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Revision 1.59 by root, Mon Aug 27 01:49:01 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.170 by root, Thu Nov 15 22:35:35 2018 UTC

1	=head1 NAME	1	=head1 NAME
2		2
3	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast	3	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast
		4
		5	=encoding utf-8
		6
		7	JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ
		8	(http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html)
4		9
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	10	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		11
7	use JSON::XS;	12	use JSON::XS;
8		13
9	# exported functions, they croak on error	14	# exported functions, they croak on error
10	# and expect/generate UTF-8	15	# and expect/generate UTF-8
11		16
12	$utf8_encoded_json_text = to_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;	17	$utf8_encoded_json_text = encode_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;
13	$perl_hash_or_arrayref = from_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;	18	$perl_hash_or_arrayref = decode_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;
14		19
15	# OO-interface	20	# OO-interface
16		21
17	$coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref;	22	$coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref;
18	$pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar);	23	$pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar);
19	$perl_scalar = $coder->decode ($unicode_json_text);	24	$perl_scalar = $coder->decode ($unicode_json_text);
20		25
		26	# Note that JSON version 2.0 and above will automatically use JSON::XS
		27	# if available, at virtually no speed overhead either, so you should
		28	# be able to just:
		29
		30	use JSON;
		31
		32	# and do the same things, except that you have a pure-perl fallback now.
		33
21	=head1 DESCRIPTION	34	=head1 DESCRIPTION
22		35
23	This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its	36	This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its
24	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be	37	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be
25	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.	38	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
26		39
27	As this is the n-th-something JSON module on CPAN, what was the reason
28	to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON
29	modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases
30	their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug
31	reports for other reasons.
32
33	See COMPARISON, below, for a comparison to some other JSON modules.
34
35	See MAPPING, below, on how JSON::XS maps perl values to JSON values and	40	See MAPPING, below, on how JSON::XS maps perl values to JSON values and
36	vice versa.	41	vice versa.
37		42
38	=head2 FEATURES	43	=head2 FEATURES
39		44
40	=over 4	45	=over
41		46
42	=item * correct unicode handling	47	=item * correct Unicode handling
43		48
44	This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how and when	49	This module knows how to handle Unicode, documents how and when it does
45	it does so.	50	so, and even documents what "correct" means.
46		51
47	=item * round-trip integrity	52	=item * round-trip integrity
48		53
49	When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported	54	When you serialise a perl data structure using only data types supported
50	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.	55	by JSON and Perl, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl
51	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks	56	level. (e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because
52	like a number).	57	it looks like a number). There I<are> minor exceptions to this, read the
		58	MAPPING section below to learn about those.
53		59
54	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness	60	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness
55		61
56	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,	62	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,
57	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security	63	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security
58	feature).	64	feature).
59		65
60	=item * fast	66	=item * fast
61		67
62	Compared to other JSON modules, this module compares favourably in terms	68	Compared to other JSON modules and other serialisers such as Storable,
63	of speed, too.	69	this module usually compares favourably in terms of speed, too.
64		70
65	=item * simple to use	71	=item * simple to use
66		72
67	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO	73	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an object
68	interface.	74	oriented interface.
69		75
70	=item * reasonably versatile output formats	76	=item * reasonably versatile output formats
71		77
72	You can choose between the most compact guarenteed single-line format	78	You can choose between the most compact guaranteed-single-line format
73	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format	79	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ASCII format
74	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole	80	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole
75	unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that	81	Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that
76	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.	82	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.
77		83
78	=back	84	=back
79		85
80	=cut	86	=cut
81		87
82	package JSON::XS;	88	package JSON::XS;
83		89
84	use strict;	90	use common::sense;
85		91
86	our $VERSION = '1.5';	92	our $VERSION = '4.0';
87	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);	93	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
88		94
89	our @EXPORT = qw(to_json from_json);	95	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json);
90		96
91	use Exporter;	97	use Exporter;
92	use XSLoader;	98	use XSLoader;
93		99
		100	use Types::Serialiser ();
		101
94	=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE	102	=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE
95		103
96	The following convinience methods are provided by this module. They are	104	The following convenience methods are provided by this module. They are
97	exported by default:	105	exported by default:
98		106
99	=over 4	107	=over
100		108
101	=item $json_text = to_json $perl_scalar	109	=item $json_text = encode_json $perl_scalar
102		110
103	Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference to	111	Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string
104	a hash or array) to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string (that is, the string contains	112	(that is, the string contains octets only). Croaks on error.
105	octets only). Croaks on error.
106		113
107	This function call is functionally identical to:	114	This function call is functionally identical to:
108		115
109	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)	116	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)
110		117
111	except being faster.	118	Except being faster.
112		119
113	=item $perl_scalar = from_json $json_text	120	=item $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
114		121
115	The opposite of C<to_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries to	122	The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects a UTF-8 (binary) string and tries
116	parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting simple	123	to parse that as a UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting
117	scalar or reference. Croaks on error.	124	reference. Croaks on error.
118		125
119	This function call is functionally identical to:	126	This function call is functionally identical to:
120		127
121	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)	128	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)
122		129
123	except being faster.	130	Except being faster.
124
125	=item $is_boolean = JSON::XS::is_bool $scalar
126
127	Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::XS::true or
128	JSON::XS::false, two constants that act like C<1> and C<0>, respectively
129	and are used to represent JSON C<true> and C<false> values in Perl.
130
131	See MAPPING, below, for more information on how JSON values are mapped to
132	Perl.
133		131
134	=back	132	=back
		133
		134
		135	=head1 A FEW NOTES ON UNICODE AND PERL
		136
		137	Since this often leads to confusion, here are a few very clear words on
		138	how Unicode works in Perl, modulo bugs.
		139
		140	=over
		141
		142	=item 1. Perl strings can store characters with ordinal values > 255.
		143
		144	This enables you to store Unicode characters as single characters in a
		145	Perl string - very natural.
		146
		147	=item 2. Perl does I<not> associate an encoding with your strings.
		148
		149	... until you force it to, e.g. when matching it against a regex, or
		150	printing the scalar to a file, in which case Perl either interprets your
		151	string as locale-encoded text, octets/binary, or as Unicode, depending
		152	on various settings. In no case is an encoding stored together with your
		153	data, it is I<use> that decides encoding, not any magical meta data.
		154
		155	=item 3. The internal utf-8 flag has no meaning with regards to the
		156	encoding of your string.
		157
		158	Just ignore that flag unless you debug a Perl bug, a module written in
		159	XS or want to dive into the internals of perl. Otherwise it will only
		160	confuse you, as, despite the name, it says nothing about how your string
		161	is encoded. You can have Unicode strings with that flag set, with that
		162	flag clear, and you can have binary data with that flag set and that flag
		163	clear. Other possibilities exist, too.
		164
		165	If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't
		166	exist.
		167
		168	=item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be
		169	validly interpreted as a Unicode code point.
		170
		171	If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a
		172	Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string.
		173
		174	=item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string.
		175
		176	It's a fact. Learn to live with it.
		177
		178	=back
		179
		180	I hope this helps :)
135		181
136		182
137	=head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE	183	=head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE
138		184
139	The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or	185	The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or
140	decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.	186	decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.
141		187
142	=over 4	188	=over
143		189
144	=item $json = new JSON::XS	190	=item $json = new JSON::XS
145		191
146	Creates a new JSON::XS object that can be used to de/encode JSON	192	Creates a new JSON::XS object that can be used to de/encode JSON
147	strings. All boolean flags described below are by default I<disabled>.	193	strings. All boolean flags described below are by default I<disabled>
		194	(with the exception of C<allow_nonref>, which defaults to I<enabled> since
		195	version C<4.0>).
148		196
149	The mutators for flags all return the JSON object again and thus calls can	197	The mutators for flags all return the JSON object again and thus calls can
150	be chained:	198	be chained:
151		199
152	my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after->encode ({a => [1,2]})	200	my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after->encode ({a => [1,2]})
153	=> {"a": [1, 2]}	201	=> {"a": [1, 2]}
154		202
155	=item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable])	203	=item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable])
156		204
		205	=item $enabled = $json->get_ascii
		206
157	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not	207	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
158	generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any	208	generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any
159	unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a	209	Unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a
160	single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence,	210	single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence,
161	as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native	211	as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native
162	unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string,	212	Unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string,
163	or any other superset of ASCII.	213	or any other superset of ASCII.
164		214
165	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	215	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
166	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results	216	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results
167	in a faster and more compact format.	217	in a faster and more compact format.
168		218
		219	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		220	document.
		221
169	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be	222	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be
170	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not	223	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not
171	contain any 8 bit characters.	224	contain any 8 bit characters.
172		225
173	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])	226	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])
174	=> ["\ud801\udc01"]	227	=> ["\ud801\udc01"]
175		228
176	=item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable])	229	=item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable])
177		230
		231	=item $enabled = $json->get_latin1
		232
178	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode	233	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
179	the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters	234	the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters
180	outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a	235	outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a
181	latin1-encoded JSON text or a native unicode string. The C<decode> method	236	latin1-encoded JSON text or a native Unicode string. The C<decode> method
182	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default	237	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default
183	expects unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.	238	expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.
184		239
185	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	240	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
186	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.	241	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.
		242
		243	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		244	document.
187		245
188	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON	246	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON
189	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded	247	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded
190	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded	248	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded
191	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and	249	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and
192	transfering), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when	250	transferring), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when
193	you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently	251	you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently
194	in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders.	252	in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders.
195		253
196	JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]	254	JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]
197	=> ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)	255	=> ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)
198		256
199	=item $json = $json->utf8 ([$enable])	257	=item $json = $json->utf8 ([$enable])
200		258
		259	=item $enabled = $json->get_utf8
		260
201	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode	261	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
202	the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the	262	the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the
203	C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please	263	C<decode> method expects to be handed a UTF-8-encoded string. Please
204	note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the	264	note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the
205	range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future	265	range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future
206	versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16	266	versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16
207	and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.	267	and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.
208		268
209	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON	269	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON
210	string as a (non-encoded) unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a	270	string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a
211	unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs	271	Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs
212	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.	272	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.
		273
		274	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		275	document.
213		276
214	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:	277	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:
215		278
216	use Encode;	279	use Encode;
217	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);	280	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);
…		…
238	]	301	]
239	}	302	}
240		303
241	=item $json = $json->indent ([$enable])	304	=item $json = $json->indent ([$enable])
242		305
		306	=item $enabled = $json->get_indent
		307
243	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline	308	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline
244	format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair	309	format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair
245	into its own line, identing them properly.	310	into its own line, indenting them properly.
246		311
247	If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the	312	If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the
248	resulting JSON text is guarenteed not to contain any C<newlines>.	313	resulting JSON text is guaranteed not to contain any C<newlines>.
249		314
250	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.	315	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
251		316
252	=item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable])	317	=item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable])
		318
		319	=item $enabled = $json->get_space_before
253		320
254	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra	321	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
255	optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects.	322	optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects.
256		323
257	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra	324	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra
…		…
263	Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:	330	Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:
264		331
265	{"key" :"value"}	332	{"key" :"value"}
266		333
267	=item $json = $json->space_after ([$enable])	334	=item $json = $json->space_after ([$enable])
		335
		336	=item $enabled = $json->get_space_after
268		337
269	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra	338	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
270	optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects	339	optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects
271	and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array	340	and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array
272	members.	341	members.
…		…
280		349
281	{"key": "value"}	350	{"key": "value"}
282		351
283	=item $json = $json->relaxed ([$enable])	352	=item $json = $json->relaxed ([$enable])
284		353
		354	=item $enabled = $json->get_relaxed
		355
285	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept some	356	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept some
286	extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). C<encode> will not be	357	extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). C<encode> will not be
287	affected in anyway. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid	358	affected in any way. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid
288	JSON texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to	359	JSON texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to
289	parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration files,	360	parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration files,
290	resource files etc.)	361	resource files etc.)
291		362
292	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept	363	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept
293	valid JSON texts.	364	valid JSON texts.
294		365
295	Currently accepted extensions are:	366	Currently accepted extensions are:
296		367
297	=over 4	368	=over
298		369
299	=item * list items can have an end-comma	370	=item * list items can have an end-comma
300		371
301	JSON I<separates> array elements and key-value pairs with commas. This	372	JSON I<separates> array elements and key-value pairs with commas. This
302	can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually and want to be able to	373	can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually and want to be able to
…		…
310	{	381	{
311	"k1": "v1",	382	"k1": "v1",
312	"k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed	383	"k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed
313	}	384	}
314		385
		386	=item * shell-style '#'-comments
		387
		388	Whenever JSON allows whitespace, shell-style comments are additionally
		389	allowed. They are terminated by the first carriage-return or line-feed
		390	character, after which more white-space and comments are allowed.
		391
		392	[
		393	1, # this comment not allowed in JSON
		394	# neither this one...
		395	]
		396
		397	=item * literal ASCII TAB characters in strings
		398
		399	Literal ASCII TAB characters are now allowed in strings (and treated as
		400	C<\t>).
		401
		402	[
		403	"Hello\tWorld",
		404	"Hello<TAB>World", # literal <TAB> would not normally be allowed
		405	]
		406
315	=back	407	=back
316		408
317	=item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable])	409	=item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable])
		410
		411	=item $enabled = $json->get_canonical
318		412
319	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects	413	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects
320	by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.	414	by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.
321		415
322	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value	416	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value
323	pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs	417	pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs
324	of the same script).	418	of the same script, and can change even within the same run from 5.18
		419	onwards).
325		420
326	This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as	421	This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as
327	the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,	422	the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,
328	the same hash migh be encoded differently even if contains the same data,	423	the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data,
329	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.	424	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.
330		425
331	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.	426	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
332		427
		428	This setting has currently no effect on tied hashes.
		429
333	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])	430	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])
		431
		432	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
		433
		434	Unlike other boolean options, this opotion is enabled by default beginning
		435	with version C<4.0>. See L<SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS> for the gory details.
334		436
335	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a	437	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a
336	non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,	438	non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,
337	which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON	439	which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON
338	values instead of croaking.	440	values instead of croaking.
…		…
340	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will croak if it isn't	442	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will croak if it isn't
341	passed an arrayref or hashref, as JSON texts must either be an object	443	passed an arrayref or hashref, as JSON texts must either be an object
342	or array. Likewise, C<decode> will croak if given something that is not a	444	or array. Likewise, C<decode> will croak if given something that is not a
343	JSON object or array.	445	JSON object or array.
344		446
345	Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled C<allow_nonref>,	447	Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value without enabled C<allow_nonref>,
346	resulting in an invalid JSON text:	448	resulting in an error:
347		449
348	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")	450	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref (0)->encode ("Hello, World!")
349	=> "Hello, World!"	451	=> hash- or arrayref expected...
		452
		453	=item $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])
		454
		455	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown
		456
		457	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will I<not> throw an
		458	exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON (for
		459	example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON C<null> value. Note
		460	that blessed objects are not included here and are handled separately by
		461	c<allow_nonref>.
		462
		463	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
		464	exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.
		465
		466	This option does not affect C<decode> in any way, and it is recommended to
		467	leave it off unless you know your communications partner.
350		468
351	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])	469	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])
352		470
		471	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
		472
		473	See L<OBJECT SERIALISATION> for details.
		474
353	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not	475	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
354	barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the	476	barf when it encounters a blessed reference that it cannot convert
355	B<convert_blessed> option will decide wether C<null> (C<convert_blessed>	477	otherwise. Instead, a JSON C<null> value is encoded instead of the object.
356	disabled or no C<to_json> method found) or a representation of the
357	object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<to_json> method found) is being
358	encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>.
359		478
360	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an	479	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
361	exception when it encounters a blessed object.	480	exception when it encounters a blessed object that it cannot convert
		481	otherwise.
		482
		483	This setting has no effect on C<decode>.
362		484
363	=item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable])	485	=item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable])
		486
		487	=item $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed
		488
		489	See L<OBJECT SERIALISATION> for details.
364		490
365	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a	491	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a
366	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method	492	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method
367	on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context	493	on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context and
368	and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object. If no	494	the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object.
369	C<TO_JSON> method is found, the value of C<allow_blessed> will decide what
370	to do.
371		495
372	The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>	496	The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>
373	returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same	497	returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same
374	way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle	498	way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle
375	(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other	499	(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other
376	methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are	500	methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are
377	usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with the C<to_json>	501	usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with any C<to_json>
378	function.	502	function or method.
379		503
380	This setting does not yet influence C<decode> in any way, but in the	504	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will not consider
381	future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are	505	this type of conversion.
382	enabled by this setting.
383		506
384	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<allow_blessed> setting will decide what	507	This setting has no effect on C<decode>.
385	to do when a blessed object is found.	508
		509	=item $json = $json->allow_tags ([$enable])
		510
		511	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_tags
		512
		513	See L<OBJECT SERIALISATION> for details.
		514
		515	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a
		516	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<FREEZE> method on
		517	the object's class. If found, it will be used to serialise the object into
		518	a nonstandard tagged JSON value (that JSON decoders cannot decode).
		519
		520	It also causes C<decode> to parse such tagged JSON values and deserialise
		521	them via a call to the C<THAW> method.
		522
		523	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will not consider
		524	this type of conversion, and tagged JSON values will cause a parse error
		525	in C<decode>, as if tags were not part of the grammar.
386		526
387	=item $json = $json->filter_json_object ([$coderef->($hashref)])	527	=item $json = $json->filter_json_object ([$coderef->($hashref)])
388		528
389	When C<$coderef> is specified, it will be called from C<decode> each	529	When C<$coderef> is specified, it will be called from C<decode> each
390	time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to the	530	time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to
391	newly-created hash. If the code references returns a single scalar (which	531	the newly-created hash. If the code reference returns a single scalar
392	need not be a reference), this value (i.e. a copy of that scalar to avoid	532	(which need not be a reference), this value (or rather a copy of it) is
393	aliasing) is inserted into the deserialised data structure. If it returns	533	inserted into the deserialised data structure. If it returns an empty
394	an empty list (NOTE: I<not> C<undef>, which is a valid scalar), the	534	list (NOTE: I<not> C<undef>, which is a valid scalar), the original
395	original deserialised hash will be inserted. This setting can slow down	535	deserialised hash will be inserted. This setting can slow down decoding
396	decoding considerably.	536	considerably.
397		537
398	When C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, any existing callback will	538	When C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, any existing callback will
399	be removed and C<decode> will not change the deserialised hash in any	539	be removed and C<decode> will not change the deserialised hash in any
400	way.	540	way.
401		541
…		…
425		565
426	As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object>	566	As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object>
427	one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key	567	one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key
428	objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially	568	objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially
429	as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept	569	as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept
430	as JSON gets (its basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not	570	as JSON gets (it's basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not
431	support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks	571	support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks
432	like a serialised Perl hash.	572	like a serialised Perl hash.
433		573
434	Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or	574	Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or
435	C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even	575	C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even
…		…
459		599
460	{ __widget__ => $self->{id} }	600	{ __widget__ => $self->{id} }
461	}	601	}
462		602
463	=item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable])	603	=item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable])
		604
		605	=item $enabled = $json->get_shrink
464		606
465	Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for	607	Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for
466	strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either	608	strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either
467	C<encode> or C<decode> to their minimum size possible. This can save	609	C<encode> or C<decode> to their minimum size possible. This can save
468	memory when your JSON texts are either very very long or you have many	610	memory when your JSON texts are either very very long or you have many
…		…
486	strings that look like integers or floats into integers or floats	628	strings that look like integers or floats into integers or floats
487	internally (there is no difference on the Perl level), saving space.	629	internally (there is no difference on the Perl level), saving space.
488		630
489	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])	631	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])
490		632
		633	=item $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
		634
491	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding	635	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding
492	or decoding. If the JSON text or Perl data structure has an equal or	636	or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in JSON text or a Perl
493	higher nesting level then this limit, then the encoder and decoder will	637	data structure, then the encoder and decoder will stop and croak at that
494	stop and croak at that point.	638	point.
495		639
496	Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder	640	Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder
497	needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>	641	needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>
498	characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a	642	characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a
499	given character in a string.	643	given character in a string.
500		644
501	Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures	645	Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures
502	that the object is only a single hash/object or array.	646	that the object is only a single hash/object or array.
503		647
504	The argument to C<max_depth> will be rounded up to the next highest power
505	of two. If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be	648	If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be used, which
506	used, which is rarely useful.	649	is rarely useful.
		650
		651	Note that nesting is implemented by recursion in C. The default value has
		652	been chosen to be as large as typical operating systems allow without
		653	crashing.
507		654
508	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	655	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
509		656
510	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])	657	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])
		658
		659	=item $max_size = $json->get_max_size
511		660
512	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is	661	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is
513	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>	662	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>
514	is called on a string longer then this number of characters it will not	663	is called on a string that is longer then this many bytes, it will not
515	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no	664	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no
516	effect on C<encode> (yet).	665	effect on C<encode> (yet).
517		666
518	The argument to C<max_size> will be rounded up to the next B<highest>	667	If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as when
519	power of two (so may be more than requested). If no argument is given, the	668	C<0> is specified).
520	limit check will be deactivated (same as when C<0> is specified).
521		669
522	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	670	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
523		671
524	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)	672	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)
525		673
526	Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference	674	Converts the given Perl value or data structure to its JSON
527	to a hash or array) to its JSON representation. Simple scalars will be	675	representation. Croaks on error.
528	converted into JSON string or number sequences, while references to arrays
529	become JSON arrays and references to hashes become JSON objects. Undefined
530	Perl values (e.g. C<undef>) become JSON C<null> values. Neither C<true>
531	nor C<false> values will be generated.
532		676
533	=item $perl_scalar = $json->decode ($json_text)	677	=item $perl_scalar = $json->decode ($json_text)
534		678
535	The opposite of C<encode>: expects a JSON text and tries to parse it,	679	The opposite of C<encode>: expects a JSON text and tries to parse it,
536	returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error.	680	returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error.
537
538	JSON numbers and strings become simple Perl scalars. JSON arrays become
539	Perl arrayrefs and JSON objects become Perl hashrefs. C<true> becomes
540	C<1>, C<false> becomes C<0> and C<null> becomes C<undef>.
541		681
542	=item ($perl_scalar, $characters) = $json->decode_prefix ($json_text)	682	=item ($perl_scalar, $characters) = $json->decode_prefix ($json_text)
543		683
544	This works like the C<decode> method, but instead of raising an exception	684	This works like the C<decode> method, but instead of raising an exception
545	when there is trailing garbage after the first JSON object, it will	685	when there is trailing garbage after the first JSON object, it will
546	silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters consumed	686	silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters consumed
547	so far.	687	so far.
548		688
549	This is useful if your JSON texts are not delimited by an outer protocol	689	This is useful if your JSON texts are not delimited by an outer protocol
550	(which is not the brightest thing to do in the first place) and you need
551	to know where the JSON text ends.	690	and you need to know where the JSON text ends.
552		691
553	JSON::XS->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail")	692	JSON::XS->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail")
554	=> ([], 3)	693	=> ([1], 3)
555		694
556	=back	695	=back
		696
		697
		698	=head1 INCREMENTAL PARSING
		699
		700	In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON
		701	texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting
		702	Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a
		703	JSON stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has
		704	a full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
		705	using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but
		706	is much more efficient (and can be implemented with a minimum of method
		707	calls).
		708
		709	JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text once it is sure it
		710	has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very simple but
		711	truly incremental parser. This means that it sometimes won't stop as
		712	early as the full parser, for example, it doesn't detect mismatched
		713	parentheses. The only thing it guarantees is that it starts decoding as
		714	soon as a syntactically valid JSON text has been seen. This means you need
		715	to set resource limits (e.g. C<max_size>) to ensure the parser will stop
		716	parsing in the presence if syntax errors.
		717
		718	The following methods implement this incremental parser.
		719
		720	=over
		721
		722	=item [void, scalar or list context] = $json->incr_parse ([$string])
		723
		724	This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text and
		725	extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of these
		726	functions are optional).
		727
		728	If C<$string> is given, then this string is appended to the already
		729	existing JSON fragment stored in the C<$json> object.
		730
		731	After that, if the function is called in void context, it will simply
		732	return without doing anything further. This can be used to add more text
		733	in as many chunks as you want.
		734
		735	If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
		736	exactly I<one> JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
		737	object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. If there is a parse error,
		738	this method will croak just as C<decode> would do (one can then use
		739	C<incr_skip> to skip the erroneous part). This is the most common way of
		740	using the method.
		741
		742	And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
		743	from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
		744	otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators (other than
		745	whitespace) between the JSON objects or arrays, instead they must be
		746	concatenated back-to-back. If an error occurs, an exception will be
		747	raised as in the scalar context case. Note that in this case, any
		748	previously-parsed JSON texts will be lost.
		749
		750	Example: Parse some JSON arrays/objects in a given string and return
		751	them.
		752
		753	my @objs = JSON::XS->new->incr_parse ("[5][7][1,2]");
		754
		755	=item $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
		756
		757	This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue, that
		758	is, you can manipulate it. This I<only> works when a preceding call to
		759	C<incr_parse> in I<scalar context> successfully returned an object. Under
		760	all other circumstances you must not call this function (I mean it.
		761	although in simple tests it might actually work, it I<will> fail under
		762	real world conditions). As a special exception, you can also call this
		763	method before having parsed anything.
		764
		765	That means you can only use this function to look at or manipulate text
		766	before or after complete JSON objects, not while the parser is in the
		767	middle of parsing a JSON object.
		768
		769	This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text after a
		770	JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by non-JSON text
		771	(such as commas).
		772
		773	=item $json->incr_skip
		774
		775	This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove
		776	the parsed text from the input buffer so far. This is useful after
		777	C<incr_parse> died, in which case the input buffer and incremental parser
		778	state is left unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to reset the
		779	parse state.
		780
		781	The difference to C<incr_reset> is that only text until the parse error
		782	occurred is removed.
		783
		784	=item $json->incr_reset
		785
		786	This completely resets the incremental parser, that is, after this call,
		787	it will be as if the parser had never parsed anything.
		788
		789	This is useful if you want to repeatedly parse JSON objects and want to
		790	ignore any trailing data, which means you have to reset the parser after
		791	each successful decode.
		792
		793	=back
		794
		795	=head2 LIMITATIONS
		796
		797	The incremental parser is a non-exact parser: it works by gathering as
		798	much text as possible that I<could> be a valid JSON text, followed by
		799	trying to decode it.
		800
		801	That means it sometimes needs to read more data than strictly necessary to
		802	diagnose an invalid JSON text. For example, after parsing the following
		803	fragment, the parser I<could> stop with an error, as this fragment
		804	I<cannot> be the beginning of a valid JSON text:
		805
		806	[,
		807
		808	In reality, hopwever, the parser might continue to read data until a
		809	length limit is exceeded or it finds a closing bracket.
		810
		811	=head2 EXAMPLES
		812
		813	Some examples will make all this clearer. First, a simple example that
		814	works similarly to C<decode_prefix>: We want to decode the JSON object at
		815	the start of a string and identify the portion after the JSON object:
		816
		817	my $text = "[1,2,3] hello";
		818
		819	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		820
		821	my $obj = $json->incr_parse ($text)
		822	or die "expected JSON object or array at beginning of string";
		823
		824	my $tail = $json->incr_text;
		825	# $tail now contains " hello"
		826
		827	Easy, isn't it?
		828
		829	Now for a more complicated example: Imagine a hypothetical protocol where
		830	you read some requests from a TCP stream, and each request is a JSON
		831	array, without any separation between them (in fact, it is often useful to
		832	use newlines as "separators", as these get interpreted as whitespace at
		833	the start of the JSON text, which makes it possible to test said protocol
		834	with C<telnet>...).
		835
		836	Here is how you'd do it (it is trivial to write this in an event-based
		837	manner):
		838
		839	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		840
		841	# read some data from the socket
		842	while (sysread $socket, my $buf, 4096) {
		843
		844	# split and decode as many requests as possible
		845	for my $request ($json->incr_parse ($buf)) {
		846	# act on the $request
		847	}
		848	}
		849
		850	Another complicated example: Assume you have a string with JSON objects
		851	or arrays, all separated by (optional) comma characters (e.g. C<[1],[2],
		852	[3]>). To parse them, we have to skip the commas between the JSON texts,
		853	and here is where the lvalue-ness of C<incr_text> comes in useful:
		854
		855	my $text = "[1],[2], [3]";
		856	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		857
		858	# void context, so no parsing done
		859	$json->incr_parse ($text);
		860
		861	# now extract as many objects as possible. note the
		862	# use of scalar context so incr_text can be called.
		863	while (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		864	# do something with $obj
		865
		866	# now skip the optional comma
		867	$json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* , //x;
		868	}
		869
		870	Now lets go for a very complex example: Assume that you have a gigantic
		871	JSON array-of-objects, many gigabytes in size, and you want to parse it,
		872	but you cannot load it into memory fully (this has actually happened in
		873	the real world :).
		874
		875	Well, you lost, you have to implement your own JSON parser. But JSON::XS
		876	can still help you: You implement a (very simple) array parser and let
		877	JSON decode the array elements, which are all full JSON objects on their
		878	own (this wouldn't work if the array elements could be JSON numbers, for
		879	example):
		880
		881	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		882
		883	# open the monster
		884	open my $fh, "<bigfile.json"
		885	or die "bigfile: $!";
		886
		887	# first parse the initial "["
		888	for (;;) {
		889	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		890	or die "read error: $!";
		891	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		892
		893	# Exit the loop once we found and removed(!) the initial "[".
		894	# In essence, we are (ab-)using the $json object as a simple scalar
		895	# we append data to.
		896	last if $json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* \[ //x;
		897	}
		898
		899	# now we have the skipped the initial "[", so continue
		900	# parsing all the elements.
		901	for (;;) {
		902	# in this loop we read data until we got a single JSON object
		903	for (;;) {
		904	if (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		905	# do something with $obj
		906	last;
		907	}
		908
		909	# add more data
		910	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		911	or die "read error: $!";
		912	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		913	}
		914
		915	# in this loop we read data until we either found and parsed the
		916	# separating "," between elements, or the final "]"
		917	for (;;) {
		918	# first skip whitespace
		919	$json->incr_text =~ s/^\s*//;
		920
		921	# if we find "]", we are done
		922	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^\]//) {
		923	print "finished.\n";
		924	exit;
		925	}
		926
		927	# if we find ",", we can continue with the next element
		928	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^,//) {
		929	last;
		930	}
		931
		932	# if we find anything else, we have a parse error!
		933	if (length $json->incr_text) {
		934	die "parse error near ", $json->incr_text;
		935	}
		936
		937	# else add more data
		938	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		939	or die "read error: $!";
		940	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		941	}
		942
		943	This is a complex example, but most of the complexity comes from the fact
		944	that we are trying to be correct (bear with me if I am wrong, I never ran
		945	the above example :).
		946
557		947
558		948
559	=head1 MAPPING	949	=head1 MAPPING
560		950
561	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and	951	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and
562	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most	952	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most
563	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics	953	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics
564	(what you put in comes out as something equivalent).	954	(what you put in comes out as something equivalent).
565		955
566	For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,	956	For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,
567	lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppcercase I<Perl>	957	lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppercase I<Perl>
568	refers to the abstract Perl language itself.	958	refers to the abstract Perl language itself.
569		959
570		960
571	=head2 JSON -> PERL	961	=head2 JSON -> PERL
572		962
573	=over 4	963	=over
574		964
575	=item object	965	=item object
576		966
577	A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object	967	A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object
578	keys is preserved (JSON does not preserver object key ordering itself).	968	keys is preserved (JSON does not preserve object key ordering itself).
579		969
580	=item array	970	=item array
581		971
582	A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.	972	A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.
583		973
…		…
591		981
592	A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or	982	A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or
593	string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On	983	string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On
594	the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all	984	the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all
595	the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and	985	the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and
596	might represent more values exactly than (floating point) numbers.	986	might represent more values exactly than floating point numbers.
597		987
598	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent	988	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent
599	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as	989	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as
600	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of	990	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of
601	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value.	991	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value (in
		992	which case you lose roundtripping ability, as the JSON number will be
		993	re-encoded to a JSON string).
602		994
603	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be	995	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
604	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of	996	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of
605	precision.	997	precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping ability, but
		998	the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON number).
606		999
607	This might create round-tripping problems as numbers might become strings,	1000	Note that precision is not accuracy - binary floating point values cannot
608	but as Perl is typeless there is no other way to do it.	1001	represent most decimal fractions exactly, and when converting from and to
		1002	floating point, JSON::XS only guarantees precision up to but not including
		1003	the least significant bit.
609		1004
610	=item true, false	1005	=item true, false
611		1006
612	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,	1007	These JSON atoms become C<Types::Serialiser::true> and
613	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers	1008	C<Types::Serialiser::false>, respectively. They are overloaded to act
614	C<1> and C<0>. You can check wether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using	1009	almost exactly like the numbers C<1> and C<0>. You can check whether
615	the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function.	1010	a scalar is a JSON boolean by using the C<Types::Serialiser::is_bool>
		1011	function (after C<use Types::Serialier>, of course).
616		1012
617	=item null	1013	=item null
618		1014
619	A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.	1015	A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.
		1016
		1017	=item shell-style comments (C<< # I<text> >>)
		1018
		1019	As a nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax that is enabled by the
		1020	C<relaxed> setting, shell-style comments are allowed. They can start
		1021	anywhere outside strings and go till the end of the line.
		1022
		1023	=item tagged values (C<< (I<tag>)I<value> >>).
		1024
		1025	Another nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax, enabled with the
		1026	C<allow_tags> setting, are tagged values. In this implementation, the
		1027	I<tag> must be a perl package/class name encoded as a JSON string, and the
		1028	I<value> must be a JSON array encoding optional constructor arguments.
		1029
		1030	See L<OBJECT SERIALISATION>, below, for details.
620		1031
621	=back	1032	=back
622		1033
623		1034
624	=head2 PERL -> JSON	1035	=head2 PERL -> JSON
625		1036
626	The mapping from Perl to JSON is slightly more difficult, as Perl is a	1037	The mapping from Perl to JSON is slightly more difficult, as Perl is a
627	truly typeless language, so we can only guess which JSON type is meant by	1038	truly typeless language, so we can only guess which JSON type is meant by
628	a Perl value.	1039	a Perl value.
629		1040
630	=over 4	1041	=over
631		1042
632	=item hash references	1043	=item hash references
633		1044
634	Perl hash references become JSON objects. As there is no inherent ordering	1045	Perl hash references become JSON objects. As there is no inherent
635	in hash keys (or JSON objects), they will usually be encoded in a	1046	ordering in hash keys (or JSON objects), they will usually be encoded
636	pseudo-random order that can change between runs of the same program but	1047	in a pseudo-random order. JSON::XS can optionally sort the hash keys
637	stays generally the same within a single run of a program. JSON::XS can	1048	(determined by the I<canonical> flag), so the same datastructure will
638	optionally sort the hash keys (determined by the I<canonical> flag), so	1049	serialise to the same JSON text (given same settings and version of
639	the same datastructure will serialise to the same JSON text (given same	1050	JSON::XS), but this incurs a runtime overhead and is only rarely useful,
640	settings and version of JSON::XS), but this incurs a runtime overhead	1051	e.g. when you want to compare some JSON text against another for equality.
641	and is only rarely useful, e.g. when you want to compare some JSON text
642	against another for equality.
643		1052
644	=item array references	1053	=item array references
645		1054
646	Perl array references become JSON arrays.	1055	Perl array references become JSON arrays.
647		1056
648	=item other references	1057	=item other references
649		1058
650	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an	1059	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an
651	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and	1060	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and
652	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can	1061	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON.
653	also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability.
654		1062
		1063	Since C<JSON::XS> uses the boolean model from L<Types::Serialiser>, you
		1064	can also C<use Types::Serialiser> and then use C<Types::Serialiser::false>
		1065	and C<Types::Serialiser::true> to improve readability.
		1066
		1067	use Types::Serialiser;
655	to_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true]	1068	encode_json [\0, Types::Serialiser::true] # yields [false,true]
656		1069
657	=item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false	1070	=item Types::Serialiser::true, Types::Serialiser::false
658		1071
659	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,	1072	These special values from the L<Types::Serialiser> module become JSON true
660	respectively. You cna alos use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.	1073	and JSON false values, respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0>
		1074	directly if you want.
661		1075
662	=item blessed objects	1076	=item blessed objects
663		1077
664	Blessed objects are not allowed. JSON::XS currently tries to encode their	1078	Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON, but C<JSON::XS>
665	underlying representation (hash- or arrayref), but this behaviour might	1079	allows various ways of handling objects. See L<OBJECT SERIALISATION>,
666	change in future versions.	1080	below, for details.
667		1081
668	=item simple scalars	1082	=item simple scalars
669		1083
670	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most	1084	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most
671	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as	1085	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as
672	JSON null value, scalars that have last been used in a string context	1086	JSON C<null> values, scalars that have last been used in a string context
673	before encoding as JSON strings and anything else as number value:	1087	before encoding as JSON strings, and anything else as number value:
674		1088
675	# dump as number	1089	# dump as number
676	to_json [2] # yields [2]	1090	encode_json [2] # yields [2]
677	to_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]	1091	encode_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]
678	my $value = 5; to_json [$value] # yields [5]	1092	my $value = 5; encode_json [$value] # yields [5]
679		1093
680	# used as string, so dump as string	1094	# used as string, so dump as string
681	print $value;	1095	print $value;
682	to_json [$value] # yields ["5"]	1096	encode_json [$value] # yields ["5"]
683		1097
684	# undef becomes null	1098	# undef becomes null
685	to_json [undef] # yields [null]	1099	encode_json [undef] # yields [null]
686		1100
687	You can force the type to be a string by stringifying it:	1101	You can force the type to be a JSON string by stringifying it:
688		1102
689	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number	1103	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number
690	"$x"; # stringified	1104	"$x"; # stringified
691	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify	1105	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify
692	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often	1106	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often
693		1107
694	You can force the type to be a number by numifying it:	1108	You can force the type to be a JSON number by numifying it:
695		1109
696	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string	1110	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
697	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number	1111	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
698	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choise is yours.	1112	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choice is yours.
699		1113
700	You can not currently output JSON booleans or force the type in other,	1114	You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me
701	less obscure, ways. Tell me if you need this capability.	1115	if you need this capability (but don't forget to explain why it's needed
		1116	:).
		1117
		1118	Note that numerical precision has the same meaning as under Perl (so
		1119	binary to decimal conversion follows the same rules as in Perl, which
		1120	can differ to other languages). Also, your perl interpreter might expose
		1121	extensions to the floating point numbers of your platform, such as
		1122	infinities or NaN's - these cannot be represented in JSON, and it is an
		1123	error to pass those in.
702		1124
703	=back	1125	=back
704		1126
		1127	=head2 OBJECT SERIALISATION
705		1128
706	=head1 COMPARISON	1129	As JSON cannot directly represent Perl objects, you have to choose between
		1130	a pure JSON representation (without the ability to deserialise the object
		1131	automatically again), and a nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax,
		1132	tagged values.
707		1133
708	As already mentioned, this module was created because none of the existing	1134	=head3 SERIALISATION
709	JSON modules could be made to work correctly. First I will describe the
710	problems (or pleasures) I encountered with various existing JSON modules,
711	followed by some benchmark values. JSON::XS was designed not to suffer
712	from any of these problems or limitations.
713		1135
		1136	What happens when C<JSON::XS> encounters a Perl object depends on the
		1137	C<allow_blessed>, C<convert_blessed> and C<allow_tags> settings, which are
		1138	used in this order:
		1139
714	=over 4	1140	=over
715		1141
716	=item JSON 1.07	1142	=item 1. C<allow_tags> is enabled and the object has a C<FREEZE> method.
717		1143
718	Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl).	1144	In this case, C<JSON::XS> uses the L<Types::Serialiser> object
		1145	serialisation protocol to create a tagged JSON value, using a nonstandard
		1146	extension to the JSON syntax.
719		1147
720	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles unicode values is	1148	This works by invoking the C<FREEZE> method on the object, with the first
721	undocumented. One can get far by feeding it unicode strings and doing	1149	argument being the object to serialise, and the second argument being the
722	en-/decoding oneself, but unicode escapes are not working properly).	1150	constant string C<JSON> to distinguish it from other serialisers.
723		1151
724	No roundtripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g.	1152	The C<FREEZE> method can return any number of values (i.e. zero or
725	the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will	1153	more). These values and the paclkage/classname of the object will then be
726	decode into the number 2.	1154	encoded as a tagged JSON value in the following format:
727		1155
728	=item JSON::PC 0.01	1156	("classname")[FREEZE return values...]
729		1157
730	Very fast.	1158	e.g.:
731		1159
732	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling.	1160	("URI")["http://www.google.com/"]
		1161	("MyDate")[2013,10,29]
		1162	("ImageData::JPEG")["Z3...VlCg=="]
733		1163
734	No roundtripping.	1164	For example, the hypothetical C<My::Object> C<FREEZE> method might use the
		1165	objects C<type> and C<id> members to encode the object:
735		1166
736	Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic	1167	sub My::Object::FREEZE {
737	values will make it croak).	1168	my ($self, $serialiser) = @_;
738		1169
739	Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}>	1170	($self->{type}, $self->{id})
740	which is not a valid JSON text.	1171	}
741		1172
742	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not	1173	=item 2. C<convert_blessed> is enabled and the object has a C<TO_JSON> method.
743	getting fixed).
744		1174
745	=item JSON::Syck 0.21	1175	In this case, the C<TO_JSON> method of the object is invoked in scalar
		1176	context. It must return a single scalar that can be directly encoded into
		1177	JSON. This scalar replaces the object in the JSON text.
746		1178
747	Very buggy (often crashes).	1179	For example, the following C<TO_JSON> method will convert all L<URI>
		1180	objects to JSON strings when serialised. The fatc that these values
		1181	originally were L<URI> objects is lost.
748		1182
749	Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much	1183	sub URI::TO_JSON {
750	undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a	1184	my ($uri) = @_;
751	single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to	1185	$uri->as_string
752	generate ASCII-only JSON texts).	1186	}
753		1187
754	Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (unicode	1188	=item 3. C<allow_blessed> is enabled.
755	escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to
756	I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour).
757		1189
758	No roundtripping (simple cases work, but this depends on wether the scalar	1190	The object will be serialised as a JSON null value.
759	value was used in a numeric context or not).
760		1191
761	Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state.	1192	=item 4. none of the above
762		1193
763	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not	1194	If none of the settings are enabled or the respective methods are missing,
764	getting fixed).	1195	C<JSON::XS> throws an exception.
765
766	Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and
767	return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security
768	issue: imagine two banks transfering money between each other using
769	JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money,
770	while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a
771	good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and
772	the transaction will still not succeed).
773
774	=item JSON::DWIW 0.04
775
776	Very fast. Very natural. Very nice.
777
778	Undocumented unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes
779	still don't get parsed properly).
780
781	Very inflexible.
782
783	No roundtripping.
784
785	Does not generate valid JSON texts (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys
786	result in nothing being output)
787
788	Does not check input for validity.
789		1196
790	=back	1197	=back
791		1198
		1199	=head3 DESERIALISATION
		1200
		1201	For deserialisation there are only two cases to consider: either
		1202	nonstandard tagging was used, in which case C<allow_tags> decides,
		1203	or objects cannot be automatically be deserialised, in which
		1204	case you can use postprocessing or the C<filter_json_object> or
		1205	C<filter_json_single_key_object> callbacks to get some real objects our of
		1206	your JSON.
		1207
		1208	This section only considers the tagged value case: I a tagged JSON object
		1209	is encountered during decoding and C<allow_tags> is disabled, a parse
		1210	error will result (as if tagged values were not part of the grammar).
		1211
		1212	If C<allow_tags> is enabled, C<JSON::XS> will look up the C<THAW> method
		1213	of the package/classname used during serialisation (it will not attempt
		1214	to load the package as a Perl module). If there is no such method, the
		1215	decoding will fail with an error.
		1216
		1217	Otherwise, the C<THAW> method is invoked with the classname as first
		1218	argument, the constant string C<JSON> as second argument, and all the
		1219	values from the JSON array (the values originally returned by the
		1220	C<FREEZE> method) as remaining arguments.
		1221
		1222	The method must then return the object. While technically you can return
		1223	any Perl scalar, you might have to enable the C<enable_nonref> setting to
		1224	make that work in all cases, so better return an actual blessed reference.
		1225
		1226	As an example, let's implement a C<THAW> function that regenerates the
		1227	C<My::Object> from the C<FREEZE> example earlier:
		1228
		1229	sub My::Object::THAW {
		1230	my ($class, $serialiser, $type, $id) = @_;
		1231
		1232	$class->new (type => $type, id => $id)
		1233	}
		1234
		1235
		1236	=head1 ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES
		1237
		1238	The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify
		1239	encodings or codesets - C<utf8>, C<latin1> and C<ascii>. There seems to be
		1240	some confusion on what these do, so here is a short comparison:
		1241
		1242	C<utf8> controls whether the JSON text created by C<encode> (and expected
		1243	by C<decode>) is UTF-8 encoded or not, while C<latin1> and C<ascii> only
		1244	control whether C<encode> escapes character values outside their respective
		1245	codeset range. Neither of these flags conflict with each other, although
		1246	some combinations make less sense than others.
		1247
		1248	Care has been taken to make all flags symmetrical with respect to
		1249	C<encode> and C<decode>, that is, texts encoded with any combination of
		1250	these flag values will be correctly decoded when the same flags are used
		1251	- in general, if you use different flag settings while encoding vs. when
		1252	decoding you likely have a bug somewhere.
		1253
		1254	Below comes a verbose discussion of these flags. Note that a "codeset" is
		1255	simply an abstract set of character-codepoint pairs, while an encoding
		1256	takes those codepoint numbers and I<encodes> them, in our case into
		1257	octets. Unicode is (among other things) a codeset, UTF-8 is an encoding,
		1258	and ISO-8859-1 (= latin 1) and ASCII are both codesets I<and> encodings at
		1259	the same time, which can be confusing.
		1260
		1261	=over
		1262
		1263	=item C<utf8> flag disabled
		1264
		1265	When C<utf8> is disabled (the default), then C<encode>/C<decode> generate
		1266	and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with high ordinal Unicode
		1267	values (> 255) will be encoded as such characters, and likewise such
		1268	characters are decoded as-is, no changes to them will be done, except
		1269	"(re-)interpreting" them as Unicode codepoints or Unicode characters,
		1270	respectively (to Perl, these are the same thing in strings unless you do
		1271	funny/weird/dumb stuff).
		1272
		1273	This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g. when you
		1274	want to have UTF-16 encoded JSON texts) or when some other layer does
		1275	the encoding for you (for example, when printing to a terminal using a
		1276	filehandle that transparently encodes to UTF-8 you certainly do NOT want
		1277	to UTF-8 encode your data first and have Perl encode it another time).
		1278
		1279	=item C<utf8> flag enabled
		1280
		1281	If the C<utf8>-flag is enabled, C<encode>/C<decode> will encode all
		1282	characters using the corresponding UTF-8 multi-byte sequence, and will
		1283	expect your input strings to be encoded as UTF-8, that is, no "character"
		1284	of the input string must have any value > 255, as UTF-8 does not allow
		1285	that.
		1286
		1287	The C<utf8> flag therefore switches between two modes: disabled means you
		1288	will get a Unicode string in Perl, enabled means you get a UTF-8 encoded
		1289	octet/binary string in Perl.
		1290
		1291	=item C<latin1> or C<ascii> flags enabled
		1292
		1293	With C<latin1> (or C<ascii>) enabled, C<encode> will escape characters
		1294	with ordinal values > 255 (> 127 with C<ascii>) and encode the remaining
		1295	characters as specified by the C<utf8> flag.
		1296
		1297	If C<utf8> is disabled, then the result is also correctly encoded in those
		1298	character sets (as both are proper subsets of Unicode, meaning that a
		1299	Unicode string with all character values < 256 is the same thing as a
		1300	ISO-8859-1 string, and a Unicode string with all character values < 128 is
		1301	the same thing as an ASCII string in Perl).
		1302
		1303	If C<utf8> is enabled, you still get a correct UTF-8-encoded string,
		1304	regardless of these flags, just some more characters will be escaped using
		1305	C<\uXXXX> then before.
		1306
		1307	Note that ISO-8859-1-I<encoded> strings are not compatible with UTF-8
		1308	encoding, while ASCII-encoded strings are. That is because the ISO-8859-1
		1309	encoding is NOT a subset of UTF-8 (despite the ISO-8859-1 I<codeset> being
		1310	a subset of Unicode), while ASCII is.
		1311
		1312	Surprisingly, C<decode> will ignore these flags and so treat all input
		1313	values as governed by the C<utf8> flag. If it is disabled, this allows you
		1314	to decode ISO-8859-1- and ASCII-encoded strings, as both strict subsets of
		1315	Unicode. If it is enabled, you can correctly decode UTF-8 encoded strings.
		1316
		1317	So neither C<latin1> nor C<ascii> are incompatible with the C<utf8> flag -
		1318	they only govern when the JSON output engine escapes a character or not.
		1319
		1320	The main use for C<latin1> is to relatively efficiently store binary data
		1321	as JSON, at the expense of breaking compatibility with most JSON decoders.
		1322
		1323	The main use for C<ascii> is to force the output to not contain characters
		1324	with values > 127, which means you can interpret the resulting string
		1325	as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ASCII, KOI8-R or most about any character set and
		1326	8-bit-encoding, and still get the same data structure back. This is useful
		1327	when your channel for JSON transfer is not 8-bit clean or the encoding
		1328	might be mangled in between (e.g. in mail), and works because ASCII is a
		1329	proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
		1330
		1331	=back
		1332
		1333
		1334	=head2 JSON and ECMAscript
		1335
		1336	JSON syntax is based on how literals are represented in javascript (the
		1337	not-standardised predecessor of ECMAscript) which is presumably why it is
		1338	called "JavaScript Object Notation".
		1339
		1340	However, JSON is not a subset (and also not a superset of course) of
		1341	ECMAscript (the standard) or javascript (whatever browsers actually
		1342	implement).
		1343
		1344	If you want to use javascript's C<eval> function to "parse" JSON, you
		1345	might run into parse errors for valid JSON texts, or the resulting data
		1346	structure might not be queryable:
		1347
		1348	One of the problems is that U+2028 and U+2029 are valid characters inside
		1349	JSON strings, but are not allowed in ECMAscript string literals, so the
		1350	following Perl fragment will not output something that can be guaranteed
		1351	to be parsable by javascript's C<eval>:
		1352
		1353	use JSON::XS;
		1354
		1355	print encode_json [chr 0x2028];
		1356
		1357	The right fix for this is to use a proper JSON parser in your javascript
		1358	programs, and not rely on C<eval> (see for example Douglas Crockford's
		1359	F<json2.js> parser).
		1360
		1361	If this is not an option, you can, as a stop-gap measure, simply encode to
		1362	ASCII-only JSON:
		1363
		1364	use JSON::XS;
		1365
		1366	print JSON::XS->new->ascii->encode ([chr 0x2028]);
		1367
		1368	Note that this will enlarge the resulting JSON text quite a bit if you
		1369	have many non-ASCII characters. You might be tempted to run some regexes
		1370	to only escape U+2028 and U+2029, e.g.:
		1371
		1372	# DO NOT USE THIS!
		1373	my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ([chr 0x2028]);
		1374	$json =~ s/\xe2\x80\xa8/\\u2028/g; # escape U+2028
		1375	$json =~ s/\xe2\x80\xa9/\\u2029/g; # escape U+2029
		1376	print $json;
		1377
		1378	Note that I<this is a bad idea>: the above only works for U+2028 and
		1379	U+2029 and thus only for fully ECMAscript-compliant parsers. Many existing
		1380	javascript implementations, however, have issues with other characters as
		1381	well - using C<eval> naively simply I<will> cause problems.
		1382
		1383	Another problem is that some javascript implementations reserve
		1384	some property names for their own purposes (which probably makes
		1385	them non-ECMAscript-compliant). For example, Iceweasel reserves the
		1386	C<__proto__> property name for its own purposes.
		1387
		1388	If that is a problem, you could parse try to filter the resulting JSON
		1389	output for these property strings, e.g.:
		1390
		1391	$json =~ s/"__proto__"\s*:/"__proto__renamed":/g;
		1392
		1393	This works because C<__proto__> is not valid outside of strings, so every
		1394	occurrence of C<"__proto__"\s*:> must be a string used as property name.
		1395
		1396	If you know of other incompatibilities, please let me know.
		1397
792		1398
793	=head2 JSON and YAML	1399	=head2 JSON and YAML
794		1400
795	You often hear that JSON is a subset (or a close subset) of YAML. This is,	1401	You often hear that JSON is a subset of YAML. This is, however, a mass
796	however, a mass hysteria and very far from the truth. In general, there is	1402	hysteria(*) and very far from the truth (as of the time of this writing),
797	no way to configure JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML.	1403	so let me state it clearly: I<in general, there is no way to configure
		1404	JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML> that works in all
		1405	cases.
798		1406
799	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this	1407	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this
800	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):	1408	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):
801		1409
802	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);	1410	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);
803	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";	1411	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";
804		1412
805	This will usually generate JSON texts that also parse as valid	1413	This will I<usually> generate JSON texts that also parse as valid
806	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key	1414	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key
807	lengths that JSON doesn't have, so you should make sure that your hash	1415	lengths that JSON doesn't have and also has different and incompatible
		1416	unicode character escape syntax, so you should make sure that your hash
808	keys are noticably shorter than the 1024 characters YAML allows.	1417	keys are noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows
		1418	and that you do not have characters with codepoint values outside the
		1419	Unicode BMP (basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow C<\/>
		1420	sequences in strings (which JSON::XS does not I<currently> generate, but
		1421	other JSON generators might).
809		1422
810	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of. In general	1423	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of (or the YAML
		1424	specification has been changed yet again - it does so quite often). In
811	you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice versa,	1425	general you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice
812	or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are high	1426	versa, or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are
813	that you will run into severe interoperability problems.	1427	high that you will run into severe interoperability problems when you
		1428	least expect it.
		1429
		1430	=over
		1431
		1432	=item (*)
		1433
		1434	I have been pressured multiple times by Brian Ingerson (one of the
		1435	authors of the YAML specification) to remove this paragraph, despite him
		1436	acknowledging that the actual incompatibilities exist. As I was personally
		1437	bitten by this "JSON is YAML" lie, I refused and said I will continue to
		1438	educate people about these issues, so others do not run into the same
		1439	problem again and again. After this, Brian called me a (quote)I<complete
		1440	and worthless idiot>(unquote).
		1441
		1442	In my opinion, instead of pressuring and insulting people who actually
		1443	clarify issues with YAML and the wrong statements of some of its
		1444	proponents, I would kindly suggest reading the JSON spec (which is not
		1445	that difficult or long) and finally make YAML compatible to it, and
		1446	educating users about the changes, instead of spreading lies about the
		1447	real compatibility for many I<years> and trying to silence people who
		1448	point out that it isn't true.
		1449
		1450	Addendum/2009: the YAML 1.2 spec is still incompatible with JSON, even
		1451	though the incompatibilities have been documented (and are known to Brian)
		1452	for many years and the spec makes explicit claims that YAML is a superset
		1453	of JSON. It would be so easy to fix, but apparently, bullying people and
		1454	corrupting userdata is so much easier.
		1455
		1456	=back
814		1457
815		1458
816	=head2 SPEED	1459	=head2 SPEED
817		1460
818	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following	1461	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following
819	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program	1462	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program
820	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own	1463	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own
821	system.	1464	system.
822		1465
823	First comes a comparison between various modules using a very short	1466	First comes a comparison between various modules using
824	single-line JSON string:	1467	a very short single-line JSON string (also available at
		1468	L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/short.json>).
825		1469
826	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1", "we were just talking"], \	1470	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1",
827	"id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7, true, false]}	1471	"we were just talking"], "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7,
		1472	1, 0]}
828		1473
829	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses	1474	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses
830	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface	1475	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface
831	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables	1476	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables
832	shrink). Higher is better:	1477	shrink. JSON::DWIW/DS uses the deserialise function, while JSON::DWIW::FJ
		1478	uses the from_json method). Higher is better:
833		1479
834	Storable | 15779.925 | 14169.946 |
835	-----------+------------+------------+
836	module | encode | decode |	1480	module | encode | decode |
837	-----------|------------|------------|	1481	--------------|------------|------------|
838	JSON | 4990.842 | 4088.813 |	1482	JSON::DWIW/DS | 86302.551 | 102300.098 |
839	JSON::DWIW | 51653.990 | 71575.154 |	1483	JSON::DWIW/FJ | 86302.551 | 75983.768 |
840	JSON::PC | 65948.176 | 74631.744 |	1484	JSON::PP | 15827.562 | 6638.658 |
841	JSON::PP | 8931.652 | 3817.168 |	1485	JSON::Syck | 63358.066 | 47662.545 |
842	JSON::Syck | 24877.248 | 27776.848 |	1486	JSON::XS | 511500.488 | 511500.488 |
843	JSON::XS | 388361.481 | 227951.304 |	1487	JSON::XS/2 | 291271.111 | 388361.481 |
844	JSON::XS/2 | 227951.304 | 218453.333 |	1488	JSON::XS/3 | 361577.931 | 361577.931 |
845	JSON::XS/3 | 338250.323 | 218453.333 |	1489	Storable | 66788.280 | 265462.278 |
846	Storable | 16500.016 | 135300.129 |
847	-----------+------------+------------+	1490	--------------+------------+------------+
848		1491
849	That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,	1492	That is, JSON::XS is almost six times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,
850	about three times faster on decoding, and over fourty times faster	1493	about five times faster on decoding, and over thirty to seventy times
851	than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares	1494	faster than JSON's pure perl implementation. It also compares favourably
852	favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.	1495	to Storable for small amounts of data.
853		1496
854	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals	1497	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals
855	search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg):	1498	search API (L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/long.json>).
856		1499
857	module | encode | decode |	1500	module | encode | decode |
858	-----------|------------|------------|	1501	--------------|------------|------------|
859	JSON | 55.260 | 34.971 |	1502	JSON::DWIW/DS | 1647.927 | 2673.916 |
860	JSON::DWIW | 825.228 | 1082.513 |	1503	JSON::DWIW/FJ | 1630.249 | 2596.128 |
861	JSON::PC | 3571.444 | 2394.829 |
862	JSON::PP | 210.987 | 32.574 |	1504	JSON::PP | 400.640 | 62.311 |
863	JSON::Syck | 552.551 | 787.544 |	1505	JSON::Syck | 1481.040 | 1524.869 |
864	JSON::XS | 5780.463 | 4854.519 |	1506	JSON::XS | 20661.596 | 9541.183 |
865	JSON::XS/2 | 3869.998 | 4798.975 |	1507	JSON::XS/2 | 10683.403 | 9416.938 |
866	JSON::XS/3 | 5862.880 | 4798.975 |	1508	JSON::XS/3 | 20661.596 | 9400.054 |
867	Storable | 4445.002 | 5235.027 |	1509	Storable | 19765.806 | 10000.725 |
868	-----------+------------+------------+	1510	--------------+------------+------------+
869		1511
870	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly	1512	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly
871	decodes faster).	1513	decodes a bit faster).
872		1514
873	On large strings containing lots of high unicode characters, some modules	1515	On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some modules
874	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result	1516	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result
875	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) unicode handling. Others refuse	1517	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others refuse
876	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair	1518	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair
877	comparison table for that case.	1519	comparison table for that case.
878		1520
879		1521
880	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	1522	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
…		…
886	any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am	1528	any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am
887	trying hard on making that true, but you never know.	1529	trying hard on making that true, but you never know.
888		1530
889	Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should	1531	Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should
890	limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your	1532	limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your
891	resources run out, thats just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that	1533	resources run out, that's just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that
892	can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is	1534	can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is
893	usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode	1535	usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode
894	it into a Perl structure. While JSON::XS can check the size of the JSON	1536	it into a Perl structure. While JSON::XS can check the size of the JSON
895	text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you	1537	text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you
896	might want to check the size before you accept the string.	1538	might want to check the size before you accept the string.
897		1539
898	Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and	1540	Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and
899	arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64	1541	arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64
900	machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but	1542	machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but
901	only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak	1543	only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak
902	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. to be	1544	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. To be
903	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process	1545	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process
904	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the	1546	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the
905	C<max_depth> method.	1547	C<max_depth> method.
906		1548
907	And last but least, something else could bomb you that I forgot to think	1549	Something else could bomb you, too, that I forgot to think of. In that
908	of. In that case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints,	1550	case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, though...
909	though...	1551
		1552	Also keep in mind that JSON::XS might leak contents of your Perl data
		1553	structures in its error messages, so when you serialise sensitive
		1554	information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by JSON::XS
		1555	will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.
910		1556
911	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption	1557	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption
912	by javascript scripts in a browser you should have a look at	1558	by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at
913	L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see wether	1559	L<http://blog.archive.jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security/> to
914	you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser	1560	see whether you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really
915	design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major	1561	are browser design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with
916	browser developers care only for features, not about doing security	1562	it, as major browser developers care only for features, not about getting
917	right).	1563	security right).
		1564
		1565
		1566	=head2 "OLD" VS. "NEW" JSON (RFC4627 VS. RFC7159)
		1567
		1568	JSON originally required JSON texts to represent an array or object -
		1569	scalar values were explicitly not allowed. This has changed, and versions
		1570	of JSON::XS beginning with C<4.0> reflect this by allowing scalar values
		1571	by default.
		1572
		1573	One reason why one might not want this is that this removes a fundamental
		1574	property of JSON texts, namely that they are self-delimited and
		1575	self-contained, or in other words, you could take any number of "old"
		1576	JSON texts and paste them together, and the result would be unambiguously
		1577	parseable:
		1578
		1579	[1,3]{"k":5}[][null] # four JSON texts, without doubt
		1580
		1581	By allowing scalars, this property is lost: in the following example, is
		1582	this one JSON text (the number 12) or two JSON texts (the numbers 1 and
		1583	2):
		1584
		1585	12 # could be 12, or 1 and 2
		1586
		1587	Another lost property of "old" JSON is that no lookahead is required to
		1588	know the end of a JSON text, i.e. the JSON text definitely ended at the
		1589	last C<]> or C<}> character, there was no need to read extra characters.
		1590
		1591	For example, a viable network protocol with "old" JSON was to simply
		1592	exchange JSON texts without delimiter. For "new" JSON, you have to use a
		1593	suitable delimiter (such as a newline) after every JSON text or ensure you
		1594	never encode/decode scalar values.
		1595
		1596	Most protocols do work by only transferring arrays or objects, and the
		1597	easiest way to avoid problems with the "new" JSON definition is to
		1598	explicitly disallow scalar values in your encoder and decoder:
		1599
		1600	$json_coder = JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref (0)
		1601
		1602	This is a somewhat unhappy situation, and the blame can fully be put on
		1603	JSON's inmventor, Douglas Crockford, who unilaterally changed the format
		1604	in 2006 without consulting the IETF, forcing the IETF to either fork the
		1605	format or go with it (as I was told, the IETF wasn't amused).
		1606
		1607
		1608	=head1 RELATIONSHIP WITH I-JSON
		1609
		1610	JSON is a somewhat sloppily-defined format - it carries around obvious
		1611	Javascript baggage, such as not really defining number range, probably
		1612	because Javascript only has one type of numbers: IEEE 64 bit floats
		1613	("binary64").
		1614
		1615	For this reaosn, RFC7493 defines "Internet JSON", which is a restricted
		1616	subset of JSON that is supposedly more interoperable on the internet.
		1617
		1618	While C<JSON::XS> does not offer specific support for I-JSON, it of course
		1619	accepts valid I-JSON and by default implements some of the limitations
		1620	of I-JSON, such as parsing numbers as perl numbers, which are usually a
		1621	superset of binary64 numbers.
		1622
		1623	To generate I-JSON, follow these rules:
		1624
		1625	=over
		1626
		1627	=item * always generate UTF-8
		1628
		1629	I-JSON must be encoded in UTF-8, the default for C<encode_json>.
		1630
		1631	=item * numbers should be within IEEE 754 binary64 range
		1632
		1633	Basically all existing perl installations use binary64 to represent
		1634	floating point numbers, so all you need to do is to avoid large integers.
		1635
		1636	=item * objects must not have duplicate keys
		1637
		1638	This is trivially done, as C<JSON::XS> does not allow duplicate keys.
		1639
		1640	=item * do not generate scalar JSON texts, use C<< ->allow_nonref (0) >>
		1641
		1642	I-JSON strongly requests you to only encode arrays and objects into JSON.
		1643
		1644	=item * times should be strings in ISO 8601 format
		1645
		1646	There are a myriad of modules on CPAN dealing with ISO 8601 - search for
		1647	C<ISO8601> on CPAN and use one.
		1648
		1649	=item * encode binary data as base64
		1650
		1651	While it's tempting to just dump binary data as a string (and let
		1652	C<JSON::XS> do the escaping), for I-JSON, it's I<recommended> to encode
		1653	binary data as base64.
		1654
		1655	=back
		1656
		1657	There are some other considerations - read RFC7493 for the details if
		1658	interested.
		1659
		1660
		1661	=head1 INTEROPERABILITY WITH OTHER MODULES
		1662
		1663	C<JSON::XS> uses the L<Types::Serialiser> module to provide boolean
		1664	constants. That means that the JSON true and false values will be
		1665	comaptible to true and false values of other modules that do the same,
		1666	such as L<JSON::PP> and L<CBOR::XS>.
		1667
		1668
		1669	=head1 INTEROPERABILITY WITH OTHER JSON DECODERS
		1670
		1671	As long as you only serialise data that can be directly expressed in JSON,
		1672	C<JSON::XS> is incapable of generating invalid JSON output (modulo bugs,
		1673	but C<JSON::XS> has found more bugs in the official JSON testsuite (1)
		1674	than the official JSON testsuite has found in C<JSON::XS> (0)).
		1675
		1676	When you have trouble decoding JSON generated by this module using other
		1677	decoders, then it is very likely that you have an encoding mismatch or the
		1678	other decoder is broken.
		1679
		1680	When decoding, C<JSON::XS> is strict by default and will likely catch all
		1681	errors. There are currently two settings that change this: C<relaxed>
		1682	makes C<JSON::XS> accept (but not generate) some non-standard extensions,
		1683	and C<allow_tags> will allow you to encode and decode Perl objects, at the
		1684	cost of not outputting valid JSON anymore.
		1685
		1686	=head2 TAGGED VALUE SYNTAX AND STANDARD JSON EN/DECODERS
		1687
		1688	When you use C<allow_tags> to use the extended (and also nonstandard and
		1689	invalid) JSON syntax for serialised objects, and you still want to decode
		1690	the generated When you want to serialise objects, you can run a regex
		1691	to replace the tagged syntax by standard JSON arrays (it only works for
		1692	"normal" package names without comma, newlines or single colons). First,
		1693	the readable Perl version:
		1694
		1695	# if your FREEZE methods return no values, you need this replace first:
		1696	$json =~ s/\( \s* (" (?: [^\\":,]+|\\.|::)* ") \s* \) \s* \[\s*\]/[$1]/gx;
		1697
		1698	# this works for non-empty constructor arg lists:
		1699	$json =~ s/\( \s* (" (?: [^\\":,]+|\\.|::)* ") \s* \) \s* \[/[$1,/gx;
		1700
		1701	And here is a less readable version that is easy to adapt to other
		1702	languages:
		1703
		1704	$json =~ s/\(\s*("([^\\":,]+|\\.|::)*")\s*\)\s*\[/[$1,/g;
		1705
		1706	Here is an ECMAScript version (same regex):
		1707
		1708	json = json.replace (/\(\s*("([^\\":,]+|\\.|::)*")\s*\)\s*\[/g, "[$1,");
		1709
		1710	Since this syntax converts to standard JSON arrays, it might be hard to
		1711	distinguish serialised objects from normal arrays. You can prepend a
		1712	"magic number" as first array element to reduce chances of a collision:
		1713
		1714	$json =~ s/\(\s*("([^\\":,]+|\\.|::)*")\s*\)\s*\[/["XU1peReLzT4ggEllLanBYq4G9VzliwKF",$1,/g;
		1715
		1716	And after decoding the JSON text, you could walk the data
		1717	structure looking for arrays with a first element of
		1718	C<XU1peReLzT4ggEllLanBYq4G9VzliwKF>.
		1719
		1720	The same approach can be used to create the tagged format with another
		1721	encoder. First, you create an array with the magic string as first member,
		1722	the classname as second, and constructor arguments last, encode it as part
		1723	of your JSON structure, and then:
		1724
		1725	$json =~ s/\[\s*"XU1peReLzT4ggEllLanBYq4G9VzliwKF"\s*,\s*("([^\\":,]+|\\.|::)*")\s*,/($1)[/g;
		1726
		1727	Again, this has some limitations - the magic string must not be encoded
		1728	with character escapes, and the constructor arguments must be non-empty.
		1729
		1730
		1731	=head1 (I-)THREADS
		1732
		1733	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be ithread (or MULTIPLICITY-) safe
		1734	and there are no plans to change this. Note that perl's builtin so-called
		1735	threads/ithreads are officially deprecated and should not be used.
		1736
		1737
		1738	=head1 THE PERILS OF SETLOCALE
		1739
		1740	Sometimes people avoid the Perl locale support and directly call the
		1741	system's setlocale function with C<LC_ALL>.
		1742
		1743	This breaks both perl and modules such as JSON::XS, as stringification of
		1744	numbers no longer works correctly (e.g. C<$x = 0.1; print "$x"+1> might
		1745	print C<1>, and JSON::XS might output illegal JSON as JSON::XS relies on
		1746	perl to stringify numbers).
		1747
		1748	The solution is simple: don't call C<setlocale>, or use it for only those
		1749	categories you need, such as C<LC_MESSAGES> or C<LC_CTYPE>.
		1750
		1751	If you need C<LC_NUMERIC>, you should enable it only around the code that
		1752	actually needs it (avoiding stringification of numbers), and restore it
		1753	afterwards.
		1754
		1755
		1756	=head1 SOME HISTORY
		1757
		1758	At the time this module was created there already were a number of JSON
		1759	modules available on CPAN, so what was the reason to write yet another
		1760	JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON modules, none of them
		1761	correctly handled all corner cases, and in most cases their maintainers
		1762	are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug reports for other
		1763	reasons.
		1764
		1765	Beginning with version 2.0 of the JSON module, when both JSON and
		1766	JSON::XS are installed, then JSON will fall back on JSON::XS (this can be
		1767	overridden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheriting constructor
		1768	and methods). If JSON::XS is not available, it will fall back to the
		1769	compatible JSON::PP module as backend, so using JSON instead of JSON::XS
		1770	gives you a portable JSON API that can be fast when you need it and
		1771	doesn't require a C compiler when that is a problem.
		1772
		1773	Somewhere around version 3, this module was forked into
		1774	C<Cpanel::JSON::XS>, because its maintainer had serious trouble
		1775	understanding JSON and insisted on a fork with many bugs "fixed" that
		1776	weren't actually bugs, while spreading FUD about this module without
		1777	actually giving any details on his accusations. You be the judge, but
		1778	in my personal opinion, if you want quality, you will stay away from
		1779	dangerous forks like that.
918		1780
919		1781
920	=head1 BUGS	1782	=head1 BUGS
921		1783
922	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does	1784	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does
923	not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is	1785	not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. If you
924	still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they	1786	keep reporting bugs they will be fixed swiftly, though.
925	will be fixed swiftly, though.	1787
		1788	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting
		1789	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.
926		1790
927	=cut	1791	=cut
928		1792
929	our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };	1793	BEGIN {
930	our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };	1794	*true = \$Types::Serialiser::true;
		1795	*true = \&Types::Serialiser::true;
		1796	*false = \$Types::Serialiser::false;
		1797	*false = \&Types::Serialiser::false;
		1798	*is_bool = \&Types::Serialiser::is_bool;
931		1799
932	sub true() { $true }	1800	*JSON::XS::Boolean:: = *Types::Serialiser::Boolean::;
933	sub false() { $false }
934
935	sub is_bool($) {
936	UNIVERSAL::isa $_[0], "JSON::XS::Boolean"
937	# or UNIVERSAL::isa $_[0], "JSON::Literal"
938	}	1801	}
939		1802
940	XSLoader::load "JSON::XS", $VERSION;	1803	XSLoader::load "JSON::XS", $VERSION;
941		1804
942	package JSON::XS::Boolean;	1805	=head1 SEE ALSO
943		1806
944	use overload	1807	The F<json_xs> command line utility for quick experiments.
945	"0+" => sub { ${$_[0]} },
946	"++" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} + 1 },
947	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },
948	fallback => 1;
949
950	1;
951		1808
952	=head1 AUTHOR	1809	=head1 AUTHOR
953		1810
954	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1811	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
955	http://home.schmorp.de/	1812	http://home.schmorp.de/
956		1813
957	=cut	1814	=cut
958		1815
		1816	1
		1817

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