[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/JSON-XS/XS.pm

Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.79 by root, Wed Dec 19 11:42:52 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.130 by root, Thu Mar 11 17:36:09 2010 UTC

…		…
1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast	3	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast
		4
		5	=encoding utf-8
4		6
5	JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ	7	JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ
6	(http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html)	8	(http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html)
7		9
8	=head1 SYNOPSIS	10	=head1 SYNOPSIS
35	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be	37	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be
36	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.	38	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
37		39
38	Beginning with version 2.0 of the JSON module, when both JSON and	40	Beginning with version 2.0 of the JSON module, when both JSON and
39	JSON::XS are installed, then JSON will fall back on JSON::XS (this can be	41	JSON::XS are installed, then JSON will fall back on JSON::XS (this can be
40	overriden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheritign constructor	42	overridden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheriting constructor
41	and methods). If JSON::XS is not available, it will fall back to the	43	and methods). If JSON::XS is not available, it will fall back to the
42	compatible JSON::PP module as backend, so using JSON instead of JSON::XS	44	compatible JSON::PP module as backend, so using JSON instead of JSON::XS
43	gives you a portable JSON API that can be fast when you need and doesn't	45	gives you a portable JSON API that can be fast when you need and doesn't
44	require a C compiler when that is a problem.	46	require a C compiler when that is a problem.
45		47
…		…
47	to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON	49	to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON
48	modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases	50	modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases
49	their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug	51	their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug
50	reports for other reasons.	52	reports for other reasons.
51		53
52	See COMPARISON, below, for a comparison to some other JSON modules.
53
54	See MAPPING, below, on how JSON::XS maps perl values to JSON values and	54	See MAPPING, below, on how JSON::XS maps perl values to JSON values and
55	vice versa.	55	vice versa.
56		56
57	=head2 FEATURES	57	=head2 FEATURES
58		58
59	=over 4	59	=over 4
60		60
61	=item * correct Unicode handling	61	=item * correct Unicode handling
62		62
63	This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how and when	63	This module knows how to handle Unicode, documents how and when it does
64	it does so.	64	so, and even documents what "correct" means.
65		65
66	=item * round-trip integrity	66	=item * round-trip integrity
67		67
68	When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported	68	When you serialise a perl data structure using only data types supported
69	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.	69	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.
70	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks	70	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks
71	like a number).	71	like a number). There minor I<are> exceptions to this, read the MAPPING
		72	section below to learn about those.
72		73
73	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness	74	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness
74		75
75	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,	76	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,
76	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security	77	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security
77	feature).	78	feature).
78		79
79	=item * fast	80	=item * fast
80		81
81	Compared to other JSON modules, this module compares favourably in terms	82	Compared to other JSON modules and other serialisers such as Storable,
82	of speed, too.	83	this module usually compares favourably in terms of speed, too.
83		84
84	=item * simple to use	85	=item * simple to use
85		86
86	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO	87	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an object
87	interface.	88	oriented interface interface.
88		89
89	=item * reasonably versatile output formats	90	=item * reasonably versatile output formats
90		91
91	You can choose between the most compact guaranteed single-line format	92	You can choose between the most compact guaranteed-single-line format
92	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format	93	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ASCII format
93	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole	94	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole
94	Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that	95	Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that
95	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.	96	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.
96		97
97	=back	98	=back
98		99
99	=cut	100	=cut
100		101
101	package JSON::XS;	102	package JSON::XS;
102		103
103	use strict;	104	use common::sense;
104		105
105	our $VERSION = '2.01';	106	our $VERSION = '2.28';
106	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);	107	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
107		108
108	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json to_json from_json);	109	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json to_json from_json);
109		110
110	sub to_json($) {	111	sub to_json($) {
…		…
134		135
135	This function call is functionally identical to:	136	This function call is functionally identical to:
136		137
137	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)	138	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)
138		139
139	except being faster.	140	Except being faster.
140		141
141	=item $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text	142	=item $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
142		143
143	The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries	144	The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries
144	to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting	145	to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting
…		…
146		147
147	This function call is functionally identical to:	148	This function call is functionally identical to:
148		149
149	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)	150	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)
150		151
151	except being faster.	152	Except being faster.
152		153
153	=item $is_boolean = JSON::XS::is_bool $scalar	154	=item $is_boolean = JSON::XS::is_bool $scalar
154		155
155	Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::XS::true or	156	Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::XS::true or
156	JSON::XS::false, two constants that act like C<1> and C<0>, respectively	157	JSON::XS::false, two constants that act like C<1> and C<0>, respectively
…		…
174	This enables you to store Unicode characters as single characters in a	175	This enables you to store Unicode characters as single characters in a
175	Perl string - very natural.	176	Perl string - very natural.
176		177
177	=item 2. Perl does I<not> associate an encoding with your strings.	178	=item 2. Perl does I<not> associate an encoding with your strings.
178		179
179	Unless you force it to, e.g. when matching it against a regex, or printing	180	... until you force it to, e.g. when matching it against a regex, or
180	the scalar to a file, in which case Perl either interprets your string as	181	printing the scalar to a file, in which case Perl either interprets your
181	locale-encoded text, octets/binary, or as Unicode, depending on various	182	string as locale-encoded text, octets/binary, or as Unicode, depending
182	settings. In no case is an encoding stored together with your data, it is	183	on various settings. In no case is an encoding stored together with your
183	I<use> that decides encoding, not any magical metadata.	184	data, it is I<use> that decides encoding, not any magical meta data.
184		185
185	=item 3. The internal utf-8 flag has no meaning with regards to the	186	=item 3. The internal utf-8 flag has no meaning with regards to the
186	encoding of your string.	187	encoding of your string.
187		188
188	Just ignore that flag unless you debug a Perl bug, a module written in	189	Just ignore that flag unless you debug a Perl bug, a module written in
…		…
194		195
195	If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't	196	If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't
196	exist.	197	exist.
197		198
198	=item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be	199	=item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be
199	validly interpreted as a Unicode codepoint.	200	validly interpreted as a Unicode code point.
200		201
201	If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a	202	If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a
202	Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string.	203	Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string.
203		204
204	=item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string.	205	=item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string.
…		…
242		243
243	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	244	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
244	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results	245	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results
245	in a faster and more compact format.	246	in a faster and more compact format.
246		247
		248	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		249	document.
		250
247	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be	251	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be
248	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not	252	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not
249	contain any 8 bit characters.	253	contain any 8 bit characters.
250		254
251	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])	255	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])
…		…
262	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default	266	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default
263	expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.	267	expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.
264		268
265	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	269	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
266	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.	270	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.
		271
		272	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		273	document.
267		274
268	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON	275	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON
269	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded	276	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded
270	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded	277	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded
271	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and	278	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and
…		…
290		297
291	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON	298	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON
292	string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a	299	string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a
293	Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs	300	Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs
294	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.	301	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.
		302
		303	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		304	document.
295		305
296	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:	306	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:
297		307
298	use Encode;	308	use Encode;
299	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);	309	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);
…		…
431	the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data,	441	the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data,
432	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.	442	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.
433		443
434	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.	444	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
435		445
		446	This setting has currently no effect on tied hashes.
		447
436	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])	448	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])
437		449
438	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref	450	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
439		451
440	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a	452	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a
…		…
450	Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled C<allow_nonref>,	462	Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled C<allow_nonref>,
451	resulting in an invalid JSON text:	463	resulting in an invalid JSON text:
452		464
453	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")	465	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
454	=> "Hello, World!"	466	=> "Hello, World!"
		467
		468	=item $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])
		469
		470	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown
		471
		472	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will I<not> throw an
		473	exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON (for
		474	example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON C<null> value. Note
		475	that blessed objects are not included here and are handled separately by
		476	c<allow_nonref>.
		477
		478	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
		479	exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.
		480
		481	This option does not affect C<decode> in any way, and it is recommended to
		482	leave it off unless you know your communications partner.
455		483
456	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])	484	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])
457		485
458	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed	486	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
459		487
…		…
600	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])	628	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])
601		629
602	=item $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth	630	=item $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
603		631
604	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding	632	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding
605	or decoding. If the JSON text or Perl data structure has an equal or	633	or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in JSON text or a Perl
606	higher nesting level then this limit, then the encoder and decoder will	634	data structure, then the encoder and decoder will stop and croak at that
607	stop and croak at that point.	635	point.
608		636
609	Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder	637	Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder
610	needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>	638	needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>
611	characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a	639	characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a
612	given character in a string.	640	given character in a string.
613		641
614	Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures	642	Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures
615	that the object is only a single hash/object or array.	643	that the object is only a single hash/object or array.
616		644
617	The argument to C<max_depth> will be rounded up to the next highest power
618	of two. If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be	645	If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be used, which
619	used, which is rarely useful.	646	is rarely useful.
		647
		648	Note that nesting is implemented by recursion in C. The default value has
		649	been chosen to be as large as typical operating systems allow without
		650	crashing.
620		651
621	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	652	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
622		653
623	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])	654	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])
624		655
625	=item $max_size = $json->get_max_size	656	=item $max_size = $json->get_max_size
626		657
627	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is	658	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is
628	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>	659	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>
629	is called on a string longer then this number of characters it will not	660	is called on a string that is longer then this many bytes, it will not
630	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no	661	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no
631	effect on C<encode> (yet).	662	effect on C<encode> (yet).
632		663
633	The argument to C<max_size> will be rounded up to the next B<highest>	664	If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as when
634	power of two (so may be more than requested). If no argument is given, the	665	C<0> is specified).
635	limit check will be deactivated (same as when C<0> is specified).
636		666
637	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	667	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
638		668
639	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)	669	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)
640		670
…		…
669	=> ([], 3)	699	=> ([], 3)
670		700
671	=back	701	=back
672		702
673		703
		704	=head1 INCREMENTAL PARSING
		705
		706	In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON
		707	texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting
		708	Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a
		709	JSON stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has
		710	a full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
		711	using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but
		712	is much more efficient (and can be implemented with a minimum of method
		713	calls).
		714
		715	JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text once it is sure it
		716	has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very simple but
		717	truly incremental parser. This means that it sometimes won't stop as
		718	early as the full parser, for example, it doesn't detect parenthese
		719	mismatches. The only thing it guarantees is that it starts decoding as
		720	soon as a syntactically valid JSON text has been seen. This means you need
		721	to set resource limits (e.g. C<max_size>) to ensure the parser will stop
		722	parsing in the presence if syntax errors.
		723
		724	The following methods implement this incremental parser.
		725
		726	=over 4
		727
		728	=item [void, scalar or list context] = $json->incr_parse ([$string])
		729
		730	This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text and
		731	extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of these
		732	functions are optional).
		733
		734	If C<$string> is given, then this string is appended to the already
		735	existing JSON fragment stored in the C<$json> object.
		736
		737	After that, if the function is called in void context, it will simply
		738	return without doing anything further. This can be used to add more text
		739	in as many chunks as you want.
		740
		741	If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
		742	exactly I<one> JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
		743	object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. If there is a parse error,
		744	this method will croak just as C<decode> would do (one can then use
		745	C<incr_skip> to skip the errornous part). This is the most common way of
		746	using the method.
		747
		748	And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
		749	from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
		750	otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators between the JSON
		751	objects or arrays, instead they must be concatenated back-to-back. If
		752	an error occurs, an exception will be raised as in the scalar context
		753	case. Note that in this case, any previously-parsed JSON texts will be
		754	lost.
		755
		756	Example: Parse some JSON arrays/objects in a given string and return
		757	them.
		758
		759	my @objs = JSON::XS->new->incr_parse ("[5][7][1,2]");
		760
		761	=item $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
		762
		763	This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue, that
		764	is, you can manipulate it. This I<only> works when a preceding call to
		765	C<incr_parse> in I<scalar context> successfully returned an object. Under
		766	all other circumstances you must not call this function (I mean it.
		767	although in simple tests it might actually work, it I<will> fail under
		768	real world conditions). As a special exception, you can also call this
		769	method before having parsed anything.
		770
		771	This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text after a
		772	JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by non-JSON text
		773	(such as commas).
		774
		775	=item $json->incr_skip
		776
		777	This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove
		778	the parsed text from the input buffer so far. This is useful after
		779	C<incr_parse> died, in which case the input buffer and incremental parser
		780	state is left unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to reset the
		781	parse state.
		782
		783	The difference to C<incr_reset> is that only text until the parse error
		784	occured is removed.
		785
		786	=item $json->incr_reset
		787
		788	This completely resets the incremental parser, that is, after this call,
		789	it will be as if the parser had never parsed anything.
		790
		791	This is useful if you want to repeatedly parse JSON objects and want to
		792	ignore any trailing data, which means you have to reset the parser after
		793	each successful decode.
		794
		795	=back
		796
		797	=head2 LIMITATIONS
		798
		799	All options that affect decoding are supported, except
		800	C<allow_nonref>. The reason for this is that it cannot be made to
		801	work sensibly: JSON objects and arrays are self-delimited, i.e. you can concatenate
		802	them back to back and still decode them perfectly. This does not hold true
		803	for JSON numbers, however.
		804
		805	For example, is the string C<1> a single JSON number, or is it simply the
		806	start of C<12>? Or is C<12> a single JSON number, or the concatenation
		807	of C<1> and C<2>? In neither case you can tell, and this is why JSON::XS
		808	takes the conservative route and disallows this case.
		809
		810	=head2 EXAMPLES
		811
		812	Some examples will make all this clearer. First, a simple example that
		813	works similarly to C<decode_prefix>: We want to decode the JSON object at
		814	the start of a string and identify the portion after the JSON object:
		815
		816	my $text = "[1,2,3] hello";
		817
		818	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		819
		820	my $obj = $json->incr_parse ($text)
		821	or die "expected JSON object or array at beginning of string";
		822
		823	my $tail = $json->incr_text;
		824	# $tail now contains " hello"
		825
		826	Easy, isn't it?
		827
		828	Now for a more complicated example: Imagine a hypothetical protocol where
		829	you read some requests from a TCP stream, and each request is a JSON
		830	array, without any separation between them (in fact, it is often useful to
		831	use newlines as "separators", as these get interpreted as whitespace at
		832	the start of the JSON text, which makes it possible to test said protocol
		833	with C<telnet>...).
		834
		835	Here is how you'd do it (it is trivial to write this in an event-based
		836	manner):
		837
		838	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		839
		840	# read some data from the socket
		841	while (sysread $socket, my $buf, 4096) {
		842
		843	# split and decode as many requests as possible
		844	for my $request ($json->incr_parse ($buf)) {
		845	# act on the $request
		846	}
		847	}
		848
		849	Another complicated example: Assume you have a string with JSON objects
		850	or arrays, all separated by (optional) comma characters (e.g. C<[1],[2],
		851	[3]>). To parse them, we have to skip the commas between the JSON texts,
		852	and here is where the lvalue-ness of C<incr_text> comes in useful:
		853
		854	my $text = "[1],[2], [3]";
		855	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		856
		857	# void context, so no parsing done
		858	$json->incr_parse ($text);
		859
		860	# now extract as many objects as possible. note the
		861	# use of scalar context so incr_text can be called.
		862	while (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		863	# do something with $obj
		864
		865	# now skip the optional comma
		866	$json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* , //x;
		867	}
		868
		869	Now lets go for a very complex example: Assume that you have a gigantic
		870	JSON array-of-objects, many gigabytes in size, and you want to parse it,
		871	but you cannot load it into memory fully (this has actually happened in
		872	the real world :).
		873
		874	Well, you lost, you have to implement your own JSON parser. But JSON::XS
		875	can still help you: You implement a (very simple) array parser and let
		876	JSON decode the array elements, which are all full JSON objects on their
		877	own (this wouldn't work if the array elements could be JSON numbers, for
		878	example):
		879
		880	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		881
		882	# open the monster
		883	open my $fh, "<bigfile.json"
		884	or die "bigfile: $!";
		885
		886	# first parse the initial "["
		887	for (;;) {
		888	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		889	or die "read error: $!";
		890	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		891
		892	# Exit the loop once we found and removed(!) the initial "[".
		893	# In essence, we are (ab-)using the $json object as a simple scalar
		894	# we append data to.
		895	last if $json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* \[ //x;
		896	}
		897
		898	# now we have the skipped the initial "[", so continue
		899	# parsing all the elements.
		900	for (;;) {
		901	# in this loop we read data until we got a single JSON object
		902	for (;;) {
		903	if (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		904	# do something with $obj
		905	last;
		906	}
		907
		908	# add more data
		909	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		910	or die "read error: $!";
		911	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		912	}
		913
		914	# in this loop we read data until we either found and parsed the
		915	# separating "," between elements, or the final "]"
		916	for (;;) {
		917	# first skip whitespace
		918	$json->incr_text =~ s/^\s*//;
		919
		920	# if we find "]", we are done
		921	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^\]//) {
		922	print "finished.\n";
		923	exit;
		924	}
		925
		926	# if we find ",", we can continue with the next element
		927	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^,//) {
		928	last;
		929	}
		930
		931	# if we find anything else, we have a parse error!
		932	if (length $json->incr_text) {
		933	die "parse error near ", $json->incr_text;
		934	}
		935
		936	# else add more data
		937	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		938	or die "read error: $!";
		939	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		940	}
		941
		942	This is a complex example, but most of the complexity comes from the fact
		943	that we are trying to be correct (bear with me if I am wrong, I never ran
		944	the above example :).
		945
		946
		947
674	=head1 MAPPING	948	=head1 MAPPING
675		949
676	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and	950	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and
677	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most	951	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most
678	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics	952	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics
…		…
706		980
707	A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or	981	A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or
708	string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On	982	string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On
709	the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all	983	the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all
710	the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and	984	the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and
711	might represent more values exactly than (floating point) numbers.	985	might represent more values exactly than floating point numbers.
712		986
713	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent	987	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent
714	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as	988	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as
715	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of	989	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of
716	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value.	990	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value (in
		991	which case you lose roundtripping ability, as the JSON number will be
		992	re-encoded toa JSON string).
717		993
718	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be	994	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
719	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of	995	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of
720	precision.	996	precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping ability, but
721		997	the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON number).
722	This might create round-tripping problems as numbers might become strings,
723	but as Perl is typeless there is no other way to do it.
724		998
725	=item true, false	999	=item true, false
726		1000
727	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,	1001	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,
728	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers	1002	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers
…		…
765	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an	1039	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an
766	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and	1040	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and
767	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can	1041	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can
768	also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability.	1042	also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability.
769		1043
770	encode_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true]	1044	encode_json [\0, JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true]
771		1045
772	=item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false	1046	=item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false
773		1047
774	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,	1048	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
775	respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.	1049	respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.
776		1050
777	=item blessed objects	1051	=item blessed objects
778		1052
779	Blessed objects are not allowed. JSON::XS currently tries to encode their	1053	Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON. See the
780	underlying representation (hash- or arrayref), but this behaviour might	1054	C<allow_blessed> and C<convert_blessed> methods on various options on
781	change in future versions.	1055	how to deal with this: basically, you can choose between throwing an
		1056	exception, encoding the reference as if it weren't blessed, or provide
		1057	your own serialiser method.
782		1058
783	=item simple scalars	1059	=item simple scalars
784		1060
785	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most	1061	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most
786	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as	1062	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as
787	JSON null value, scalars that have last been used in a string context	1063	JSON C<null> values, scalars that have last been used in a string context
788	before encoding as JSON strings and anything else as number value:	1064	before encoding as JSON strings, and anything else as number value:
789		1065
790	# dump as number	1066	# dump as number
791	encode_json [2] # yields [2]	1067	encode_json [2] # yields [2]
792	encode_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]	1068	encode_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]
793	my $value = 5; encode_json [$value] # yields [5]	1069	my $value = 5; encode_json [$value] # yields [5]
…		…
811	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string	1087	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
812	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number	1088	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
813	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choice is yours.	1089	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choice is yours.
814		1090
815	You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me	1091	You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me
816	if you need this capability.	1092	if you need this capability (but don't forget to explain why it's needed
		1093	:).
817		1094
818	=back	1095	=back
819		1096
820		1097
821	=head1 COMPARISON	1098	=head1 ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES
822		1099
823	As already mentioned, this module was created because none of the existing	1100	The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify
824	JSON modules could be made to work correctly. First I will describe the	1101	encodings or codesets - C<utf8>, C<latin1> and C<ascii>. There seems to be
825	problems (or pleasures) I encountered with various existing JSON modules,	1102	some confusion on what these do, so here is a short comparison:
826	followed by some benchmark values. JSON::XS was designed not to suffer	1103
827	from any of these problems or limitations.	1104	C<utf8> controls whether the JSON text created by C<encode> (and expected
		1105	by C<decode>) is UTF-8 encoded or not, while C<latin1> and C<ascii> only
		1106	control whether C<encode> escapes character values outside their respective
		1107	codeset range. Neither of these flags conflict with each other, although
		1108	some combinations make less sense than others.
		1109
		1110	Care has been taken to make all flags symmetrical with respect to
		1111	C<encode> and C<decode>, that is, texts encoded with any combination of
		1112	these flag values will be correctly decoded when the same flags are used
		1113	- in general, if you use different flag settings while encoding vs. when
		1114	decoding you likely have a bug somewhere.
		1115
		1116	Below comes a verbose discussion of these flags. Note that a "codeset" is
		1117	simply an abstract set of character-codepoint pairs, while an encoding
		1118	takes those codepoint numbers and I<encodes> them, in our case into
		1119	octets. Unicode is (among other things) a codeset, UTF-8 is an encoding,
		1120	and ISO-8859-1 (= latin 1) and ASCII are both codesets I<and> encodings at
		1121	the same time, which can be confusing.
828		1122
829	=over 4	1123	=over 4
830		1124
831	=item JSON 1.07	1125	=item C<utf8> flag disabled
832		1126
833	Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl).	1127	When C<utf8> is disabled (the default), then C<encode>/C<decode> generate
		1128	and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with high ordinal Unicode
		1129	values (> 255) will be encoded as such characters, and likewise such
		1130	characters are decoded as-is, no canges to them will be done, except
		1131	"(re-)interpreting" them as Unicode codepoints or Unicode characters,
		1132	respectively (to Perl, these are the same thing in strings unless you do
		1133	funny/weird/dumb stuff).
834		1134
835	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles Unicode values is	1135	This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g. when you
836	undocumented. One can get far by feeding it Unicode strings and doing	1136	want to have UTF-16 encoded JSON texts) or when some other layer does
837	en-/decoding oneself, but Unicode escapes are not working properly).	1137	the encoding for you (for example, when printing to a terminal using a
		1138	filehandle that transparently encodes to UTF-8 you certainly do NOT want
		1139	to UTF-8 encode your data first and have Perl encode it another time).
838		1140
839	No round-tripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g.	1141	=item C<utf8> flag enabled
840	the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will
841	decode into the number 2.
842		1142
843	=item JSON::PC 0.01	1143	If the C<utf8>-flag is enabled, C<encode>/C<decode> will encode all
		1144	characters using the corresponding UTF-8 multi-byte sequence, and will
		1145	expect your input strings to be encoded as UTF-8, that is, no "character"
		1146	of the input string must have any value > 255, as UTF-8 does not allow
		1147	that.
844		1148
845	Very fast.	1149	The C<utf8> flag therefore switches between two modes: disabled means you
		1150	will get a Unicode string in Perl, enabled means you get an UTF-8 encoded
		1151	octet/binary string in Perl.
846		1152
847	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling.	1153	=item C<latin1> or C<ascii> flags enabled
848		1154
849	No round-tripping.	1155	With C<latin1> (or C<ascii>) enabled, C<encode> will escape characters
		1156	with ordinal values > 255 (> 127 with C<ascii>) and encode the remaining
		1157	characters as specified by the C<utf8> flag.
850		1158
851	Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic	1159	If C<utf8> is disabled, then the result is also correctly encoded in those
852	values will make it croak).	1160	character sets (as both are proper subsets of Unicode, meaning that a
		1161	Unicode string with all character values < 256 is the same thing as a
		1162	ISO-8859-1 string, and a Unicode string with all character values < 128 is
		1163	the same thing as an ASCII string in Perl).
853		1164
854	Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}>	1165	If C<utf8> is enabled, you still get a correct UTF-8-encoded string,
855	which is not a valid JSON text.	1166	regardless of these flags, just some more characters will be escaped using
		1167	C<\uXXXX> then before.
856		1168
857	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not	1169	Note that ISO-8859-1-I<encoded> strings are not compatible with UTF-8
858	getting fixed).	1170	encoding, while ASCII-encoded strings are. That is because the ISO-8859-1
		1171	encoding is NOT a subset of UTF-8 (despite the ISO-8859-1 I<codeset> being
		1172	a subset of Unicode), while ASCII is.
859		1173
860	=item JSON::Syck 0.21	1174	Surprisingly, C<decode> will ignore these flags and so treat all input
		1175	values as governed by the C<utf8> flag. If it is disabled, this allows you
		1176	to decode ISO-8859-1- and ASCII-encoded strings, as both strict subsets of
		1177	Unicode. If it is enabled, you can correctly decode UTF-8 encoded strings.
861		1178
862	Very buggy (often crashes).	1179	So neither C<latin1> nor C<ascii> are incompatible with the C<utf8> flag -
		1180	they only govern when the JSON output engine escapes a character or not.
863		1181
864	Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much	1182	The main use for C<latin1> is to relatively efficiently store binary data
865	undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a	1183	as JSON, at the expense of breaking compatibility with most JSON decoders.
866	single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to
867	generate ASCII-only JSON texts).
868		1184
869	Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (Unicode	1185	The main use for C<ascii> is to force the output to not contain characters
870	escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to	1186	with values > 127, which means you can interpret the resulting string
871	I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour).	1187	as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ASCII, KOI8-R or most about any character set and
872		1188	8-bit-encoding, and still get the same data structure back. This is useful
873	No round-tripping (simple cases work, but this depends on whether the scalar	1189	when your channel for JSON transfer is not 8-bit clean or the encoding
874	value was used in a numeric context or not).	1190	might be mangled in between (e.g. in mail), and works because ASCII is a
875		1191	proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
876	Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state.
877
878	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not
879	getting fixed).
880
881	Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and
882	return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security
883	issue: imagine two banks transferring money between each other using
884	JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money,
885	while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a
886	good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and
887	the transaction will still not succeed).
888
889	=item JSON::DWIW 0.04
890
891	Very fast. Very natural. Very nice.
892
893	Undocumented Unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes
894	still don't get parsed properly).
895
896	Very inflexible.
897
898	No round-tripping.
899
900	Does not generate valid JSON texts (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys
901	result in nothing being output)
902
903	Does not check input for validity.
904		1192
905	=back	1193	=back
906		1194
907		1195
		1196	=head2 JSON and ECMAscript
		1197
		1198	JSON syntax is based on how literals are represented in javascript (the
		1199	not-standardised predecessor of ECMAscript) which is presumably why it is
		1200	called "JavaScript Object Notation".
		1201
		1202	However, JSON is not a subset (and also not a superset of course) of
		1203	ECMAscript (the standard) or javascript (whatever browsers actually
		1204	implement).
		1205
		1206	If you want to use javascript's C<eval> function to "parse" JSON, you
		1207	might run into parse errors for valid JSON texts, or the resulting data
		1208	structure might not be queryable:
		1209
		1210	One of the problems is that U+2028 and U+2029 are valid characters inside
		1211	JSON strings, but are not allowed in ECMAscript string literals, so the
		1212	following Perl fragment will not output something that can be guaranteed
		1213	to be parsable by javascript's C<eval>:
		1214
		1215	use JSON::XS;
		1216
		1217	print encode_json [chr 0x2028];
		1218
		1219	The right fix for this is to use a proper JSON parser in your javascript
		1220	programs, and not rely on C<eval> (see for example Douglas Crockford's
		1221	F<json2.js> parser).
		1222
		1223	If this is not an option, you can, as a stop-gap measure, simply encode to
		1224	ASCII-only JSON:
		1225
		1226	use JSON::XS;
		1227
		1228	print JSON::XS->new->ascii->encode ([chr 0x2028]);
		1229
		1230	Note that this will enlarge the resulting JSON text quite a bit if you
		1231	have many non-ASCII characters. You might be tempted to run some regexes
		1232	to only escape U+2028 and U+2029, e.g.:
		1233
		1234	# DO NOT USE THIS!
		1235	my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ([chr 0x2028]);
		1236	$json =~ s/\xe2\x80\xa8/\\u2028/g; # escape U+2028
		1237	$json =~ s/\xe2\x80\xa9/\\u2029/g; # escape U+2029
		1238	print $json;
		1239
		1240	Note that I<this is a bad idea>: the above only works for U+2028 and
		1241	U+2029 and thus only for fully ECMAscript-compliant parsers. Many existing
		1242	javascript implementations, however, have issues with other characters as
		1243	well - using C<eval> naively simply I<will> cause problems.
		1244
		1245	Another problem is that some javascript implementations reserve
		1246	some property names for their own purposes (which probably makes
		1247	them non-ECMAscript-compliant). For example, Iceweasel reserves the
		1248	C<__proto__> property name for it's own purposes.
		1249
		1250	If that is a problem, you could parse try to filter the resulting JSON
		1251	output for these property strings, e.g.:
		1252
		1253	$json =~ s/"__proto__"\s*:/"__proto__renamed":/g;
		1254
		1255	This works because C<__proto__> is not valid outside of strings, so every
		1256	occurence of C<"__proto__"\s*:> must be a string used as property name.
		1257
		1258	If you know of other incompatibilities, please let me know.
		1259
		1260
908	=head2 JSON and YAML	1261	=head2 JSON and YAML
909		1262
910	You often hear that JSON is a subset (or a close subset) of YAML. This is,	1263	You often hear that JSON is a subset of YAML. This is, however, a mass
911	however, a mass hysteria and very far from the truth. In general, there is	1264	hysteria(*) and very far from the truth (as of the time of this writing),
912	no way to configure JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML.	1265	so let me state it clearly: I<in general, there is no way to configure
		1266	JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML> that works in all
		1267	cases.
913		1268
914	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this	1269	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this
915	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):	1270	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):
916		1271
917	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);	1272	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);
918	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";	1273	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";
919		1274
920	This will usually generate JSON texts that also parse as valid	1275	This will I<usually> generate JSON texts that also parse as valid
921	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key	1276	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key
922	lengths that JSON doesn't have, so you should make sure that your hash	1277	lengths that JSON doesn't have and also has different and incompatible
		1278	unicode character escape syntax, so you should make sure that your hash
923	keys are noticeably shorter than the 1024 characters YAML allows.	1279	keys are noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows
		1280	and that you do not have characters with codepoint values outside the
		1281	Unicode BMP (basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow C<\/>
		1282	sequences in strings (which JSON::XS does not I<currently> generate, but
		1283	other JSON generators might).
924		1284
925	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of. In general	1285	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of (or the YAML
		1286	specification has been changed yet again - it does so quite often). In
926	you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice versa,	1287	general you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice
927	or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are high	1288	versa, or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are
928	that you will run into severe interoperability problems.	1289	high that you will run into severe interoperability problems when you
		1290	least expect it.
		1291
		1292	=over 4
		1293
		1294	=item (*)
		1295
		1296	I have been pressured multiple times by Brian Ingerson (one of the
		1297	authors of the YAML specification) to remove this paragraph, despite him
		1298	acknowledging that the actual incompatibilities exist. As I was personally
		1299	bitten by this "JSON is YAML" lie, I refused and said I will continue to
		1300	educate people about these issues, so others do not run into the same
		1301	problem again and again. After this, Brian called me a (quote)I<complete
		1302	and worthless idiot>(unquote).
		1303
		1304	In my opinion, instead of pressuring and insulting people who actually
		1305	clarify issues with YAML and the wrong statements of some of its
		1306	proponents, I would kindly suggest reading the JSON spec (which is not
		1307	that difficult or long) and finally make YAML compatible to it, and
		1308	educating users about the changes, instead of spreading lies about the
		1309	real compatibility for many I<years> and trying to silence people who
		1310	point out that it isn't true.
		1311
		1312	Addendum/2009: the YAML 1.2 spec is still incomaptible with JSON, even
		1313	though the incompatibilities have been documented (and are known to
		1314	Brian) for many years and the spec makes explicit claims that YAML is a
		1315	superset of JSON. It would be so easy to fix, but apparently, bullying and
		1316	corrupting userdata is so much easier.
		1317
		1318	=back
929		1319
930		1320
931	=head2 SPEED	1321	=head2 SPEED
932		1322
933	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following	1323	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following
934	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program	1324	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program
935	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own	1325	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own
936	system.	1326	system.
937		1327
938	First comes a comparison between various modules using a very short	1328	First comes a comparison between various modules using
939	single-line JSON string:	1329	a very short single-line JSON string (also available at
		1330	L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/short.json>).
940		1331
941	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1", "we were just talking"], \	1332	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1",
942	"id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7, true, false]}	1333	"we were just talking"], "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7,
		1334	1, 0]}
943		1335
944	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses	1336	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses
945	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface	1337	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface
946	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables	1338	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables
947	shrink). Higher is better:	1339	shrink. JSON::DWIW/DS uses the deserialise function, while JSON::DWIW::FJ
		1340	uses the from_json method). Higher is better:
948		1341
949	module \| encode \| decode \|	1342	module \| encode \| decode \|
950	-----------\|------------\|------------\|	1343	--------------\|------------\|------------\|
951	JSON 1.x \| 4990.842 \| 4088.813 \|	1344	JSON::DWIW/DS \| 86302.551 \| 102300.098 \|
952	JSON::DWIW \| 51653.990 \| 71575.154 \|	1345	JSON::DWIW/FJ \| 86302.551 \| 75983.768 \|
953	JSON::PC \| 65948.176 \| 74631.744 \|	1346	JSON::PP \| 15827.562 \| 6638.658 \|
954	JSON::PP \| 8931.652 \| 3817.168 \|	1347	JSON::Syck \| 63358.066 \| 47662.545 \|
955	JSON::Syck \| 24877.248 \| 27776.848 \|	1348	JSON::XS \| 511500.488 \| 511500.488 \|
956	JSON::XS \| 388361.481 \| 227951.304 \|	1349	JSON::XS/2 \| 291271.111 \| 388361.481 \|
957	JSON::XS/2 \| 227951.304 \| 218453.333 \|	1350	JSON::XS/3 \| 361577.931 \| 361577.931 \|
958	JSON::XS/3 \| 338250.323 \| 218453.333 \|	1351	Storable \| 66788.280 \| 265462.278 \|
959	Storable \| 16500.016 \| 135300.129 \|
960	-----------+------------+------------+	1352	--------------+------------+------------+
961		1353
962	That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,	1354	That is, JSON::XS is almost six times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,
963	about three times faster on decoding, and over forty times faster	1355	about five times faster on decoding, and over thirty to seventy times
964	than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares	1356	faster than JSON's pure perl implementation. It also compares favourably
965	favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.	1357	to Storable for small amounts of data.
966		1358
967	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals	1359	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals
968	search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg):	1360	search API (L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/long.json>).
969		1361
970	module \| encode \| decode \|	1362	module \| encode \| decode \|
971	-----------\|------------\|------------\|	1363	--------------\|------------\|------------\|
972	JSON 1.x \| 55.260 \| 34.971 \|	1364	JSON::DWIW/DS \| 1647.927 \| 2673.916 \|
973	JSON::DWIW \| 825.228 \| 1082.513 \|	1365	JSON::DWIW/FJ \| 1630.249 \| 2596.128 \|
974	JSON::PC \| 3571.444 \| 2394.829 \|
975	JSON::PP \| 210.987 \| 32.574 \|	1366	JSON::PP \| 400.640 \| 62.311 \|
976	JSON::Syck \| 552.551 \| 787.544 \|	1367	JSON::Syck \| 1481.040 \| 1524.869 \|
977	JSON::XS \| 5780.463 \| 4854.519 \|	1368	JSON::XS \| 20661.596 \| 9541.183 \|
978	JSON::XS/2 \| 3869.998 \| 4798.975 \|	1369	JSON::XS/2 \| 10683.403 \| 9416.938 \|
979	JSON::XS/3 \| 5862.880 \| 4798.975 \|	1370	JSON::XS/3 \| 20661.596 \| 9400.054 \|
980	Storable \| 4445.002 \| 5235.027 \|	1371	Storable \| 19765.806 \| 10000.725 \|
981	-----------+------------+------------+	1372	--------------+------------+------------+
982		1373
983	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly	1374	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly
984	decodes faster).	1375	decodes a bit faster).
985		1376
986	On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some modules	1377	On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some modules
987	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result	1378	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result
988	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others refuse	1379	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others refuse
989	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair	1380	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair
…		…
1015	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. To be	1406	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. To be
1016	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process	1407	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process
1017	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the	1408	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the
1018	C<max_depth> method.	1409	C<max_depth> method.
1019		1410
1020	And last but least, something else could bomb you that I forgot to think	1411	Something else could bomb you, too, that I forgot to think of. In that
1021	of. In that case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints,	1412	case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, though...
1022	though...	1413
		1414	Also keep in mind that JSON::XS might leak contents of your Perl data
		1415	structures in its error messages, so when you serialise sensitive
		1416	information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by JSON::XS
		1417	will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.
1023		1418
1024	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption	1419	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption
1025	by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at	1420	by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at
1026	L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether	1421	L<http://blog.archive.jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security/> to
1027	you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser	1422	see whether you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really
1028	design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major	1423	are browser design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with
1029	browser developers care only for features, not about getting security	1424	it, as major browser developers care only for features, not about getting
1030	right).	1425	security right).
1031		1426
1032		1427
1033	=head1 THREADS	1428	=head1 THREADS
1034		1429
1035	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no	1430	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no
1036	plans to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the	1431	plans to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the
1037	horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated	1432	horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated
1038	process simulations - use fork, its I<much> faster, cheaper, better).	1433	process simulations - use fork, it's I<much> faster, cheaper, better).
1039		1434
1040	(It might actually work, but you have been warned).	1435	(It might actually work, but you have been warned).
1041		1436
1042		1437
1043	=head1 BUGS	1438	=head1 BUGS
1044		1439
1045	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does	1440	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does
1046	not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is	1441	not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. If you
1047	still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they	1442	keep reporting bugs they will be fixed swiftly, though.
1048	will be fixed swiftly, though.
1049		1443
1050	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting	1444	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting
1051	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.	1445	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.
1052		1446
1053	=cut	1447	=cut
…		…
1073	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },	1467	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },
1074	fallback => 1;	1468	fallback => 1;
1075		1469
1076	1;	1470	1;
1077		1471
		1472	=head1 SEE ALSO
		1473
		1474	The F<json_xs> command line utility for quick experiments.
		1475
1078	=head1 AUTHOR	1476	=head1 AUTHOR
1079		1477
1080	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1478	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1081	http://home.schmorp.de/	1479	http://home.schmorp.de/
1082		1480

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Revision 1.79 by root, Wed Dec 19 11:42:52 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.130 by root, Thu Mar 11 17:36:09 2010 UTC