1 | => NAME |
1 | NAME |
2 | AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops |
2 | AnyEvent - provide framework for multiple event loops |
3 | |
3 | |
4 | EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event |
4 | EV, Event, Glib, Tk, Perl, Event::Lib, Qt, POE - various supported event |
5 | loops |
5 | loops |
6 | |
6 | |
7 | SYNOPSIS |
7 | SYNOPSIS |
8 | use AnyEvent; |
8 | use AnyEvent; |
9 | |
9 | |
10 | my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub { |
10 | my $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "r|w", cb => sub { ... }); |
11 | ... |
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12 | }); |
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13 | |
11 | |
14 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { |
12 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, cb => sub { ... }); |
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13 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => $seconds, interval => $seconds, cb => ... |
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14 | |
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15 | print AnyEvent->now; # prints current event loop time |
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16 | print AnyEvent->time; # think Time::HiRes::time or simply CORE::time. |
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17 | |
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18 | my $w = AnyEvent->signal (signal => "TERM", cb => sub { ... }); |
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19 | |
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20 | my $w = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub { |
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21 | my ($pid, $status) = @_; |
15 | ... |
22 | ... |
16 | }); |
23 | }); |
17 | |
24 | |
18 | my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged |
25 | my $w = AnyEvent->condvar; # stores whether a condition was flagged |
19 | $w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's |
26 | $w->send; # wake up current and all future recv's |
20 | $w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send |
27 | $w->recv; # enters "main loop" till $condvar gets ->send |
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28 | # use a condvar in callback mode: |
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29 | $w->cb (sub { $_[0]->recv }); |
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30 | |
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31 | INTRODUCTION/TUTORIAL |
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32 | This manpage is mainly a reference manual. If you are interested in a |
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33 | tutorial or some gentle introduction, have a look at the AnyEvent::Intro |
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34 | manpage. |
21 | |
35 | |
22 | WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT) |
36 | WHY YOU SHOULD USE THIS MODULE (OR NOT) |
23 | Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen |
37 | Glib, POE, IO::Async, Event... CPAN offers event models by the dozen |
24 | nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent? |
38 | nowadays. So what is different about AnyEvent? |
25 | |
39 | |
26 | Executive Summary: AnyEvent is *compatible*, AnyEvent is *free of |
40 | Executive Summary: AnyEvent is *compatible*, AnyEvent is *free of |
27 | policy* and AnyEvent is *small and efficient*. |
41 | policy* and AnyEvent is *small and efficient*. |
28 | |
42 | |
29 | First and foremost, *AnyEvent is not an event model* itself, it only |
43 | First and foremost, *AnyEvent is not an event model* itself, it only |
30 | interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use in a |
44 | interfaces to whatever event model the main program happens to use, in a |
31 | pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike, |
45 | pragmatic way. For event models and certain classes of immortals alike, |
32 | the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general, |
46 | the statement "there can only be one" is a bitter reality: In general, |
33 | only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. |
47 | only one event loop can be active at the same time in a process. |
34 | AnyEvent helps hiding the differences between those event loops. |
48 | AnyEvent cannot change this, but it can hide the differences between |
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49 | those event loops. |
35 | |
50 | |
36 | The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event |
51 | The goal of AnyEvent is to offer module authors the ability to do event |
37 | programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a |
52 | programming (waiting for I/O or timer events) without subscribing to a |
38 | religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your |
53 | religion, a way of living, and most importantly: without forcing your |
39 | module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event |
54 | module users into the same thing by forcing them to use the same event |
40 | model you use. |
55 | model you use. |
41 | |
56 | |
42 | For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is |
57 | For modules like POE or IO::Async (which is a total misnomer as it is |
43 | actually doing all I/O *synchronously*...), using them in your module is |
58 | actually doing all I/O *synchronously*...), using them in your module is |
44 | like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you |
59 | like joining a cult: After you joined, you are dependent on them and you |
45 | cannot use anything else, as it is simply incompatible to everything |
60 | cannot use anything else, as they are simply incompatible to everything |
46 | that isn't itself. What's worse, all the potential users of your module |
61 | that isn't them. What's worse, all the potential users of your module |
47 | are *also* forced to use the same event loop you use. |
62 | are *also* forced to use the same event loop you use. |
48 | |
63 | |
49 | AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works |
64 | AnyEvent is different: AnyEvent + POE works fine. AnyEvent + Glib works |
50 | fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together |
65 | fine. AnyEvent + Tk works fine etc. etc. but none of these work together |
51 | with the rest: POE + IO::Async? no go. Tk + Event? no go. Again: if your |
66 | with the rest: POE + IO::Async? No go. Tk + Event? No go. Again: if your |
52 | module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. |
67 | module uses one of those, every user of your module has to use it, too. |
53 | But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event |
68 | But if your module uses AnyEvent, it works transparently with all event |
54 | models it supports (including stuff like POE and IO::Async, as long as |
69 | models it supports (including stuff like IO::Async, as long as those use |
55 | those use one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new |
70 | one of the supported event loops. It is trivial to add new event loops |
56 | event loops to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof). |
71 | to AnyEvent, too, so it is future-proof). |
57 | |
72 | |
58 | In addition to being free of having to use *the one and only true event |
73 | In addition to being free of having to use *the one and only true event |
59 | model*, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar |
74 | model*, AnyEvent also is free of bloat and policy: with POE or similar |
60 | modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to |
75 | modules, you get an enormous amount of code and strict rules you have to |
61 | follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by |
76 | follow. AnyEvent, on the other hand, is lean and up to the point, by |
62 | only offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a |
77 | only offering the functionality that is necessary, in as thin as a |
63 | wrapper as technically possible. |
78 | wrapper as technically possible. |
64 | |
79 | |
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80 | Of course, AnyEvent comes with a big (and fully optional!) toolbox of |
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81 | useful functionality, such as an asynchronous DNS resolver, 100% |
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82 | non-blocking connects (even with TLS/SSL, IPv6 and on broken platforms |
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83 | such as Windows) and lots of real-world knowledge and workarounds for |
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84 | platform bugs and differences. |
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85 | |
65 | Of course, if you want lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat |
86 | Now, if you *do want* lots of policy (this can arguably be somewhat |
66 | useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event |
87 | useful) and you want to force your users to use the one and only event |
67 | model, you should *not* use this module. |
88 | model, you should *not* use this module. |
68 | |
89 | |
69 | DESCRIPTION |
90 | DESCRIPTION |
70 | AnyEvent provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This |
91 | AnyEvent provides an identical interface to multiple event loops. This |
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99 | starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors |
120 | starts using it, all bets are off. Maybe you should tell their authors |
100 | to use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly... |
121 | to use AnyEvent so their modules work together with others seamlessly... |
101 | |
122 | |
102 | The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called |
123 | The pure-perl implementation of AnyEvent is called |
103 | "AnyEvent::Impl::Perl". Like other event modules you can load it |
124 | "AnyEvent::Impl::Perl". Like other event modules you can load it |
104 | explicitly. |
125 | explicitly and enjoy the high availability of that event loop :) |
105 | |
126 | |
106 | WATCHERS |
127 | WATCHERS |
107 | AnyEvent has the central concept of a *watcher*, which is an object that |
128 | AnyEvent has the central concept of a *watcher*, which is an object that |
108 | stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as |
129 | stores relevant data for each kind of event you are waiting for, such as |
109 | the callback to call, the file handle to watch, etc. |
130 | the callback to call, the file handle to watch, etc. |
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122 | Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for |
143 | Many watchers either are used with "recursion" (repeating timers for |
123 | example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways. |
144 | example), or need to refer to their watcher object in other ways. |
124 | |
145 | |
125 | An any way to achieve that is this pattern: |
146 | An any way to achieve that is this pattern: |
126 | |
147 | |
127 | my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub { |
148 | my $w; $w = AnyEvent->type (arg => value ..., cb => sub { |
128 | # you can use $w here, for example to undef it |
149 | # you can use $w here, for example to undef it |
129 | undef $w; |
150 | undef $w; |
130 | }); |
151 | }); |
131 | |
152 | |
132 | Note that "my $w; $w =" combination. This is necessary because in Perl, |
153 | Note that "my $w; $w =" combination. This is necessary because in Perl, |
133 | my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are |
154 | my variables are only visible after the statement in which they are |
134 | declared. |
155 | declared. |
135 | |
156 | |
136 | I/O WATCHERS |
157 | I/O WATCHERS |
137 | You can create an I/O watcher by calling the "AnyEvent->io" method with |
158 | You can create an I/O watcher by calling the "AnyEvent->io" method with |
138 | the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments: |
159 | the following mandatory key-value pairs as arguments: |
139 | |
160 | |
140 | "fh" the Perl *file handle* (*not* file descriptor) to watch for events. |
161 | "fh" the Perl *file handle* (*not* file descriptor) to watch for events |
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162 | (AnyEvent might or might not keep a reference to this file handle). |
141 | "poll" must be a string that is either "r" or "w", which creates a |
163 | "poll" must be a string that is either "r" or "w", which creates a |
142 | watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively. "cb" |
164 | watcher waiting for "r"eadable or "w"ritable events, respectively. "cb" |
143 | is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready. |
165 | is the callback to invoke each time the file handle becomes ready. |
144 | |
166 | |
145 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
167 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
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152 | |
174 | |
153 | Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should |
175 | Some event loops issue spurious readyness notifications, so you should |
154 | always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file |
176 | always use non-blocking calls when reading/writing from/to your file |
155 | handles. |
177 | handles. |
156 | |
178 | |
157 | Example: |
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158 | |
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159 | # wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the watcher |
179 | Example: wait for readability of STDIN, then read a line and disable the |
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180 | watcher. |
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181 | |
160 | my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub { |
182 | my $w; $w = AnyEvent->io (fh => \*STDIN, poll => 'r', cb => sub { |
161 | chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); |
183 | chomp (my $input = <STDIN>); |
162 | warn "read: $input\n"; |
184 | warn "read: $input\n"; |
163 | undef $w; |
185 | undef $w; |
164 | }); |
186 | }); |
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173 | |
195 | |
174 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
196 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
175 | presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent |
197 | presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent |
176 | callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks. |
198 | callbacks cannot use arguments passed to time watcher callbacks. |
177 | |
199 | |
178 | The timer callback will be invoked at most once: if you want a repeating |
200 | The callback will normally be invoked once only. If you specify another |
179 | timer you have to create a new watcher (this is a limitation by both Tk |
201 | parameter, "interval", as a strictly positive number (> 0), then the |
180 | and Glib). |
202 | callback will be invoked regularly at that interval (in fractional |
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203 | seconds) after the first invocation. If "interval" is specified with a |
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204 | false value, then it is treated as if it were missing. |
181 | |
205 | |
182 | Example: |
206 | The callback will be rescheduled before invoking the callback, but no |
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207 | attempt is done to avoid timer drift in most backends, so the interval |
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208 | is only approximate. |
183 | |
209 | |
184 | # fire an event after 7.7 seconds |
210 | Example: fire an event after 7.7 seconds. |
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211 | |
185 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub { |
212 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 7.7, cb => sub { |
186 | warn "timeout\n"; |
213 | warn "timeout\n"; |
187 | }); |
214 | }); |
188 | |
215 | |
189 | # to cancel the timer: |
216 | # to cancel the timer: |
190 | undef $w; |
217 | undef $w; |
191 | |
218 | |
192 | Example 2: |
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193 | |
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194 | # fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second |
219 | Example 2: fire an event after 0.5 seconds, then roughly every second. |
195 | my $w; |
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196 | |
220 | |
197 | my $cb = sub { |
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198 | # cancel the old timer while creating a new one |
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199 | $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 1, cb => $cb); |
221 | my $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, interval => 1, cb => sub { |
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222 | warn "timeout\n"; |
200 | }; |
223 | }; |
201 | |
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202 | # start the "loop" by creating the first watcher |
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203 | $w = AnyEvent->timer (after => 0.5, cb => $cb); |
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204 | |
224 | |
205 | TIMING ISSUES |
225 | TIMING ISSUES |
206 | There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire |
226 | There are two ways to handle timers: based on real time (relative, "fire |
207 | in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12 |
227 | in 10 seconds") and based on wallclock time (absolute, "fire at 12 |
208 | o'clock"). |
228 | o'clock"). |
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220 | on wallclock time) timers. |
240 | on wallclock time) timers. |
221 | |
241 | |
222 | AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the |
242 | AnyEvent always prefers relative timers, if available, matching the |
223 | AnyEvent API. |
243 | AnyEvent API. |
224 | |
244 | |
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245 | AnyEvent has two additional methods that return the "current time": |
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246 | |
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247 | AnyEvent->time |
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248 | This returns the "current wallclock time" as a fractional number of |
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249 | seconds since the Epoch (the same thing as "time" or |
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250 | "Time::HiRes::time" return, and the result is guaranteed to be |
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251 | compatible with those). |
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252 | |
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253 | It progresses independently of any event loop processing, i.e. each |
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254 | call will check the system clock, which usually gets updated |
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255 | frequently. |
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256 | |
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257 | AnyEvent->now |
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258 | This also returns the "current wallclock time", but unlike "time", |
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259 | above, this value might change only once per event loop iteration, |
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260 | depending on the event loop (most return the same time as "time", |
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261 | above). This is the time that AnyEvent's timers get scheduled |
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262 | against. |
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263 | |
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264 | *In almost all cases (in all cases if you don't care), this is the |
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265 | function to call when you want to know the current time.* |
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266 | |
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267 | This function is also often faster then "AnyEvent->time", and thus |
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268 | the preferred method if you want some timestamp (for example, |
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269 | AnyEvent::Handle uses this to update it's activity timeouts). |
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270 | |
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271 | The rest of this section is only of relevance if you try to be very |
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272 | exact with your timing, you can skip it without bad conscience. |
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273 | |
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274 | For a practical example of when these times differ, consider |
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275 | Event::Lib and EV and the following set-up: |
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276 | |
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277 | The event loop is running and has just invoked one of your callback |
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278 | at time=500 (assume no other callbacks delay processing). In your |
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279 | callback, you wait a second by executing "sleep 1" (blocking the |
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280 | process for a second) and then (at time=501) you create a relative |
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281 | timer that fires after three seconds. |
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282 | |
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283 | With Event::Lib, "AnyEvent->time" and "AnyEvent->now" will both |
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284 | return 501, because that is the current time, and the timer will be |
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285 | scheduled to fire at time=504 (501 + 3). |
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286 | |
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287 | With EV, "AnyEvent->time" returns 501 (as that is the current time), |
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288 | but "AnyEvent->now" returns 500, as that is the time the last event |
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289 | processing phase started. With EV, your timer gets scheduled to run |
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290 | at time=503 (500 + 3). |
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291 | |
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292 | In one sense, Event::Lib is more exact, as it uses the current time |
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293 | regardless of any delays introduced by event processing. However, |
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294 | most callbacks do not expect large delays in processing, so this |
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295 | causes a higher drift (and a lot more system calls to get the |
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296 | current time). |
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297 | |
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298 | In another sense, EV is more exact, as your timer will be scheduled |
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299 | at the same time, regardless of how long event processing actually |
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300 | took. |
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301 | |
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302 | In either case, if you care (and in most cases, you don't), then you |
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303 | can get whatever behaviour you want with any event loop, by taking |
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304 | the difference between "AnyEvent->time" and "AnyEvent->now" into |
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305 | account. |
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306 | |
225 | SIGNAL WATCHERS |
307 | SIGNAL WATCHERS |
226 | You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, "signal" is the signal |
308 | You can watch for signals using a signal watcher, "signal" is the signal |
227 | *name* without any "SIG" prefix, "cb" is the Perl callback to be invoked |
309 | *name* in uppercase and without any "SIG" prefix, "cb" is the Perl |
228 | whenever a signal occurs. |
310 | callback to be invoked whenever a signal occurs. |
229 | |
311 | |
230 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
312 | Although the callback might get passed parameters, their value and |
231 | presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent |
313 | presence is undefined and you cannot rely on them. Portable AnyEvent |
232 | callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks. |
314 | callbacks cannot use arguments passed to signal watcher callbacks. |
233 | |
315 | |
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248 | |
330 | |
249 | CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS |
331 | CHILD PROCESS WATCHERS |
250 | You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status. |
332 | You can also watch on a child process exit and catch its exit status. |
251 | |
333 | |
252 | The child process is specified by the "pid" argument (if set to 0, it |
334 | The child process is specified by the "pid" argument (if set to 0, it |
253 | watches for any child process exit). The watcher will trigger as often |
335 | watches for any child process exit). The watcher will triggered only |
254 | as status change for the child are received. This works by installing a |
336 | when the child process has finished and an exit status is available, not |
255 | signal handler for "SIGCHLD". The callback will be called with the pid |
337 | on any trace events (stopped/continued). |
256 | and exit status (as returned by waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, |
338 | |
257 | you *can* rely on child watcher callback arguments. |
339 | The callback will be called with the pid and exit status (as returned by |
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340 | waitpid), so unlike other watcher types, you *can* rely on child watcher |
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341 | callback arguments. |
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342 | |
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343 | This watcher type works by installing a signal handler for "SIGCHLD", |
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344 | and since it cannot be shared, nothing else should use SIGCHLD or reap |
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345 | random child processes (waiting for specific child processes, e.g. |
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346 | inside "system", is just fine). |
258 | |
347 | |
259 | There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start |
348 | There is a slight catch to child watchers, however: you usually start |
260 | them *after* the child process was created, and this means the process |
349 | them *after* the child process was created, and this means the process |
261 | could have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore). |
350 | could have exited already (and no SIGCHLD will be sent anymore). |
262 | |
351 | |
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269 | an AnyEvent program, you *have* to create at least one watcher before |
358 | an AnyEvent program, you *have* to create at least one watcher before |
270 | you "fork" the child (alternatively, you can call "AnyEvent::detect"). |
359 | you "fork" the child (alternatively, you can call "AnyEvent::detect"). |
271 | |
360 | |
272 | Example: fork a process and wait for it |
361 | Example: fork a process and wait for it |
273 | |
362 | |
274 | my $done = AnyEvent->condvar; |
363 | my $done = AnyEvent->condvar; |
275 | |
364 | |
276 | my $pid = fork or exit 5; |
365 | my $pid = fork or exit 5; |
277 | |
366 | |
278 | my $w = AnyEvent->child ( |
367 | my $w = AnyEvent->child ( |
279 | pid => $pid, |
368 | pid => $pid, |
280 | cb => sub { |
369 | cb => sub { |
281 | my ($pid, $status) = @_; |
370 | my ($pid, $status) = @_; |
282 | warn "pid $pid exited with status $status"; |
371 | warn "pid $pid exited with status $status"; |
283 | $done->send; |
372 | $done->send; |
284 | }, |
373 | }, |
285 | ); |
374 | ); |
286 | |
375 | |
287 | # do something else, then wait for process exit |
376 | # do something else, then wait for process exit |
288 | $done->recv; |
377 | $done->recv; |
289 | |
378 | |
290 | CONDITION VARIABLES |
379 | CONDITION VARIABLES |
291 | If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them |
380 | If you are familiar with some event loops you will know that all of them |
292 | require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that |
381 | require you to run some blocking "loop", "run" or similar function that |
293 | will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks. |
382 | will actively watch for new events and call your callbacks. |
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298 | The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called |
387 | The instrument to do that is called a "condition variable", so called |
299 | because they represent a condition that must become true. |
388 | because they represent a condition that must become true. |
300 | |
389 | |
301 | Condition variables can be created by calling the "AnyEvent->condvar" |
390 | Condition variables can be created by calling the "AnyEvent->condvar" |
302 | method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is |
391 | method, usually without arguments. The only argument pair allowed is |
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392 | |
303 | "cb", which specifies a callback to be called when the condition |
393 | "cb", which specifies a callback to be called when the condition |
304 | variable becomes true. |
394 | variable becomes true, with the condition variable as the first argument |
|
|
395 | (but not the results). |
305 | |
396 | |
306 | After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes |
397 | After creation, the condition variable is "false" until it becomes |
307 | "true" by calling the "send" method (or calling the condition variable |
398 | "true" by calling the "send" method (or calling the condition variable |
308 | as if it were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for |
399 | as if it were a callback, read about the caveats in the description for |
309 | the "->send" method). |
400 | the "->send" method). |
… | |
… | |
365 | |
456 | |
366 | my $done = AnyEvent->condvar; |
457 | my $done = AnyEvent->condvar; |
367 | my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done); |
458 | my $delay = AnyEvent->timer (after => 5, cb => $done); |
368 | $done->recv; |
459 | $done->recv; |
369 | |
460 | |
|
|
461 | Example: Imagine an API that returns a condvar and doesn't support |
|
|
462 | callbacks. This is how you make a synchronous call, for example from the |
|
|
463 | main program: |
|
|
464 | |
|
|
465 | use AnyEvent::CouchDB; |
|
|
466 | |
|
|
467 | ... |
|
|
468 | |
|
|
469 | my @info = $couchdb->info->recv; |
|
|
470 | |
|
|
471 | And this is how you would just ste a callback to be called whenever the |
|
|
472 | results are available: |
|
|
473 | |
|
|
474 | $couchdb->info->cb (sub { |
|
|
475 | my @info = $_[0]->recv; |
|
|
476 | }); |
|
|
477 | |
370 | METHODS FOR PRODUCERS |
478 | METHODS FOR PRODUCERS |
371 | These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the |
479 | These methods should only be used by the producing side, i.e. the |
372 | code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also the |
480 | code/module that eventually sends the signal. Note that it is also the |
373 | producer side which creates the condvar in most cases, but it isn't |
481 | producer side which creates the condvar in most cases, but it isn't |
374 | uncommon for the consumer to create it as well. |
482 | uncommon for the consumer to create it as well. |
… | |
… | |
494 | |
602 | |
495 | $bool = $cv->ready |
603 | $bool = $cv->ready |
496 | Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether "send" or |
604 | Returns true when the condition is "true", i.e. whether "send" or |
497 | "croak" have been called. |
605 | "croak" have been called. |
498 | |
606 | |
499 | $cb = $cv->cb ([new callback]) |
607 | $cb = $cv->cb ($cb->($cv)) |
500 | This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and |
608 | This is a mutator function that returns the callback set and |
501 | optionally replaces it before doing so. |
609 | optionally replaces it before doing so. |
502 | |
610 | |
503 | The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. |
611 | The callback will be called when the condition becomes "true", i.e. |
504 | when "send" or "croak" are called. Calling "recv" inside the |
612 | when "send" or "croak" are called, with the only argument being the |
|
|
613 | condition variable itself. Calling "recv" inside the callback or at |
505 | callback or at any later time is guaranteed not to block. |
614 | any later time is guaranteed not to block. |
506 | |
615 | |
507 | GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS |
616 | GLOBAL VARIABLES AND FUNCTIONS |
508 | $AnyEvent::MODEL |
617 | $AnyEvent::MODEL |
509 | Contains "undef" until the first watcher is being created. Then it |
618 | Contains "undef" until the first watcher is being created. Then it |
510 | contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of |
619 | contains the event model that is being used, which is the name of |
… | |
… | |
624 | AnyEvent::Util |
733 | AnyEvent::Util |
625 | Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but |
734 | Contains various utility functions that replace often-used but |
626 | blocking functions such as "inet_aton" by event-/callback-based |
735 | blocking functions such as "inet_aton" by event-/callback-based |
627 | versions. |
736 | versions. |
628 | |
737 | |
629 | AnyEvent::Handle |
|
|
630 | Provide read and write buffers and manages watchers for reads and |
|
|
631 | writes. |
|
|
632 | |
|
|
633 | AnyEvent::Socket |
738 | AnyEvent::Socket |
634 | Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets, |
739 | Provides various utility functions for (internet protocol) sockets, |
635 | addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking |
740 | addresses and name resolution. Also functions to create non-blocking |
636 | tcp connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and |
741 | tcp connections or tcp servers, with IPv6 and SRV record support and |
637 | more. |
742 | more. |
638 | |
743 | |
|
|
744 | AnyEvent::Handle |
|
|
745 | Provide read and write buffers, manages watchers for reads and |
|
|
746 | writes, supports raw and formatted I/O, I/O queued and fully |
|
|
747 | transparent and non-blocking SSL/TLS. |
|
|
748 | |
639 | AnyEvent::DNS |
749 | AnyEvent::DNS |
640 | Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities. |
750 | Provides rich asynchronous DNS resolver capabilities. |
641 | |
751 | |
|
|
752 | AnyEvent::HTTP |
|
|
753 | A simple-to-use HTTP library that is capable of making a lot of |
|
|
754 | concurrent HTTP requests. |
|
|
755 | |
642 | AnyEvent::HTTPD |
756 | AnyEvent::HTTPD |
643 | Provides a simple web application server framework. |
757 | Provides a simple web application server framework. |
644 | |
758 | |
645 | AnyEvent::FastPing |
759 | AnyEvent::FastPing |
646 | The fastest ping in the west. |
760 | The fastest ping in the west. |
647 | |
761 | |
|
|
762 | AnyEvent::DBI |
|
|
763 | Executes DBI requests asynchronously in a proxy process. |
|
|
764 | |
|
|
765 | AnyEvent::AIO |
|
|
766 | Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event |
|
|
767 | programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent |
|
|
768 | together. |
|
|
769 | |
|
|
770 | AnyEvent::BDB |
|
|
771 | Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::BDB transparently |
|
|
772 | fuses BDB and AnyEvent together. |
|
|
773 | |
|
|
774 | AnyEvent::GPSD |
|
|
775 | A non-blocking interface to gpsd, a daemon delivering GPS |
|
|
776 | information. |
|
|
777 | |
|
|
778 | AnyEvent::IGS |
|
|
779 | A non-blocking interface to the Internet Go Server protocol (used by |
|
|
780 | App::IGS). |
|
|
781 | |
|
|
782 | AnyEvent::IRC |
|
|
783 | AnyEvent based IRC client module family (replacing the older |
648 | Net::IRC3 |
784 | Net::IRC3). |
649 | AnyEvent based IRC client module family. |
|
|
650 | |
785 | |
651 | Net::XMPP2 |
786 | Net::XMPP2 |
652 | AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family. |
787 | AnyEvent based XMPP (Jabber protocol) module family. |
653 | |
788 | |
654 | Net::FCP |
789 | Net::FCP |
… | |
… | |
659 | High level API for event-based execution flow control. |
794 | High level API for event-based execution flow control. |
660 | |
795 | |
661 | Coro |
796 | Coro |
662 | Has special support for AnyEvent via Coro::AnyEvent. |
797 | Has special support for AnyEvent via Coro::AnyEvent. |
663 | |
798 | |
664 | AnyEvent::AIO, IO::AIO |
|
|
665 | Truly asynchronous I/O, should be in the toolbox of every event |
|
|
666 | programmer. AnyEvent::AIO transparently fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent |
|
|
667 | together. |
|
|
668 | |
|
|
669 | AnyEvent::BDB, BDB |
|
|
670 | Truly asynchronous Berkeley DB access. AnyEvent::AIO transparently |
|
|
671 | fuses IO::AIO and AnyEvent together. |
|
|
672 | |
|
|
673 | IO::Lambda |
799 | IO::Lambda |
674 | The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use |
800 | The lambda approach to I/O - don't ask, look there. Can use |
675 | AnyEvent. |
801 | AnyEvent. |
676 | |
802 | |
677 | SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE |
803 | ERROR AND EXCEPTION HANDLING |
678 | This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent |
804 | In general, AnyEvent does not do any error handling - it relies on the |
679 | in a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want |
805 | caller to do that if required. The AnyEvent::Strict module (see also the |
680 | to provide AnyEvent compatibility. |
806 | "PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT" environment variable, below) provides strict |
|
|
807 | checking of all AnyEvent methods, however, which is highly useful during |
|
|
808 | development. |
681 | |
809 | |
682 | If you need to support another event library which isn't directly |
810 | As for exception handling (i.e. runtime errors and exceptions thrown |
683 | supported by AnyEvent, you can supply your own interface to it by |
811 | while executing a callback), this is not only highly event-loop |
684 | pushing, before the first watcher gets created, the package name of the |
812 | specific, but also not in any way wrapped by this module, as this is the |
685 | event module and the package name of the interface to use onto |
813 | job of the main program. |
686 | @AnyEvent::REGISTRY. You can do that before and even without loading |
|
|
687 | AnyEvent, so it is reasonably cheap. |
|
|
688 | |
814 | |
689 | Example: |
815 | The pure perl event loop simply re-throws the exception (usually within |
690 | |
816 | "condvar->recv"), the Event and EV modules call "$Event/EV::DIED->()", |
691 | push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [urxvt => urxvt::anyevent::]; |
817 | Glib uses "install_exception_handler" and so on. |
692 | |
|
|
693 | This tells AnyEvent to (literally) use the "urxvt::anyevent::" |
|
|
694 | package/class when it finds the "urxvt" package/module is already |
|
|
695 | loaded. |
|
|
696 | |
|
|
697 | When AnyEvent is loaded and asked to find a suitable event model, it |
|
|
698 | will first check for the presence of urxvt by trying to "use" the |
|
|
699 | "urxvt::anyevent" module. |
|
|
700 | |
|
|
701 | The class should provide implementations for all watcher types. See |
|
|
702 | AnyEvent::Impl::EV (source code), AnyEvent::Impl::Glib (Source code) and |
|
|
703 | so on for actual examples. Use "perldoc -m AnyEvent::Impl::Glib" to see |
|
|
704 | the sources. |
|
|
705 | |
|
|
706 | If you don't provide "signal" and "child" watchers than AnyEvent will |
|
|
707 | provide suitable (hopefully) replacements. |
|
|
708 | |
|
|
709 | The above example isn't fictitious, the *rxvt-unicode* (a.k.a. urxvt) |
|
|
710 | terminal emulator uses the above line as-is. An interface isn't included |
|
|
711 | in AnyEvent because it doesn't make sense outside the embedded |
|
|
712 | interpreter inside *rxvt-unicode*, and it is updated and maintained as |
|
|
713 | part of the *rxvt-unicode* distribution. |
|
|
714 | |
|
|
715 | *rxvt-unicode* also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to |
|
|
716 | condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will |
|
|
717 | "die". This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls |
|
|
718 | must not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense. |
|
|
719 | |
818 | |
720 | ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES |
819 | ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES |
721 | The following environment variables are used by this module: |
820 | The following environment variables are used by this module or its |
|
|
821 | submodules: |
722 | |
822 | |
723 | "PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE" |
823 | "PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE" |
724 | By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal |
824 | By default, AnyEvent will be completely silent except in fatal |
725 | conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent |
825 | conditions. You can set this environment variable to make AnyEvent |
726 | more talkative. |
826 | more talkative. |
… | |
… | |
729 | conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified |
829 | conditions, such as not being able to load the event model specified |
730 | by "PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL". |
830 | by "PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL". |
731 | |
831 | |
732 | When set to 2 or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which |
832 | When set to 2 or higher, cause AnyEvent to report to STDERR which |
733 | event model it chooses. |
833 | event model it chooses. |
|
|
834 | |
|
|
835 | "PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT" |
|
|
836 | AnyEvent does not do much argument checking by default, as thorough |
|
|
837 | argument checking is very costly. Setting this variable to a true |
|
|
838 | value will cause AnyEvent to load "AnyEvent::Strict" and then to |
|
|
839 | thoroughly check the arguments passed to most method calls. If it |
|
|
840 | finds any problems it will croak. |
|
|
841 | |
|
|
842 | In other words, enables "strict" mode. |
|
|
843 | |
|
|
844 | Unlike "use strict", it is definitely recommended ot keep it off in |
|
|
845 | production. Keeping "PERL_ANYEVENT_STRICT=1" in your environment |
|
|
846 | while developing programs can be very useful, however. |
734 | |
847 | |
735 | "PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL" |
848 | "PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL" |
736 | This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, |
849 | This can be used to specify the event model to be used by AnyEvent, |
737 | before auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string |
850 | before auto detection and -probing kicks in. It must be a string |
738 | consisting entirely of ASCII letters. The string "AnyEvent::Impl::" |
851 | consisting entirely of ASCII letters. The string "AnyEvent::Impl::" |
… | |
… | |
743 | This functionality might change in future versions. |
856 | This functionality might change in future versions. |
744 | |
857 | |
745 | For example, to force the pure perl model (AnyEvent::Impl::Perl) you |
858 | For example, to force the pure perl model (AnyEvent::Impl::Perl) you |
746 | could start your program like this: |
859 | could start your program like this: |
747 | |
860 | |
748 | PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ... |
861 | PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL=Perl perl ... |
749 | |
862 | |
750 | "PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS" |
863 | "PERL_ANYEVENT_PROTOCOLS" |
751 | Used by both AnyEvent::DNS and AnyEvent::Socket to determine |
864 | Used by both AnyEvent::DNS and AnyEvent::Socket to determine |
752 | preferences for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might |
865 | preferences for IPv4 or IPv6. The default is unspecified (and might |
753 | change, or be the result of auto probing). |
866 | change, or be the result of auto probing). |
… | |
… | |
775 | but some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it |
888 | but some (broken) firewalls drop such DNS packets, which is why it |
776 | is off by default. |
889 | is off by default. |
777 | |
890 | |
778 | Setting this variable to 1 will cause AnyEvent::DNS to announce |
891 | Setting this variable to 1 will cause AnyEvent::DNS to announce |
779 | EDNS0 in its DNS requests. |
892 | EDNS0 in its DNS requests. |
|
|
893 | |
|
|
894 | "PERL_ANYEVENT_MAX_FORKS" |
|
|
895 | The maximum number of child processes that |
|
|
896 | "AnyEvent::Util::fork_call" will create in parallel. |
|
|
897 | |
|
|
898 | SUPPLYING YOUR OWN EVENT MODEL INTERFACE |
|
|
899 | This is an advanced topic that you do not normally need to use AnyEvent |
|
|
900 | in a module. This section is only of use to event loop authors who want |
|
|
901 | to provide AnyEvent compatibility. |
|
|
902 | |
|
|
903 | If you need to support another event library which isn't directly |
|
|
904 | supported by AnyEvent, you can supply your own interface to it by |
|
|
905 | pushing, before the first watcher gets created, the package name of the |
|
|
906 | event module and the package name of the interface to use onto |
|
|
907 | @AnyEvent::REGISTRY. You can do that before and even without loading |
|
|
908 | AnyEvent, so it is reasonably cheap. |
|
|
909 | |
|
|
910 | Example: |
|
|
911 | |
|
|
912 | push @AnyEvent::REGISTRY, [urxvt => urxvt::anyevent::]; |
|
|
913 | |
|
|
914 | This tells AnyEvent to (literally) use the "urxvt::anyevent::" |
|
|
915 | package/class when it finds the "urxvt" package/module is already |
|
|
916 | loaded. |
|
|
917 | |
|
|
918 | When AnyEvent is loaded and asked to find a suitable event model, it |
|
|
919 | will first check for the presence of urxvt by trying to "use" the |
|
|
920 | "urxvt::anyevent" module. |
|
|
921 | |
|
|
922 | The class should provide implementations for all watcher types. See |
|
|
923 | AnyEvent::Impl::EV (source code), AnyEvent::Impl::Glib (Source code) and |
|
|
924 | so on for actual examples. Use "perldoc -m AnyEvent::Impl::Glib" to see |
|
|
925 | the sources. |
|
|
926 | |
|
|
927 | If you don't provide "signal" and "child" watchers than AnyEvent will |
|
|
928 | provide suitable (hopefully) replacements. |
|
|
929 | |
|
|
930 | The above example isn't fictitious, the *rxvt-unicode* (a.k.a. urxvt) |
|
|
931 | terminal emulator uses the above line as-is. An interface isn't included |
|
|
932 | in AnyEvent because it doesn't make sense outside the embedded |
|
|
933 | interpreter inside *rxvt-unicode*, and it is updated and maintained as |
|
|
934 | part of the *rxvt-unicode* distribution. |
|
|
935 | |
|
|
936 | *rxvt-unicode* also cheats a bit by not providing blocking access to |
|
|
937 | condition variables: code blocking while waiting for a condition will |
|
|
938 | "die". This still works with most modules/usages, and blocking calls |
|
|
939 | must not be done in an interactive application, so it makes sense. |
780 | |
940 | |
781 | EXAMPLE PROGRAM |
941 | EXAMPLE PROGRAM |
782 | The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a |
942 | The following program uses an I/O watcher to read data from STDIN, a |
783 | timer to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to |
943 | timer to display a message once per second, and a condition variable to |
784 | quit the program when the user enters quit: |
944 | quit the program when the user enters quit: |
… | |
… | |
971 | *destroy* is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a |
1131 | *destroy* is the time, in microseconds, that it takes to destroy a |
972 | single watcher. |
1132 | single watcher. |
973 | |
1133 | |
974 | Results |
1134 | Results |
975 | name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment |
1135 | name watchers bytes create invoke destroy comment |
976 | EV/EV 400000 244 0.56 0.46 0.31 EV native interface |
1136 | EV/EV 400000 224 0.47 0.35 0.27 EV native interface |
977 | EV/Any 100000 244 2.50 0.46 0.29 EV + AnyEvent watchers |
1137 | EV/Any 100000 224 2.88 0.34 0.27 EV + AnyEvent watchers |
978 | CoroEV/Any 100000 244 2.49 0.44 0.29 coroutines + Coro::Signal |
1138 | CoroEV/Any 100000 224 2.85 0.35 0.28 coroutines + Coro::Signal |
979 | Perl/Any 100000 513 4.92 0.87 1.12 pure perl implementation |
1139 | Perl/Any 100000 452 4.14 0.75 0.99 pure perl implementation |
980 | Event/Event 16000 516 31.88 31.30 0.85 Event native interface |
1140 | Event/Event 16000 517 32.20 31.80 0.81 Event native interface |
981 | Event/Any 16000 590 35.75 31.42 1.08 Event + AnyEvent watchers |
1141 | Event/Any 16000 590 35.85 31.55 1.06 Event + AnyEvent watchers |
982 | Glib/Any 16000 1357 98.22 12.41 54.00 quadratic behaviour |
1142 | Glib/Any 16000 1357 102.33 12.31 51.00 quadratic behaviour |
983 | Tk/Any 2000 1860 26.97 67.98 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers |
1143 | Tk/Any 2000 1860 27.20 66.31 14.00 SEGV with >> 2000 watchers |
984 | POE/Event 2000 6644 108.64 736.02 14.73 via POE::Loop::Event |
1144 | POE/Event 2000 6328 109.99 751.67 14.02 via POE::Loop::Event |
985 | POE/Select 2000 6343 94.13 809.12 565.96 via POE::Loop::Select |
1145 | POE/Select 2000 6027 94.54 809.13 579.80 via POE::Loop::Select |
986 | |
1146 | |
987 | Discussion |
1147 | Discussion |
988 | The benchmark does *not* measure scalability of the event loop very |
1148 | The benchmark does *not* measure scalability of the event loop very |
989 | well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one) |
1149 | well. For example, a select-based event loop (such as the pure perl one) |
990 | can never compete with an event loop that uses epoll when the number of |
1150 | can never compete with an event loop that uses epoll when the number of |
… | |
… | |
1171 | |
1331 | |
1172 | Summary |
1332 | Summary |
1173 | * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of watchers, |
1333 | * C-based event loops perform very well with small number of watchers, |
1174 | as the management overhead dominates. |
1334 | as the management overhead dominates. |
1175 | |
1335 | |
|
|
1336 | SIGNALS |
|
|
1337 | AnyEvent currently installs handlers for these signals: |
|
|
1338 | |
|
|
1339 | SIGCHLD |
|
|
1340 | A handler for "SIGCHLD" is installed by AnyEvent's child watcher |
|
|
1341 | emulation for event loops that do not support them natively. Also, |
|
|
1342 | some event loops install a similar handler. |
|
|
1343 | |
|
|
1344 | SIGPIPE |
|
|
1345 | A no-op handler is installed for "SIGPIPE" when $SIG{PIPE} is |
|
|
1346 | "undef" when AnyEvent gets loaded. |
|
|
1347 | |
|
|
1348 | The rationale for this is that AnyEvent users usually do not really |
|
|
1349 | depend on SIGPIPE delivery (which is purely an optimisation for |
|
|
1350 | shell use, or badly-written programs), but "SIGPIPE" can cause |
|
|
1351 | spurious and rare program exits as a lot of people do not expect |
|
|
1352 | "SIGPIPE" when writing to some random socket. |
|
|
1353 | |
|
|
1354 | The rationale for installing a no-op handler as opposed to ignoring |
|
|
1355 | it is that this way, the handler will be restored to defaults on |
|
|
1356 | exec. |
|
|
1357 | |
|
|
1358 | Feel free to install your own handler, or reset it to defaults. |
|
|
1359 | |
1176 | FORK |
1360 | FORK |
1177 | Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are |
1361 | Most event libraries are not fork-safe. The ones who are usually are |
1178 | because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe "select" or "poll" calls. |
1362 | because they rely on inefficient but fork-safe "select" or "poll" calls. |
1179 | Only EV is fully fork-aware. |
1363 | Only EV is fully fork-aware. |
1180 | |
1364 | |
… | |
… | |
1190 | model than specified in the variable. |
1374 | model than specified in the variable. |
1191 | |
1375 | |
1192 | You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it |
1376 | You can make AnyEvent completely ignore this variable by deleting it |
1193 | before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a "BEGIN" block: |
1377 | before the first watcher gets created, e.g. with a "BEGIN" block: |
1194 | |
1378 | |
1195 | BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} } |
1379 | BEGIN { delete $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL} } |
1196 | |
1380 | |
1197 | use AnyEvent; |
1381 | use AnyEvent; |
1198 | |
1382 | |
1199 | Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can |
1383 | Similar considerations apply to $ENV{PERL_ANYEVENT_VERBOSE}, as that can |
1200 | be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which |
1384 | be used to probe what backend is used and gain other information (which |
1201 | is probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL). |
1385 | is probably even less useful to an attacker than PERL_ANYEVENT_MODEL), |
|
|
1386 | and $ENV{PERL_ANYEGENT_STRICT}. |
|
|
1387 | |
|
|
1388 | BUGS |
|
|
1389 | Perl 5.8 has numerous memleaks that sometimes hit this module and are |
|
|
1390 | hard to work around. If you suffer from memleaks, first upgrade to Perl |
|
|
1391 | 5.10 and check wether the leaks still show up. (Perl 5.10.0 has other |
|
|
1392 | annoying mamleaks, such as leaking on "map" and "grep" but it is usually |
|
|
1393 | not as pronounced). |
1202 | |
1394 | |
1203 | SEE ALSO |
1395 | SEE ALSO |
1204 | Utility functions: AnyEvent::Util. |
1396 | Utility functions: AnyEvent::Util. |
1205 | |
1397 | |
1206 | Event modules: EV, EV::Glib, Glib::EV, Event, Glib::Event, Glib, Tk, |
1398 | Event modules: EV, EV::Glib, Glib::EV, Event, Glib::Event, Glib, Tk, |
… | |
… | |
1218 | Coroutine support: Coro, Coro::AnyEvent, Coro::EV, Coro::Event, |
1410 | Coroutine support: Coro, Coro::AnyEvent, Coro::EV, Coro::Event, |
1219 | |
1411 | |
1220 | Nontrivial usage examples: Net::FCP, Net::XMPP2, AnyEvent::DNS. |
1412 | Nontrivial usage examples: Net::FCP, Net::XMPP2, AnyEvent::DNS. |
1221 | |
1413 | |
1222 | AUTHOR |
1414 | AUTHOR |
1223 | Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
1415 | Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
1224 | http://home.schmorp.de/ |
1416 | http://home.schmorp.de/ |
1225 | |
1417 | |