON and YAML
745		1150
746	You often hear that JSON is a subset (or a close subset) of YAML. This is,	1151	You often hear that JSON is a subset of YAML. This is, however, a mass
747	however, a mass hysteria and very far from the truth. In general, there is	1152	hysteria(*) and very far from the truth (as of the time of this writing),
748	no way to configure JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML.	1153	so let me state it clearly: I<in general, there is no way to configure
		1154	JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML> that works in all
		1155	cases.
749		1156
750	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this	1157	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this
751	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):	1158	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):
752		1159
753	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);	1160	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);
754	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";	1161	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";
755		1162
756	This will usually generate JSON texts that also parse as valid	1163	This will I<usually> generate JSON texts that also parse as valid
757	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key	1164	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key
758	lengths that JSON doesn't have, so you should make sure that your hash	1165	lengths that JSON doesn't have and also has different and incompatible
		1166	unicode handling, so you should make sure that your hash keys are
759	keys are noticably shorter than the 1024 characters YAML allows.	1167	noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows and that
		1168	you do not have characters with codepoint values outside the Unicode BMP
		1169	(basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow C<\/> sequences in
		1170	strings (which JSON::XS does not I<currently> generate, but other JSON
		1171	generators might).
760		1172
761	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of. In general	1173	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of (or the YAML
		1174	specification has been changed yet again - it does so quite often). In
762	you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice versa,	1175	general you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice
763	or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are high	1176	versa, or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are
764	that you will run into severe interoperability problems.	1177	high that you will run into severe interoperability problems when you
		1178	least expect it.
		1179
		1180	=over 4
		1181
		1182	=item (*)
		1183
		1184	I have been pressured multiple times by Brian Ingerson (one of the
		1185	authors of the YAML specification) to remove this paragraph, despite him
		1186	acknowledging that the actual incompatibilities exist. As I was personally
		1187	bitten by this "JSON is YAML" lie, I refused and said I will continue to
		1188	educate people about these issues, so others do not run into the same
		1189	problem again and again. After this, Brian called me a (quote)I<complete
		1190	and worthless idiot>(unquote).
		1191
		1192	In my opinion, instead of pressuring and insulting people who actually
		1193	clarify issues with YAML and the wrong statements of some of its
		1194	proponents, I would kindly suggest reading the JSON spec (which is not
		1195	that difficult or long) and finally make YAML compatible to it, and
		1196	educating users about the changes, instead of spreading lies about the
		1197	real compatibility for many I<years> and trying to silence people who
		1198	point out that it isn't true.
		1199
		1200	=back
765		1201
766		1202
767	=head2 SPEED	1203	=head2 SPEED
768		1204
769	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following	1205	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following
770	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program	1206	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program
771	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own	1207	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own
772	system.	1208	system.
773		1209
774	First comes a comparison between various modules using a very short	1210	First comes a comparison between various modules using
775	single-line JSON string:	1211	a very short single-line JSON string (also available at
		1212	L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/short.json>).
776		1213
777	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1", "we were just talking"], \	1214	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1", "we were just talking"], \
778	"id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7, true, false]}	1215	"id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7, true, false]}
779		1216
780	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses	1217	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses
781	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface	1218	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface
782	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables	1219	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables
783	shrink). Higher is better:	1220	shrink). Higher is better:
784		1221
785	Storable \| 15779.925 \| 14169.946 \|
786	-----------+------------+------------+
787	module \| encode \| decode \|	1222	module \| encode \| decode \|
788	-----------\|------------\|------------\|	1223	-----------\|------------\|------------\|
789	JSON \| 4990.842 \| 4088.813 \|	1224	JSON 1.x \| 4990.842 \| 4088.813 \|
790	JSON::DWIW \| 51653.990 \| 71575.154 \|	1225	JSON::DWIW \| 51653.990 \| 71575.154 \|
791	JSON::PC \| 65948.176 \| 74631.744 \|	1226	JSON::PC \| 65948.176 \| 74631.744 \|
792	JSON::PP \| 8931.652 \| 3817.168 \|	1227	JSON::PP \| 8931.652 \| 3817.168 \|
793	JSON::Syck \| 24877.248 \| 27776.848 \|	1228	JSON::Syck \| 24877.248 \| 27776.848 \|
794	JSON::XS \| 388361.481 \| 227951.304 \|	1229	JSON::XS \| 388361.481 \| 227951.304 \|
…		…
796	JSON::XS/3 \| 338250.323 \| 218453.333 \|	1231	JSON::XS/3 \| 338250.323 \| 218453.333 \|
797	Storable \| 16500.016 \| 135300.129 \|	1232	Storable \| 16500.016 \| 135300.129 \|
798	-----------+------------+------------+	1233	-----------+------------+------------+
799		1234
800	That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,	1235	That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,
801	about three times faster on decoding, and over fourty times faster	1236	about three times faster on decoding, and over forty times faster
802	than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares	1237	than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares
803	favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.	1238	favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.
804		1239
805	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals	1240	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals
806	search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg):	1241	search API (L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/long.json>).
807		1242
808	module \| encode \| decode \|	1243	module \| encode \| decode \|
809	-----------\|------------\|------------\|	1244	-----------\|------------\|------------\|
810	JSON \| 55.260 \| 34.971 \|	1245	JSON 1.x \| 55.260 \| 34.971 \|
811	JSON::DWIW \| 825.228 \| 1082.513 \|	1246	JSON::DWIW \| 825.228 \| 1082.513 \|
812	JSON::PC \| 3571.444 \| 2394.829 \|	1247	JSON::PC \| 3571.444 \| 2394.829 \|
813	JSON::PP \| 210.987 \| 32.574 \|	1248	JSON::PP \| 210.987 \| 32.574 \|
814	JSON::Syck \| 552.551 \| 787.544 \|	1249	JSON::Syck \| 552.551 \| 787.544 \|
815	JSON::XS \| 5780.463 \| 4854.519 \|	1250	JSON::XS \| 5780.463 \| 4854.519 \|
…		…
819	-----------+------------+------------+	1254	-----------+------------+------------+
820		1255
821	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly	1256	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly
822	decodes faster).	1257	decodes faster).
823		1258
824	On large strings containing lots of high unicode characters, some modules	1259	On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some modules
825	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result	1260	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result
826	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) unicode handling. Others refuse	1261	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others refuse
827	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair	1262	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair
828	comparison table for that case.	1263	comparison table for that case.
829		1264
830		1265
831	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	1266	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
…		…
837	any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am	1272	any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am
838	trying hard on making that true, but you never know.	1273	trying hard on making that true, but you never know.
839		1274
840	Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should	1275	Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should
841	limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your	1276	limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your
842	resources run out, thats just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that	1277	resources run out, that's just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that
843	can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is	1278	can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is
844	usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode	1279	usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode
845	it into a Perl structure. While JSON::XS can check the size of the JSON	1280	it into a Perl structure. While JSON::XS can check the size of the JSON
846	text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you	1281	text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you
847	might want to check the size before you accept the string.	1282	might want to check the size before you accept the string.
848		1283
849	Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and	1284	Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and
850	arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64	1285	arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64
851	machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but	1286	machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but
852	only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak	1287	only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak
853	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. to be	1288	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. To be
854	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process	1289	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process
855	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the	1290	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the
856	C<max_depth> method.	1291	C<max_depth> method.
857		1292
858	And last but least, something else could bomb you that I forgot to think	1293	Something else could bomb you, too, that I forgot to think of. In that
859	of. In that case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints,	1294	case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, though...
860	though...	1295
		1296	Also keep in mind that JSON::XS might leak contents of your Perl data
		1297	structures in its error messages, so when you serialise sensitive
		1298	information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by JSON::XS
		1299	will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.
861		1300
862	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption	1301	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption
863	by javascript scripts in a browser you should have a look at	1302	by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at
864	L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see wether	1303	L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether
865	you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser	1304	you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser
866	design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major	1305	design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major
867	browser developers care only for features, not about doing security	1306	browser developers care only for features, not about getting security
868	right).	1307	right).
869		1308
870		1309
		1310	=head1 THREADS
		1311
		1312	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no
		1313	plans to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the
		1314	horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated
		1315	process simulations - use fork, it's I<much> faster, cheaper, better).
		1316
		1317	(It might actually work, but you have been warned).
		1318
		1319
871	=head1 BUGS	1320	=head1 BUGS
872		1321
873	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does	1322	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does
874	not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is	1323	not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is
875	still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they	1324	still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they
876	will be fixed swiftly, though.	1325	will be fixed swiftly, though.
877		1326
		1327	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting
		1328	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.
		1329
878	=cut	1330	=cut
879		1331
880	our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = "1"), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };	1332	our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };
881	our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = "0"), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };	1333	our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };
882		1334
883	sub true() { $true }	1335	sub true() { $true }
884	sub false() { $false }	1336	sub false() { $false }
885		1337
886	sub is_bool($) {	1338	sub is_bool($) {
…		…
898	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },	1350	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },
899	fallback => 1;	1351	fallback => 1;
900		1352
901	1;	1353	1;
902		1354
		1355	=head1 SEE ALSO
		1356
		1357	The F<json_xs> command line utility for quick experiments.
		1358
903	=head1 AUTHOR	1359	=head1 AUTHOR
904		1360
905	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1361	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
906	http://home.schmorp.de/	1362	http://home.schmorp.de/
907		1363

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Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents): Revision 1.51 by root, Mon Jul 2 01:12:27 2007 UTC vs. Revision 1.96 by root, Wed Mar 26 01:40:42 2008 UTC

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Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.51 by root, Mon Jul 2 01:12:27 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.96 by root, Wed Mar 26 01:40:42 2008 UTC