[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/JSON-XS/XS.pm

Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.62 by root, Thu Oct 11 22:52:52 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.102 by root, Sat Apr 19 03:39:27 2008 UTC

…		…
		1	=head1 NAME
		2
		3	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast
		4
1	=encoding utf-8	5	=encoding utf-8
2
3	=head1 NAME
4
5	JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast
6		6
7	JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ	7	JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ
8	(http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html)	8	(http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html)
9		9
10	=head1 SYNOPSIS	10	=head1 SYNOPSIS
12	use JSON::XS;	12	use JSON::XS;
13		13
14	# exported functions, they croak on error	14	# exported functions, they croak on error
15	# and expect/generate UTF-8	15	# and expect/generate UTF-8
16		16
17	$utf8_encoded_json_text = to_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;	17	$utf8_encoded_json_text = encode_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;
18	$perl_hash_or_arrayref = from_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;	18	$perl_hash_or_arrayref = decode_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;
19		19
20	# OO-interface	20	# OO-interface
21		21
22	$coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref;	22	$coder = JSON::XS->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref;
23	$pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar);	23	$pretty_printed_unencoded = $coder->encode ($perl_scalar);
24	$perl_scalar = $coder->decode ($unicode_json_text);	24	$perl_scalar = $coder->decode ($unicode_json_text);
25		25
		26	# Note that JSON version 2.0 and above will automatically use JSON::XS
		27	# if available, at virtually no speed overhead either, so you should
		28	# be able to just:
		29
		30	use JSON;
		31
		32	# and do the same things, except that you have a pure-perl fallback now.
		33
26	=head1 DESCRIPTION	34	=head1 DESCRIPTION
27		35
28	This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its	36	This module converts Perl data structures to JSON and vice versa. Its
29	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be	37	primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be
30	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.	38	I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
		39
		40	Beginning with version 2.0 of the JSON module, when both JSON and
		41	JSON::XS are installed, then JSON will fall back on JSON::XS (this can be
		42	overriden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheritign constructor
		43	and methods). If JSON::XS is not available, it will fall back to the
		44	compatible JSON::PP module as backend, so using JSON instead of JSON::XS
		45	gives you a portable JSON API that can be fast when you need and doesn't
		46	require a C compiler when that is a problem.
31		47
32	As this is the n-th-something JSON module on CPAN, what was the reason	48	As this is the n-th-something JSON module on CPAN, what was the reason
33	to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON	49	to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON
34	modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases	50	modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases
35	their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug	51	their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug
…		…
42		58
43	=head2 FEATURES	59	=head2 FEATURES
44		60
45	=over 4	61	=over 4
46		62
47	=item * correct unicode handling	63	=item * correct Unicode handling
48		64
49	This module knows how to handle Unicode, and even documents how and when	65	This module knows how to handle Unicode, documents how and when it does
50	it does so.	66	so, and even documents what "correct" means.
51		67
52	=item * round-trip integrity	68	=item * round-trip integrity
53		69
54	When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported	70	When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported
55	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.	71	by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.
56	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks	72	(e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks
57	like a number).	73	like a number). There minor I<are> exceptions to this, read the MAPPING
		74	section below to learn about those.
58		75
59	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness	76	=item * strict checking of JSON correctness
60		77
61	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,	78	There is no guessing, no generating of illegal JSON texts by default,
62	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security	79	and only JSON is accepted as input by default (the latter is a security
63	feature).	80	feature).
64		81
65	=item * fast	82	=item * fast
66		83
67	Compared to other JSON modules, this module compares favourably in terms	84	Compared to other JSON modules and other serialisers such as Storable,
68	of speed, too.	85	this module usually compares favourably in terms of speed, too.
69		86
70	=item * simple to use	87	=item * simple to use
71		88
72	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an OO	89	This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an objetc
73	interface.	90	oriented interface interface.
74		91
75	=item * reasonably versatile output formats	92	=item * reasonably versatile output formats
76		93
77	You can choose between the most compact guarenteed single-line format	94	You can choose between the most compact guaranteed-single-line format
78	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format	95	possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format
79	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole	96	(for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole
80	unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that	97	Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that
81	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.	98	stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.
82		99
83	=back	100	=back
84		101
85	=cut	102	=cut
86		103
87	package JSON::XS;	104	package JSON::XS;
88		105
89	use strict;	106	use strict;
90		107
91	our $VERSION = '1.5';	108	our $VERSION = '2.2';
92	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);	109	our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
93		110
94	our @EXPORT = qw(to_json from_json);	111	our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json to_json from_json);
		112
		113	sub to_json($) {
		114	require Carp;
		115	Carp::croak ("JSON::XS::to_json has been renamed to encode_json, either downgrade to pre-2.0 versions of JSON::XS or rename the call");
		116	}
		117
		118	sub from_json($) {
		119	require Carp;
		120	Carp::croak ("JSON::XS::from_json has been renamed to decode_json, either downgrade to pre-2.0 versions of JSON::XS or rename the call");
		121	}
95		122
96	use Exporter;	123	use Exporter;
97	use XSLoader;	124	use XSLoader;
98		125
99	=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE	126	=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE
100		127
101	The following convinience methods are provided by this module. They are	128	The following convenience methods are provided by this module. They are
102	exported by default:	129	exported by default:
103		130
104	=over 4	131	=over 4
105		132
106	=item $json_text = to_json $perl_scalar	133	=item $json_text = encode_json $perl_scalar
107		134
108	Converts the given Perl data structure (a simple scalar or a reference to	135	Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string
109	a hash or array) to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string (that is, the string contains	136	(that is, the string contains octets only). Croaks on error.
110	octets only). Croaks on error.
111		137
112	This function call is functionally identical to:	138	This function call is functionally identical to:
113		139
114	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)	140	$json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)
115		141
116	except being faster.	142	except being faster.
117		143
118	=item $perl_scalar = from_json $json_text	144	=item $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
119		145
120	The opposite of C<to_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries to	146	The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries
121	parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting simple	147	to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting
122	scalar or reference. Croaks on error.	148	reference. Croaks on error.
123		149
124	This function call is functionally identical to:	150	This function call is functionally identical to:
125		151
126	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)	152	$perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)
127		153
…		…
137	Perl.	163	Perl.
138		164
139	=back	165	=back
140		166
141		167
		168	=head1 A FEW NOTES ON UNICODE AND PERL
		169
		170	Since this often leads to confusion, here are a few very clear words on
		171	how Unicode works in Perl, modulo bugs.
		172
		173	=over 4
		174
		175	=item 1. Perl strings can store characters with ordinal values > 255.
		176
		177	This enables you to store Unicode characters as single characters in a
		178	Perl string - very natural.
		179
		180	=item 2. Perl does I<not> associate an encoding with your strings.
		181
		182	... until you force it to, e.g. when matching it against a regex, or
		183	printing the scalar to a file, in which case Perl either interprets your
		184	string as locale-encoded text, octets/binary, or as Unicode, depending
		185	on various settings. In no case is an encoding stored together with your
		186	data, it is I<use> that decides encoding, not any magical meta data.
		187
		188	=item 3. The internal utf-8 flag has no meaning with regards to the
		189	encoding of your string.
		190
		191	Just ignore that flag unless you debug a Perl bug, a module written in
		192	XS or want to dive into the internals of perl. Otherwise it will only
		193	confuse you, as, despite the name, it says nothing about how your string
		194	is encoded. You can have Unicode strings with that flag set, with that
		195	flag clear, and you can have binary data with that flag set and that flag
		196	clear. Other possibilities exist, too.
		197
		198	If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't
		199	exist.
		200
		201	=item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be
		202	validly interpreted as a Unicode codepoint.
		203
		204	If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a
		205	Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string.
		206
		207	=item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string.
		208
		209	It's a fact. Learn to live with it.
		210
		211	=back
		212
		213	I hope this helps :)
		214
		215
142	=head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE	216	=head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE
143		217
144	The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or	218	The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or
145	decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.	219	decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.
146		220
…		…
157	my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after->encode ({a => [1,2]})	231	my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after->encode ({a => [1,2]})
158	=> {"a": [1, 2]}	232	=> {"a": [1, 2]}
159		233
160	=item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable])	234	=item $json = $json->ascii ([$enable])
161		235
		236	=item $enabled = $json->get_ascii
		237
162	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not	238	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
163	generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any	239	generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any
164	unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a	240	Unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a
165	single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence,	241	single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence,
166	as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native	242	as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native
167	unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string,	243	Unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string,
168	or any other superset of ASCII.	244	or any other superset of ASCII.
169		245
170	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	246	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
171	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results	247	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results
172	in a faster and more compact format.	248	in a faster and more compact format.
173		249
		250	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		251	document.
		252
174	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be	253	The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be
175	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not	254	transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not
176	contain any 8 bit characters.	255	contain any 8 bit characters.
177		256
178	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])	257	JSON::XS->new->ascii (1)->encode ([chr 0x10401])
179	=> ["\ud801\udc01"]	258	=> ["\ud801\udc01"]
180		259
181	=item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable])	260	=item $json = $json->latin1 ([$enable])
182		261
		262	=item $enabled = $json->get_latin1
		263
183	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode	264	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
184	the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters	265	the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters
185	outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a	266	outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a
186	latin1-encoded JSON text or a native unicode string. The C<decode> method	267	latin1-encoded JSON text or a native Unicode string. The C<decode> method
187	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default	268	will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default
188	expects unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.	269	expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.
189		270
190	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode	271	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
191	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.	272	characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.
		273
		274	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		275	document.
192		276
193	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON	277	The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON
194	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded	278	text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded
195	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded	279	size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded
196	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and	280	in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and
197	transfering), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when	281	transferring), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when
198	you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently	282	you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently
199	in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders.	283	in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders.
200		284
201	JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]	285	JSON::XS->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]
202	=> ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)	286	=> ["\x{89}\\u0abc"] # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)
203		287
204	=item $json = $json->utf8 ([$enable])	288	=item $json = $json->utf8 ([$enable])
		289
		290	=item $enabled = $json->get_utf8
205		291
206	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode	292	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
207	the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the	293	the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the
208	C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please	294	C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string. Please
209	note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the	295	note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the
210	range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future	296	range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future
211	versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16	297	versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16
212	and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.	298	and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.
213		299
214	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON	300	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON
215	string as a (non-encoded) unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a	301	string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a
216	unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs	302	Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs
217	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.	303	to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.
		304
		305	See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this
		306	document.
218		307
219	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:	308	Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:
220		309
221	use Encode;	310	use Encode;
222	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);	311	$jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::XS->new->encode ($object);
…		…
243	]	332	]
244	}	333	}
245		334
246	=item $json = $json->indent ([$enable])	335	=item $json = $json->indent ([$enable])
247		336
		337	=item $enabled = $json->get_indent
		338
248	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline	339	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline
249	format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair	340	format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair
250	into its own line, identing them properly.	341	into its own line, indenting them properly.
251		342
252	If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the	343	If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the
253	resulting JSON text is guarenteed not to contain any C<newlines>.	344	resulting JSON text is guaranteed not to contain any C<newlines>.
254		345
255	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.	346	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
256		347
257	=item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable])	348	=item $json = $json->space_before ([$enable])
		349
		350	=item $enabled = $json->get_space_before
258		351
259	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra	352	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
260	optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects.	353	optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects.
261		354
262	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra	355	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra
…		…
268	Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:	361	Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:
269		362
270	{"key" :"value"}	363	{"key" :"value"}
271		364
272	=item $json = $json->space_after ([$enable])	365	=item $json = $json->space_after ([$enable])
		366
		367	=item $enabled = $json->get_space_after
273		368
274	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra	369	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
275	optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects	370	optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects
276	and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array	371	and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array
277	members.	372	members.
…		…
284	Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled:	379	Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled:
285		380
286	{"key": "value"}	381	{"key": "value"}
287		382
288	=item $json = $json->relaxed ([$enable])	383	=item $json = $json->relaxed ([$enable])
		384
		385	=item $enabled = $json->get_relaxed
289		386
290	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept some	387	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept some
291	extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). C<encode> will not be	388	extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). C<encode> will not be
292	affected in anyway. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid	389	affected in anyway. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid
293	JSON texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to	390	JSON texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to
…		…
330		427
331	=back	428	=back
332		429
333	=item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable])	430	=item $json = $json->canonical ([$enable])
334		431
		432	=item $enabled = $json->get_canonical
		433
335	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects	434	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects
336	by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.	435	by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.
337		436
338	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value	437	If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value
339	pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs	438	pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs
340	of the same script).	439	of the same script).
341		440
342	This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as	441	This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as
343	the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,	442	the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,
344	the same hash migh be encoded differently even if contains the same data,	443	the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data,
345	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.	444	as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.
346		445
347	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.	446	This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
348		447
349	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])	448	=item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])
		449
		450	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
350		451
351	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a	452	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a
352	non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,	453	non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,
353	which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON	454	which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON
354	values instead of croaking.	455	values instead of croaking.
…		…
362	resulting in an invalid JSON text:	463	resulting in an invalid JSON text:
363		464
364	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")	465	JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
365	=> "Hello, World!"	466	=> "Hello, World!"
366		467
		468	=item $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])
		469
		470	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown
		471
		472	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will I<not> throw an
		473	exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON (for
		474	example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON C<null> value. Note
		475	that blessed objects are not included here and are handled separately by
		476	c<allow_nonref>.
		477
		478	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
		479	exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.
		480
		481	This option does not affect C<decode> in any way, and it is recommended to
		482	leave it off unless you know your communications partner.
		483
367	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])	484	=item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])
		485
		486	=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
368		487
369	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not	488	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
370	barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the	489	barf when it encounters a blessed reference. Instead, the value of the
371	B<convert_blessed> option will decide wether C<null> (C<convert_blessed>	490	B<convert_blessed> option will decide whether C<null> (C<convert_blessed>
372	disabled or no C<to_json> method found) or a representation of the	491	disabled or no C<TO_JSON> method found) or a representation of the
373	object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<to_json> method found) is being	492	object (C<convert_blessed> enabled and C<TO_JSON> method found) is being
374	encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>.	493	encoded. Has no effect on C<decode>.
375		494
376	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an	495	If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
377	exception when it encounters a blessed object.	496	exception when it encounters a blessed object.
378		497
379	=item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable])	498	=item $json = $json->convert_blessed ([$enable])
		499
		500	=item $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed
380		501
381	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a	502	If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a
382	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method	503	blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method
383	on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context	504	on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context
384	and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object. If no	505	and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object. If no
…		…
388	The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>	509	The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>
389	returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same	510	returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same
390	way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle	511	way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle
391	(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other	512	(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other
392	methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are	513	methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are
393	usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with the C<to_json>	514	usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with any C<to_json>
394	function.	515	function or method.
395		516
396	This setting does not yet influence C<decode> in any way, but in the	517	This setting does not yet influence C<decode> in any way, but in the
397	future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are	518	future, global hooks might get installed that influence C<decode> and are
398	enabled by this setting.	519	enabled by this setting.
399		520
…		…
441		562
442	As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object>	563	As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object>
443	one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key	564	one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key
444	objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially	565	objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially
445	as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept	566	as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept
446	as JSON gets (its basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not	567	as JSON gets (it's basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not
447	support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks	568	support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks
448	like a serialised Perl hash.	569	like a serialised Perl hash.
449		570
450	Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or	571	Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or
451	C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even	572	C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even
…		…
475		596
476	{ __widget__ => $self->{id} }	597	{ __widget__ => $self->{id} }
477	}	598	}
478		599
479	=item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable])	600	=item $json = $json->shrink ([$enable])
		601
		602	=item $enabled = $json->get_shrink
480		603
481	Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for	604	Perl usually over-allocates memory a bit when allocating space for
482	strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either	605	strings. This flag optionally resizes strings generated by either
483	C<encode> or C<decode> to their minimum size possible. This can save	606	C<encode> or C<decode> to their minimum size possible. This can save
484	memory when your JSON texts are either very very long or you have many	607	memory when your JSON texts are either very very long or you have many
…		…
502	strings that look like integers or floats into integers or floats	625	strings that look like integers or floats into integers or floats
503	internally (there is no difference on the Perl level), saving space.	626	internally (there is no difference on the Perl level), saving space.
504		627
505	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])	628	=item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])
506		629
		630	=item $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
		631
507	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding	632	Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding
508	or decoding. If the JSON text or Perl data structure has an equal or	633	or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in JSON text or a Perl
509	higher nesting level then this limit, then the encoder and decoder will	634	data structure, then the encoder and decoder will stop and croak at that
510	stop and croak at that point.	635	point.
511		636
512	Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder	637	Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder
513	needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>	638	needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>
514	characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a	639	characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a
515	given character in a string.	640	given character in a string.
516		641
517	Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures	642	Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures
518	that the object is only a single hash/object or array.	643	that the object is only a single hash/object or array.
519		644
520	The argument to C<max_depth> will be rounded up to the next highest power
521	of two. If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be	645	If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be used, which
522	used, which is rarely useful.	646	is rarely useful.
		647
		648	Note that nesting is implemented by recursion in C. The default value has
		649	been chosen to be as large as typical operating systems allow without
		650	crashing.
523		651
524	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	652	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
525		653
526	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])	654	=item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])
		655
		656	=item $max_size = $json->get_max_size
527		657
528	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is	658	Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is
529	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>	659	being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>
530	is called on a string longer then this number of characters it will not	660	is called on a string that is longer then this many bytes, it will not
531	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no	661	attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no
532	effect on C<encode> (yet).	662	effect on C<encode> (yet).
533		663
534	The argument to C<max_size> will be rounded up to the next B<highest>	664	If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as when
535	power of two (so may be more than requested). If no argument is given, the	665	C<0> is specified).
536	limit check will be deactivated (same as when C<0> is specified).
537		666
538	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.	667	See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
539		668
540	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)	669	=item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)
541		670
…		…
570	=> ([], 3)	699	=> ([], 3)
571		700
572	=back	701	=back
573		702
574		703
		704	=head1 INCREMENTAL PARSING
		705
		706	[This section and the API it details is still EXPERIMENTAL]
		707
		708	In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON
		709	texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting
		710	Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a
		711	JSON stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has
		712	a full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
		713	using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but is
		714	much more efficient (JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text
		715	once it is sure it has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very
		716	simple but truly incremental parser).
		717
		718	The following two methods deal with this.
		719
		720	=over 4
		721
		722	=item [void, scalar or list context] = $json->incr_parse ([$string])
		723
		724	This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text and
		725	extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of these
		726	functions are optional).
		727
		728	If C<$string> is given, then this string is appended to the already
		729	existing JSON fragment stored in the C<$json> object.
		730
		731	After that, if the function is called in void context, it will simply
		732	return without doing anything further. This can be used to add more text
		733	in as many chunks as you want.
		734
		735	If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
		736	exactly I<one> JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
		737	object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. If there is a parse error,
		738	this method will croak just as C<decode> would do (one can then use
		739	C<incr_skip> to skip the errornous part). This is the most common way of
		740	using the method.
		741
		742	And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
		743	from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
		744	otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators between the JSON
		745	objects or arrays, instead they must be concatenated back-to-back. If
		746	an error occurs, an exception will be raised as in the scalar context
		747	case. Note that in this case, any previously-parsed JSON texts will be
		748	lost.
		749
		750	=item $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
		751
		752	This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue, that
		753	is, you can manipulate it. This I<only> works when a preceding call to
		754	C<incr_parse> in I<scalar context> successfully returned an object. Under
		755	all other circumstances you must not call this function (I mean it.
		756	although in simple tests it might actually work, it I<will> fail under
		757	real world conditions). As a special exception, you can also call this
		758	method before having parsed anything.
		759
		760	This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text after a
		761	JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by non-JSON text
		762	(such as commas).
		763
		764	=item $json->incr_skip
		765
		766	This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove the
		767	parsed text from the input buffer. This is useful after C<incr_parse>
		768	died, in which case the input buffer and incremental parser state is left
		769	unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to reset the parse state.
		770
		771	=back
		772
		773	=head2 LIMITATIONS
		774
		775	All options that affect decoding are supported, except
		776	C<allow_nonref>. The reason for this is that it cannot be made to
		777	work sensibly: JSON objects and arrays are self-delimited, i.e. you can concatenate
		778	them back to back and still decode them perfectly. This does not hold true
		779	for JSON numbers, however.
		780
		781	For example, is the string C<1> a single JSON number, or is it simply the
		782	start of C<12>? Or is C<12> a single JSON number, or the concatenation
		783	of C<1> and C<2>? In neither case you can tell, and this is why JSON::XS
		784	takes the conservative route and disallows this case.
		785
		786	=head2 EXAMPLES
		787
		788	Some examples will make all this clearer. First, a simple example that
		789	works similarly to C<decode_prefix>: We want to decode the JSON object at
		790	the start of a string and identify the portion after the JSON object:
		791
		792	my $text = "[1,2,3] hello";
		793
		794	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		795
		796	my $obj = $json->incr_parse ($text)
		797	or die "expected JSON object or array at beginning of string";
		798
		799	my $tail = $json->incr_text;
		800	# $tail now contains " hello"
		801
		802	Easy, isn't it?
		803
		804	Now for a more complicated example: Imagine a hypothetical protocol where
		805	you read some requests from a TCP stream, and each request is a JSON
		806	array, without any separation between them (in fact, it is often useful to
		807	use newlines as "separators", as these get interpreted as whitespace at
		808	the start of the JSON text, which makes it possible to test said protocol
		809	with C<telnet>...).
		810
		811	Here is how you'd do it (it is trivial to write this in an event-based
		812	manner):
		813
		814	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		815
		816	# read some data from the socket
		817	while (sysread $socket, my $buf, 4096) {
		818
		819	# split and decode as many requests as possible
		820	for my $request ($json->incr_parse ($buf)) {
		821	# act on the $request
		822	}
		823	}
		824
		825	Another complicated example: Assume you have a string with JSON objects
		826	or arrays, all separated by (optional) comma characters (e.g. C<[1],[2],
		827	[3]>). To parse them, we have to skip the commas between the JSON texts,
		828	and here is where the lvalue-ness of C<incr_text> comes in useful:
		829
		830	my $text = "[1],[2], [3]";
		831	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		832
		833	# void context, so no parsing done
		834	$json->incr_parse ($text);
		835
		836	# now extract as many objects as possible. note the
		837	# use of scalar context so incr_text can be called.
		838	while (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		839	# do something with $obj
		840
		841	# now skip the optional comma
		842	$json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* , //x;
		843	}
		844
		845	Now lets go for a very complex example: Assume that you have a gigantic
		846	JSON array-of-objects, many gigabytes in size, and you want to parse it,
		847	but you cannot load it into memory fully (this has actually happened in
		848	the real world :).
		849
		850	Well, you lost, you have to implement your own JSON parser. But JSON::XS
		851	can still help you: You implement a (very simple) array parser and let
		852	JSON decode the array elements, which are all full JSON objects on their
		853	own (this wouldn't work if the array elements could be JSON numbers, for
		854	example):
		855
		856	my $json = new JSON::XS;
		857
		858	# open the monster
		859	open my $fh, "<bigfile.json"
		860	or die "bigfile: $!";
		861
		862	# first parse the initial "["
		863	for (;;) {
		864	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		865	or die "read error: $!";
		866	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		867
		868	# Exit the loop once we found and removed(!) the initial "[".
		869	# In essence, we are (ab-)using the $json object as a simple scalar
		870	# we append data to.
		871	last if $json->incr_text =~ s/^ \s* \[ //x;
		872	}
		873
		874	# now we have the skipped the initial "[", so continue
		875	# parsing all the elements.
		876	for (;;) {
		877	# in this loop we read data until we got a single JSON object
		878	for (;;) {
		879	if (my $obj = $json->incr_parse) {
		880	# do something with $obj
		881	last;
		882	}
		883
		884	# add more data
		885	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		886	or die "read error: $!";
		887	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		888	}
		889
		890	# in this loop we read data until we either found and parsed the
		891	# separating "," between elements, or the final "]"
		892	for (;;) {
		893	# first skip whitespace
		894	$json->incr_text =~ s/^\s*//;
		895
		896	# if we find "]", we are done
		897	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^\]//) {
		898	print "finished.\n";
		899	exit;
		900	}
		901
		902	# if we find ",", we can continue with the next element
		903	if ($json->incr_text =~ s/^,//) {
		904	last;
		905	}
		906
		907	# if we find anything else, we have a parse error!
		908	if (length $json->incr_text) {
		909	die "parse error near ", $json->incr_text;
		910	}
		911
		912	# else add more data
		913	sysread $fh, my $buf, 65536
		914	or die "read error: $!";
		915	$json->incr_parse ($buf); # void context, so no parsing
		916	}
		917
		918	This is a complex example, but most of the complexity comes from the fact
		919	that we are trying to be correct (bear with me if I am wrong, I never ran
		920	the above example :).
		921
		922
		923
575	=head1 MAPPING	924	=head1 MAPPING
576		925
577	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and	926	This section describes how JSON::XS maps Perl values to JSON values and
578	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most	927	vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most
579	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics	928	circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics
580	(what you put in comes out as something equivalent).	929	(what you put in comes out as something equivalent).
581		930
582	For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,	931	For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,
583	lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppcercase I<Perl>	932	lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppercase I<Perl>
584	refers to the abstract Perl language itself.	933	refers to the abstract Perl language itself.
585		934
586		935
587	=head2 JSON -> PERL	936	=head2 JSON -> PERL
588		937
589	=over 4	938	=over 4
590		939
591	=item object	940	=item object
592		941
593	A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object	942	A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object
594	keys is preserved (JSON does not preserver object key ordering itself).	943	keys is preserved (JSON does not preserve object key ordering itself).
595		944
596	=item array	945	=item array
597		946
598	A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.	947	A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.
599		948
…		…
607		956
608	A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or	957	A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or
609	string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On	958	string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On
610	the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all	959	the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all
611	the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and	960	the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and
612	might represent more values exactly than (floating point) numbers.	961	might represent more values exactly than floating point numbers.
613		962
614	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent	963	If the number consists of digits only, JSON::XS will try to represent
615	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as	964	it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as
616	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of	965	a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of
617	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value.	966	precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value (in
		967	which case you lose roundtripping ability, as the JSON number will be
		968	re-encoded toa JSON string).
618		969
619	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be	970	Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
620	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of	971	represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of
621	precision.	972	precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping ability, but
622		973	the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON number).
623	This might create round-tripping problems as numbers might become strings,
624	but as Perl is typeless there is no other way to do it.
625		974
626	=item true, false	975	=item true, false
627		976
628	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,	977	These JSON atoms become C<JSON::XS::true> and C<JSON::XS::false>,
629	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers	978	respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers
630	C<1> and C<0>. You can check wether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using	979	C<1> and C<0>. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using
631	the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function.	980	the C<JSON::XS::is_bool> function.
632		981
633	=item null	982	=item null
634		983
635	A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.	984	A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.
…		…
666	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an	1015	Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an
667	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and	1016	exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and
668	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can	1017	C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can
669	also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability.	1018	also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability.
670		1019
671	to_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true]	1020	encode_json [\0,JSON::XS::true] # yields [false,true]
672		1021
673	=item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false	1022	=item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false
674		1023
675	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,	1024	These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
676	respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.	1025	respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.
677		1026
678	=item blessed objects	1027	=item blessed objects
679		1028
680	Blessed objects are not allowed. JSON::XS currently tries to encode their	1029	Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON. See the
681	underlying representation (hash- or arrayref), but this behaviour might	1030	C<allow_blessed> and C<convert_blessed> methods on various options on
682	change in future versions.	1031	how to deal with this: basically, you can choose between throwing an
		1032	exception, encoding the reference as if it weren't blessed, or provide
		1033	your own serialiser method.
683		1034
684	=item simple scalars	1035	=item simple scalars
685		1036
686	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most	1037	Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most
687	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as	1038	difficult objects to encode: JSON::XS will encode undefined scalars as
688	JSON null value, scalars that have last been used in a string context	1039	JSON C<null> values, scalars that have last been used in a string context
689	before encoding as JSON strings and anything else as number value:	1040	before encoding as JSON strings, and anything else as number value:
690		1041
691	# dump as number	1042	# dump as number
692	to_json [2] # yields [2]	1043	encode_json [2] # yields [2]
693	to_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]	1044	encode_json [-3.0e17] # yields [-3e+17]
694	my $value = 5; to_json [$value] # yields [5]	1045	my $value = 5; encode_json [$value] # yields [5]
695		1046
696	# used as string, so dump as string	1047	# used as string, so dump as string
697	print $value;	1048	print $value;
698	to_json [$value] # yields ["5"]	1049	encode_json [$value] # yields ["5"]
699		1050
700	# undef becomes null	1051	# undef becomes null
701	to_json [undef] # yields [null]	1052	encode_json [undef] # yields [null]
702		1053
703	You can force the type to be a string by stringifying it:	1054	You can force the type to be a JSON string by stringifying it:
704		1055
705	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number	1056	my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number
706	"$x"; # stringified	1057	"$x"; # stringified
707	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify	1058	$x .= ""; # another, more awkward way to stringify
708	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often	1059	print $x; # perl does it for you, too, quite often
709		1060
710	You can force the type to be a number by numifying it:	1061	You can force the type to be a JSON number by numifying it:
711		1062
712	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string	1063	my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
713	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number	1064	$x += 0; # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
714	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choise is yours.	1065	$x *= 1; # same thing, the choice is yours.
715		1066
716	You can not currently output JSON booleans or force the type in other,	1067	You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me
717	less obscure, ways. Tell me if you need this capability.	1068	if you need this capability (but don't forget to explain why it's needed
		1069	:).
718		1070
719	=back	1071	=back
720		1072
721		1073
722	=head1 COMPARISON	1074	=head1 ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES
723		1075
724	As already mentioned, this module was created because none of the existing	1076	The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify
725	JSON modules could be made to work correctly. First I will describe the	1077	encodings or codesets - C<utf8>, C<latin1> and C<ascii>. There seems to be
726	problems (or pleasures) I encountered with various existing JSON modules,	1078	some confusion on what these do, so here is a short comparison:
727	followed by some benchmark values. JSON::XS was designed not to suffer	1079
728	from any of these problems or limitations.	1080	C<utf8> controls whether the JSON text created by C<encode> (and expected
		1081	by C<decode>) is UTF-8 encoded or not, while C<latin1> and C<ascii> only
		1082	control whether C<encode> escapes character values outside their respective
		1083	codeset range. Neither of these flags conflict with each other, although
		1084	some combinations make less sense than others.
		1085
		1086	Care has been taken to make all flags symmetrical with respect to
		1087	C<encode> and C<decode>, that is, texts encoded with any combination of
		1088	these flag values will be correctly decoded when the same flags are used
		1089	- in general, if you use different flag settings while encoding vs. when
		1090	decoding you likely have a bug somewhere.
		1091
		1092	Below comes a verbose discussion of these flags. Note that a "codeset" is
		1093	simply an abstract set of character-codepoint pairs, while an encoding
		1094	takes those codepoint numbers and I<encodes> them, in our case into
		1095	octets. Unicode is (among other things) a codeset, UTF-8 is an encoding,
		1096	and ISO-8859-1 (= latin 1) and ASCII are both codesets I<and> encodings at
		1097	the same time, which can be confusing.
729		1098
730	=over 4	1099	=over 4
731		1100
732	=item JSON 1.07	1101	=item C<utf8> flag disabled
733		1102
734	Slow (but very portable, as it is written in pure Perl).	1103	When C<utf8> is disabled (the default), then C<encode>/C<decode> generate
		1104	and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with high ordinal Unicode
		1105	values (> 255) will be encoded as such characters, and likewise such
		1106	characters are decoded as-is, no canges to them will be done, except
		1107	"(re-)interpreting" them as Unicode codepoints or Unicode characters,
		1108	respectively (to Perl, these are the same thing in strings unless you do
		1109	funny/weird/dumb stuff).
735		1110
736	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling (how JSON handles unicode values is	1111	This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g. when you
737	undocumented. One can get far by feeding it unicode strings and doing	1112	want to have UTF-16 encoded JSON texts) or when some other layer does
738	en-/decoding oneself, but unicode escapes are not working properly).	1113	the encoding for you (for example, when printing to a terminal using a
		1114	filehandle that transparently encodes to UTF-8 you certainly do NOT want
		1115	to UTF-8 encode your data first and have Perl encode it another time).
739		1116
740	No roundtripping (strings get clobbered if they look like numbers, e.g.	1117	=item C<utf8> flag enabled
741	the string C<2.0> will encode to C<2.0> instead of C<"2.0">, and that will
742	decode into the number 2.
743		1118
744	=item JSON::PC 0.01	1119	If the C<utf8>-flag is enabled, C<encode>/C<decode> will encode all
		1120	characters using the corresponding UTF-8 multi-byte sequence, and will
		1121	expect your input strings to be encoded as UTF-8, that is, no "character"
		1122	of the input string must have any value > 255, as UTF-8 does not allow
		1123	that.
745		1124
746	Very fast.	1125	The C<utf8> flag therefore switches between two modes: disabled means you
		1126	will get a Unicode string in Perl, enabled means you get an UTF-8 encoded
		1127	octet/binary string in Perl.
747		1128
748	Undocumented/buggy Unicode handling.	1129	=item C<latin1> or C<ascii> flags enabled
749		1130
750	No roundtripping.	1131	With C<latin1> (or C<ascii>) enabled, C<encode> will escape characters
		1132	with ordinal values > 255 (> 127 with C<ascii>) and encode the remaining
		1133	characters as specified by the C<utf8> flag.
751		1134
752	Has problems handling many Perl values (e.g. regex results and other magic	1135	If C<utf8> is disabled, then the result is also correctly encoded in those
753	values will make it croak).	1136	character sets (as both are proper subsets of Unicode, meaning that a
		1137	Unicode string with all character values < 256 is the same thing as a
		1138	ISO-8859-1 string, and a Unicode string with all character values < 128 is
		1139	the same thing as an ASCII string in Perl).
754		1140
755	Does not even generate valid JSON (C<{1,2}> gets converted to C<{1:2}>	1141	If C<utf8> is enabled, you still get a correct UTF-8-encoded string,
756	which is not a valid JSON text.	1142	regardless of these flags, just some more characters will be escaped using
		1143	C<\uXXXX> then before.
757		1144
758	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not	1145	Note that ISO-8859-1-I<encoded> strings are not compatible with UTF-8
759	getting fixed).	1146	encoding, while ASCII-encoded strings are. That is because the ISO-8859-1
		1147	encoding is NOT a subset of UTF-8 (despite the ISO-8859-1 I<codeset> being
		1148	a subset of Unicode), while ASCII is.
760		1149
761	=item JSON::Syck 0.21	1150	Surprisingly, C<decode> will ignore these flags and so treat all input
		1151	values as governed by the C<utf8> flag. If it is disabled, this allows you
		1152	to decode ISO-8859-1- and ASCII-encoded strings, as both strict subsets of
		1153	Unicode. If it is enabled, you can correctly decode UTF-8 encoded strings.
762		1154
763	Very buggy (often crashes).	1155	So neither C<latin1> nor C<ascii> are incompatible with the C<utf8> flag -
		1156	they only govern when the JSON output engine escapes a character or not.
764		1157
765	Very inflexible (no human-readable format supported, format pretty much	1158	The main use for C<latin1> is to relatively efficiently store binary data
766	undocumented. I need at least a format for easy reading by humans and a	1159	as JSON, at the expense of breaking compatibility with most JSON decoders.
767	single-line compact format for use in a protocol, and preferably a way to
768	generate ASCII-only JSON texts).
769		1160
770	Completely broken (and confusingly documented) Unicode handling (unicode	1161	The main use for C<ascii> is to force the output to not contain characters
771	escapes are not working properly, you need to set ImplicitUnicode to	1162	with values > 127, which means you can interpret the resulting string
772	I<different> values on en- and decoding to get symmetric behaviour).	1163	as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ASCII, KOI8-R or most about any character set and
773		1164	8-bit-encoding, and still get the same data structure back. This is useful
774	No roundtripping (simple cases work, but this depends on wether the scalar	1165	when your channel for JSON transfer is not 8-bit clean or the encoding
775	value was used in a numeric context or not).	1166	might be mangled in between (e.g. in mail), and works because ASCII is a
776		1167	proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
777	Dumping hashes may skip hash values depending on iterator state.
778
779	Unmaintained (maintainer unresponsive for many months, bugs are not
780	getting fixed).
781
782	Does not check input for validity (i.e. will accept non-JSON input and
783	return "something" instead of raising an exception. This is a security
784	issue: imagine two banks transfering money between each other using
785	JSON. One bank might parse a given non-JSON request and deduct money,
786	while the other might reject the transaction with a syntax error. While a
787	good protocol will at least recover, that is extra unnecessary work and
788	the transaction will still not succeed).
789
790	=item JSON::DWIW 0.04
791
792	Very fast. Very natural. Very nice.
793
794	Undocumented unicode handling (but the best of the pack. Unicode escapes
795	still don't get parsed properly).
796
797	Very inflexible.
798
799	No roundtripping.
800
801	Does not generate valid JSON texts (key strings are often unquoted, empty keys
802	result in nothing being output)
803
804	Does not check input for validity.
805		1168
806	=back	1169	=back
807		1170
808		1171
809	=head2 JSON and YAML	1172	=head2 JSON and YAML
810		1173
811	You often hear that JSON is a subset (or a close subset) of YAML. This is,	1174	You often hear that JSON is a subset of YAML. This is, however, a mass
812	however, a mass hysteria and very far from the truth. In general, there is	1175	hysteria(*) and very far from the truth (as of the time of this writing),
813	no way to configure JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML.	1176	so let me state it clearly: I<in general, there is no way to configure
		1177	JSON::XS to output a data structure as valid YAML> that works in all
		1178	cases.
814		1179
815	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this	1180	If you really must use JSON::XS to generate YAML, you should use this
816	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):	1181	algorithm (subject to change in future versions):
817		1182
818	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);	1183	my $to_yaml = JSON::XS->new->utf8->space_after (1);
819	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";	1184	my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";
820		1185
821	This will usually generate JSON texts that also parse as valid	1186	This will I<usually> generate JSON texts that also parse as valid
822	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key	1187	YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key
823	lengths that JSON doesn't have, so you should make sure that your hash	1188	lengths that JSON doesn't have and also has different and incompatible
		1189	unicode handling, so you should make sure that your hash keys are
824	keys are noticably shorter than the 1024 characters YAML allows.	1190	noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows and that
		1191	you do not have characters with codepoint values outside the Unicode BMP
		1192	(basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow C<\/> sequences in
		1193	strings (which JSON::XS does not I<currently> generate, but other JSON
		1194	generators might).
825		1195
826	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of. In general	1196	There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of (or the YAML
		1197	specification has been changed yet again - it does so quite often). In
827	you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice versa,	1198	general you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice
828	or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are high	1199	versa, or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are
829	that you will run into severe interoperability problems.	1200	high that you will run into severe interoperability problems when you
		1201	least expect it.
		1202
		1203	=over 4
		1204
		1205	=item (*)
		1206
		1207	I have been pressured multiple times by Brian Ingerson (one of the
		1208	authors of the YAML specification) to remove this paragraph, despite him
		1209	acknowledging that the actual incompatibilities exist. As I was personally
		1210	bitten by this "JSON is YAML" lie, I refused and said I will continue to
		1211	educate people about these issues, so others do not run into the same
		1212	problem again and again. After this, Brian called me a (quote)I<complete
		1213	and worthless idiot>(unquote).
		1214
		1215	In my opinion, instead of pressuring and insulting people who actually
		1216	clarify issues with YAML and the wrong statements of some of its
		1217	proponents, I would kindly suggest reading the JSON spec (which is not
		1218	that difficult or long) and finally make YAML compatible to it, and
		1219	educating users about the changes, instead of spreading lies about the
		1220	real compatibility for many I<years> and trying to silence people who
		1221	point out that it isn't true.
		1222
		1223	=back
830		1224
831		1225
832	=head2 SPEED	1226	=head2 SPEED
833		1227
834	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following	1228	It seems that JSON::XS is surprisingly fast, as shown in the following
835	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program	1229	tables. They have been generated with the help of the C<eg/bench> program
836	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own	1230	in the JSON::XS distribution, to make it easy to compare on your own
837	system.	1231	system.
838		1232
839	First comes a comparison between various modules using a very short	1233	First comes a comparison between various modules using
840	single-line JSON string:	1234	a very short single-line JSON string (also available at
		1235	L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/short.json>).
841		1236
842	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1", "we were just talking"], \	1237	{"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1",
843	"id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7, true, false]}	1238	"we were just talking"], "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7,
		1239	true, false]}
844		1240
845	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses	1241	It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses
846	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface	1242	the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface
847	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables	1243	with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables
848	shrink). Higher is better:	1244	shrink). Higher is better:
849		1245
850	Storable \| 15779.925 \| 14169.946 \|
851	-----------+------------+------------+
852	module \| encode \| decode \|	1246	module \| encode \| decode \|
853	-----------\|------------\|------------\|	1247	-----------\|------------\|------------\|
854	JSON \| 4990.842 \| 4088.813 \|	1248	JSON 1.x \| 4990.842 \| 4088.813 \|
855	JSON::DWIW \| 51653.990 \| 71575.154 \|	1249	JSON::DWIW \| 51653.990 \| 71575.154 \|
856	JSON::PC \| 65948.176 \| 74631.744 \|	1250	JSON::PC \| 65948.176 \| 74631.744 \|
857	JSON::PP \| 8931.652 \| 3817.168 \|	1251	JSON::PP \| 8931.652 \| 3817.168 \|
858	JSON::Syck \| 24877.248 \| 27776.848 \|	1252	JSON::Syck \| 24877.248 \| 27776.848 \|
859	JSON::XS \| 388361.481 \| 227951.304 \|	1253	JSON::XS \| 388361.481 \| 227951.304 \|
…		…
861	JSON::XS/3 \| 338250.323 \| 218453.333 \|	1255	JSON::XS/3 \| 338250.323 \| 218453.333 \|
862	Storable \| 16500.016 \| 135300.129 \|	1256	Storable \| 16500.016 \| 135300.129 \|
863	-----------+------------+------------+	1257	-----------+------------+------------+
864		1258
865	That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,	1259	That is, JSON::XS is about five times faster than JSON::DWIW on encoding,
866	about three times faster on decoding, and over fourty times faster	1260	about three times faster on decoding, and over forty times faster
867	than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares	1261	than JSON, even with pretty-printing and key sorting. It also compares
868	favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.	1262	favourably to Storable for small amounts of data.
869		1263
870	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals	1264	Using a longer test string (roughly 18KB, generated from Yahoo! Locals
871	search API (http://nanoref.com/yahooapis/mgPdGg):	1265	search API (L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/long.json>).
872		1266
873	module \| encode \| decode \|	1267	module \| encode \| decode \|
874	-----------\|------------\|------------\|	1268	-----------\|------------\|------------\|
875	JSON \| 55.260 \| 34.971 \|	1269	JSON 1.x \| 55.260 \| 34.971 \|
876	JSON::DWIW \| 825.228 \| 1082.513 \|	1270	JSON::DWIW \| 825.228 \| 1082.513 \|
877	JSON::PC \| 3571.444 \| 2394.829 \|	1271	JSON::PC \| 3571.444 \| 2394.829 \|
878	JSON::PP \| 210.987 \| 32.574 \|	1272	JSON::PP \| 210.987 \| 32.574 \|
879	JSON::Syck \| 552.551 \| 787.544 \|	1273	JSON::Syck \| 552.551 \| 787.544 \|
880	JSON::XS \| 5780.463 \| 4854.519 \|	1274	JSON::XS \| 5780.463 \| 4854.519 \|
…		…
884	-----------+------------+------------+	1278	-----------+------------+------------+
885		1279
886	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly	1280	Again, JSON::XS leads by far (except for Storable which non-surprisingly
887	decodes faster).	1281	decodes faster).
888		1282
889	On large strings containing lots of high unicode characters, some modules	1283	On large strings containing lots of high Unicode characters, some modules
890	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result	1284	(such as JSON::PC) seem to decode faster than JSON::XS, but the result
891	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) unicode handling. Others refuse	1285	will be broken due to missing (or wrong) Unicode handling. Others refuse
892	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair	1286	to decode or encode properly, so it was impossible to prepare a fair
893	comparison table for that case.	1287	comparison table for that case.
894		1288
895		1289
896	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS	1290	=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
…		…
902	any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am	1296	any buffer overflows. Obviously, this module should ensure that and I am
903	trying hard on making that true, but you never know.	1297	trying hard on making that true, but you never know.
904		1298
905	Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should	1299	Second, you need to avoid resource-starving attacks. That means you should
906	limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your	1300	limit the size of JSON texts you accept, or make sure then when your
907	resources run out, thats just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that	1301	resources run out, that's just fine (e.g. by using a separate process that
908	can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is	1302	can crash safely). The size of a JSON text in octets or characters is
909	usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode	1303	usually a good indication of the size of the resources required to decode
910	it into a Perl structure. While JSON::XS can check the size of the JSON	1304	it into a Perl structure. While JSON::XS can check the size of the JSON
911	text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you	1305	text, it might be too late when you already have it in memory, so you
912	might want to check the size before you accept the string.	1306	might want to check the size before you accept the string.
913		1307
914	Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and	1308	Third, JSON::XS recurses using the C stack when decoding objects and
915	arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64	1309	arrays. The C stack is a limited resource: for instance, on my amd64
916	machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but	1310	machine with 8MB of stack size I can decode around 180k nested arrays but
917	only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak	1311	only 14k nested JSON objects (due to perl itself recursing deeply on croak
918	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. to be	1312	to free the temporary). If that is exceeded, the program crashes. To be
919	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process	1313	conservative, the default nesting limit is set to 512. If your process
920	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the	1314	has a smaller stack, you should adjust this setting accordingly with the
921	C<max_depth> method.	1315	C<max_depth> method.
922		1316
923	And last but least, something else could bomb you that I forgot to think	1317	Something else could bomb you, too, that I forgot to think of. In that
924	of. In that case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints,	1318	case, you get to keep the pieces. I am always open for hints, though...
925	though...	1319
		1320	Also keep in mind that JSON::XS might leak contents of your Perl data
		1321	structures in its error messages, so when you serialise sensitive
		1322	information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by JSON::XS
		1323	will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.
926		1324
927	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption	1325	If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption
928	by javascript scripts in a browser you should have a look at	1326	by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at
929	L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see wether	1327	L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether
930	you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser	1328	you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser
931	design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major	1329	design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major
932	browser developers care only for features, not about doing security	1330	browser developers care only for features, not about getting security
933	right).	1331	right).
934		1332
935		1333
		1334	=head1 THREADS
		1335
		1336	This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no
		1337	plans to change this until Perl gets thread support (as opposed to the
		1338	horribly slow so-called "threads" which are simply slow and bloated
		1339	process simulations - use fork, it's I<much> faster, cheaper, better).
		1340
		1341	(It might actually work, but you have been warned).
		1342
		1343
936	=head1 BUGS	1344	=head1 BUGS
937		1345
938	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does	1346	While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does
939	not mean its bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is	1347	not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is
940	still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they	1348	still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they
941	will be fixed swiftly, though.	1349	will be fixed swiftly, though.
		1350
		1351	Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting
		1352	service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.
942		1353
943	=cut	1354	=cut
944		1355
945	our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };	1356	our $true = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };
946	our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };	1357	our $false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::XS::Boolean" };
…		…
963	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },	1374	"--" => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },
964	fallback => 1;	1375	fallback => 1;
965		1376
966	1;	1377	1;
967		1378
		1379	=head1 SEE ALSO
		1380
		1381	The F<json_xs> command line utility for quick experiments.
		1382
968	=head1 AUTHOR	1383	=head1 AUTHOR
969		1384
970	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>	1385	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
971	http://home.schmorp.de/	1386	http://home.schmorp.de/
972		1387

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Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents): Revision 1.62 by root, Thu Oct 11 22:52:52 2007 UTC vs. Revision 1.102 by root, Sat Apr 19 03:39:27 2008 UTC

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Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.62 by root, Thu Oct 11 22:52:52 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.102 by root, Sat Apr 19 03:39:27 2008 UTC