[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/JSON-XS/XS.pm

Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.103 by root, Tue Apr 29 16:07:56 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.146 by root, Tue Oct 29 00:18:55 2013 UTC

…		…
37	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be	37	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be
38	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.	38	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
39		39
40	Beginning with version 2.0 of the JSON module, when both JSON and	40	Beginning with version 2.0 of the JSON module, when both JSON and
41	JSON::XS are installed, then JSON will fall back on JSON::XS (this can be	41	JSON::XS are installed, then JSON will fall back on JSON::XS (this can be
42	overriden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheritign constructor	42	overridden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheriting constructor
43	and methods). If JSON::XS is not available, it will fall back to the	43	and methods). If JSON::XS is not available, it will fall back to the
44	compatible JSON::PP module as backend, so using JSON instead of JSON::XS	44	compatible JSON::PP module as backend, so using JSON instead of JSON::XS
45	gives you a portable JSON API that can be fast when you need and doesn't	45	gives you a portable JSON API that can be fast when you need and doesn't
46	require a C compiler when that is a problem.	46	require a C compiler when that is a problem.
47		47
…		…
49	to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON	49	to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON
50	modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases	50	modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases
51	their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug	51	their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug
52	reports for other reasons.	52	reports for other reasons.
53		53
54	See COMPARISON, below, for a comparison to some other JSON modules.
55
56	See MAPPING, below, on how JSON::XS maps perl values to JSON values and	54	See MAPPING, below, on how JSON::XS maps perl values to JSON values and
57	vice versa.	55	vice versa.
58		56
59	=head2 FEATURES	57	=head2 FEATURES
60		58
…		…
65	This module knows how to handle Unicode, documents how and when it does	63	This module knows how to handle Unicode, documents how and when it does
66	so, and even documents what "correct" means.	64	so, and even documents what "correct" means.
67		65
68	=item * round-trip integrity	66	=item * round-trip integrity
69		67
70	When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported	68	When you serialise a perl data structure using only data types supported
71	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.	69	by JSON and Perl, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl
72	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks	70	level. (e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because
73	like a number). There minor I<are> exceptions to this, read the MAPPING	71	it looks like a number). There I<are> minor exceptions to this, read the
74	section below to learn about those.	72	MAPPING section below to learn about those.
75		73
76	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness	74	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness
77		75
78	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,	76	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,
79	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security	77	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security
…		…
84	Compared to other JSON modules and other serialisers such as Storable,	82	Compared to other JSON modules and other serialisers such as Storable,
85	this module usually compares favourably in terms of speed, too.	83	this module usually compares favourably in terms of speed, too.
86		84
87	=item * simple to use	85	=item * simple to use
88		86
89	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an objetc	87	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an object
90	oriented interface interface.	88	oriented interface.
91		89
92	=item * reasonably versatile output formats	90	=item * reasonably versatile output formats
93		91
94	You can choose between the most compact guaranteed-single-line format	92	You can choose between the most compact guaranteed-single-line format
95	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format	93	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ASCII format
96	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole	94	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole
97	Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that	95	Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that
98	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.	96	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.
99		97
100	=back	98	=back
101		99
102	=cut	100	=cut
103		101
104	package JSON::XS;	102	package JSON::XS;
105		103
106	use strict;	104	use common::sense;
107		105
108	our $VERSION = '2.2';	106	our $VERSION = '3.0';
109	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);	107	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
110		108
111	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json to_json from_json);	109	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json);
112
113	sub to_json($) {
114	require Carp;
115	Carp::croak ("JSON::XS::to_json has been renamed to encode_json, either downgrade to pre-2.0 versions of JSON::XS or rename the call");
116	}
117
118	sub from_json($) {
119	require Carp;
120	Carp::croak ("JSON::XS::from_json has been renamed to decode_json, either downgrade to pre-2.0 versions of JSON::XS or rename the call");
121	}
122		110
123	use Exporter;	111	use Exporter;
124	use XSLoader;	112	use XSLoader;
125		113
		114	use Types::Serialiser ();
		115
126	=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE	116	=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE
127		117
128	The following convenience methods are provided by this module. They are	118	The following convenience methods are provided by this module. They are
129	exported by default:	119	exported by default:
130		120
…		…
137		127
138	This function call is functionally identical to:	128	This function call is functionally identical to:
139		129
140	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)	130	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)
141		131
142	except being faster.	132	Except being faster.
143		133
144	=item $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text	134	=item $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
145		135
146	The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries	136	The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries
147	to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting	137	to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting
…		…
149		139
150	This function call is functionally identical to:	140	This function call is functionally identical to:
151		141
152	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)	142	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)
153		143
154	except being faster.	144	Except being faster.
155
156	=item $is_boolean = JSON::XS::is_bool $scalar
157
158	Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::XS::true or
159	JSON::XS::false, two constants that act like C<1> and C<0>, respectively
160	and are used to represent JSON C<true> and C<false> values in Perl.
161
162	See MAPPING, below, for more information on how JSON values are mapped to
163	Perl.
164		145
165	=back	146	=back
166		147
167		148
168	=head1 A FEW NOTES ON UNICODE AND PERL	149	=head1 A FEW NOTES ON UNICODE AND PERL
…		…
197		178
198	If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't	179	If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't
199	exist.	180	exist.
200		181
201	=item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be	182	=item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be
202	validly interpreted as a Unicode codepoint.	183	validly interpreted as a Unicode code point.
203		184
204	If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a	185	If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a
205	Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string.	186	Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string.
206		187
207	=item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string.	188	=item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string.
…		…
434	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects	415	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects
435	by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.	416	by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.
436		417
437	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value	418	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value
438	pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs	419	pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs
439	of the same script).	420	of the same script, and can change even within the same run from 5.18
		421	onwards).
440		422
441	This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as	423	This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as
442	the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,	424	the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,
443	the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data,	425	the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data,
444	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.	426	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.
445		427
446	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.	428	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
		429
		430	This setting has currently no effect on tied hashes.
447		431
448	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])	432	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])
449		433
450	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref	434	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
451		435
…		…
483		467
484	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])	468	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])
485		469
486	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed	470	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
487		471
		472	See "OBJECT SERIALISATION" for details.
		473
488	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not	474	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
489	barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the	475	barf when it encounters a blessed reference that it cannot convert
490	B<convert_blessed> option will decide whether C<null> (C<convert_blessed>	476	otherwise. Instead, a JSON C<null> value is encoded instead of the object.
491	disabled or no C<TO_JSON> method found) or a representation of the
492	object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<TO_JSON> method found) is being
493	encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>.
494		477
495	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an	478	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
496	exception when it encounters a blessed object.	479	exception when it encounters a blessed object that it cannot convert
		480	otherwise.
		481
		482	This setting has no effect on C<decode>.
497		483
498	=item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable])	484	=item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable])
499		485
500	=item $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed	486	=item $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed
		487
		488	See "OBJECT SERIALISATION" for details.
501		489
502	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a	490	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a
503	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method	491	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method
504	on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context	492	on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context and
505	and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object. If no	493	the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object.
506	C<TO_JSON> method is found, the value of C<allow_blessed> will decide what
507	to do.
508		494
509	The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>	495	The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>
510	returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same	496	returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same
511	way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle	497	way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle
512	(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other	498	(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other
513	methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are	499	methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are
514	usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with any C<to_json>	500	usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with any C<to_json>
515	function or method.	501	function or method.
516		502
517	This setting does not yet influence C<decode> in any way, but in the	503	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will not consider
518	future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are	504	this type of conversion.
519	enabled by this setting.
520		505
521	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<allow_blessed> setting will decide what	506	This setting has no effect on C<decode>.
522	to do when a blessed object is found.	507
		508	=item $json = $json->allow_tags ([$enable])
		509
		510	=item $enabled = $json->allow_tags
		511
		512	See "OBJECT SERIALISATION" for details.
		513
		514	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a
		515	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<FREEZE> method on
		516	the object's class. If found, it will be used to serialise the object into
		517	a nonstandard tagged JSON value (that JSON decoders cannot decode).
		518
		519	It also causes C<decode> to parse such tagged JSON values and deserialise
		520	them via a call to the C<THAW> method.
		521
		522	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will not consider
		523	this type of conversion, and tagged JSON values will cause a parse error
		524	in C<decode>, as if tags were not part of the grammar.
523		525
524	=item $json = $json->filter_json_object ([$coderef->($hashref)])	526	=item $json = $json->filter_json_object ([$coderef->($hashref)])
525		527
526	When C<$coderef> is specified, it will be called from C<decode> each	528	When C<$coderef> is specified, it will be called from C<decode> each
527	time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to the	529	time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to the
…		…
666		668
667	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	669	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
668		670
669	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)	671	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)
670		672
671	Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference	673	Converts the given Perl value or data structure to its JSON
672	to a hash or array) to its JSON representation. Simple scalars will be	674	representation. Croaks on error.
673	converted into JSON string or number sequences, while references to arrays
674	become JSON arrays and references to hashes become JSON objects. Undefined
675	Perl values (e.g. C<undef>) become JSON C<null> values. Neither C<true>
676	nor C<false> values will be generated.
677		675
678	=item $perl_scalar = $json->decode ($json_text)	676	=item $perl_scalar = $json->decode ($json_text)
679		677
680	The opposite of C<encode>: expects a JSON text and tries to parse it,	678	The opposite of C<encode>: expects a JSON text and tries to parse it,
681	returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error.	679	returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error.
682
683	JSON numbers and strings become simple Perl scalars. JSON arrays become
684	Perl arrayrefs and JSON objects become Perl hashrefs. C<true> becomes
685	C<1>, C<false> becomes C<0> and C<null> becomes C<undef>.
686		680
687	=item ($perl_scalar, $characters) = $json->decode_prefix ($json_text)	681	=item ($perl_scalar, $characters) = $json->decode_prefix ($json_text)
688		682
689	This works like the C<decode> method, but instead of raising an exception	683	This works like the C<decode> method, but instead of raising an exception
690	when there is trailing garbage after the first JSON object, it will	684	when there is trailing garbage after the first JSON object, it will
691	silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters consumed	685	silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters consumed
692	so far.	686	so far.
693		687
694	This is useful if your JSON texts are not delimited by an outer protocol	688	This is useful if your JSON texts are not delimited by an outer protocol
695	(which is not the brightest thing to do in the first place) and you need
696	to know where the JSON text ends.	689	and you need to know where the JSON text ends.
697		690
698	JSON::XS->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail")	691	JSON::XS->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail")
699	=> ([], 3)	692	=> ([], 3)
700		693
701	=back	694	=back
702		695
703		696
704	=head1 INCREMENTAL PARSING	697	=head1 INCREMENTAL PARSING
705
706	[This section and the API it details is still EXPERIMENTAL]
707		698
708	In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON	699	In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON
709	texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting	700	texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting
710	Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a	701	Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a
711	JSON stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has	702	JSON stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has
712	a full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to	703	a full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
713	using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but is	704	using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but
714	much more efficient (JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text	705	is much more efficient (and can be implemented with a minimum of method
		706	calls).
		707
		708	JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text once it is sure it
715	once it is sure it has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very	709	has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very simple but
716	simple but truly incremental parser).	710	truly incremental parser. This means that it sometimes won't stop as
		711	early as the full parser, for example, it doesn't detect mismatched
		712	parentheses. The only thing it guarantees is that it starts decoding as
		713	soon as a syntactically valid JSON text has been seen. This means you need
		714	to set resource limits (e.g. C<max_size>) to ensure the parser will stop
		715	parsing in the presence if syntax errors.
717		716
718	The following two methods deal with this.	717	The following methods implement this incremental parser.
719		718
720	=over 4	719	=over 4
721		720
722	=item [void, scalar or list context] = $json->incr_parse ([$string])	721	=item [void, scalar or list context] = $json->incr_parse ([$string])
723		722
…		…
734		733
735	If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract	734	If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
736	exactly I<one> JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this	735	exactly I<one> JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
737	object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. If there is a parse error,	736	object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. If there is a parse error,
738	this method will croak just as C<decode> would do (one can then use	737	this method will croak just as C<decode> would do (one can then use
739	C<incr_skip> to skip the errornous part). This is the most common way of	738	C<incr_skip> to skip the erroneous part). This is the most common way of
740	using the method.	739	using the method.
741		740
742	And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects	741	And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
743	from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list	742	from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
744	otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators between the JSON	743	otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators between the JSON
745	objects or arrays, instead they must be concatenated back-to-back. If	744	objects or arrays, instead they must be concatenated back-to-back. If
746	an error occurs, an exception will be raised as in the scalar context	745	an error occurs, an exception will be raised as in the scalar context
747	case. Note that in this case, any previously-parsed JSON texts will be	746	case. Note that in this case, any previously-parsed JSON texts will be
748	lost.	747	lost.
749		748
		749	Example: Parse some JSON arrays/objects in a given string and return
		750	them.
		751
		752	my @objs = JSON::XS->new->incr_parse ("[5][7][1,2]");
		753
750	=item $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text	754	=item $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
751		755
752	This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue, that	756	This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue, that
753	is, you can manipulate it. This I<only> works when a preceding call to	757	is, you can manipulate it. This I<only> works when a preceding call to
754	C<incr_parse> in I<scalar context> successfully returned an object. Under	758	C<incr_parse> in I<scalar context> successfully returned an object. Under
…		…
761	JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by non-JSON text	765	JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by non-JSON text
762	(such as commas).	766	(such as commas).
763		767
764	=item $json->incr_skip	768	=item $json->incr_skip
765		769
766	This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove the	770	This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove
767	parsed text from the input buffer. This is useful after C<incr_parse>	771	the parsed text from the input buffer so far. This is useful after
768	died, in which case the input buffer and incremental parser state is left	772	C<incr_parse> died, in which case the input buffer and incremental parser
769	unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to reset the parse state.	773	state is left unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to reset the
		774	parse state.
		775
		776	The difference to C<incr_reset> is that only text until the parse error
		777	occurred is removed.
		778
		779	=item $json->incr_reset
		780
		781	This completely resets the incremental parser, that is, after this call,
		782	it will be as if the parser had never parsed anything.
		783
		784	This is useful if you want to repeatedly parse JSON objects and want to
		785	ignore any trailing data, which means you have to reset the parser after
		786	each successful decode.
770		787
771	=back	788	=back
772		789
773	=head2 LIMITATIONS	790	=head2 LIMITATIONS
774		791
775	All options that affect decoding are supported, except	792	All options that affect decoding are supported, except
776	C<allow_nonref>. The reason for this is that it cannot be made to	793	C<allow_nonref>. The reason for this is that it cannot be made to work
777	work sensibly: JSON objects and arrays are self-delimited, i.e. you can concatenate	794	sensibly: JSON objects and arrays are self-delimited, i.e. you can
778	them back to back and still decode them perfectly. This does not hold true	795	concatenate them back to back and still decode them perfectly. This does
779	for JSON numbers, however.	796	not hold true for JSON numbers, however.
780		797
781	For example, is the string C<1> a single JSON number, or is it simply the	798	For example, is the string C<1> a single JSON number, or is it simply the
782	start of C<12>? Or is C<12> a single JSON number, or the concatenation	799	start of C<12>? Or is C<12> a single JSON number, or the concatenation
783	of C<1> and C<2>? In neither case you can tell, and this is why JSON::XS	800	of C<1> and C<2>? In neither case you can tell, and this is why JSON::XS
784	takes the conservative route and disallows this case.	801	takes the conservative route and disallows this case.
…		…
963	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent	980	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent
964	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as	981	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as
965	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of	982	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of
966	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value (in	983	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value (in
967	which case you lose roundtripping ability, as the JSON number will be	984	which case you lose roundtripping ability, as the JSON number will be
968	re-encoded toa JSON string).	985	re-encoded to a JSON string).
969		986
970	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be	987	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
971	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of	988	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of
972	precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping ability, but	989	precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping ability, but
973	the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON number).	990	the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON number).
974		991
		992	Note that precision is not accuracy - binary floating point values cannot
		993	represent most decimal fractions exactly, and when converting from and to
		994	floating point, JSON::XS only guarantees precision up to but not including
		995	the least significant bit.
		996
975	=item true, false	997	=item true, false
976		998
977	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,	999	These JSON atoms become C<Types::Serialiser::true> and
978	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers	1000	C<Types::Serialiser::false>, respectively. They are overloaded to act
979	C<1> and C<0>. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using	1001	almost exactly like the numbers C<1> and C<0>. You can check whether
980	the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function.	1002	a scalar is a JSON boolean by using the C<Types::Serialiser::is_bool>
		1003	function (after C<use Types::Serialier>, of course).
981		1004
982	=item null	1005	=item null
983		1006
984	A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.	1007	A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.
		1008
		1009	=item shell-style comments (C<< # I<text> >>)
		1010
		1011	As a nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax that is enabled by the
		1012	C<relaxed> setting, shell-style comments are allowed. They can start
		1013	anywhere outside strings and go till the end of the line.
		1014
		1015	=item tagged values (C<< (I<tag>)I<value> >>).
		1016
		1017	Another nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax, enabled with the
		1018	C<allow_tags> setting, are tagged values. In this implementation, the
		1019	I<tag> must be a perl package/class name encoded as a JSON string, and the
		1020	I<value> must be a JSON array encoding optional constructor arguments.
		1021
		1022	See "OBJECT SERIALISATION", below, for details.
985		1023
986	=back	1024	=back
987		1025
988		1026
989	=head2 PERL -> JSON	1027	=head2 PERL -> JSON
…		…
994		1032
995	=over 4	1033	=over 4
996		1034
997	=item hash references	1035	=item hash references
998		1036
999	Perl hash references become JSON objects. As there is no inherent ordering	1037	Perl hash references become JSON objects. As there is no inherent
1000	in hash keys (or JSON objects), they will usually be encoded in a	1038	ordering in hash keys (or JSON objects), they will usually be encoded
1001	pseudo-random order that can change between runs of the same program but	1039	in a pseudo-random order. JSON::XS can optionally sort the hash keys
1002	stays generally the same within a single run of a program. JSON::XS can	1040	(determined by the I<canonical> flag), so the same datastructure will
1003	optionally sort the hash keys (determined by the I<canonical> flag), so	1041	serialise to the same JSON text (given same settings and version of
1004	the same datastructure will serialise to the same JSON text (given same	1042	JSON::XS), but this incurs a runtime overhead and is only rarely useful,
1005	settings and version of JSON::XS), but this incurs a runtime overhead	1043	e.g. when you want to compare some JSON text against another for equality.
1006	and is only rarely useful, e.g. when you want to compare some JSON text
1007	against another for equality.
1008		1044
1009	=item array references	1045	=item array references
1010		1046
1011	Perl array references become JSON arrays.	1047	Perl array references become JSON arrays.
1012		1048
1013	=item other references	1049	=item other references
1014		1050
1015	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an	1051	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an
1016	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and	1052	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and
1017	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can	1053	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON.
1018	also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability.
1019		1054
		1055	Since C<JSON::XS> uses the boolean model from L<Types::Serialiser>, you
		1056	can also C<use Types::Serialiser> and then use C<Types::Serialiser::false>
		1057	and C<Types::Serialiser::true> to improve readability.
		1058
		1059	use Types::Serialiser;
1020	encode_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true]	1060	encode_json [\0, Types::Serialiser::true] # yields [false,true]
1021		1061
1022	=item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false	1062	=item Types::Serialiser::true, Types::Serialiser::false
1023		1063
1024	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,	1064	These special values from the L<Types::Serialiser> module become JSON true
1025	respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.	1065	and JSON false values, respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0>
		1066	directly if you want.
1026		1067
1027	=item blessed objects	1068	=item blessed objects
1028		1069
1029	Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON. See the	1070	Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON, but C<JSON::XS>
1030	C<allow_blessed> and C<convert_blessed> methods on various options on	1071	allows various ways of handling objects. See "OBJECT SERIALISATION",
1031	how to deal with this: basically, you can choose between throwing an	1072	below, for details.
1032	exception, encoding the reference as if it weren't blessed, or provide
1033	your own serialiser method.
1034		1073
1035	=item simple scalars	1074	=item simple scalars
1036		1075
1037	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most	1076	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most
1038	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as	1077	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as
…		…
1066		1105
1067	You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me	1106	You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me
1068	if you need this capability (but don't forget to explain why it's needed	1107	if you need this capability (but don't forget to explain why it's needed
1069	:).	1108	:).
1070		1109
		1110	Note that numerical precision has the same meaning as under Perl (so
		1111	binary to decimal conversion follows the same rules as in Perl, which
		1112	can differ to other languages). Also, your perl interpreter might expose
		1113	extensions to the floating point numbers of your platform, such as
		1114	infinities or NaN's - these cannot be represented in JSON, and it is an
		1115	error to pass those in.
		1116
1071	=back	1117	=back
		1118
		1119	=head2 OBJECT SERIALISATION
		1120
		1121	As JSON cannot directly represent Perl objects, you have to choose between
		1122	a pure JSON representation (without the ability to deserialise the object
		1123	automatically again), and a nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax,
		1124	tagged values.
		1125
		1126	=head3 SERIALISATION
		1127
		1128	What happens when C<JSON::XS> encounters a Perl object depends on the
		1129	C<allow_blessed>, C<convert_blessed> and C<allow_tags> settings, which are
		1130	used in this order:
		1131
		1132	=over 4
		1133
		1134	=item 1. C<allow_tags> is enabled and object has a C<FREEZE> method.
		1135
		1136	In this case, C<JSON::XS> uses the L<Types::Serialiser> object
		1137	serialisation protocol to create a tagged JSON value, using a nonstandard
		1138	extension to the JSON syntax.
		1139
		1140	This works by invoking the C<FREEZE> method on the object, with the first
		1141	argument being the object to serialise, and the second argument being the
		1142	constant string C<JSON> to distinguish it from other serialisers.
		1143
		1144	The C<FREEZE> method can return any number of values (i.e. zero or
		1145	more). These values and the paclkage/classname of the object will then be
		1146	encoded as a tagged JSON value in the following format:
		1147
		1148	("classname")[FREEZE return values...]
		1149
		1150	For example, the hypothetical C<My::Object> C<FREEZE> method might use the
		1151	objects C<type> and C<id> members to encode the object:
		1152
		1153	sub My::Object::FREEZE {
		1154	my ($self, $serialiser) = @_;
		1155
		1156	($self->{type}, $self->{id})
		1157	}
		1158
		1159	=item 2. C<convert_blessed> is enabled and object has a C<TO_JSON> method.
		1160
		1161	In this case, the C<TO_JSON> method of the object is invoked in scalar
		1162	context. It must return a single scalar that can be directly encoded into
		1163	JSON. This scalar replaces the object in the JSON text.
		1164
		1165	For example, the following C<TO_JSON> method will convert all L<URI>
		1166	objects to JSON strings when serialised. The fatc that these values
		1167	originally were L<URI> objects is lost.
		1168
		1169	sub URI::TO_JSON {
		1170	my ($uri) = @_;
		1171	$uri->as_string
		1172	}
		1173
		1174	=item 3. C<allow_blessed> is enabled.
		1175
		1176	The object will be serialised as a JSON null value.
		1177
		1178	=item 4. none of the above
		1179
		1180	If none of the settings are enabled or the respective methods are missing,
		1181	C<JSON::XS> throws an exception.
		1182
		1183	=back
		1184
		1185	=head3 DESERIALISATION
		1186
		1187	For deserialisation there are only two cases to consider: either
		1188	nonstandard tagging was used, in which case C<allow_tags> decides,
		1189	or objects cannot be automatically be deserialised, in which
		1190	case you can use postprocessing or the C<filter_json_object> or
		1191	C<filter_json_single_key_object> callbacks to get some real objects our of
		1192	your JSON.
		1193
		1194	This section only considers the tagged value case: I a tagged JSON object
		1195	is encountered during decoding and C<allow_tags> is disabled, a parse
		1196	error will result (as if tagged values were not part of the grammar).
		1197
		1198	If C<allow_tags> is enabled, C<JSON::XS> will look up the C<THAW> method
		1199	of the package/classname used during serialisation (it will not attempt
		1200	to load the package as a Perl module). If there is no such method, the
		1201	decoding will fail with an error.
		1202
		1203	Otherwise, the C<THAW> method is invoked with the classname as first
		1204	argument, the constant string C<JSON> as second argument, and all the
		1205	values from the JSON array (the values originally returned by the
		1206	C<FREEZE> method) as remaining arguments.
		1207
		1208	The method must then return the object. While technically you can return
		1209	any Perl scalar, you might have to enable the C<enable_nonref> setting to
		1210	make that work in all cases, so better return an actual blessed reference.
		1211
		1212	As an example, let's implement a C<THAW> function that regenerates the
		1213	C<My::Object> from the C<FREEZE> example earlier:
		1214
		1215	sub My::Object::THAW {
		1216	my ($class, $serialiser, $type, $id) = @_;
		1217
		1218	$class->new (type => $type, id => $id)
		1219	}
1072		1220
1073		1221
1074	=head1 ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES	1222	=head1 ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES
1075		1223
1076	The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify	1224	The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify
…		…
1101	=item C<utf8> flag disabled	1249	=item C<utf8> flag disabled
1102		1250
1103	When C<utf8> is disabled (the default), then C<encode>/C<decode> generate	1251	When C<utf8> is disabled (the default), then C<encode>/C<decode> generate
1104	and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with high ordinal Unicode	1252	and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with high ordinal Unicode
1105	values (> 255) will be encoded as such characters, and likewise such	1253	values (> 255) will be encoded as such characters, and likewise such
1106	characters are decoded as-is, no canges to them will be done, except	1254	characters are decoded as-is, no changes to them will be done, except
1107	"(re-)interpreting" them as Unicode codepoints or Unicode characters,	1255	"(re-)interpreting" them as Unicode codepoints or Unicode characters,
1108	respectively (to Perl, these are the same thing in strings unless you do	1256	respectively (to Perl, these are the same thing in strings unless you do
1109	funny/weird/dumb stuff).	1257	funny/weird/dumb stuff).
1110		1258
1111	This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g. when you	1259	This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g. when you
…		…
1167	proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.	1315	proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
1168		1316
1169	=back	1317	=back
1170		1318
1171		1319
		1320	=head2 JSON and ECMAscript
		1321
		1322	JSON syntax is based on how literals are represented in javascript (the
		1323	not-standardised predecessor of ECMAscript) which is presumably why it is
		1324	called "JavaScript Object Notation".
		1325
		1326	However, JSON is not a subset (and also not a superset of course) of
		1327	ECMAscript (the standard) or javascript (whatever browsers actually
		1328	implement).
		1329
		1330	If you want to use javascript's C<eval> function to "parse" JSON, you
		1331	might run into parse errors for valid JSON texts, or the resulting data
		1332	structure might not be queryable:
		1333
		1334	One of the problems is that U+2028 and U+2029 are valid characters inside
		1335	JSON strings, but are not allowed in ECMAscript string literals, so the
		1336	following Perl fragment will not output something that can be guaranteed
		1337	to be parsable by javascript's C<eval>:
		1338
		1339	use JSON::XS;
		1340
		1341	print encode_json [chr 0x2028];
		1342
		1343	The right fix for this is to use a proper JSON parser in your javascript
		1344	programs, and not rely on C<eval> (see for example Douglas Crockford's
		1345	F<json2.js> parser).
		1346
		1347	If this is not an option, you can, as a stop-gap measure, simply encode to
		1348	ASCII-only JSON:
		1349
		1350	use JSON::XS;
		1351
		1352	print JSON::XS->new->ascii->encode ([chr 0x2028]);
		1353
		1354	Note that this will enlarge the resulting JSON text quite a bit if you
		1355	have many non-ASCII characters. You might be tempted to run some regexes
		1356	to only escape U+2028 and U+2029, e.g.:
		1357
		1358	# DO NOT USE THIS!
		1359	my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ([chr 0x2028]);
		1360	$json =~ s/\xe2\x80\xa8/\\u2028/g; # escape U+2028
		1361	$json =~ s/\xe2\x80\xa9/\\u2029/g; # escape U+2029
		1362	print $json;
		1363
		1364	Note that I<this is a bad idea>: the above only works for U+2028 and
		1365	U+2029 and thus only for fully ECMAscript-compliant parsers. Many existing
		1366	javascript implementations, however, have issues with other characters as
		1367	well - using C<eval> naively simply I<will> cause problems.
		1368
		1369	Another problem is that some javascript implementations reserve
		1370	some property names for their own purposes (which probably makes
		1371	them non-ECMAscript-compliant). For example, Iceweasel reserves the
		1372	C<__proto__> property name for its own purposes.
		1373
		1374	If that is a problem, you could parse try to filter the resulting JSON
		1375	output for these property strings, e.g.:
		1376
		1377	$json =~ s/"__proto__"\s*:/"__proto__renamed":/g;
		1378
		1379	This works because C<__proto__> is not valid outside of strings, so every
		1380	occurrence of C<"__proto__"\s*:> must be a string used as property name.
		1381
		1382	If you know of other incompatibilities, please let me know.
		1383
		1384
1172	=head2 JSON and YAML	1385	=head2 JSON and YAML
1173		1386
1174	You often hear that JSON is a subset of YAML. This is, however, a mass	1387	You often hear that JSON is a subset of YAML. This is, however, a mass
1175	hysteria(*) and very far from the truth (as of the time of this writing),	1388	hysteria(*) and very far from the truth (as of the time of this writing),
1176	so let me state it clearly: I<in general, there is no way to configure	1389	so let me state it clearly: I<in general, there is no way to configure
…		…
1184	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";	1397	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";
1185		1398
1186	This will I<usually> generate JSON texts that also parse as valid	1399	This will I<usually> generate JSON texts that also parse as valid
1187	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key	1400	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key
1188	lengths that JSON doesn't have and also has different and incompatible	1401	lengths that JSON doesn't have and also has different and incompatible
1189	unicode handling, so you should make sure that your hash keys are	1402	unicode character escape syntax, so you should make sure that your hash
1190	noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows and that	1403	keys are noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows
1191	you do not have characters with codepoint values outside the Unicode BMP	1404	and that you do not have characters with codepoint values outside the
1192	(basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow C<\/> sequences in	1405	Unicode BMP (basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow C<\/>
1193	strings (which JSON::XS does not I<currently> generate, but other JSON	1406	sequences in strings (which JSON::XS does not I<currently> generate, but
1194	generators might).	1407	other JSON generators might).
1195		1408
1196	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of (or the YAML	1409	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of (or the YAML
1197	specification has been changed yet again - it does so quite often). In	1410	specification has been changed yet again - it does so quite often). In
1198	general you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice	1411	general you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice
1199	versa, or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are	1412	versa, or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are
…		…
1218	that difficult or long) and finally make YAML compatible to it, and	1431	that difficult or long) and finally make YAML compatible to it, and
1219	educating users about the changes, instead of spreading lies about the	1432	educating users about the changes, instead of spreading lies about the
1220	real compatibility for many I<years> and trying to silence people who	1433	real compatibility for many I<years> and trying to silence people who
1221	point out that it isn't true.	1434	point out that it isn't true.
1222		1435
		1436	Addendum/2009: the YAML 1.2 spec is still incompatible with JSON, even
		1437	though the incompatibilities have been documented (and are known to Brian)
		1438	for many years and the spec makes explicit claims that YAML is a superset
		1439	of JSON. It would be so easy to fix, but apparently, bullying people and
		1440	corrupting userdata is so much easier.
		1441
1223	=back	1442	=back
1224		1443
1225		1444
1226	=head2 SPEED	1445	=head2 SPEED
1227		1446
…		…
1234	a very short single-line JSON string (also available at	1453	a very short single-line JSON string (also available at
1235	L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/short.json>).	1454	L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/short.json>).
1236		1455
1237	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1",	1456	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1",
1238	"we were just talking"], "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7,	1457	"we were just talking"], "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7,
1239	true, false]}	1458	1, 0]}
1240		1459
1241	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses	1460	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses
1242	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface	1461	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface
1243	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables	1462	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables
1244	shrink). Higher is better:	1463	shrink. JSON::DWIW/DS uses the deserialise function, while JSON::DWIW::FJ
		1464	uses the from_json method). Higher is better:
1245		1465
1246	module \| encode \| decode \|	1466	module \| encode \| decode \|
1247	-----------\|------------\|------------\|	1467	--------------\|------------\|------------\|
1248	JSON 1.x \| 4990.842 \| 4088.813 \|	1468	JSON::DWIW/DS \| 86302.551 \| 102300.098 \|
1249	JSON::DWIW \| 51653.990 \| 71575.154 \|	1469	JSON::DWIW/FJ \| 86302.551 \| 75983.768 \|
1250	JSON::PC \| 65948.176 \| 74631.744 \|	1470	JSON::PP \| 15827.562 \| 6638.658 \|
1251	JSON::PP \| 8931.652 \| 3817.168 \|	1471	JSON::Syck \| 63358.066 \| 47662.545 \|
1252	JSON::Syck \| 24877.248 \| 27776.848 \|	1472	JSON::XS \| 511500.488 \| 511500.488 \|
1253	JSON::XS \| 388361.481 \| 227951.304 \|	1473	JSON::XS/2 \| 291271.111 \| 388361.481 \|
1254	JSON::XS/2 \| 227951.304 \| 218453.333 \|	1474	JSON::XS/3 \| 361577.931 \| 361577.931 \|
1255	JSON::XS/3 \| 338250.323 \| 218453.333 \|	1475	Storable \| 66788.280 \| 265462.278 \|
1256	Storable \| 16500.016 \| 135300.129 \|
1257	-----------+------------+------------+	1476	--------------+------------+------------+
1258		1477
1259	That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,	1478	That is, JSON::XS is almost six times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,
1260	about three times faster on decoding, and over forty times faster	1479	about five times faster on decoding, and over thirty to seventy times
1261	than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares	1480	faster than JSON's pure perl implementation. It also compares favourably
1262	favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.	1481	to Storable for small amounts of data.
1263		1482
1264	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals	1483	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals
1265	search API (L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/long.json>).	1484	search API (L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/long.json>).
1266		1485
1267	module \| encode \| decode \|	1486	module \| encode \| decode \|
1268	-----------\|------------\|------------\|	1487	--------------\|------------\|------------\|
1269	JSON 1.x \| 55.260 \| 34.971 \|	1488	JSON::DWIW/DS \| 1647.927 \| 2673.916 \|
1270	JSON::DWIW \| 825.228 \| 1082.513 \|	1489	JSON::DWIW/FJ \| 1630.249 \| 2596.128 \|
1271	JSON::PC \| 3571.444 \| 2394.829 \|
1272	JSON::PP \| 210.987 \| 32.574 \|	1490	JSON::PP \| 400.640 \| 62.311 \|
1273	JSON::Syck \| 552.551 \| 787.544 \|	1491	JSON::Syck \| 1481.040 \| 1524.869 \|
1274	JSON::XS \| 5780.463 \| 4854.519 \|	1492	JSON::XS \| 20661.596 \| 9541.183 \|
1275	JSON::XS/2 \| 3869.998 \| 4798.975 \|	1493	JSON::XS/2 \| 10683.403 \| 9416.938 \|
1276	JSON::XS/3 \| 5862.880 \| 4798.975 \|	1494	JSON::XS/3 \| 20661.596 \| 9400.054 \|
1277	Storable \| 4445.002 \| 5235.027 \|	1495	Storable \| 19765.806 \| 10000.725 \|
1278	-----------+------------+------------+	1496	--------------+------------+------------+
1279		1497
1280	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly	1498	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly
1281	decodes faster).	1499	decodes a bit faster).
1282		1500
1283	On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some modules	1501	On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some modules
1284	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result	1502	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result
1285	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others refuse	1503	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others refuse
1286	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair	1504	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair
…		…
1322	information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by JSON::XS	1540	information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by JSON::XS
1323	will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.	1541	will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.
1324		1542
1325	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption	1543	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption
1326	by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at	1544	by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at
1327	L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether	1545	L<http://blog.archive.jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security/> to
1328	you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser	1546	see whether you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really
1329	design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major	1547	are browser design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with
1330	browser developers care only for features, not about getting security	1548	it, as major browser developers care only for features, not about getting
1331	right).	1549	security right).
		1550
		1551
		1552	=head1 INTEROPERABILITY WITH OTHER MODULES
		1553
		1554	C<JSON::XS> uses the L<Types::Serialiser> module to provide boolean
		1555	constants. That means that the JSON true and false values will be
		1556	comaptible to true and false values of iother modules that do the same,
		1557	such as L<JSON::PP> and L<CBOR::XS>.
1332		1558
1333		1559
1334	=head1 THREADS	1560	=head1 THREADS
1335		1561
1336	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no	1562	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no
…		…
1339	process simulations - use fork, it's I<much> faster, cheaper, better).	1565	process simulations - use fork, it's I<much> faster, cheaper, better).
1340		1566
1341	(It might actually work, but you have been warned).	1567	(It might actually work, but you have been warned).
1342		1568
1343		1569
		1570	=head1 THE PERILS OF SETLOCALE
		1571
		1572	Sometimes people avoid the Perl locale support and directly call the
		1573	system's setlocale function with C<LC_ALL>.
		1574
		1575	This breaks both perl and modules such as JSON::XS, as stringification of
		1576	numbers no longer works correctly (e.g. C<$x = 0.1; print "$x"+1> might
		1577	print C<1>, and JSON::XS might output illegal JSON as JSON::XS relies on
		1578	perl to stringify numbers).
		1579
		1580	The solution is simple: don't call C<setlocale>, or use it for only those
		1581	categories you need, such as C<LC_MESSAGES> or C<LC_CTYPE>.
		1582
		1583	If you need C<LC_NUMERIC>, you should enable it only around the code that
		1584	actually needs it (avoiding stringification of numbers), and restore it
		1585	afterwards.
		1586
		1587
1344	=head1 BUGS	1588	=head1 BUGS
1345		1589
1346	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does	1590	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does
1347	not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. If you	1591	not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. If you
1348	keep reporting bugs they will be fixed swiftly, though.	1592	keep reporting bugs they will be fixed swiftly, though.
…		…
1350	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting	1594	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting
1351	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.	1595	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.
1352		1596
1353	=cut	1597	=cut
1354		1598
1355	our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };	1599	BEGIN {
1356	our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };	1600	*true = \$Types::Serialiser::true;
		1601	*true = \&Types::Serialiser::true;
		1602	*false = \$Types::Serialiser::false;
		1603	*false = \&Types::Serialiser::false;
		1604	*is_bool = \&Types::Serialiser::is_bool;
1357		1605
1358	sub true() { $true }	1606	JSON::XS::Boolean:: = Types::Serialiser::Boolean::;
1359	sub false() { $false }
1360
1361	sub is_bool($) {
1362	UNIVERSAL::isa $_[0], "JSON::XS::Boolean"
1363	# or UNIVERSAL::isa $_[0], "JSON::Literal"
1364	}	1607	}
1365		1608
1366	XSLoader::load "JSON::XS", $VERSION;	1609	XSLoader::load "JSON::XS", $VERSION;
1367
1368	package JSON::XS::Boolean;
1369
1370	use overload
1371	"0+" => sub { ${$_[0]} },
1372	"++" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} + 1 },
1373	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },
1374	fallback => 1;
1375
1376	1;
1377		1610
1378	=head1 SEE ALSO	1611	=head1 SEE ALSO
1379		1612
1380	The F<json_xs> command line utility for quick experiments.	1613	The F<json_xs> command line utility for quick experiments.
1381		1614
…		…
1384	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1617	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1385	http://home.schmorp.de/	1618	http://home.schmorp.de/
1386		1619
1387	=cut	1620	=cut
1388		1621
		1622	1
		1623

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Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents): Revision 1.103 by root, Tue Apr 29 16:07:56 2008 UTC vs. Revision 1.146 by root, Tue Oct 29 00:18:55 2013 UTC

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Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.103 by root, Tue Apr 29 16:07:56 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.146 by root, Tue Oct 29 00:18:55 2013 UTC