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=head1 NAME |
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Coro - coroutine process abstraction |
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=head1 SYNOPSIS |
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use Coro; |
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async { |
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# some asynchronous thread of execution |
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}; |
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# alternatively create an async coroutine like this: |
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sub some_func : Coro { |
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# some more async code |
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} |
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cede; |
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=head1 DESCRIPTION |
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This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar |
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to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP |
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machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also |
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guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless |
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necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and |
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parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much |
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safer than threads programming. |
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(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a |
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very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This |
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is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else). |
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In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables + |
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@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain, |
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its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global |
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variables. |
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=cut |
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package Coro; |
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use strict; |
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no warnings "uninitialized"; |
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use Coro::State; |
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use base qw(Coro::State Exporter); |
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our $idle; # idle handler |
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our $main; # main coroutine |
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our $current; # current coroutine |
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our $VERSION = '4.02'; |
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our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub); |
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our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( |
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prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)], |
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); |
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our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready)); |
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{ |
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my @async; |
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my $init; |
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|
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# this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;() |
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sub import { |
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no strict 'refs'; |
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Coro->export_to_level (1, @_); |
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my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE}; |
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*{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub { |
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my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift); |
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my @attrs; |
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for (@_) { |
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if ($_ eq "Coro") { |
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push @async, $ref; |
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unless ($init++) { |
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eval q{ |
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sub INIT { |
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&async(pop @async) while @async; |
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} |
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}; |
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} |
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} else { |
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push @attrs, $_; |
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} |
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} |
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return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs; |
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}; |
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} |
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} |
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=over 4 |
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=item $main |
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This coroutine represents the main program. |
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=cut |
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$main = new Coro; |
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=item $current (or as function: current) |
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|
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The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value |
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is C<$main> (of course). |
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This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance |
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reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the |
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C<Coro::current> function instead. |
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|
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=cut |
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$main->{desc} = "[main::]"; |
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# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before... |
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$main->{_specific} = $current->{_specific} |
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if $current; |
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_set_current $main; |
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sub current() { $current } |
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=item $idle |
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A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines |
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to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and |
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exits, because the program has no other way to continue. |
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This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and |
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C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a |
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coroutine so the scheduler can run it. |
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Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event |
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handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively. |
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=cut |
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$idle = sub { |
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require Carp; |
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Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected"); |
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}; |
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sub _cancel { |
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my ($self) = @_; |
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# free coroutine data and mark as destructed |
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$self->_destroy |
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or return; |
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# call all destruction callbacks |
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$_->(@{$self->{_status}}) |
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for @{(delete $self->{_on_destroy}) || []}; |
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} |
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# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine |
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# cannot destroy itself. |
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my @destroy; |
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my $manager; |
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$manager = new Coro sub { |
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while () { |
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(shift @destroy)->_cancel |
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while @destroy; |
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&schedule; |
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} |
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}; |
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$manager->desc ("[coro manager]"); |
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$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX); |
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# static methods. not really. |
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=back |
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|
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=head2 STATIC METHODS |
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Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only. |
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=over 4 |
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=item async { ... } [@args...] |
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Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object |
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(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically |
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terminated. |
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See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coroutine |
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environment. |
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Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside |
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the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit, |
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just as it would in the main program. |
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|
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# create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments |
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async { |
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print "@_\n"; |
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} 1,2,3,4; |
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=cut |
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sub async(&@) { |
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my $coro = new Coro @_; |
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$coro->ready; |
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$coro |
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} |
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=item async_pool { ... } [@args...] |
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Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call |
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terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine |
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that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :). |
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Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be |
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issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as |
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C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy> |
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will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel, |
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which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling. |
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The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, tracing will be |
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disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle |
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gets restored, so you can change alkl these. Otherwise the coroutine will |
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be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coroutine global |
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stuff such as C<$/> you need to revert that change, which is most simply |
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done by using local as in C< local $/ >. |
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The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by |
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changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as |
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required. |
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If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a |
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single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool |
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{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In |
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addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb |
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(adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit. |
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|
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=cut |
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our $POOL_SIZE = 8; |
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our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024; |
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our @async_pool; |
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sub pool_handler { |
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my $cb; |
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while () { |
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eval { |
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while () { |
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_pool_1 $cb; |
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&$cb; |
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_pool_2 $cb; |
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&schedule; |
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} |
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}; |
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|
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last if $@ eq "\3terminate\2\n"; |
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warn $@ if $@; |
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} |
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} |
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sub async_pool(&@) { |
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# this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler |
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my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler; |
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$coro->{_invoke} = [@_]; |
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$coro->ready; |
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$coro |
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} |
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=item schedule |
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|
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Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put |
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into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will |
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never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls |
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ready. |
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The canonical way to wait on external events is this: |
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{ |
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# remember current coroutine |
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my $current = $Coro::current; |
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# register a hypothetical event handler |
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on_event_invoke sub { |
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# wake up sleeping coroutine |
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$current->ready; |
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undef $current; |
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}; |
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# call schedule until event occurred. |
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# in case we are woken up for other reasons |
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# (current still defined), loop. |
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Coro::schedule while $current; |
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} |
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|
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=item cede |
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|
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"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the |
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1.22 |
ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the |
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current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority. |
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|
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Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened. |
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=item Coro::cede_notself |
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Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any |
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coroutine, regardless of priority, once. |
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1.107 |
Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened. |
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1.40 |
=item terminate [arg...] |
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|
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Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>). |
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|
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=item killall |
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Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running |
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one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as |
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usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines. |
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1.1 |
=cut |
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1.8 |
sub terminate { |
329 |
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1.59 |
$current->cancel (@_); |
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1.1 |
} |
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1.6 |
|
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1.141 |
sub killall { |
333 |
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for (Coro::State::list) { |
334 |
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$_->cancel |
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if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro"; |
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} |
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} |
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1.8 |
=back |
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# dynamic methods |
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|
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1.92 |
=head2 COROUTINE METHODS |
344 |
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1.8 |
|
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1.92 |
These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects. |
346 |
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1.6 |
|
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1.8 |
=over 4 |
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|
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1.13 |
=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...] |
350 |
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1.8 |
|
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1.92 |
Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine |
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1.40 |
automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were |
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1.92 |
called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue |
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1.41 |
by calling the ready method. |
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1.13 |
|
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See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the |
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coroutine environment. |
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|
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1.6 |
=cut |
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1.94 |
sub _run_coro { |
362 |
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1.13 |
terminate &{+shift}; |
363 |
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} |
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|
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1.8 |
sub new { |
366 |
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my $class = shift; |
367 |
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1.83 |
|
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1.94 |
$class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_) |
369 |
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1.8 |
} |
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1.6 |
|
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=item $success = $coroutine->ready |
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1.1 |
|
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1.92 |
Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority) |
374 |
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and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing |
375 |
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1.90 |
and return false. |
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1.1 |
|
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1.92 |
=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready |
378 |
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1.90 |
|
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1.92 |
Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not, |
380 |
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1.28 |
|
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1.92 |
=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...) |
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1.28 |
|
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root |
1.92 |
Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as |
384 |
root |
1.103 |
status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the |
385 |
|
|
current coroutine. |
386 |
root |
1.28 |
|
387 |
|
|
=cut |
388 |
|
|
|
389 |
|
|
sub cancel { |
390 |
pcg |
1.59 |
my $self = shift; |
391 |
root |
1.142 |
$self->{_status} = [@_]; |
392 |
root |
1.103 |
|
393 |
|
|
if ($current == $self) { |
394 |
|
|
push @destroy, $self; |
395 |
|
|
$manager->ready; |
396 |
|
|
&schedule while 1; |
397 |
|
|
} else { |
398 |
|
|
$self->_cancel; |
399 |
|
|
} |
400 |
root |
1.40 |
} |
401 |
|
|
|
402 |
root |
1.92 |
=item $coroutine->join |
403 |
root |
1.40 |
|
404 |
|
|
Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the |
405 |
root |
1.143 |
C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently |
406 |
|
|
from multiple coroutines. |
407 |
root |
1.40 |
|
408 |
|
|
=cut |
409 |
|
|
|
410 |
|
|
sub join { |
411 |
|
|
my $self = shift; |
412 |
root |
1.103 |
|
413 |
root |
1.142 |
unless ($self->{_status}) { |
414 |
root |
1.103 |
my $current = $current; |
415 |
|
|
|
416 |
root |
1.142 |
push @{$self->{_on_destroy}}, sub { |
417 |
root |
1.103 |
$current->ready; |
418 |
|
|
undef $current; |
419 |
|
|
}; |
420 |
|
|
|
421 |
|
|
&schedule while $current; |
422 |
root |
1.40 |
} |
423 |
root |
1.103 |
|
424 |
root |
1.142 |
wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0]; |
425 |
root |
1.31 |
} |
426 |
|
|
|
427 |
root |
1.101 |
=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb) |
428 |
|
|
|
429 |
|
|
Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed, |
430 |
|
|
but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments, |
431 |
|
|
if any. |
432 |
|
|
|
433 |
|
|
=cut |
434 |
|
|
|
435 |
|
|
sub on_destroy { |
436 |
|
|
my ($self, $cb) = @_; |
437 |
|
|
|
438 |
root |
1.142 |
push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb; |
439 |
root |
1.101 |
} |
440 |
|
|
|
441 |
root |
1.92 |
=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio) |
442 |
root |
1.31 |
|
443 |
root |
1.41 |
Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the |
444 |
root |
1.92 |
coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority |
445 |
|
|
coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3), |
446 |
root |
1.41 |
that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio |
447 |
|
|
to get then): |
448 |
root |
1.31 |
|
449 |
|
|
PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN |
450 |
|
|
3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4 |
451 |
|
|
|
452 |
|
|
# set priority to HIGH |
453 |
|
|
current->prio(PRIO_HIGH); |
454 |
|
|
|
455 |
|
|
The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any |
456 |
|
|
existing coroutine. |
457 |
|
|
|
458 |
root |
1.92 |
Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately, |
459 |
|
|
but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not |
460 |
root |
1.31 |
running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that |
461 |
root |
1.92 |
coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version. |
462 |
root |
1.31 |
|
463 |
root |
1.92 |
=item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change) |
464 |
root |
1.31 |
|
465 |
|
|
Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e. |
466 |
|
|
higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix). |
467 |
|
|
|
468 |
root |
1.92 |
=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc) |
469 |
root |
1.41 |
|
470 |
|
|
Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this |
471 |
root |
1.92 |
coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine. |
472 |
root |
1.41 |
|
473 |
root |
1.142 |
This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given string. You |
474 |
|
|
can modify this member directly if you wish. |
475 |
|
|
|
476 |
root |
1.150 |
=item $coroutine->throw ([$scalar]) |
477 |
|
|
|
478 |
|
|
If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception |
479 |
|
|
inside the coroutine at the next convinient point in time (usually after |
480 |
|
|
it gains control at the next schedule/transfer/cede). Otherwise clears the |
481 |
|
|
exception object. |
482 |
|
|
|
483 |
|
|
The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in |
484 |
|
|
C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended |
485 |
|
|
(unlike with C<die>). |
486 |
|
|
|
487 |
|
|
This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coroutine to |
488 |
|
|
end itself, although there is no guarentee that the exception will lead to |
489 |
|
|
termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole |
490 |
|
|
program. |
491 |
|
|
|
492 |
root |
1.41 |
=cut |
493 |
|
|
|
494 |
|
|
sub desc { |
495 |
|
|
my $old = $_[0]{desc}; |
496 |
|
|
$_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1; |
497 |
|
|
$old; |
498 |
root |
1.8 |
} |
499 |
root |
1.1 |
|
500 |
root |
1.8 |
=back |
501 |
root |
1.2 |
|
502 |
root |
1.97 |
=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS |
503 |
root |
1.92 |
|
504 |
|
|
=over 4 |
505 |
|
|
|
506 |
root |
1.97 |
=item Coro::nready |
507 |
|
|
|
508 |
|
|
Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state, |
509 |
root |
1.124 |
i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable |
510 |
root |
1.97 |
coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect, |
511 |
|
|
and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler |
512 |
|
|
that wakes up some coroutines. |
513 |
|
|
|
514 |
root |
1.103 |
=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... } |
515 |
|
|
|
516 |
root |
1.119 |
This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object |
517 |
root |
1.103 |
gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be |
518 |
|
|
executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a |
519 |
|
|
runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the |
520 |
|
|
guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method, |
521 |
|
|
C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed. |
522 |
|
|
|
523 |
|
|
Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled |
524 |
|
|
or the function returns: |
525 |
|
|
|
526 |
|
|
sub do_something { |
527 |
|
|
my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 }; |
528 |
|
|
$busy = 1; |
529 |
|
|
|
530 |
|
|
# do something that requires $busy to be true |
531 |
|
|
} |
532 |
|
|
|
533 |
|
|
=cut |
534 |
|
|
|
535 |
|
|
sub guard(&) { |
536 |
|
|
bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard" |
537 |
|
|
} |
538 |
|
|
|
539 |
|
|
sub Coro::guard::cancel { |
540 |
|
|
${$_[0]} = sub { }; |
541 |
|
|
} |
542 |
|
|
|
543 |
|
|
sub Coro::guard::DESTROY { |
544 |
|
|
${$_[0]}->(); |
545 |
|
|
} |
546 |
|
|
|
547 |
|
|
|
548 |
root |
1.92 |
=item unblock_sub { ... } |
549 |
|
|
|
550 |
|
|
This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it, |
551 |
|
|
returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return |
552 |
|
|
immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code |
553 |
|
|
ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine. |
554 |
|
|
|
555 |
root |
1.124 |
The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the |
556 |
root |
1.92 |
venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form |
557 |
|
|
of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks, |
558 |
|
|
otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. |
559 |
|
|
|
560 |
|
|
This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another |
561 |
|
|
coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy |
562 |
|
|
is when you use the L<Coro::AIO|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to |
563 |
|
|
disk. |
564 |
|
|
|
565 |
|
|
In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when |
566 |
|
|
creating event callbacks that want to block. |
567 |
|
|
|
568 |
|
|
=cut |
569 |
|
|
|
570 |
|
|
our @unblock_queue; |
571 |
|
|
|
572 |
root |
1.105 |
# we create a special coro because we want to cede, |
573 |
|
|
# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks |
574 |
|
|
# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede |
575 |
|
|
# inside an event callback. |
576 |
root |
1.132 |
our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub { |
577 |
root |
1.92 |
while () { |
578 |
|
|
while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) { |
579 |
root |
1.105 |
# this is an inlined copy of async_pool |
580 |
root |
1.134 |
my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler; |
581 |
root |
1.105 |
|
582 |
|
|
$coro->{_invoke} = $cb; |
583 |
|
|
$coro->ready; |
584 |
|
|
cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool |
585 |
root |
1.92 |
} |
586 |
root |
1.105 |
schedule; # sleep well |
587 |
root |
1.92 |
} |
588 |
|
|
}; |
589 |
root |
1.132 |
$unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]"); |
590 |
root |
1.92 |
|
591 |
|
|
sub unblock_sub(&) { |
592 |
|
|
my $cb = shift; |
593 |
|
|
|
594 |
|
|
sub { |
595 |
root |
1.105 |
unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_]; |
596 |
root |
1.92 |
$unblock_scheduler->ready; |
597 |
|
|
} |
598 |
|
|
} |
599 |
|
|
|
600 |
|
|
=back |
601 |
|
|
|
602 |
root |
1.8 |
=cut |
603 |
root |
1.2 |
|
604 |
root |
1.8 |
1; |
605 |
root |
1.14 |
|
606 |
root |
1.17 |
=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS |
607 |
root |
1.14 |
|
608 |
root |
1.52 |
- you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global |
609 |
root |
1.53 |
destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults). |
610 |
root |
1.52 |
|
611 |
|
|
- this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module |
612 |
root |
1.124 |
from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future |
613 |
root |
1.52 |
to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow |
614 |
|
|
this). |
615 |
root |
1.9 |
|
616 |
|
|
=head1 SEE ALSO |
617 |
|
|
|
618 |
root |
1.147 |
Support/Utility: L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Util>. |
619 |
root |
1.67 |
|
620 |
|
|
Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>. |
621 |
|
|
|
622 |
|
|
Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::Select>. |
623 |
|
|
|
624 |
|
|
Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker> |
625 |
root |
1.1 |
|
626 |
|
|
=head1 AUTHOR |
627 |
|
|
|
628 |
root |
1.66 |
Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
629 |
root |
1.64 |
http://home.schmorp.de/ |
630 |
root |
1.1 |
|
631 |
|
|
=cut |
632 |
|
|
|