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20 | |
20 | |
21 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
21 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
22 | |
22 | |
23 | This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar |
23 | This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar |
24 | to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP |
24 | to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP |
25 | machines. The specific flavor of coroutine use din this module also |
25 | machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also |
26 | guarentees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless |
26 | guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless |
27 | necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and |
27 | necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and |
28 | parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much |
28 | parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much |
29 | safer than threads programming. |
29 | safer than threads programming. |
30 | |
30 | |
31 | (Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a |
31 | (Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a |
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50 | |
50 | |
51 | our $idle; # idle handler |
51 | our $idle; # idle handler |
52 | our $main; # main coroutine |
52 | our $main; # main coroutine |
53 | our $current; # current coroutine |
53 | our $current; # current coroutine |
54 | |
54 | |
55 | our $VERSION = '3.11'; |
55 | our $VERSION = '4.0'; |
56 | |
56 | |
57 | our @EXPORT = qw(async cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub); |
57 | our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub); |
58 | our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( |
58 | our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( |
59 | prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)], |
59 | prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)], |
60 | ); |
60 | ); |
61 | our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready)); |
61 | our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready)); |
62 | |
62 | |
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108 | |
108 | |
109 | The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value |
109 | The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value |
110 | is C<$main> (of course). |
110 | is C<$main> (of course). |
111 | |
111 | |
112 | This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance |
112 | This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance |
113 | reasons. If performance is not essentiel you are encouraged to use the |
113 | reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the |
114 | C<Coro::current> function instead. |
114 | C<Coro::current> function instead. |
115 | |
115 | |
116 | =cut |
116 | =cut |
117 | |
117 | |
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118 | $main->{desc} = "[main::]"; |
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119 | |
118 | # maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before... |
120 | # maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before... |
119 | $main->{specific} = $current->{specific} |
121 | $main->{_specific} = $current->{_specific} |
120 | if $current; |
122 | if $current; |
121 | |
123 | |
122 | _set_current $main; |
124 | _set_current $main; |
123 | |
125 | |
124 | sub current() { $current } |
126 | sub current() { $current } |
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141 | $idle = sub { |
143 | $idle = sub { |
142 | require Carp; |
144 | require Carp; |
143 | Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected"); |
145 | Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected"); |
144 | }; |
146 | }; |
145 | |
147 | |
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148 | sub _cancel { |
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149 | my ($self) = @_; |
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150 | |
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151 | # free coroutine data and mark as destructed |
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152 | $self->_destroy |
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153 | or return; |
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154 | |
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155 | # call all destruction callbacks |
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156 | $_->(@{$self->{_status}}) |
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157 | for @{(delete $self->{_on_destroy}) || []}; |
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158 | } |
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159 | |
146 | # this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine |
160 | # this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine |
147 | # cannot destroy itself. |
161 | # cannot destroy itself. |
148 | my @destroy; |
162 | my @destroy; |
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163 | my $manager; |
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164 | |
149 | my $manager; $manager = new Coro sub { |
165 | $manager = new Coro sub { |
150 | while () { |
166 | while () { |
151 | # by overwriting the state object with the manager we destroy it |
167 | (shift @destroy)->_cancel |
152 | # while still being able to schedule this coroutine (in case it has |
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153 | # been readied multiple times. this is harmless since the manager |
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154 | # can be called as many times as neccessary and will always |
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155 | # remove itself from the runqueue |
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156 | while (@destroy) { |
168 | while @destroy; |
157 | my $coro = pop @destroy; |
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158 | $coro->{status} ||= []; |
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159 | $_->ready for @{delete $coro->{join} || []}; |
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160 | |
169 | |
161 | # the next line destroys the coro state, but keeps the |
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162 | # coroutine itself intact (we basically make it a zombie |
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163 | # coroutine that always runs the manager thread, so it's possible |
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164 | # to transfer() to this coroutine). |
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165 | $coro->_clone_state_from ($manager); |
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166 | } |
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167 | &schedule; |
170 | &schedule; |
168 | } |
171 | } |
169 | }; |
172 | }; |
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173 | $manager->desc ("[coro manager]"); |
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174 | $manager->prio (PRIO_MAX); |
170 | |
175 | |
171 | # static methods. not really. |
176 | # static methods. not really. |
172 | |
177 | |
173 | =back |
178 | =back |
174 | |
179 | |
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182 | |
187 | |
183 | Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object |
188 | Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object |
184 | (usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically |
189 | (usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically |
185 | terminated. |
190 | terminated. |
186 | |
191 | |
187 | Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will not work correctly, so do not do that. |
192 | Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside |
188 | |
193 | the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit, |
189 | When the coroutine dies, the program will exit, just as in the main |
194 | just as it would in the main program. |
190 | program. |
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191 | |
195 | |
192 | # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments |
196 | # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments |
193 | async { |
197 | async { |
194 | print "@_\n"; |
198 | print "@_\n"; |
195 | } 1,2,3,4; |
199 | } 1,2,3,4; |
196 | |
200 | |
197 | =cut |
201 | =cut |
198 | |
202 | |
199 | sub async(&@) { |
203 | sub async(&@) { |
200 | my $pid = new Coro @_; |
204 | my $coro = new Coro @_; |
201 | $pid->ready; |
205 | $coro->ready; |
202 | $pid |
206 | $coro |
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207 | } |
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208 | |
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209 | =item async_pool { ... } [@args...] |
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210 | |
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211 | Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call |
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212 | terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine |
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213 | that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :). |
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214 | |
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215 | Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be |
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216 | issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as |
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217 | C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy> |
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218 | will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel, |
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219 | which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling. |
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220 | |
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221 | The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, otherwise the coroutine |
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222 | will be re-used "as-is". |
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223 | |
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224 | The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by |
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225 | changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as |
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226 | required. |
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227 | |
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228 | If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a |
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229 | single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool |
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230 | { terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In |
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231 | addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb |
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232 | (adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit. |
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233 | |
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234 | =cut |
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235 | |
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236 | our $POOL_SIZE = 8; |
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237 | our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024; |
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238 | our @async_pool; |
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239 | |
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240 | sub pool_handler { |
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241 | my $cb; |
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242 | |
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243 | while () { |
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244 | eval { |
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245 | while () { |
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246 | _pool_1 $cb; |
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247 | &$cb; |
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248 | _pool_2 $cb; |
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249 | &schedule; |
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250 | } |
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251 | }; |
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252 | |
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253 | last if $@ eq "\3terminate\2\n"; |
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254 | warn $@ if $@; |
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255 | } |
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256 | } |
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257 | |
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258 | sub async_pool(&@) { |
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259 | # this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler |
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260 | my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler; |
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261 | |
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262 | $coro->{_invoke} = [@_]; |
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263 | $coro->ready; |
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264 | |
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265 | $coro |
203 | } |
266 | } |
204 | |
267 | |
205 | =item schedule |
268 | =item schedule |
206 | |
269 | |
207 | Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put |
270 | Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put |
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220 | # wake up sleeping coroutine |
283 | # wake up sleeping coroutine |
221 | $current->ready; |
284 | $current->ready; |
222 | undef $current; |
285 | undef $current; |
223 | }; |
286 | }; |
224 | |
287 | |
225 | # call schedule until event occured. |
288 | # call schedule until event occurred. |
226 | # in case we are woken up for other reasons |
289 | # in case we are woken up for other reasons |
227 | # (current still defined), loop. |
290 | # (current still defined), loop. |
228 | Coro::schedule while $current; |
291 | Coro::schedule while $current; |
229 | } |
292 | } |
230 | |
293 | |
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232 | |
295 | |
233 | "Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the |
296 | "Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the |
234 | ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the |
297 | ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the |
235 | current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority. |
298 | current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority. |
236 | |
299 | |
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300 | Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened. |
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301 | |
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302 | =item Coro::cede_notself |
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303 | |
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304 | Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any |
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305 | coroutine, regardless of priority, once. |
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306 | |
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307 | Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened. |
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308 | |
237 | =item terminate [arg...] |
309 | =item terminate [arg...] |
238 | |
310 | |
239 | Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>). |
311 | Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>). |
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312 | |
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313 | =item killall |
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314 | |
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315 | Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running |
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316 | one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as |
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317 | usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines. |
240 | |
318 | |
241 | =cut |
319 | =cut |
242 | |
320 | |
243 | sub terminate { |
321 | sub terminate { |
244 | $current->cancel (@_); |
322 | $current->cancel (@_); |
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323 | } |
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324 | |
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325 | sub killall { |
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326 | for (Coro::State::list) { |
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327 | $_->cancel |
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328 | if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro"; |
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329 | } |
245 | } |
330 | } |
246 | |
331 | |
247 | =back |
332 | =back |
248 | |
333 | |
249 | # dynamic methods |
334 | # dynamic methods |
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259 | Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine |
344 | Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine |
260 | automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were |
345 | automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were |
261 | called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue |
346 | called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue |
262 | by calling the ready method. |
347 | by calling the ready method. |
263 | |
348 | |
264 | Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will not work correctly, so do not do that. |
349 | See C<async> for additional discussion. |
265 | |
350 | |
266 | =cut |
351 | =cut |
267 | |
352 | |
268 | sub _run_coro { |
353 | sub _run_coro { |
269 | terminate &{+shift}; |
354 | terminate &{+shift}; |
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286 | Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not, |
371 | Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not, |
287 | |
372 | |
288 | =item $coroutine->cancel (arg...) |
373 | =item $coroutine->cancel (arg...) |
289 | |
374 | |
290 | Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as |
375 | Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as |
291 | status (default: the empty list). |
376 | status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the |
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377 | current coroutine. |
292 | |
378 | |
293 | =cut |
379 | =cut |
294 | |
380 | |
295 | sub cancel { |
381 | sub cancel { |
296 | my $self = shift; |
382 | my $self = shift; |
297 | $self->{status} = [@_]; |
383 | $self->{_status} = [@_]; |
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384 | |
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385 | if ($current == $self) { |
298 | push @destroy, $self; |
386 | push @destroy, $self; |
299 | $manager->ready; |
387 | $manager->ready; |
300 | &schedule if $current == $self; |
388 | &schedule while 1; |
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389 | } else { |
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390 | $self->_cancel; |
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391 | } |
301 | } |
392 | } |
302 | |
393 | |
303 | =item $coroutine->join |
394 | =item $coroutine->join |
304 | |
395 | |
305 | Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the |
396 | Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the |
306 | C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called multiple times |
397 | C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently |
307 | from multiple coroutine. |
398 | from multiple coroutines. |
308 | |
399 | |
309 | =cut |
400 | =cut |
310 | |
401 | |
311 | sub join { |
402 | sub join { |
312 | my $self = shift; |
403 | my $self = shift; |
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404 | |
313 | unless ($self->{status}) { |
405 | unless ($self->{_status}) { |
314 | push @{$self->{join}}, $current; |
406 | my $current = $current; |
315 | &schedule; |
407 | |
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408 | push @{$self->{_on_destroy}}, sub { |
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409 | $current->ready; |
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410 | undef $current; |
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411 | }; |
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412 | |
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413 | &schedule while $current; |
316 | } |
414 | } |
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415 | |
317 | wantarray ? @{$self->{status}} : $self->{status}[0]; |
416 | wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0]; |
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417 | } |
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418 | |
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419 | =item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb) |
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420 | |
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421 | Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed, |
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422 | but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments, |
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423 | if any. |
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424 | |
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425 | =cut |
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426 | |
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427 | sub on_destroy { |
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428 | my ($self, $cb) = @_; |
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429 | |
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430 | push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb; |
318 | } |
431 | } |
319 | |
432 | |
320 | =item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio) |
433 | =item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio) |
321 | |
434 | |
322 | Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the |
435 | Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the |
… | |
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347 | =item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc) |
460 | =item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc) |
348 | |
461 | |
349 | Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this |
462 | Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this |
350 | coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine. |
463 | coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine. |
351 | |
464 | |
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465 | This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given string. You |
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466 | can modify this member directly if you wish. |
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467 | |
352 | =cut |
468 | =cut |
353 | |
469 | |
354 | sub desc { |
470 | sub desc { |
355 | my $old = $_[0]{desc}; |
471 | my $old = $_[0]{desc}; |
356 | $_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1; |
472 | $_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1; |
… | |
… | |
364 | =over 4 |
480 | =over 4 |
365 | |
481 | |
366 | =item Coro::nready |
482 | =item Coro::nready |
367 | |
483 | |
368 | Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state, |
484 | Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state, |
369 | i.e. that can be swicthed to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable |
485 | i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable |
370 | coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect, |
486 | coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect, |
371 | and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler |
487 | and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler |
372 | that wakes up some coroutines. |
488 | that wakes up some coroutines. |
|
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489 | |
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490 | =item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... } |
|
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491 | |
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492 | This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object |
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493 | gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be |
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494 | executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a |
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495 | runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the |
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496 | guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method, |
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497 | C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed. |
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498 | |
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499 | Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled |
|
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500 | or the function returns: |
|
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501 | |
|
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502 | sub do_something { |
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503 | my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 }; |
|
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504 | $busy = 1; |
|
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505 | |
|
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506 | # do something that requires $busy to be true |
|
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507 | } |
|
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508 | |
|
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509 | =cut |
|
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510 | |
|
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511 | sub guard(&) { |
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512 | bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard" |
|
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513 | } |
|
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514 | |
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515 | sub Coro::guard::cancel { |
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516 | ${$_[0]} = sub { }; |
|
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517 | } |
|
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518 | |
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519 | sub Coro::guard::DESTROY { |
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520 | ${$_[0]}->(); |
|
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521 | } |
|
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522 | |
373 | |
523 | |
374 | =item unblock_sub { ... } |
524 | =item unblock_sub { ... } |
375 | |
525 | |
376 | This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it, |
526 | This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it, |
377 | returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return |
527 | returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return |
378 | immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code |
528 | immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code |
379 | ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine. |
529 | ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine. |
380 | |
530 | |
381 | The reason this fucntion exists is that many event libraries (such as the |
531 | The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the |
382 | venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form |
532 | venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form |
383 | of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks, |
533 | of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks, |
384 | otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. |
534 | otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. |
385 | |
535 | |
386 | This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another |
536 | This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another |
… | |
… | |
391 | In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when |
541 | In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when |
392 | creating event callbacks that want to block. |
542 | creating event callbacks that want to block. |
393 | |
543 | |
394 | =cut |
544 | =cut |
395 | |
545 | |
396 | our @unblock_pool; |
|
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397 | our @unblock_queue; |
546 | our @unblock_queue; |
398 | our $UNBLOCK_POOL_SIZE = 2; |
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399 | |
547 | |
400 | sub unblock_handler_ { |
548 | # we create a special coro because we want to cede, |
401 | while () { |
549 | # to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks |
402 | my ($cb, @arg) = @{ delete $Coro::current->{arg} }; |
550 | # return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede |
403 | $cb->(@arg); |
551 | # inside an event callback. |
404 | |
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405 | last if @unblock_pool >= $UNBLOCK_POOL_SIZE; |
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406 | push @unblock_pool, $Coro::current; |
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407 | schedule; |
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408 | } |
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409 | } |
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410 | |
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411 | our $unblock_scheduler = async { |
552 | our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub { |
412 | while () { |
553 | while () { |
413 | while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) { |
554 | while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) { |
414 | my $handler = (pop @unblock_pool or new Coro \&unblock_handler_); |
555 | # this is an inlined copy of async_pool |
415 | $handler->{arg} = $cb; |
556 | my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler; |
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557 | |
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558 | $coro->{_invoke} = $cb; |
416 | $handler->ready; |
559 | $coro->ready; |
417 | cede; |
560 | cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool |
418 | } |
561 | } |
419 | |
562 | schedule; # sleep well |
420 | schedule; |
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421 | } |
563 | } |
422 | }; |
564 | }; |
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565 | $unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]"); |
423 | |
566 | |
424 | sub unblock_sub(&) { |
567 | sub unblock_sub(&) { |
425 | my $cb = shift; |
568 | my $cb = shift; |
426 | |
569 | |
427 | sub { |
570 | sub { |
428 | push @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_]; |
571 | unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_]; |
429 | $unblock_scheduler->ready; |
572 | $unblock_scheduler->ready; |
430 | } |
573 | } |
431 | } |
574 | } |
432 | |
575 | |
433 | =back |
576 | =back |
… | |
… | |
440 | |
583 | |
441 | - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global |
584 | - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global |
442 | destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults). |
585 | destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults). |
443 | |
586 | |
444 | - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module |
587 | - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module |
445 | from the same thread (this requirement might be losened in the future |
588 | from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future |
446 | to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow |
589 | to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow |
447 | this). |
590 | this). |
448 | |
591 | |
449 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
592 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
450 | |
593 | |