[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/JSON-XS/XS.pm

Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.57 by root, Mon Aug 13 16:05:42 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.108 by root, Tue Jul 15 11:29:29 2008 UTC

…		…
1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast	3	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast
		4
		5	=encoding utf-8
		6
		7	JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ
		8	(http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html)
4		9
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	10	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		11
7	use JSON::XS;	12	use JSON::XS;
8		13
9	# exported functions, they croak on error	14	# exported functions, they croak on error
10	# and expect/generate UTF-8	15	# and expect/generate UTF-8
11		16
12	$utf8_encoded_json_text = to_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;	17	$utf8_encoded_json_text = encode_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;
13	$perl_hash_or_arrayref = from_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;	18	$perl_hash_or_arrayref = decode_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;
14		19
15	# OO-interface	20	# OO-interface
16		21
17	$coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref;	22	$coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref;
18	$pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar);	23	$pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar);
19	$perl_scalar = $coder->decode ($unicode_json_text);	24	$perl_scalar = $coder->decode ($unicode_json_text);
20		25
		26	# Note that JSON version 2.0 and above will automatically use JSON::XS
		27	# if available, at virtually no speed overhead either, so you should
		28	# be able to just:
		29
		30	use JSON;
		31
		32	# and do the same things, except that you have a pure-perl fallback now.
		33
21	=head1 DESCRIPTION	34	=head1 DESCRIPTION
22		35
23	This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its	36	This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its
24	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be	37	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be
25	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.	38	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
		39
		40	Beginning with version 2.0 of the JSON module, when both JSON and
		41	JSON::XS are installed, then JSON will fall back on JSON::XS (this can be
		42	overridden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheriting constructor
		43	and methods). If JSON::XS is not available, it will fall back to the
		44	compatible JSON::PP module as backend, so using JSON instead of JSON::XS
		45	gives you a portable JSON API that can be fast when you need and doesn't
		46	require a C compiler when that is a problem.
26		47
27	As this is the n-th-something JSON module on CPAN, what was the reason	48	As this is the n-th-something JSON module on CPAN, what was the reason
28	to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON	49	to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON
29	modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases	50	modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases
30	their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug	51	their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug
37		58
38	=head2 FEATURES	59	=head2 FEATURES
39		60
40	=over 4	61	=over 4
41		62
42	=item * correct unicode handling	63	=item * correct Unicode handling
43		64
44	This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how and when	65	This module knows how to handle Unicode, documents how and when it does
45	it does so.	66	so, and even documents what "correct" means.
46		67
47	=item * round-trip integrity	68	=item * round-trip integrity
48		69
49	When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported	70	When you serialise a perl data structure using only data types supported
50	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.	71	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.
51	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks	72	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks
52	like a number).	73	like a number). There minor I<are> exceptions to this, read the MAPPING
		74	section below to learn about those.
53		75
54	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness	76	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness
55		77
56	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,	78	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,
57	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security	79	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security
58	feature).	80	feature).
59		81
60	=item * fast	82	=item * fast
61		83
62	Compared to other JSON modules, this module compares favourably in terms	84	Compared to other JSON modules and other serialisers such as Storable,
63	of speed, too.	85	this module usually compares favourably in terms of speed, too.
64		86
65	=item * simple to use	87	=item * simple to use
66		88
67	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO	89	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an object
68	interface.	90	oriented interface interface.
69		91
70	=item * reasonably versatile output formats	92	=item * reasonably versatile output formats
71		93
72	You can choose between the most compact guarenteed single-line format	94	You can choose between the most compact guaranteed-single-line format
73	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format	95	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ASCII format
74	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole	96	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole
75	unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that	97	Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that
76	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.	98	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.
77		99
78	=back	100	=back
79		101
80	=cut	102	=cut
81		103
82	package JSON::XS;	104	package JSON::XS;
83		105
84	use strict;	106	use strict;
85		107
86	our $VERSION = '1.44';	108	our $VERSION = '2.22';
87	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);	109	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
88		110
89	our @EXPORT = qw(to_json from_json);	111	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json to_json from_json);
		112
		113	sub to_json($) {
		114	require Carp;
		115	Carp::croak ("JSON::XS::to_json has been renamed to encode_json, either downgrade to pre-2.0 versions of JSON::XS or rename the call");
		116	}
		117
		118	sub from_json($) {
		119	require Carp;
		120	Carp::croak ("JSON::XS::from_json has been renamed to decode_json, either downgrade to pre-2.0 versions of JSON::XS or rename the call");
		121	}
90		122
91	use Exporter;	123	use Exporter;
92	use XSLoader;	124	use XSLoader;
93		125
94	=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE	126	=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE
95		127
96	The following convinience methods are provided by this module. They are	128	The following convenience methods are provided by this module. They are
97	exported by default:	129	exported by default:
98		130
99	=over 4	131	=over 4
100		132
101	=item $json_text = to_json $perl_scalar	133	=item $json_text = encode_json $perl_scalar
102		134
103	Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference to	135	Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string
104	a hash or array) to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string (that is, the string contains	136	(that is, the string contains octets only). Croaks on error.
105	octets only). Croaks on error.
106		137
107	This function call is functionally identical to:	138	This function call is functionally identical to:
108		139
109	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)	140	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)
110		141
111	except being faster.	142	Except being faster.
112		143
113	=item $perl_scalar = from_json $json_text	144	=item $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
114		145
115	The opposite of C<to_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries to	146	The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries
116	parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting simple	147	to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting
117	scalar or reference. Croaks on error.	148	reference. Croaks on error.
118		149
119	This function call is functionally identical to:	150	This function call is functionally identical to:
120		151
121	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)	152	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)
122		153
123	except being faster.	154	Except being faster.
124		155
125	=item $is_boolean = JSON::XS::is_bool $scalar	156	=item $is_boolean = JSON::XS::is_bool $scalar
126		157
127	Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::XS::true or	158	Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::XS::true or
128	JSON::XS::false, two constants that act like C<1> and C<0>, respectively	159	JSON::XS::false, two constants that act like C<1> and C<0>, respectively
…		…
132	Perl.	163	Perl.
133		164
134	=back	165	=back
135		166
136		167
		168	=head1 A FEW NOTES ON UNICODE AND PERL
		169
		170	Since this often leads to confusion, here are a few very clear words on
		171	how Unicode works in Perl, modulo bugs.
		172
		173	=over 4
		174
		175	=item 1. Perl strings can store characters with ordinal values > 255.
		176
		177	This enables you to store Unicode characters as single characters in a
		178	Perl string - very natural.
		179
		180	=item 2. Perl does I<not> associate an encoding with your strings.
		181
		182	... until you force it to, e.g. when matching it against a regex, or
		183	printing the scalar to a file, in which case Perl either interprets your
		184	string as locale-encoded text, octets/binary, or as Unicode, depending
		185	on various settings. In no case is an encoding stored together with your
		186	data, it is I<use> that decides encoding, not any magical meta data.
		187
		188	=item 3. The internal utf-8 flag has no meaning with regards to the
		189	encoding of your string.
		190
		191	Just ignore that flag unless you debug a Perl bug, a module written in
		192	XS or want to dive into the internals of perl. Otherwise it will only
		193	confuse you, as, despite the name, it says nothing about how your string
		194	is encoded. You can have Unicode strings with that flag set, with that
		195	flag clear, and you can have binary data with that flag set and that flag
		196	clear. Other possibilities exist, too.
		197
		198	If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't
		199	exist.
		200
		201	=item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be
		202	validly interpreted as a Unicode code point.
		203
		204	If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a
		205	Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string.
		206
		207	=item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string.
		208
		209	It's a fact. Learn to live with it.
		210
		211	=back
		212
		213	I hope this helps :)
		214
		215
137	=head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE	216	=head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE
138		217
139	The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or	218	The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or
140	decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.	219	decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.
141		220
…		…
152	my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after->encode ({a => [1,2]})	231	my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after->encode ({a => [1,2]})
153	=> {"a": [1, 2]}	232	=> {"a": [1, 2]}
154		233
155	=item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable])	234	=item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable])
156		235
		236	=item $enabled = $json->get_ascii
		237
157	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not	238	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
158	generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any	239	generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any
159	unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a	240	Unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a
160	single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence,	241	single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence,
161	as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native	242	as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native
162	unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string,	243	Unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string,
163	or any other superset of ASCII.	244	or any other superset of ASCII.
164		245
165	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	246	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
166	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results	247	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results
167	in a faster and more compact format.	248	in a faster and more compact format.
168		249
		250	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		251	document.
		252
169	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be	253	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be
170	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not	254	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not
171	contain any 8 bit characters.	255	contain any 8 bit characters.
172		256
173	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])	257	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])
174	=> ["\ud801\udc01"]	258	=> ["\ud801\udc01"]
175		259
176	=item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable])	260	=item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable])
177		261
		262	=item $enabled = $json->get_latin1
		263
178	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode	264	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
179	the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters	265	the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters
180	outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a	266	outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a
181	latin1-encoded JSON text or a native unicode string. The C<decode> method	267	latin1-encoded JSON text or a native Unicode string. The C<decode> method
182	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default	268	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default
183	expects unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.	269	expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.
184		270
185	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	271	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
186	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.	272	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.
		273
		274	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		275	document.
187		276
188	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON	277	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON
189	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded	278	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded
190	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded	279	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded
191	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and	280	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and
192	transfering), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when	281	transferring), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when
193	you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently	282	you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently
194	in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders.	283	in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders.
195		284
196	JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]	285	JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]
197	=> ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)	286	=> ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)
198		287
199	=item $json = $json->utf8 ([$enable])	288	=item $json = $json->utf8 ([$enable])
		289
		290	=item $enabled = $json->get_utf8
200		291
201	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode	292	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
202	the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the	293	the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the
203	C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please	294	C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please
204	note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the	295	note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the
205	range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future	296	range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future
206	versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16	297	versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16
207	and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.	298	and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.
208		299
209	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON	300	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON
210	string as a (non-encoded) unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a	301	string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a
211	unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs	302	Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs
212	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.	303	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.
		304
		305	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		306	document.
213		307
214	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:	308	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:
215		309
216	use Encode;	310	use Encode;
217	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);	311	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);
…		…
238	]	332	]
239	}	333	}
240		334
241	=item $json = $json->indent ([$enable])	335	=item $json = $json->indent ([$enable])
242		336
		337	=item $enabled = $json->get_indent
		338
243	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline	339	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline
244	format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair	340	format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair
245	into its own line, identing them properly.	341	into its own line, indenting them properly.
246		342
247	If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the	343	If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the
248	resulting JSON text is guarenteed not to contain any C<newlines>.	344	resulting JSON text is guaranteed not to contain any C<newlines>.
249		345
250	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.	346	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
251		347
252	=item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable])	348	=item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable])
		349
		350	=item $enabled = $json->get_space_before
253		351
254	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra	352	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
255	optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects.	353	optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects.
256		354
257	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra	355	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra
…		…
263	Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:	361	Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:
264		362
265	{"key" :"value"}	363	{"key" :"value"}
266		364
267	=item $json = $json->space_after ([$enable])	365	=item $json = $json->space_after ([$enable])
		366
		367	=item $enabled = $json->get_space_after
268		368
269	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra	369	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
270	optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects	370	optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects
271	and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array	371	and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array
272	members.	372	members.
…		…
278		378
279	Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled:	379	Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled:
280		380
281	{"key": "value"}	381	{"key": "value"}
282		382
		383	=item $json = $json->relaxed ([$enable])
		384
		385	=item $enabled = $json->get_relaxed
		386
		387	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept some
		388	extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). C<encode> will not be
		389	affected in anyway. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid
		390	JSON texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to
		391	parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration files,
		392	resource files etc.)
		393
		394	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept
		395	valid JSON texts.
		396
		397	Currently accepted extensions are:
		398
		399	=over 4
		400
		401	=item * list items can have an end-comma
		402
		403	JSON I<separates> array elements and key-value pairs with commas. This
		404	can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually and want to be able to
		405	quickly append elements, so this extension accepts comma at the end of
		406	such items not just between them:
		407
		408	[
		409	1,
		410	2, <- this comma not normally allowed
		411	]
		412	{
		413	"k1": "v1",
		414	"k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed
		415	}
		416
		417	=item * shell-style '#'-comments
		418
		419	Whenever JSON allows whitespace, shell-style comments are additionally
		420	allowed. They are terminated by the first carriage-return or line-feed
		421	character, after which more white-space and comments are allowed.
		422
		423	[
		424	1, # this comment not allowed in JSON
		425	# neither this one...
		426	]
		427
		428	=back
		429
283	=item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable])	430	=item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable])
		431
		432	=item $enabled = $json->get_canonical
284		433
285	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects	434	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects
286	by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.	435	by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.
287		436
288	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value	437	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value
289	pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs	438	pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs
290	of the same script).	439	of the same script).
291		440
292	This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as	441	This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as
293	the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,	442	the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,
294	the same hash migh be encoded differently even if contains the same data,	443	the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data,
295	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.	444	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.
296		445
297	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.	446	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
298		447
299	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])	448	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])
		449
		450	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
300		451
301	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a	452	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a
302	non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,	453	non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,
303	which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON	454	which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON
304	values instead of croaking.	455	values instead of croaking.
…		…
312	resulting in an invalid JSON text:	463	resulting in an invalid JSON text:
313		464
314	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")	465	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
315	=> "Hello, World!"	466	=> "Hello, World!"
316		467
		468	=item $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])
		469
		470	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown
		471
		472	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will I<not> throw an
		473	exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON (for
		474	example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON C<null> value. Note
		475	that blessed objects are not included here and are handled separately by
		476	c<allow_nonref>.
		477
		478	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
		479	exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.
		480
		481	This option does not affect C<decode> in any way, and it is recommended to
		482	leave it off unless you know your communications partner.
		483
317	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])	484	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])
		485
		486	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
318		487
319	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not	488	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
320	barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the	489	barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the
321	B<convert_blessed> option will decide wether C<null> (C<convert_blessed>	490	B<convert_blessed> option will decide whether C<null> (C<convert_blessed>
322	disabled or no C<to_json> method found) or a representation of the	491	disabled or no C<TO_JSON> method found) or a representation of the
323	object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<to_json> method found) is being	492	object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<TO_JSON> method found) is being
324	encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>.	493	encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>.
325		494
326	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an	495	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
327	exception when it encounters a blessed object.	496	exception when it encounters a blessed object.
328		497
329	=item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable])	498	=item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable])
		499
		500	=item $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed
330		501
331	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a	502	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a
332	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method	503	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method
333	on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context	504	on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context
334	and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object. If no	505	and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object. If no
…		…
338	The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>	509	The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>
339	returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same	510	returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same
340	way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle	511	way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle
341	(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other	512	(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other
342	methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are	513	methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are
343	usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with the C<to_json>	514	usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with any C<to_json>
344	function.	515	function or method.
345		516
346	This setting does not yet influence C<decode> in any way, but in the	517	This setting does not yet influence C<decode> in any way, but in the
347	future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are	518	future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are
348	enabled by this setting.	519	enabled by this setting.
349		520
…		…
391		562
392	As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object>	563	As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object>
393	one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key	564	one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key
394	objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially	565	objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially
395	as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept	566	as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept
396	as JSON gets (its basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not	567	as JSON gets (it's basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not
397	support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks	568	support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks
398	like a serialised Perl hash.	569	like a serialised Perl hash.
399		570
400	Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or	571	Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or
401	C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even	572	C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even
…		…
425		596
426	{ __widget__ => $self->{id} }	597	{ __widget__ => $self->{id} }
427	}	598	}
428		599
429	=item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable])	600	=item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable])
		601
		602	=item $enabled = $json->get_shrink
430		603
431	Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for	604	Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for
432	strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either	605	strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either
433	C<encode> or C<decode> to their minimum size possible. This can save	606	C<encode> or C<decode> to their minimum size possible. This can save
434	memory when your JSON texts are either very very long or you have many	607	memory when your JSON texts are either very very long or you have many
…		…
452	strings that look like integers or floats into integers or floats	625	strings that look like integers or floats into integers or floats
453	internally (there is no difference on the Perl level), saving space.	626	internally (there is no difference on the Perl level), saving space.
454		627
455	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])	628	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])
456		629
		630	=item $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
		631
457	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding	632	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding
458	or decoding. If the JSON text or Perl data structure has an equal or	633	or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in JSON text or a Perl
459	higher nesting level then this limit, then the encoder and decoder will	634	data structure, then the encoder and decoder will stop and croak at that
460	stop and croak at that point.	635	point.
461		636
462	Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder	637	Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder
463	needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>	638	needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>
464	characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a	639	characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a
465	given character in a string.	640	given character in a string.
466		641
467	Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures	642	Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures
468	that the object is only a single hash/object or array.	643	that the object is only a single hash/object or array.
469		644
470	The argument to C<max_depth> will be rounded up to the next highest power
471	of two. If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be	645	If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be used, which
472	used, which is rarely useful.	646	is rarely useful.
		647
		648	Note that nesting is implemented by recursion in C. The default value has
		649	been chosen to be as large as typical operating systems allow without
		650	crashing.
473		651
474	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	652	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
475		653
476	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])	654	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])
		655
		656	=item $max_size = $json->get_max_size
477		657
478	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is	658	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is
479	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>	659	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>
480	is called on a string longer then this number of characters it will not	660	is called on a string that is longer then this many bytes, it will not
481	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no	661	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no
482	effect on C<encode> (yet).	662	effect on C<encode> (yet).
483		663
484	The argument to C<max_size> will be rounded up to the next B<highest>	664	If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as when
485	power of two (so may be more than requested). If no argument is given, the	665	C<0> is specified).
486	limit check will be deactivated (same as when C<0> is specified).
487		666
488	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	667	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
489		668
490	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)	669	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)
491		670
…		…
520	=> ([], 3)	699	=> ([], 3)
521		700
522	=back	701	=back
523		702
524		703
		704	=head1 INCREMENTAL PARSING
		705
		706	In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON
		707	texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting
		708	Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a
		709	JSON stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has
		710	a full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
		711	using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but
		712	is much more efficient (and can be implemented with a minimum of method
		713	calls).
		714
		715	JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text once it is sure it
		716	has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very simple but
		717	truly incremental parser. This means that it sometimes won't stop as
		718	early as the full parser, for example, it doesn't detect parenthese
		719	mismatches. The only thing it guarantees is that it starts decoding as
		720	soon as a syntactically valid JSON text has been seen. This means you need
		721	to set resource limits (e.g. C<max_size>) to ensure the parser will stop
		722	parsing in the presence if syntax errors.
		723
		724	The following methods implement this incremental parser.
		725
		726	=over 4
		727
		728	=item [void, scalar or list context] = $json->incr_parse ([$string])
		729
		730	This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text and
		731	extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of these
		732	functions are optional).
		733
		734	If C<$string> is given, then this string is appended to the already
		735	existing JSON fragment stored in the C<$json> object.
		736
		737	After that, if the function is called in void context, it will simply
		738	return without doing anything further. This can be used to add more text
		739	in as many chunks as you want.
		740
		741	If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
		742	exactly I<one> JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
		743	object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. If there is a parse error,
		744	this method will croak just as C<decode> would do (one can then use
		745	C<incr_skip> to skip the errornous part). This is the most common way of
		746	using the method.
		747
		748	And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
		749	from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
		750	otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators between the JSON
		751	objects or arrays, instead they must be concatenated back-to-back. If
		752	an error occurs, an exception will be raised as in the scalar context
		753	case. Note that in this case, any previously-parsed JSON texts will be
		754	lost.
		755
		756	=item $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
		757
		758	This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue, that
		759	is, you can manipulate it. This I<only> works when a preceding call to
		760	C<incr_parse> in I<scalar context> successfully returned an object. Under
		761	all other circumstances you must not call this function (I mean it.
		762	although in simple tests it might actually work, it I<will> fail under
		763	real world conditions). As a special exception, you can also call this
		764	method before having parsed anything.
		765
		766	This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text after a
		767	JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by non-JSON text
		768	(such as commas).
		769
		770	=item $json->incr_skip
		771
		772	This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove the
		773	parsed text from the input buffer. This is useful after C<incr_parse>
		774	died, in which case the input buffer and incremental parser state is left
		775	unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to reset the parse state.
		776
		777	=item $json->incr_reset
		778
		779	This completely resets the incremental parser, that is, after this call,
		780	it will be as if the parser had never parsed anything.
		781
		782	This is useful if you want ot repeatedly parse JSON objects and want to
		783	ignore any trailing data, which means you have to reset the parser after
		784	each successful decode.
		785
		786	=back
		787
		788	=head2 LIMITATIONS
		789
		790	All options that affect decoding are supported, except
		791	C<allow_nonref>. The reason for this is that it cannot be made to
		792	work sensibly: JSON objects and arrays are self-delimited, i.e. you can concatenate
		793	them back to back and still decode them perfectly. This does not hold true
		794	for JSON numbers, however.
		795
		796	For example, is the string C<1> a single JSON number, or is it simply the
		797	start of C<12>? Or is C<12> a single JSON number, or the concatenation
		798	of C<1> and C<2>? In neither case you can tell, and this is why JSON::XS
		799	takes the conservative route and disallows this case.
		800
		801	=head2 EXAMPLES
		802
		803	Some examples will make all this clearer. First, a simple example that
		804	works similarly to C<decode_prefix>: We want to decode the JSON object at
		805	the start of a string and identify the portion after the JSON object:
		806
		807	my $text = "[1,2,3] hello";
		808
		809	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		810
		811	my $obj = $json->incr_parse ($text)
		812	or die "expected JSON object or array at beginning of string";
		813
		814	my $tail = $json->incr_text;
		815	# $tail now contains " hello"
		816
		817	Easy, isn't it?
		818
		819	Now for a more complicated example: Imagine a hypothetical protocol where
		820	you read some requests from a TCP stream, and each request is a JSON
		821	array, without any separation between them (in fact, it is often useful to
		822	use newlines as "separators", as these get interpreted as whitespace at
		823	the start of the JSON text, which makes it possible to test said protocol
		824	with C<telnet>...).
		825
		826	Here is how you'd do it (it is trivial to write this in an event-based
		827	manner):
		828
		829	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		830
		831	# read some data from the socket
		832	while (sysread $socket, my $buf, 4096) {
		833
		834	# split and decode as many requests as possible
		835	for my $request ($json->incr_parse ($buf)) {
		836	# act on the $request
		837	}
		838	}
		839
		840	Another complicated example: Assume you have a string with JSON objects
		841	or arrays, all separated by (optional) comma characters (e.g. C<[1],[2],
		842	[3]>). To parse them, we have to skip the commas between the JSON texts,
		843	and here is where the lvalue-ness of C<incr_text> comes in useful:
		844
		845	my $text = "[1],[2], [3]";
		846	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		847
		848	# void context, so no parsing done
		849	$json->incr_parse ($text);
		850
		851	# now extract as many objects as possible. note the
		852	# use of scalar context so incr_text can be called.
		853	while (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		854	# do something with $obj
		855
		856	# now skip the optional comma
		857	$json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* , //x;
		858	}
		859
		860	Now lets go for a very complex example: Assume that you have a gigantic
		861	JSON array-of-objects, many gigabytes in size, and you want to parse it,
		862	but you cannot load it into memory fully (this has actually happened in
		863	the real world :).
		864
		865	Well, you lost, you have to implement your own JSON parser. But JSON::XS
		866	can still help you: You implement a (very simple) array parser and let
		867	JSON decode the array elements, which are all full JSON objects on their
		868	own (this wouldn't work if the array elements could be JSON numbers, for
		869	example):
		870
		871	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		872
		873	# open the monster
		874	open my $fh, "<bigfile.json"
		875	or die "bigfile: $!";
		876
		877	# first parse the initial "["
		878	for (;;) {
		879	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		880	or die "read error: $!";
		881	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		882
		883	# Exit the loop once we found and removed(!) the initial "[".
		884	# In essence, we are (ab-)using the $json object as a simple scalar
		885	# we append data to.
		886	last if $json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* \[ //x;
		887	}
		888
		889	# now we have the skipped the initial "[", so continue
		890	# parsing all the elements.
		891	for (;;) {
		892	# in this loop we read data until we got a single JSON object
		893	for (;;) {
		894	if (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		895	# do something with $obj
		896	last;
		897	}
		898
		899	# add more data
		900	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		901	or die "read error: $!";
		902	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		903	}
		904
		905	# in this loop we read data until we either found and parsed the
		906	# separating "," between elements, or the final "]"
		907	for (;;) {
		908	# first skip whitespace
		909	$json->incr_text =~ s/^\s*//;
		910
		911	# if we find "]", we are done
		912	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^\]//) {
		913	print "finished.\n";
		914	exit;
		915	}
		916
		917	# if we find ",", we can continue with the next element
		918	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^,//) {
		919	last;
		920	}
		921
		922	# if we find anything else, we have a parse error!
		923	if (length $json->incr_text) {
		924	die "parse error near ", $json->incr_text;
		925	}
		926
		927	# else add more data
		928	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		929	or die "read error: $!";
		930	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		931	}
		932
		933	This is a complex example, but most of the complexity comes from the fact
		934	that we are trying to be correct (bear with me if I am wrong, I never ran
		935	the above example :).
		936
		937
		938
525	=head1 MAPPING	939	=head1 MAPPING
526		940
527	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and	941	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and
528	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most	942	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most
529	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics	943	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics
530	(what you put in comes out as something equivalent).	944	(what you put in comes out as something equivalent).
531		945
532	For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,	946	For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,
533	lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppcercase I<Perl>	947	lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppercase I<Perl>
534	refers to the abstract Perl language itself.	948	refers to the abstract Perl language itself.
535		949
536		950
537	=head2 JSON -> PERL	951	=head2 JSON -> PERL
538		952
539	=over 4	953	=over 4
540		954
541	=item object	955	=item object
542		956
543	A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object	957	A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object
544	keys is preserved (JSON does not preserver object key ordering itself).	958	keys is preserved (JSON does not preserve object key ordering itself).
545		959
546	=item array	960	=item array
547		961
548	A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.	962	A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.
549		963
…		…
557		971
558	A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or	972	A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or
559	string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On	973	string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On
560	the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all	974	the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all
561	the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and	975	the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and
562	might represent more values exactly than (floating point) numbers.	976	might represent more values exactly than floating point numbers.
563		977
564	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent	978	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent
565	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as	979	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as
566	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of	980	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of
567	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value.	981	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value (in
		982	which case you lose roundtripping ability, as the JSON number will be
		983	re-encoded toa JSON string).
568		984
569	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be	985	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
570	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of	986	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of
571	precision.	987	precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping ability, but
572		988	the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON number).
573	This might create round-tripping problems as numbers might become strings,
574	but as Perl is typeless there is no other way to do it.
575		989
576	=item true, false	990	=item true, false
577		991
578	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,	992	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,
579	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers	993	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers
580	C<1> and C<0>. You can check wether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using	994	C<1> and C<0>. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using
581	the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function.	995	the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function.
582		996
583	=item null	997	=item null
584		998
585	A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.	999	A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.
…		…
616	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an	1030	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an
617	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and	1031	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and
618	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can	1032	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can
619	also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability.	1033	also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability.
620		1034
621	to_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true]	1035	encode_json [\0, JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true]
622		1036
623	=item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false	1037	=item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false
624		1038
625	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,	1039	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
626	respectively. You cna alos use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.	1040	respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.
627		1041
628	=item blessed objects	1042	=item blessed objects
629		1043
630	Blessed objects are not allowed. JSON::XS currently tries to encode their	1044	Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON. See the
631	underlying representation (hash- or arrayref), but this behaviour might	1045	C<allow_blessed> and C<convert_blessed> methods on various options on
632	change in future versions.	1046	how to deal with this: basically, you can choose between throwing an
		1047	exception, encoding the reference as if it weren't blessed, or provide
		1048	your own serialiser method.
633		1049
634	=item simple scalars	1050	=item simple scalars
635		1051
636	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most	1052	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most
637	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as	1053	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as
638	JSON null value, scalars that have last been used in a string context	1054	JSON C<null> values, scalars that have last been used in a string context
639	before encoding as JSON strings and anything else as number value:	1055	before encoding as JSON strings, and anything else as number value:
640		1056
641	# dump as number	1057	# dump as number
642	to_json [2] # yields [2]	1058	encode_json [2] # yields [2]
643	to_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]	1059	encode_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]
644	my $value = 5; to_json [$value] # yields [5]	1060	my $value = 5; encode_json [$value] # yields [5]
645		1061
646	# used as string, so dump as string	1062	# used as string, so dump as string
647	print $value;	1063	print $value;
648	to_json [$value] # yields ["5"]	1064	encode_json [$value] # yields ["5"]
649		1065
650	# undef becomes null	1066	# undef becomes null
651	to_json [undef] # yields [null]	1067	encode_json [undef] # yields [null]
652		1068
653	You can force the type to be a string by stringifying it:	1069	You can force the type to be a JSON string by stringifying it:
654		1070
655	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number	1071	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number
656	"$x"; # stringified	1072	"$x"; # stringified
657	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify	1073	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify
658	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often	1074	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often
659		1075
660	You can force the type to be a number by numifying it:	1076	You can force the type to be a JSON number by numifying it:
661		1077
662	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string	1078	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
663	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number	1079	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
664	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choise is yours.	1080	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choice is yours.
665		1081
666	You can not currently output JSON booleans or force the type in other,	1082	You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me
667	less obscure, ways. Tell me if you need this capability.	1083	if you need this capability (but don't forget to explain why it's needed
		1084	:).
668		1085
669	=back	1086	=back
670		1087
671		1088
672	=head1 COMPARISON	1089	=head1 ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES
673		1090
674	As already mentioned, this module was created because none of the existing	1091	The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify
675	JSON modules could be made to work correctly. First I will describe the	1092	encodings or codesets - C<utf8>, C<latin1> and C<ascii>. There seems to be
676	problems (or pleasures) I encountered with various existing JSON modules,	1093	some confusion on what these do, so here is a short comparison:
677	followed by some benchmark values. JSON::XS was designed not to suffer	1094
678	from any of these problems or limitations.	1095	C<utf8> controls whether the JSON text created by C<encode> (and expected
		1096	by C<decode>) is UTF-8 encoded or not, while C<latin1> and C<ascii> only
		1097	control whether C<encode> escapes character values outside their respective
		1098	codeset range. Neither of these flags conflict with each other, although
		1099	some combinations make less sense than others.
		1100
		1101	Care has been taken to make all flags symmetrical with respect to
		1102	C<encode> and C<decode>, that is, texts encoded with any combination of
		1103	these flag values will be correctly decoded when the same flags are used
		1104	- in general, if you use different flag settings while encoding vs. when
		1105	decoding you likely have a bug somewhere.
		1106
		1107	Below comes a verbose discussion of these flags. Note that a "codeset" is
		1108	simply an abstract set of character-codepoint pairs, while an encoding
		1109	takes those codepoint numbers and I<encodes> them, in our case into
		1110	octets. Unicode is (among other things) a codeset, UTF-8 is an encoding,
		1111	and ISO-8859-1 (= latin 1) and ASCII are both codesets I<and> encodings at
		1112	the same time, which can be confusing.
679		1113
680	=over 4	1114	=over 4
681		1115
682	=item JSON 1.07	1116	=item C<utf8> flag disabled
683		1117
684	Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl).	1118	When C<utf8> is disabled (the default), then C<encode>/C<decode> generate
		1119	and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with high ordinal Unicode
		1120	values (> 255) will be encoded as such characters, and likewise such
		1121	characters are decoded as-is, no canges to them will be done, except
		1122	"(re-)interpreting" them as Unicode codepoints or Unicode characters,
		1123	respectively (to Perl, these are the same thing in strings unless you do
		1124	funny/weird/dumb stuff).
685		1125
686	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles unicode values is	1126	This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g. when you
687	undocumented. One can get far by feeding it unicode strings and doing	1127	want to have UTF-16 encoded JSON texts) or when some other layer does
688	en-/decoding oneself, but unicode escapes are not working properly).	1128	the encoding for you (for example, when printing to a terminal using a
		1129	filehandle that transparently encodes to UTF-8 you certainly do NOT want
		1130	to UTF-8 encode your data first and have Perl encode it another time).
689		1131
690	No roundtripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g.	1132	=item C<utf8> flag enabled
691	the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will
692	decode into the number 2.
693		1133
694	=item JSON::PC 0.01	1134	If the C<utf8>-flag is enabled, C<encode>/C<decode> will encode all
		1135	characters using the corresponding UTF-8 multi-byte sequence, and will
		1136	expect your input strings to be encoded as UTF-8, that is, no "character"
		1137	of the input string must have any value > 255, as UTF-8 does not allow
		1138	that.
695		1139
696	Very fast.	1140	The C<utf8> flag therefore switches between two modes: disabled means you
		1141	will get a Unicode string in Perl, enabled means you get an UTF-8 encoded
		1142	octet/binary string in Perl.
697		1143
698	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling.	1144	=item C<latin1> or C<ascii> flags enabled
699		1145
700	No roundtripping.	1146	With C<latin1> (or C<ascii>) enabled, C<encode> will escape characters
		1147	with ordinal values > 255 (> 127 with C<ascii>) and encode the remaining
		1148	characters as specified by the C<utf8> flag.
701		1149
702	Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic	1150	If C<utf8> is disabled, then the result is also correctly encoded in those
703	values will make it croak).	1151	character sets (as both are proper subsets of Unicode, meaning that a
		1152	Unicode string with all character values < 256 is the same thing as a
		1153	ISO-8859-1 string, and a Unicode string with all character values < 128 is
		1154	the same thing as an ASCII string in Perl).
704		1155
705	Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}>	1156	If C<utf8> is enabled, you still get a correct UTF-8-encoded string,
706	which is not a valid JSON text.	1157	regardless of these flags, just some more characters will be escaped using
		1158	C<\uXXXX> then before.
707		1159
708	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not	1160	Note that ISO-8859-1-I<encoded> strings are not compatible with UTF-8
709	getting fixed).	1161	encoding, while ASCII-encoded strings are. That is because the ISO-8859-1
		1162	encoding is NOT a subset of UTF-8 (despite the ISO-8859-1 I<codeset> being
		1163	a subset of Unicode), while ASCII is.
710		1164
711	=item JSON::Syck 0.21	1165	Surprisingly, C<decode> will ignore these flags and so treat all input
		1166	values as governed by the C<utf8> flag. If it is disabled, this allows you
		1167	to decode ISO-8859-1- and ASCII-encoded strings, as both strict subsets of
		1168	Unicode. If it is enabled, you can correctly decode UTF-8 encoded strings.
712		1169
713	Very buggy (often crashes).	1170	So neither C<latin1> nor C<ascii> are incompatible with the C<utf8> flag -
		1171	they only govern when the JSON output engine escapes a character or not.
714		1172
715	Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much	1173	The main use for C<latin1> is to relatively efficiently store binary data
716	undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a	1174	as JSON, at the expense of breaking compatibility with most JSON decoders.
717	single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to
718	generate ASCII-only JSON texts).
719		1175
720	Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (unicode	1176	The main use for C<ascii> is to force the output to not contain characters
721	escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to	1177	with values > 127, which means you can interpret the resulting string
722	I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour).	1178	as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ASCII, KOI8-R or most about any character set and
723		1179	8-bit-encoding, and still get the same data structure back. This is useful
724	No roundtripping (simple cases work, but this depends on wether the scalar	1180	when your channel for JSON transfer is not 8-bit clean or the encoding
725	value was used in a numeric context or not).	1181	might be mangled in between (e.g. in mail), and works because ASCII is a
726		1182	proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
727	Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state.
728
729	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not
730	getting fixed).
731
732	Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and
733	return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security
734	issue: imagine two banks transfering money between each other using
735	JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money,
736	while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a
737	good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and
738	the transaction will still not succeed).
739
740	=item JSON::DWIW 0.04
741
742	Very fast. Very natural. Very nice.
743
744	Undocumented unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes
745	still don't get parsed properly).
746
747	Very inflexible.
748
749	No roundtripping.
750
751	Does not generate valid JSON texts (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys
752	result in nothing being output)
753
754	Does not check input for validity.
755		1183
756	=back	1184	=back
757		1185
758		1186
759	=head2 JSON and YAML	1187	=head2 JSON and YAML
760		1188
761	You often hear that JSON is a subset (or a close subset) of YAML. This is,	1189	You often hear that JSON is a subset of YAML. This is, however, a mass
762	however, a mass hysteria and very far from the truth. In general, there is	1190	hysteria(*) and very far from the truth (as of the time of this writing),
763	no way to configure JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML.	1191	so let me state it clearly: I<in general, there is no way to configure
		1192	JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML> that works in all
		1193	cases.
764		1194
765	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this	1195	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this
766	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):	1196	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):
767		1197
768	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);	1198	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);
769	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";	1199	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";
770		1200
771	This will usually generate JSON texts that also parse as valid	1201	This will I<usually> generate JSON texts that also parse as valid
772	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key	1202	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key
773	lengths that JSON doesn't have, so you should make sure that your hash	1203	lengths that JSON doesn't have and also has different and incompatible
		1204	unicode handling, so you should make sure that your hash keys are
774	keys are noticably shorter than the 1024 characters YAML allows.	1205	noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows and that
		1206	you do not have characters with codepoint values outside the Unicode BMP
		1207	(basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow C<\/> sequences in
		1208	strings (which JSON::XS does not I<currently> generate, but other JSON
		1209	generators might).
775		1210
776	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of. In general	1211	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of (or the YAML
		1212	specification has been changed yet again - it does so quite often). In
777	you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice versa,	1213	general you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice
778	or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are high	1214	versa, or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are
779	that you will run into severe interoperability problems.	1215	high that you will run into severe interoperability problems when you
		1216	least expect it.
		1217
		1218	=over 4
		1219
		1220	=item (*)
		1221
		1222	I have been pressured multiple times by Brian Ingerson (one of the
		1223	authors of the YAML specification) to remove this paragraph, despite him
		1224	acknowledging that the actual incompatibilities exist. As I was personally
		1225	bitten by this "JSON is YAML" lie, I refused and said I will continue to
		1226	educate people about these issues, so others do not run into the same
		1227	problem again and again. After this, Brian called me a (quote)I<complete
		1228	and worthless idiot>(unquote).
		1229
		1230	In my opinion, instead of pressuring and insulting people who actually
		1231	clarify issues with YAML and the wrong statements of some of its
		1232	proponents, I would kindly suggest reading the JSON spec (which is not
		1233	that difficult or long) and finally make YAML compatible to it, and
		1234	educating users about the changes, instead of spreading lies about the
		1235	real compatibility for many I<years> and trying to silence people who
		1236	point out that it isn't true.
		1237
		1238	=back
780		1239
781		1240
782	=head2 SPEED	1241	=head2 SPEED
783		1242
784	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following	1243	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following
785	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program	1244	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program
786	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own	1245	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own
787	system.	1246	system.
788		1247
789	First comes a comparison between various modules using a very short	1248	First comes a comparison between various modules using
790	single-line JSON string:	1249	a very short single-line JSON string (also available at
		1250	L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/short.json>).
791		1251
792	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1", "we were just talking"], \	1252	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1",
793	"id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7, true, false]}	1253	"we were just talking"], "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7,
		1254	true, false]}
794		1255
795	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses	1256	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses
796	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface	1257	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface
797	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables	1258	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables
798	shrink). Higher is better:	1259	shrink). Higher is better:
799		1260
800	Storable \| 15779.925 \| 14169.946 \|
801	-----------+------------+------------+
802	module \| encode \| decode \|	1261	module \| encode \| decode \|
803	-----------\|------------\|------------\|	1262	-----------\|------------\|------------\|
804	JSON \| 4990.842 \| 4088.813 \|	1263	JSON 1.x \| 4990.842 \| 4088.813 \|
805	JSON::DWIW \| 51653.990 \| 71575.154 \|	1264	JSON::DWIW \| 51653.990 \| 71575.154 \|
806	JSON::PC \| 65948.176 \| 74631.744 \|	1265	JSON::PC \| 65948.176 \| 74631.744 \|
807	JSON::PP \| 8931.652 \| 3817.168 \|	1266	JSON::PP \| 8931.652 \| 3817.168 \|
808	JSON::Syck \| 24877.248 \| 27776.848 \|	1267	JSON::Syck \| 24877.248 \| 27776.848 \|
809	JSON::XS \| 388361.481 \| 227951.304 \|	1268	JSON::XS \| 388361.481 \| 227951.304 \|
…		…
811	JSON::XS/3 \| 338250.323 \| 218453.333 \|	1270	JSON::XS/3 \| 338250.323 \| 218453.333 \|
812	Storable \| 16500.016 \| 135300.129 \|	1271	Storable \| 16500.016 \| 135300.129 \|
813	-----------+------------+------------+	1272	-----------+------------+------------+
814		1273
815	That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,	1274	That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,
816	about three times faster on decoding, and over fourty times faster	1275	about three times faster on decoding, and over forty times faster
817	than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares	1276	than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares
818	favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.	1277	favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.
819		1278
820	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals	1279	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals
821	search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg):	1280	search API (L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/long.json>).
822		1281
823	module \| encode \| decode \|	1282	module \| encode \| decode \|
824	-----------\|------------\|------------\|	1283	-----------\|------------\|------------\|
825	JSON \| 55.260 \| 34.971 \|	1284	JSON 1.x \| 55.260 \| 34.971 \|
826	JSON::DWIW \| 825.228 \| 1082.513 \|	1285	JSON::DWIW \| 825.228 \| 1082.513 \|
827	JSON::PC \| 3571.444 \| 2394.829 \|	1286	JSON::PC \| 3571.444 \| 2394.829 \|
828	JSON::PP \| 210.987 \| 32.574 \|	1287	JSON::PP \| 210.987 \| 32.574 \|
829	JSON::Syck \| 552.551 \| 787.544 \|	1288	JSON::Syck \| 552.551 \| 787.544 \|
830	JSON::XS \| 5780.463 \| 4854.519 \|	1289	JSON::XS \| 5780.463 \| 4854.519 \|
…		…
834	-----------+------------+------------+	1293	-----------+------------+------------+
835		1294
836	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly	1295	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly
837	decodes faster).	1296	decodes faster).
838		1297
839	On large strings containing lots of high unicode characters, some modules	1298	On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some modules
840	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result	1299	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result
841	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) unicode handling. Others refuse	1300	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others refuse
842	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair	1301	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair
843	comparison table for that case.	1302	comparison table for that case.
844		1303
845		1304
846	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	1305	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
…		…
852	any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am	1311	any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am
853	trying hard on making that true, but you never know.	1312	trying hard on making that true, but you never know.
854		1313
855	Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should	1314	Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should
856	limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your	1315	limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your
857	resources run out, thats just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that	1316	resources run out, that's just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that
858	can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is	1317	can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is
859	usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode	1318	usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode
860	it into a Perl structure. While JSON::XS can check the size of the JSON	1319	it into a Perl structure. While JSON::XS can check the size of the JSON
861	text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you	1320	text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you
862	might want to check the size before you accept the string.	1321	might want to check the size before you accept the string.
863		1322
864	Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and	1323	Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and
865	arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64	1324	arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64
866	machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but	1325	machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but
867	only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak	1326	only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak
868	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. to be	1327	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. To be
869	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process	1328	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process
870	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the	1329	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the
871	C<max_depth> method.	1330	C<max_depth> method.
872		1331
873	And last but least, something else could bomb you that I forgot to think	1332	Something else could bomb you, too, that I forgot to think of. In that
874	of. In that case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints,	1333	case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, though...
875	though...	1334
		1335	Also keep in mind that JSON::XS might leak contents of your Perl data
		1336	structures in its error messages, so when you serialise sensitive
		1337	information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by JSON::XS
		1338	will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.
876		1339
877	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption	1340	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption
878	by javascript scripts in a browser you should have a look at	1341	by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at
879	L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see wether	1342	L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether
880	you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser	1343	you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser
881	design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major	1344	design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major
882	browser developers care only for features, not about doing security	1345	browser developers care only for features, not about getting security
883	right).	1346	right).
884		1347
885		1348
		1349	=head1 THREADS
		1350
		1351	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no
		1352	plans to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the
		1353	horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated
		1354	process simulations - use fork, it's I<much> faster, cheaper, better).
		1355
		1356	(It might actually work, but you have been warned).
		1357
		1358
886	=head1 BUGS	1359	=head1 BUGS
887		1360
888	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does	1361	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does
889	not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is	1362	not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. If you
890	still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they	1363	keep reporting bugs they will be fixed swiftly, though.
891	will be fixed swiftly, though.	1364
		1365	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting
		1366	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.
892		1367
893	=cut	1368	=cut
894		1369
895	our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };	1370	our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };
896	our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };	1371	our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };
…		…
913	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },	1388	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },
914	fallback => 1;	1389	fallback => 1;
915		1390
916	1;	1391	1;
917		1392
		1393	=head1 SEE ALSO
		1394
		1395	The F<json_xs> command line utility for quick experiments.
		1396
918	=head1 AUTHOR	1397	=head1 AUTHOR
919		1398
920	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1399	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
921	http://home.schmorp.de/	1400	http://home.schmorp.de/
922		1401

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Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents): Revision 1.57 by root, Mon Aug 13 16:05:42 2007 UTC vs. Revision 1.108 by root, Tue Jul 15 11:29:29 2008 UTC

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Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.57 by root, Mon Aug 13 16:05:42 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.108 by root, Tue Jul 15 11:29:29 2008 UTC