[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/JSON-XS/XS.pm

Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.95 by root, Tue Mar 25 16:56:09 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.127 by root, Sun Jan 10 10:07:13 2010 UTC

 =head1 NAME
+JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast
 =encoding utf-8
-JSON::XS - JSON serialising/deserialising, done correctly and fast
 JSON::XS - 正しくて高速な JSON シリアライザ/デシリアライザ
            (http://fleur.hio.jp/perldoc/mix/lib/JSON/XS.html)
 =head1 SYNOPSIS
 primary goal is to be I<correct> and its secondary goal is to be
 I<fast>. To reach the latter goal it was written in C.
 Beginning with version 2.0 of the JSON module, when both JSON and
 JSON::XS are installed, then JSON will fall back on JSON::XS (this can be
-overriden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheritign constructor
+overridden) with no overhead due to emulation (by inheriting constructor
 and methods). If JSON::XS is not available, it will fall back to the
 compatible JSON::PP module as backend, so using JSON instead of JSON::XS
 gives you a portable JSON API that can be fast when you need and doesn't
 require a C compiler when that is a problem.
 to write yet another JSON module? While it seems there are many JSON
 modules, none of them correctly handle all corner cases, and in most cases
 their maintainers are unresponsive, gone missing, or not listening to bug
 reports for other reasons.
-See COMPARISON, below, for a comparison to some other JSON modules.
 See MAPPING, below, on how JSON::XS maps perl values to JSON values and
 vice versa.
 =head2 FEATURES
 This module knows how to handle Unicode, documents how and when it does
 so, and even documents what "correct" means.
 =item * round-trip integrity
-When you serialise a perl data structure using only datatypes supported
+When you serialise a perl data structure using only data types supported
 by JSON, the deserialised data structure is identical on the Perl level.
 (e.g. the string "2.0" doesn't suddenly become "2" just because it looks
 like a number). There minor I<are> exceptions to this, read the MAPPING
 section below to learn about those.
 Compared to other JSON modules and other serialisers such as Storable,
 this module usually compares favourably in terms of speed, too.
 =item * simple to use
-This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an objetc
+This module has both a simple functional interface as well as an object
 oriented interface interface.
 =item * reasonably versatile output formats
 You can choose between the most compact guaranteed-single-line format
-possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ascii format
+possible (nice for simple line-based protocols), a pure-ASCII format
 (for when your transport is not 8-bit clean, still supports the whole
 Unicode range), or a pretty-printed format (for when you want to read that
 stuff). Or you can combine those features in whatever way you like.
 =back
 =cut
 package JSON::XS;
-use strict;
+use common::sense;
-our $VERSION = '2.1';
+our $VERSION = '2.27';
 our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
 our @EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json to_json from_json);
 sub to_json($) {
 This function call is functionally identical to:
    $json_text = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ($perl_scalar)
-except being faster.
+Except being faster.
 =item $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
 The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries
 to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting
 This function call is functionally identical to:
    $perl_scalar = JSON::XS->new->utf8->decode ($json_text)
-except being faster.
+Except being faster.
 =item $is_boolean = JSON::XS::is_bool $scalar
 Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::XS::true or
 JSON::XS::false, two constants that act like C<1> and C<0>, respectively
 If you didn't know about that flag, just the better, pretend it doesn't
 exist.
 =item 4. A "Unicode String" is simply a string where each character can be
-validly interpreted as a Unicode codepoint.
+validly interpreted as a Unicode code point.
 If you have UTF-8 encoded data, it is no longer a Unicode string, but a
 Unicode string encoded in UTF-8, giving you a binary string.
 =item 5. A string containing "high" (> 255) character values is I<not> a UTF-8 string.
 the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data,
 as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.
 This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
+This setting has currently no effect on tied hashes.
 =item $json = $json->allow_nonref ([$enable])
 =item $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
 If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a
 Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled C<allow_nonref>,
 resulting in an invalid JSON text:
    JSON::XS->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
    => "Hello, World!"
+=item $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])
+=item $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will I<not> throw an
+exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON (for
+example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON C<null> value. Note
+that blessed objects are not included here and are handled separately by
+c<allow_nonref>.
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
+exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.
+This option does not affect C<decode> in any way, and it is recommended to
+leave it off unless you know your communications partner.
 =item $json = $json->allow_blessed ([$enable])
 =item $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
 =item $json = $json->max_depth ([$maximum_nesting_depth])
 =item $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
 Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding
-or decoding. If the JSON text or Perl data structure has an equal or
+or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in JSON text or a Perl
-higher nesting level then this limit, then the encoder and decoder will
+data structure, then the encoder and decoder will stop and croak at that
-stop and croak at that point.
+point.
 Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder
 needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>
 characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a
 given character in a string.
 Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures
 that the object is only a single hash/object or array.
-The argument to C<max_depth> will be rounded up to the next highest power
-of two. If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be
+If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be used, which
-used, which is rarely useful.
+is rarely useful.
+Note that nesting is implemented by recursion in C. The default value has
+been chosen to be as large as typical operating systems allow without
+crashing.
 See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
 =item $json = $json->max_size ([$maximum_string_size])
 =item $max_size = $json->get_max_size
 Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is
 being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>
-is called on a string longer then this number of characters it will not
+is called on a string that is longer then this many bytes, it will not
 attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no
 effect on C<encode> (yet).
-The argument to C<max_size> will be rounded up to the next B<highest>
+If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as when
-power of two (so may be more than requested). If no argument is given, the
+C<0> is specified).
-limit check will be deactivated (same as when C<0> is specified).
 See SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS, below, for more info on why this is useful.
 =item $json_text = $json->encode ($perl_scalar)
 =back
 =head1 INCREMENTAL PARSING
-[This section is still EXPERIMENTAL]
 In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON
 texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting
 Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a
 JSON stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has
 a full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
-using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but is
+using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but
-much more efficient (JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text
+is much more efficient (and can be implemented with a minimum of method
+calls).
+JSON::XS will only attempt to parse the JSON text once it is sure it
-once it is sure it has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very
+has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very simple but
-simple but truly incremental parser).
+truly incremental parser. This means that it sometimes won't stop as
+early as the full parser, for example, it doesn't detect parenthese
+mismatches. The only thing it guarantees is that it starts decoding as
+soon as a syntactically valid JSON text has been seen. This means you need
+to set resource limits (e.g. C<max_size>) to ensure the parser will stop
+parsing in the presence if syntax errors.
-The following two methods deal with this.
+The following methods implement this incremental parser.
 =over 4
 =item [void, scalar or list context] = $json->incr_parse ([$string])
 return without doing anything further. This can be used to add more text
 in as many chunks as you want.
 If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
 exactly I<one> JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
-object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. This is the most common way of
+object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. If there is a parse error,
+this method will croak just as C<decode> would do (one can then use
+C<incr_skip> to skip the errornous part). This is the most common way of
 using the method.
 And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
 from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
 otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators between the JSON
-objects or arrays, instead they must be concatenated back-to-back.
+objects or arrays, instead they must be concatenated back-to-back. If
+an error occurs, an exception will be raised as in the scalar context
+case. Note that in this case, any previously-parsed JSON texts will be
+lost.
 =item $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
 This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue, that
 is, you can manipulate it. This I<only> works when a preceding call to
 method before having parsed anything.
 This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text after a
 JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by non-JSON text
 (such as commas).
+=item $json->incr_skip
+This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove
+the parsed text from the input buffer so far. This is useful after
+C<incr_parse> died, in which case the input buffer and incremental parser
+state is left unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to reset the
+parse state.
+The difference to C<incr_reset> is that only text until the parse error
+occured is removed.
+=item $json->incr_reset
+This completely resets the incremental parser, that is, after this call,
+it will be as if the parser had never parsed anything.
+This is useful if you want to repeatedly parse JSON objects and want to
+ignore any trailing data, which means you have to reset the parser after
+each successful decode.
 =back
 =head2 LIMITATIONS
 Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an
 exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and
 C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can
 also use C<JSON::XS::false> and C<JSON::XS::true> to improve readability.
-   encode_json [\0,JSON::XS::true]      # yields [false,true]
+   encode_json [\0, JSON::XS::true]      # yields [false,true]
 =item JSON::XS::true, JSON::XS::false
 These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
 respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.
 proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
 =back
+=head2 JSON and ECMAscript
+JSON syntax is based on how literals are represented in javascript (the
+not-standardised predecessor of ECMAscript) which is presumably why it is
+called "JavaScript Object Notation".
+However, JSON is not a subset (and also not a superset of course) of
+ECMAscript (the standard) or javascript (whatever browsers actually
+implement).
+If you want to use javascript's C<eval> function to "parse" JSON, you
+might run into parse errors for valid JSON texts, or the resulting data
+structure might not be queryable:
+One of the problems is that U+2028 and U+2029 are valid characters inside
+JSON strings, but are not allowed in ECMAscript string literals, so the
+following Perl fragment will not output something that can be guaranteed
+to be parsable by javascript's C<eval>:
+   use JSON::XS;
+   print encode_json [chr 0x2028];
+The right fix for this is to use a proper JSON parser in your javascript
+programs, and not rely on C<eval> (see for example Douglas Crockford's
+F<json2.js> parser).
+If this is not an option, you can, as a stop-gap measure, simply encode to
+ASCII-only JSON:
+   use JSON::XS;
+   print JSON::XS->new->ascii->encode ([chr 0x2028]);
+Note that this will enlarge the resulting JSON text quite a bit if you
+have many non-ASCII characters. You might be tempted to run some regexes
+to only escape U+2028 and U+2029, e.g.:
+   # DO NOT USE THIS!
+   my $json = JSON::XS->new->utf8->encode ([chr 0x2028]);
+   $json =~ s/\xe2\x80\xa8/\\u2028/g; # escape U+2028
+   $json =~ s/\xe2\x80\xa9/\\u2029/g; # escape U+2029
+   print $json;
+Note that I<this is a bad idea>: the above only works for U+2028 and
+U+2029 and thus only for fully ECMAscript-compliant parsers. Many existing
+javascript implementations, however, have issues with other characters as
+well - using C<eval> naively simply I<will> cause problems.
+Another problem is that some javascript implementations reserve
+some property names for their own purposes (which probably makes
+them non-ECMAscript-compliant). For example, Iceweasel reserves the
+C<__proto__> property name for it's own purposes.
+If that is a problem, you could parse try to filter the resulting JSON
+output for these property strings, e.g.:
+   $json =~ s/"__proto__"\s*:/"__proto__renamed":/g;
+This works because C<__proto__> is not valid outside of strings, so every
+occurence of C<"__proto__"\s*:> must be a string used as property name.
+If you know of other incompatibilities, please let me know.
 =head2 JSON and YAML
 You often hear that JSON is a subset of YAML. This is, however, a mass
 hysteria(*) and very far from the truth (as of the time of this writing),
 so let me state it clearly: I<in general, there is no way to configure
    my $yaml = $to_yaml->encode ($ref) . "\n";
 This will I<usually> generate JSON texts that also parse as valid
 YAML. Please note that YAML has hardcoded limits on (simple) object key
 lengths that JSON doesn't have and also has different and incompatible
-unicode handling, so you should make sure that your hash keys are
+unicode character escape syntax, so you should make sure that your hash
-noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows and that
+keys are noticeably shorter than the 1024 "stream characters" YAML allows
-you do not have characters with codepoint values outside the Unicode BMP
+and that you do not have characters with codepoint values outside the
-(basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow C<\/> sequences in
+Unicode BMP (basic multilingual page). YAML also does not allow C<\/>
-strings (which JSON::XS does not I<currently> generate, but other JSON
+sequences in strings (which JSON::XS does not I<currently> generate, but
-generators might).
+other JSON generators might).
 There might be other incompatibilities that I am not aware of (or the YAML
 specification has been changed yet again - it does so quite often). In
 general you should not try to generate YAML with a JSON generator or vice
 versa, or try to parse JSON with a YAML parser or vice versa: chances are
 that difficult or long) and finally make YAML compatible to it, and
 educating users about the changes, instead of spreading lies about the
 real compatibility for many I<years> and trying to silence people who
 point out that it isn't true.
+Addendum/2009: the YAML 1.2 spec is still incomaptible with JSON, even
+though the incompatibilities have been documented (and are known to
+Brian) for many years and the spec makes explicit claims that YAML is a
+superset of JSON. It would be so easy to fix, but apparently, bullying and
+corrupting userdata is so much easier.
 =back
 =head2 SPEED
 First comes a comparison between various modules using
 a very short single-line JSON string (also available at
 L<http://dist.schmorp.de/misc/json/short.json>).
-   {"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1", "we were just talking"], \
+   {"method": "handleMessage", "params": ["user1",
-   "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7, true,  false]}
+   "we were just talking"], "id": null, "array":[1,11,234,-5,1e5,1e7,
+   true,  false]}
 It shows the number of encodes/decodes per second (JSON::XS uses
 the functional interface, while JSON::XS/2 uses the OO interface
 with pretty-printing and hashkey sorting enabled, JSON::XS/3 enables
 shrink). Higher is better:
 information you might want to make sure that exceptions thrown by JSON::XS
 will not end up in front of untrusted eyes.
 If you are using JSON::XS to return packets to consumption
 by JavaScript scripts in a browser you should have a look at
-L<http://jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security> to see whether
+L<http://blog.archive.jpsykes.com/47/practical-csrf-and-json-security/> to
-you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really are browser
+see whether you are vulnerable to some common attack vectors (which really
-design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with it, as major
+are browser design bugs, but it is still you who will have to deal with
-browser developers care only for features, not about getting security
+it, as major browser developers care only for features, not about getting
-right).
+security right).
 =head1 THREADS
 This module is I<not> guaranteed to be thread safe and there are no
 =head1 BUGS
 While the goal of this module is to be correct, that unfortunately does
-not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. It is
+not mean it's bug-free, only that I think its design is bug-free. If you
-still relatively early in its development. If you keep reporting bugs they
+keep reporting bugs they will be fixed swiftly, though.
-will be fixed swiftly, though.
 Please refrain from using rt.cpan.org or any other bug reporting
 service. I put the contact address into my modules for a reason.
 =cut

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Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents): Revision 1.95 by root, Tue Mar 25 16:56:09 2008 UTC vs. Revision 1.127 by root, Sun Jan 10 10:07:13 2010 UTC

Diff Legend

Comparing JSON-XS/XS.pm (file contents):
Revision 1.95 by root, Tue Mar 25 16:56:09 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.127 by root, Sun Jan 10 10:07:13 2010 UTC