[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/JSON-XS/XS.pm

Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.79 by root, Wed Dec 19 11:42:52 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.102 by root, Sat Apr 19 03:39:27 2008 UTC

…		…
1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast	3	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast
		4
		5	=encoding utf-8
4		6
5	JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ	7	JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ
6	(http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html)	8	(http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html)
7		9
8	=head1 SYNOPSIS	10	=head1 SYNOPSIS
58		60
59	=over 4	61	=over 4
60		62
61	=item * correct Unicode handling	63	=item * correct Unicode handling
62		64
63	This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how and when	65	This module knows how to handle Unicode, documents how and when it does
64	it does so.	66	so, and even documents what "correct" means.
65		67
66	=item * round-trip integrity	68	=item * round-trip integrity
67		69
68	When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported	70	When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported
69	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.	71	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.
70	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks	72	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks
71	like a number).	73	like a number). There minor I<are> exceptions to this, read the MAPPING
		74	section below to learn about those.
72		75
73	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness	76	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness
74		77
75	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,	78	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,
76	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security	79	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security
77	feature).	80	feature).
78		81
79	=item * fast	82	=item * fast
80		83
81	Compared to other JSON modules, this module compares favourably in terms	84	Compared to other JSON modules and other serialisers such as Storable,
82	of speed, too.	85	this module usually compares favourably in terms of speed, too.
83		86
84	=item * simple to use	87	=item * simple to use
85		88
86	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO	89	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an objetc
87	interface.	90	oriented interface interface.
88		91
89	=item * reasonably versatile output formats	92	=item * reasonably versatile output formats
90		93
91	You can choose between the most compact guaranteed single-line format	94	You can choose between the most compact guaranteed-single-line format
92	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format	95	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format
93	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole	96	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole
94	Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that	97	Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that
95	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.	98	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.
96		99
…		…
100		103
101	package JSON::XS;	104	package JSON::XS;
102		105
103	use strict;	106	use strict;
104		107
105	our $VERSION = '2.01';	108	our $VERSION = '2.2';
106	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);	109	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
107		110
108	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json to_json from_json);	111	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json to_json from_json);
109		112
110	sub to_json($) {	113	sub to_json($) {
…		…
174	This enables you to store Unicode characters as single characters in a	177	This enables you to store Unicode characters as single characters in a
175	Perl string - very natural.	178	Perl string - very natural.
176		179
177	=item 2. Perl does I<not> associate an encoding with your strings.	180	=item 2. Perl does I<not> associate an encoding with your strings.
178		181
179	Unless you force it to, e.g. when matching it against a regex, or printing	182	... until you force it to, e.g. when matching it against a regex, or
180	the scalar to a file, in which case Perl either interprets your string as	183	printing the scalar to a file, in which case Perl either interprets your
181	locale-encoded text, octets/binary, or as Unicode, depending on various	184	string as locale-encoded text, octets/binary, or as Unicode, depending
182	settings. In no case is an encoding stored together with your data, it is	185	on various settings. In no case is an encoding stored together with your
183	I<use> that decides encoding, not any magical metadata.	186	data, it is I<use> that decides encoding, not any magical meta data.
184		187
185	=item 3. The internal utf-8 flag has no meaning with regards to the	188	=item 3. The internal utf-8 flag has no meaning with regards to the
186	encoding of your string.	189	encoding of your string.
187		190
188	Just ignore that flag unless you debug a Perl bug, a module written in	191	Just ignore that flag unless you debug a Perl bug, a module written in
…		…
242		245
243	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	246	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
244	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results	247	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results
245	in a faster and more compact format.	248	in a faster and more compact format.
246		249
		250	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		251	document.
		252
247	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be	253	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be
248	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not	254	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not
249	contain any 8 bit characters.	255	contain any 8 bit characters.
250		256
251	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])	257	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])
…		…
262	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default	268	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default
263	expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.	269	expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.
264		270
265	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	271	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
266	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.	272	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.
		273
		274	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		275	document.
267		276
268	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON	277	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON
269	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded	278	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded
270	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded	279	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded
271	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and	280	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and
…		…
290		299
291	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON	300	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON
292	string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a	301	string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a
293	Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs	302	Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs
294	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.	303	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.
		304
		305	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		306	document.
295		307
296	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:	308	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:
297		309
298	use Encode;	310	use Encode;
299	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);	311	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);
…		…
450	Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled C<allow_nonref>,	462	Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled C<allow_nonref>,
451	resulting in an invalid JSON text:	463	resulting in an invalid JSON text:
452		464
453	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")	465	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
454	=> "Hello, World!"	466	=> "Hello, World!"
		467
		468	=item $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])
		469
		470	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown
		471
		472	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will I<not> throw an
		473	exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON (for
		474	example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON C<null> value. Note
		475	that blessed objects are not included here and are handled separately by
		476	c<allow_nonref>.
		477
		478	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
		479	exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.
		480
		481	This option does not affect C<decode> in any way, and it is recommended to
		482	leave it off unless you know your communications partner.
455		483
456	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])	484	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])
457		485
458	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed	486	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
459		487
…		…
600	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])	628	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])
601		629
602	=item $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth	630	=item $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
603		631
604	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding	632	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding
605	or decoding. If the JSON text or Perl data structure has an equal or	633	or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in JSON text or a Perl
606	higher nesting level then this limit, then the encoder and decoder will	634	data structure, then the encoder and decoder will stop and croak at that
607	stop and croak at that point.	635	point.
608		636
609	Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder	637	Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder
610	needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>	638	needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>
611	characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a	639	characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a
612	given character in a string.	640	given character in a string.
613		641
614	Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures	642	Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures
615	that the object is only a single hash/object or array.	643	that the object is only a single hash/object or array.
616		644
617	The argument to C<max_depth> will be rounded up to the next highest power
618	of two. If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be	645	If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be used, which
619	used, which is rarely useful.	646	is rarely useful.
		647
		648	Note that nesting is implemented by recursion in C. The default value has
		649	been chosen to be as large as typical operating systems allow without
		650	crashing.
620		651
621	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	652	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
622		653
623	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])	654	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])
624		655
625	=item $max_size = $json->get_max_size	656	=item $max_size = $json->get_max_size
626		657
627	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is	658	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is
628	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>	659	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>
629	is called on a string longer then this number of characters it will not	660	is called on a string that is longer then this many bytes, it will not
630	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no	661	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no
631	effect on C<encode> (yet).	662	effect on C<encode> (yet).
632		663
633	The argument to C<max_size> will be rounded up to the next B<highest>	664	If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as when
634	power of two (so may be more than requested). If no argument is given, the	665	C<0> is specified).
635	limit check will be deactivated (same as when C<0> is specified).
636		666
637	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	667	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
638		668
639	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)	669	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)
640		670
…		…
669	=> ([], 3)	699	=> ([], 3)
670		700
671	=back	701	=back
672		702
673		703
		704	=head1 INCREMENTAL PARSING
		705
		706	[This section and the API it details is still EXPERIMENTAL]
		707
		708	In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON
		709	texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting
		710	Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a
		711	JSON stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has
		712	a full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
		713	using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but is
		714	much more efficient (JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text
		715	once it is sure it has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very
		716	simple but truly incremental parser).
		717
		718	The following two methods deal with this.
		719
		720	=over 4
		721
		722	=item [void, scalar or list context] = $json->incr_parse ([$string])
		723
		724	This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text and
		725	extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of these
		726	functions are optional).
		727
		728	If C<$string> is given, then this string is appended to the already
		729	existing JSON fragment stored in the C<$json> object.
		730
		731	After that, if the function is called in void context, it will simply
		732	return without doing anything further. This can be used to add more text
		733	in as many chunks as you want.
		734
		735	If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
		736	exactly I<one> JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
		737	object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. If there is a parse error,
		738	this method will croak just as C<decode> would do (one can then use
		739	C<incr_skip> to skip the errornous part). This is the most common way of
		740	using the method.
		741
		742	And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
		743	from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
		744	otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators between the JSON
		745	objects or arrays, instead they must be concatenated back-to-back. If
		746	an error occurs, an exception will be raised as in the scalar context
		747	case. Note that in this case, any previously-parsed JSON texts will be
		748	lost.
		749
		750	=item $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
		751
		752	This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue, that
		753	is, you can manipulate it. This I<only> works when a preceding call to
		754	C<incr_parse> in I<scalar context> successfully returned an object. Under
		755	all other circumstances you must not call this function (I mean it.
		756	although in simple tests it might actually work, it I<will> fail under
		757	real world conditions). As a special exception, you can also call this
		758	method before having parsed anything.
		759
		760	This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text after a
		761	JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by non-JSON text
		762	(such as commas).
		763
		764	=item $json->incr_skip
		765
		766	This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove the
		767	parsed text from the input buffer. This is useful after C<incr_parse>
		768	died, in which case the input buffer and incremental parser state is left
		769	unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to reset the parse state.
		770
		771	=back
		772
		773	=head2 LIMITATIONS
		774
		775	All options that affect decoding are supported, except
		776	C<allow_nonref>. The reason for this is that it cannot be made to
		777	work sensibly: JSON objects and arrays are self-delimited, i.e. you can concatenate
		778	them back to back and still decode them perfectly. This does not hold true
		779	for JSON numbers, however.
		780
		781	For example, is the string C<1> a single JSON number, or is it simply the
		782	start of C<12>? Or is C<12> a single JSON number, or the concatenation
		783	of C<1> and C<2>? In neither case you can tell, and this is why JSON::XS
		784	takes the conservative route and disallows this case.
		785
		786	=head2 EXAMPLES
		787
		788	Some examples will make all this clearer. First, a simple example that
		789	works similarly to C<decode_prefix>: We want to decode the JSON object at
		790	the start of a string and identify the portion after the JSON object:
		791
		792	my $text = "[1,2,3] hello";
		793
		794	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		795
		796	my $obj = $json->incr_parse ($text)
		797	or die "expected JSON object or array at beginning of string";
		798
		799	my $tail = $json->incr_text;
		800	# $tail now contains " hello"
		801
		802	Easy, isn't it?
		803
		804	Now for a more complicated example: Imagine a hypothetical protocol where
		805	you read some requests from a TCP stream, and each request is a JSON
		806	array, without any separation between them (in fact, it is often useful to
		807	use newlines as "separators", as these get interpreted as whitespace at
		808	the start of the JSON text, which makes it possible to test said protocol
		809	with C<telnet>...).
		810
		811	Here is how you'd do it (it is trivial to write this in an event-based
		812	manner):
		813
		814	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		815
		816	# read some data from the socket
		817	while (sysread $socket, my $buf, 4096) {
		818
		819	# split and decode as many requests as possible
		820	for my $request ($json->incr_parse ($buf)) {
		821	# act on the $request
		822	}
		823	}
		824
		825	Another complicated example: Assume you have a string with JSON objects
		826	or arrays, all separated by (optional) comma characters (e.g. C<[1],[2],
		827	[3]>). To parse them, we have to skip the commas between the JSON texts,
		828	and here is where the lvalue-ness of C<incr_text> comes in useful:
		829
		830	my $text = "[1],[2], [3]";
		831	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		832
		833	# void context, so no parsing done
		834	$json->incr_parse ($text);
		835
		836	# now extract as many objects as possible. note the
		837	# use of scalar context so incr_text can be called.
		838	while (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		839	# do something with $obj
		840
		841	# now skip the optional comma
		842	$json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* , //x;
		843	}
		844
		845	Now lets go for a very complex example: Assume that you have a gigantic
		846	JSON array-of-objects, many gigabytes in size, and you want to parse it,
		847	but you cannot load it into memory fully (this has actually happened in
		848	the real world :).
		849
		850	Well, you lost, you have to implement your own JSON parser. But JSON::XS
		851	can still help you: You implement a (very simple) array parser and let
		852	JSON decode the array elements, which are all full JSON objects on their
		853	own (this wouldn't work if the array elements could be JSON numbers, for
		854	example):
		855
		856	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		857
		858	# open the monster
		859	open my $fh, "<bigfile.json"
		860	or die "bigfile: $!";
		861
		862	# first parse the initial "["
		863	for (;;) {
		864	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		865	or die "read error: $!";
		866	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		867
		868	# Exit the loop once we found and removed(!) the initial "[".
		869	# In essence, we are (ab-)using the $json object as a simple scalar
		870	# we append data to.
		871	last if $json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* \[ //x;
		872	}
		873
		874	# now we have the skipped the initial "[", so continue
		875	# parsing all the elements.
		876	for (;;) {
		877	# in this loop we read data until we got a single JSON object
		878	for (;;) {
		879	if (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		880	# do something with $obj
		881	last;
		882	}
		883
		884	# add more data
		885	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		886	or die "read error: $!";
		887	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		888	}
		889
		890	# in this loop we read data until we either found and parsed the
		891	# separating "," between elements, or the final "]"
		892	for (;;) {
		893	# first skip whitespace
		894	$json->incr_text =~ s/^\s*//;
		895
		896	# if we find "]", we are done
		897	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^\]//) {
		898	print "finished.\n";
		899	exit;
		900	}
		901
		902	# if we find ",", we can continue with the next element
		903	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^,//) {
		904	last;
		905	}
		906
		907	# if we find anything else, we have a parse error!
		908	if (length $json->incr_text) {
		909	die "parse error near ", $json->incr_text;
		910	}
		911
		912	# else add more data
		913	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		914	or die "read error: $!";
		915	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		916	}
		917
		918	This is a complex example, but most of the complexity comes from the fact
		919	that we are trying to be correct (bear with me if I am wrong, I never ran
		920	the above example :).
		921
		922
		923
674	=head1 MAPPING	924	=head1 MAPPING
675		925
676	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and	926	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and
677	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most	927	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most
678	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics	928	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics
…		…
706		956
707	A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or	957	A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or
708	string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On	958	string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On
709	the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all	959	the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all
710	the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and	960	the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and
711	might represent more values exactly than (floating point) numbers.	961	might represent more values exactly than floating point numbers.
712		962
713	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent	963	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent
714	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as	964	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as
715	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of	965	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of
716	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value.	966	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value (in
		967	which case you lose roundtripping ability, as the JSON number will be
		968	re-encoded toa JSON string).
717		969
718	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be	970	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
719	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of	971	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of
720	precision.	972	precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping ability, but
721		973	the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON number).
722	This might create round-tripping problems as numbers might become strings,
723	but as Perl is typeless there is no other way to do it.
724		974
725	=item true, false	975	=item true, false
726		976
727	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,	977	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,
728	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers	978	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers
…		…
774	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,	1024	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
775	respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.	1025	respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.
776		1026
777	=item blessed objects	1027	=item blessed objects
778		1028
779	Blessed objects are not allowed. JSON::XS currently tries to encode their	1029	Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON. See the
780	underlying representation (hash- or arrayref), but this behaviour might	1030	C<allow_blessed> and C<convert_blessed> methods on various options on
781	change in future versions.	1031	how to deal with this: basically, you can choose between throwing an
		1032	exception, encoding the reference as if it weren't blessed, or provide
		1033	your own serialiser method.
782		1034
783	=item simple scalars	1035	=item simple scalars
784		1036
785	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most	1037	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most
786	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as	1038	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as
787	JSON null value, scalars that have last been used in a string context	1039	JSON C<null> values, scalars that have last been used in a string context
788	before encoding as JSON strings and anything else as number value:	1040	before encoding as JSON strings, and anything else as number value:
789		1041
790	# dump as number	1042	# dump as number
791	encode_json [2] # yields [2]	1043	encode_json [2] # yields [2]
792	encode_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]	1044	encode_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]
793	my $value = 5; encode_json [$value] # yields [5]	1045	my $value = 5; encode_json [$value] # yields [5]
…		…
811	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string	1063	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
812	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number	1064	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
813	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choice is yours.	1065	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choice is yours.
814		1066
815	You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me	1067	You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me
816	if you need this capability.	1068	if you need this capability (but don't forget to explain why it's needed
		1069	:).
817		1070
818	=back	1071	=back
819		1072
820		1073
821	=head1 COMPARISON	1074	=head1 ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES
822		1075
823	As already mentioned, this module was created because none of the existing	1076	The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify
824	JSON modules could be made to work correctly. First I will describe the	1077	encodings or codesets - C<utf8>, C<latin1> and C<ascii>. There seems to be
825	problems (or pleasures) I encountered with various existing JSON modules,	1078	some confusion on what these do, so here is a short comparison:
826	followed by some benchmark values. JSON::XS was designed not to suffer	1079
827	from any of these problems or limitations.	1080	C<utf8> controls whether the JSON text created by C<encode> (and expected
		1081	by C<decode>) is UTF-8 encoded or not, while C<latin1> and C<ascii> only
		1082	control whether C<encode> escapes character values outside their respective
		1083	codeset range. Neither of these flags conflict with each other, although
		1084	some combinations make less sense than others.
		1085
		1086	Care has been taken to make all flags symmetrical with respect to
		1087	C<encode> and C<decode>, that is, texts encoded with any combination of
		1088	these flag values will be correctly decoded when the same flags are used
		1089	- in general, if you use different flag settings while encoding vs. when
		1090	decoding you likely have a bug somewhere.
		1091
		1092	Below comes a verbose discussion of these flags. Note that a "codeset" is
		1093	simply an abstract set of character-codepoint pairs, while an encoding
		1094	takes those codepoint numbers and I<encodes> them, in our case into
		1095	octets. Unicode is (among other things) a codeset, UTF-8 is an encoding,
		1096	and ISO-8859-1 (= latin 1) and ASCII are both codesets I<and> encodings at
		1097	the same time, which can be confusing.
828		1098
829	=over 4	1099	=over 4
830		1100
831	=item JSON 1.07	1101	=item C<utf8> flag disabled
832		1102
833	Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl).	1103	When C<utf8> is disabled (the default), then C<encode>/C<decode> generate
		1104	and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with high ordinal Unicode
		1105	values (> 255) will be encoded as such characters, and likewise such
		1106	characters are decoded as-is, no canges to them will be done, except
		1107	"(re-)interpreting" them as Unicode codepoints or Unicode characters,
		1108	respectively (to Perl, these are the same thing in strings unless you do
		1109	funny/weird/dumb stuff).
834		1110
835	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles Unicode values is	1111	This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g. when you
836	undocumented. One can get far by feeding it Unicode strings and doing	1112	want to have UTF-16 encoded JSON texts) or when some other layer does
837	en-/decoding oneself, but Unicode escapes are not working properly).	1113	the encoding for you (for example, when printing to a terminal using a
		1114	filehandle that transparently encodes to UTF-8 you certainly do NOT want
		1115	to UTF-8 encode your data first and have Perl encode it another time).
838		1116
839	No round-tripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g.	1117	=item C<utf8> flag enabled
840	the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will
841	decode into the number 2.
842		1118
843	=item JSON::PC 0.01	1119	If the C<utf8>-flag is enabled, C<encode>/C<decode> will encode all
		1120	characters using the corresponding UTF-8 multi-byte sequence, and will
		1121	expect your input strings to be encoded as UTF-8, that is, no "character"
		1122	of the input string must have any value > 255, as UTF-8 does not allow
		1123	that.
844		1124
845	Very fast.	1125	The C<utf8> flag therefore switches between two modes: disabled means you
		1126	will get a Unicode string in Perl, enabled means you get an UTF-8 encoded
		1127	octet/binary string in Perl.
846		1128
847	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling.	1129	=item C<latin1> or C<ascii> flags enabled
848		1130
849	No round-tripping.	1131	With C<latin1> (or C<ascii>) enabled, C<encode> will escape characters
		1132	with ordinal values > 255 (> 127 with C<ascii>) and encode the remaining
		1133	characters as specified by the C<utf8> flag.
850		1134
851	Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic	1135	If C<utf8> is disabled, then the result is also correctly encoded in those
852	values will make it croak).	1136	character sets (as both are proper subsets of Unicode, meaning that a
		1137	Unicode string with all character values < 256 is the same thing as a
		1138	ISO-8859-1 string, and a Unicode string with all character values < 128 is
		1139	the same thing as an ASCII string in Perl).
853		1140
854	Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}>	1141	If C<utf8> is enabled, you still get a correct UTF-8-encoded string,
855	which is not a valid JSON text.	1142	regardless of these flags, just some more characters will be escaped using
		1143	C<\uXXXX> then before.
856		1144
857	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not	1145	Note that ISO-8859-1-I<encoded> strings are not compatible with UTF-8
858	getting fixed).	1146	encoding, while ASCII-encoded strings are. That is because the ISO-8859-1
		1147	encoding is NOT a subset of UTF-8 (despite the ISO-8859-1 I<codeset> being
		1148	a subset of Unicode), while ASCII is.
859		1149
860	=item JSON::Syck 0.21	1150	Surprisingly, C<decode> will ignore these flags and so treat all input
		1151	values as governed by the C<utf8> flag. If it is disabled, this allows you
		1152	to decode ISO-8859-1- and ASCII-encoded strings, as both strict subsets of
		1153	Unicode. If it is enabled, you can correctly decode UTF-8 encoded strings.
861		1154
862	Very buggy (often crashes).	1155	So neither C<latin1> nor C<ascii> are incompatible with the C<utf8> flag -
		1156	they only govern when the JSON output engine escapes a character or not.
863		1157
864	Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much	1158	The main use for C<latin1> is to relatively efficiently store binary data
865	undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a	1159	as JSON, at the expense of breaking compatibility with most JSON decoders.
866	single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to
867	generate ASCII-only JSON texts).
868		1160
869	Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (Unicode	1161	The main use for C<ascii> is to force the output to not contain characters
870	escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to	1162	with values > 127, which means you can interpret the resulting string
871	I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour).	1163	as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ASCII, KOI8-R or most about any character set and
872		1164	8-bit-encoding, and still get the same data structure back. This is useful
873	No round-tripping (simple cases work, but this depends on whether the scalar	1165	when your channel for JSON transfer is not 8-bit clean or the encoding
874	value was used in a numeric context or not).	1166	might be mangled in between (e.g. in mail), and works because ASCII is a
875		1167	proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
876	Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state.
877
878	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not
879	getting fixed).
880
881	Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and
882	return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security
883	issue: imagine two banks transferring money between each other using
884	JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money,
885	while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a
886	good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and
887	the transaction will still not succeed).
888
889	=item JSON::DWIW 0.04
890
891	Very fast. Very natural. Very nice.
892
893	Undocumented Unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes
894	still don't get parsed properly).
895
896	Very inflexible.
897
898	No round-tripping.
899
900	Does not generate valid JSON texts (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys
901	result in nothing being output)
902
903	Does not check input for validity.
904		1168
905	=back	1169	=back
906		1170
907		1171
908	=head2 JSON and YAML	1172	=head2 JSON and YAML
909		1173
910	You often hear that JSON is a subset (or a close subset) of YAML. This is,	1174	You often hear that JSON is a subset of YAML. This is, however, a mass
911	however, a mass hysteria and very far from the truth. In general, there is	1175	hysteria(*) and very far from the truth (as of the time of this writing),
912	no way to configure JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML.	1176	so let me state it clearly: I<in general, there is no way to configure
		1177	JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML> that works in all
		1178	cases.
913		1179
914	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this	1180	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this
915	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):	1181	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):
916		1182
917	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);	1183	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);
918	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";	1184	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";
919		1185
920	This will usually generate JSON texts that also parse as valid	1186	This will I<usually> generate JSON texts that also parse as valid
921	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key	1187	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key
922	lengths that JSON doesn't have, so you should make sure that your hash	1188	lengths that JSON doesn't have and also has different and incompatible
		1189	unicode handling, so you should make sure that your hash keys are
923	keys are noticeably shorter than the 1024 characters YAML allows.	1190	noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows and that
		1191	you do not have characters with codepoint values outside the Unicode BMP
		1192	(basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow C<\/> sequences in
		1193	strings (which JSON::XS does not I<currently> generate, but other JSON
		1194	generators might).
924		1195
925	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of. In general	1196	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of (or the YAML
		1197	specification has been changed yet again - it does so quite often). In
926	you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice versa,	1198	general you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice
927	or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are high	1199	versa, or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are
928	that you will run into severe interoperability problems.	1200	high that you will run into severe interoperability problems when you
		1201	least expect it.
		1202
		1203	=over 4
		1204
		1205	=item (*)
		1206
		1207	I have been pressured multiple times by Brian Ingerson (one of the
		1208	authors of the YAML specification) to remove this paragraph, despite him
		1209	acknowledging that the actual incompatibilities exist. As I was personally
		1210	bitten by this "JSON is YAML" lie, I refused and said I will continue to
		1211	educate people about these issues, so others do not run into the same
		1212	problem again and again. After this, Brian called me a (quote)I<complete
		1213	and worthless idiot>(unquote).
		1214
		1215	In my opinion, instead of pressuring and insulting people who actually
		1216	clarify issues with YAML and the wrong statements of some of its
		1217	proponents, I would kindly suggest reading the JSON spec (which is not
		1218	that difficult or long) and finally make YAML compatible to it, and
		1219	educating users about the changes, instead of spreading lies about the
		1220	real compatibility for many I<years> and trying to silence people who
		1221	point out that it isn't true.
		1222
		1223	=back
929		1224
930		1225
931	=head2 SPEED	1226	=head2 SPEED
932		1227
933	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following	1228	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following
934	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program	1229	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program
935	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own	1230	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own
936	system.	1231	system.
937		1232
938	First comes a comparison between various modules using a very short	1233	First comes a comparison between various modules using
939	single-line JSON string:	1234	a very short single-line JSON string (also available at
		1235	L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/short.json>).
940		1236
941	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1", "we were just talking"], \	1237	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1",
942	"id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7, true, false]}	1238	"we were just talking"], "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7,
		1239	true, false]}
943		1240
944	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses	1241	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses
945	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface	1242	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface
946	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables	1243	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables
947	shrink). Higher is better:	1244	shrink). Higher is better:
…		…
963	about three times faster on decoding, and over forty times faster	1260	about three times faster on decoding, and over forty times faster
964	than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares	1261	than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares
965	favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.	1262	favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.
966		1263
967	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals	1264	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals
968	search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg):	1265	search API (L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/long.json>).
969		1266
970	module \| encode \| decode \|	1267	module \| encode \| decode \|
971	-----------\|------------\|------------\|	1268	-----------\|------------\|------------\|
972	JSON 1.x \| 55.260 \| 34.971 \|	1269	JSON 1.x \| 55.260 \| 34.971 \|
973	JSON::DWIW \| 825.228 \| 1082.513 \|	1270	JSON::DWIW \| 825.228 \| 1082.513 \|
…		…
1015	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. To be	1312	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. To be
1016	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process	1313	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process
1017	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the	1314	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the
1018	C<max_depth> method.	1315	C<max_depth> method.
1019		1316
1020	And last but least, something else could bomb you that I forgot to think	1317	Something else could bomb you, too, that I forgot to think of. In that
1021	of. In that case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints,	1318	case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, though...
1022	though...	1319
		1320	Also keep in mind that JSON::XS might leak contents of your Perl data
		1321	structures in its error messages, so when you serialise sensitive
		1322	information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by JSON::XS
		1323	will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.
1023		1324
1024	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption	1325	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption
1025	by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at	1326	by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at
1026	L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether	1327	L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether
1027	you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser	1328	you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser
…		…
1033	=head1 THREADS	1334	=head1 THREADS
1034		1335
1035	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no	1336	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no
1036	plans to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the	1337	plans to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the
1037	horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated	1338	horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated
1038	process simulations - use fork, its I<much> faster, cheaper, better).	1339	process simulations - use fork, it's I<much> faster, cheaper, better).
1039		1340
1040	(It might actually work, but you have been warned).	1341	(It might actually work, but you have been warned).
1041		1342
1042		1343
1043	=head1 BUGS	1344	=head1 BUGS
1044		1345
1045	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does	1346	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does
1046	not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is	1347	not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is
1047	still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they	1348	still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they
1048	will be fixed swiftly, though.	1349	will be fixed swiftly, though.
1049		1350
1050	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting	1351	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting
1051	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.	1352	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.
…		…
1073	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },	1374	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },
1074	fallback => 1;	1375	fallback => 1;
1075		1376
1076	1;	1377	1;
1077		1378
		1379	=head1 SEE ALSO
		1380
		1381	The F<json_xs> command line utility for quick experiments.
		1382
1078	=head1 AUTHOR	1383	=head1 AUTHOR
1079		1384
1080	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1385	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1081	http://home.schmorp.de/	1386	http://home.schmorp.de/
1082		1387

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Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents): Revision 1.79 by root, Wed Dec 19 11:42:52 2007 UTC vs. Revision 1.102 by root, Sat Apr 19 03:39:27 2008 UTC

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Revision 1.79 by root, Wed Dec 19 11:42:52 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.102 by root, Sat Apr 19 03:39:27 2008 UTC