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Revision 1.121 by root, Fri Apr 13 12:56:55 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.179 by root, Sat Apr 19 19:06:02 2008 UTC

2 2
3Coro - coroutine process abstraction 3Coro - coroutine process abstraction
4 4
5=head1 SYNOPSIS 5=head1 SYNOPSIS
6 6
7 use Coro; 7 use Coro;
8 8
9 async { 9 async {
10 # some asynchronous thread of execution 10 # some asynchronous thread of execution
11 print "2\n";
12 cede; # yield back to main
13 print "4\n";
11 }; 14 };
12 15 print "1\n";
13 # alternatively create an async coroutine like this: 16 cede; # yield to coroutine
14 17 print "3\n";
15 sub some_func : Coro { 18 cede; # and again
16 # some more async code 19
17 } 20 # use locking
18 21 my $lock = new Coro::Semaphore;
19 cede; 22 my $locked;
23
24 $lock->down;
25 $locked = 1;
26 $lock->up;
20 27
21=head1 DESCRIPTION 28=head1 DESCRIPTION
22 29
23This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar 30This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar
24to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP 31to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP
25machines. The specific flavor of coroutine use din this module also 32machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also
26guarentees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless 33guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
27necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and 34necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
28parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much 35parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
29safer than threads programming. 36safer than threads programming.
30 37
31(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a 38(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a
33is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else). 40is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).
34 41
35In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables + 42In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
36@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain, 43@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,
37its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global 44its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
38variables. 45variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration).
39 46
40=cut 47=cut
41 48
42package Coro; 49package Coro;
43 50
50 57
51our $idle; # idle handler 58our $idle; # idle handler
52our $main; # main coroutine 59our $main; # main coroutine
53our $current; # current coroutine 60our $current; # current coroutine
54 61
55our $VERSION = '3.56'; 62our $VERSION = '4.51';
56 63
57our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub); 64our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);
58our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( 65our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
59 prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)], 66 prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
60); 67);
61our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready)); 68our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
62 69
63{
64 my @async;
65 my $init;
66
67 # this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
68 sub import {
69 no strict 'refs';
70
71 Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
72
73 my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
74 *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
75 my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
76 my @attrs;
77 for (@_) {
78 if ($_ eq "Coro") {
79 push @async, $ref;
80 unless ($init++) {
81 eval q{
82 sub INIT {
83 &async(pop @async) while @async;
84 }
85 };
86 }
87 } else {
88 push @attrs, $_;
89 }
90 }
91 return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;
92 };
93 }
94
95}
96
97=over 4 70=over 4
98 71
99=item $main 72=item $main
100 73
101This coroutine represents the main program. 74This coroutine represents the main program.
108 81
109The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value 82The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value
110is C<$main> (of course). 83is C<$main> (of course).
111 84
112This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance 85This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance
113reasons. If performance is not essentiel you are encouraged to use the 86reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the
114C<Coro::current> function instead. 87C<Coro::current> function instead.
115 88
116=cut 89=cut
117 90
91$main->{desc} = "[main::]";
92
118# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before... 93# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
119$main->{specific} = $current->{specific} 94$main->{_specific} = $current->{_specific}
120 if $current; 95 if $current;
121 96
122_set_current $main; 97_set_current $main;
123 98
124sub current() { $current } 99sub current() { $current }
132This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and 107This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and
133C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a 108C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
134coroutine so the scheduler can run it. 109coroutine so the scheduler can run it.
135 110
136Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event 111Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event
137handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively. 112handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively itself.
138 113
139=cut 114=cut
140 115
141$idle = sub { 116$idle = sub {
142 require Carp; 117 require Carp;
149 # free coroutine data and mark as destructed 124 # free coroutine data and mark as destructed
150 $self->_destroy 125 $self->_destroy
151 or return; 126 or return;
152 127
153 # call all destruction callbacks 128 # call all destruction callbacks
154 $_->(@{$self->{status}}) 129 $_->(@{$self->{_status}})
155 for @{(delete $self->{destroy_cb}) || []}; 130 for @{(delete $self->{_on_destroy}) || []};
156} 131}
157 132
158# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine 133# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine
159# cannot destroy itself. 134# cannot destroy itself.
160my @destroy; 135my @destroy;
166 while @destroy; 141 while @destroy;
167 142
168 &schedule; 143 &schedule;
169 } 144 }
170}; 145};
171 146$manager->desc ("[coro manager]");
172$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX); 147$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
173
174# static methods. not really.
175 148
176=back 149=back
177 150
178=head2 STATIC METHODS 151=head2 STATIC METHODS
179 152
185 158
186Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object 159Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object
187(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically 160(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically
188terminated. 161terminated.
189 162
163See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coroutine
164environment in which coroutines run.
165
190Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will try to do the same as calling exit 166Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside
191outside the coroutine, but this is experimental. It is best not to rely on 167the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,
192exit doing any cleanups or even not crashing. 168just as it would in the main program.
193
194When the coroutine dies, the program will exit, just as in the main
195program.
196 169
197 # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments 170 # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments
198 async { 171 async {
199 print "@_\n"; 172 print "@_\n";
200 } 1,2,3,4; 173 } 1,2,3,4;
217issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as 190issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
218C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy> 191C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
219will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel, 192will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
220which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling. 193which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.
221 194
222The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, otherwise the coroutine 195The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, tracing will be
223will be re-used "as-is". 196disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle
197gets restored, so you can change alkl these. Otherwise the coroutine will
198be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coroutine global
199stuff such as C<$/> you need to revert that change, which is most simply
200done by using local as in C< local $/ >.
224 201
225The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by 202The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by
226changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as 203changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as
227required. 204required.
228 205
229If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a 206If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a
230single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool { 207single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool
231terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. 208{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In
209addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb
210(adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit.
232 211
233=cut 212=cut
234 213
235our $POOL_SIZE = 8; 214our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
215our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024;
236our @pool; 216our @async_pool;
237 217
238sub pool_handler { 218sub pool_handler {
219 my $cb;
220
239 while () { 221 while () {
240 eval { 222 eval {
241 my ($cb, @arg) = @{ delete $current->{_invoke} or return }; 223 while () {
242 $cb->(@arg); 224 _pool_1 $cb;
225 &$cb;
226 _pool_2 $cb;
227 &schedule;
228 }
243 }; 229 };
230
231 last if $@ eq "\3async_pool terminate\2\n";
244 warn $@ if $@; 232 warn $@ if $@;
245
246 last if @pool >= $POOL_SIZE;
247 push @pool, $current;
248
249 $current->save (Coro::State::SAVE_DEF);
250 $current->prio (0);
251 schedule;
252 } 233 }
253} 234}
254 235
255sub async_pool(&@) { 236sub async_pool(&@) {
256 # this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler 237 # this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
257 my $coro = (pop @pool or new Coro \&pool_handler); 238 my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
258 239
259 $coro->{_invoke} = [@_]; 240 $coro->{_invoke} = [@_];
260 $coro->ready; 241 $coro->ready;
261 242
262 $coro 243 $coro
280 # wake up sleeping coroutine 261 # wake up sleeping coroutine
281 $current->ready; 262 $current->ready;
282 undef $current; 263 undef $current;
283 }; 264 };
284 265
285 # call schedule until event occured. 266 # call schedule until event occurred.
286 # in case we are woken up for other reasons 267 # in case we are woken up for other reasons
287 # (current still defined), loop. 268 # (current still defined), loop.
288 Coro::schedule while $current; 269 Coro::schedule while $current;
289 } 270 }
290 271
292 273
293"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the 274"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the
294ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the 275ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the
295current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority. 276current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.
296 277
297Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
298
299=item Coro::cede_notself 278=item Coro::cede_notself
300 279
301Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any 280Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any
302coroutine, regardless of priority, once. 281coroutine, regardless of priority, once.
303 282
304Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
305
306=item terminate [arg...] 283=item terminate [arg...]
307 284
308Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>). 285Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
286
287=item killall
288
289Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running
290one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as
291usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines.
309 292
310=cut 293=cut
311 294
312sub terminate { 295sub terminate {
313 $current->cancel (@_); 296 $current->cancel (@_);
314} 297}
315 298
299sub killall {
300 for (Coro::State::list) {
301 $_->cancel
302 if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro";
303 }
304}
305
316=back 306=back
317
318# dynamic methods
319 307
320=head2 COROUTINE METHODS 308=head2 COROUTINE METHODS
321 309
322These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects. 310These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.
323 311
328Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine 316Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine
329automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were 317automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
330called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue 318called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue
331by calling the ready method. 319by calling the ready method.
332 320
333See C<async> for additional discussion. 321See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the
322coroutine environment.
334 323
335=cut 324=cut
336 325
337sub _run_coro { 326sub _run_coro {
338 terminate &{+shift}; 327 terminate &{+shift};
362 351
363=cut 352=cut
364 353
365sub cancel { 354sub cancel {
366 my $self = shift; 355 my $self = shift;
367 $self->{status} = [@_]; 356 $self->{_status} = [@_];
368 357
369 if ($current == $self) { 358 if ($current == $self) {
370 push @destroy, $self; 359 push @destroy, $self;
371 $manager->ready; 360 $manager->ready;
372 &schedule while 1; 361 &schedule while 1;
376} 365}
377 366
378=item $coroutine->join 367=item $coroutine->join
379 368
380Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the 369Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
381C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called multiple times 370C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently
382from multiple coroutine. 371from multiple coroutines.
383 372
384=cut 373=cut
385 374
386sub join { 375sub join {
387 my $self = shift; 376 my $self = shift;
388 377
389 unless ($self->{status}) { 378 unless ($self->{_status}) {
390 my $current = $current; 379 my $current = $current;
391 380
392 push @{$self->{destroy_cb}}, sub { 381 push @{$self->{_on_destroy}}, sub {
393 $current->ready; 382 $current->ready;
394 undef $current; 383 undef $current;
395 }; 384 };
396 385
397 &schedule while $current; 386 &schedule while $current;
398 } 387 }
399 388
400 wantarray ? @{$self->{status}} : $self->{status}[0]; 389 wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0];
401} 390}
402 391
403=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb) 392=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)
404 393
405Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed, 394Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,
409=cut 398=cut
410 399
411sub on_destroy { 400sub on_destroy {
412 my ($self, $cb) = @_; 401 my ($self, $cb) = @_;
413 402
414 push @{ $self->{destroy_cb} }, $cb; 403 push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb;
415} 404}
416 405
417=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio) 406=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)
418 407
419Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the 408Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
444=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc) 433=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)
445 434
446Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this 435Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
447coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine. 436coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.
448 437
438This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given string. You
439can modify this member directly if you wish.
440
441=item $coroutine->throw ([$scalar])
442
443If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception
444inside the coroutine at the next convinient point in time (usually after
445it gains control at the next schedule/transfer/cede). Otherwise clears the
446exception object.
447
448The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in
449C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended
450(unlike with C<die>).
451
452This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coroutine to
453end itself, although there is no guarentee that the exception will lead to
454termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole
455program.
456
449=cut 457=cut
450 458
451sub desc { 459sub desc {
452 my $old = $_[0]{desc}; 460 my $old = $_[0]{desc};
453 $_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1; 461 $_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
461=over 4 469=over 4
462 470
463=item Coro::nready 471=item Coro::nready
464 472
465Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state, 473Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,
466i.e. that can be swicthed to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable 474i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable
467coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect, 475coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,
468and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler 476and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler
469that wakes up some coroutines. 477that wakes up some coroutines.
470 478
471=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... } 479=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
507This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it, 515This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
508returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return 516returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return
509immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code 517immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code
510ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine. 518ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.
511 519
512The reason this fucntion exists is that many event libraries (such as the 520The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the
513venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form 521venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form
514of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks, 522of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
515otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. 523otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.
516 524
517This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another 525This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
528 536
529# we create a special coro because we want to cede, 537# we create a special coro because we want to cede,
530# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks 538# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks
531# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede 539# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
532# inside an event callback. 540# inside an event callback.
533our $unblock_scheduler = async { 541our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {
534 while () { 542 while () {
535 while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) { 543 while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
536 # this is an inlined copy of async_pool 544 # this is an inlined copy of async_pool
537 my $coro = (pop @pool or new Coro \&pool_handler); 545 my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;
538 546
539 $coro->{_invoke} = $cb; 547 $coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
540 $coro->ready; 548 $coro->ready;
541 cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool 549 cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
542 } 550 }
543 schedule; # sleep well 551 schedule; # sleep well
544 } 552 }
545}; 553};
554$unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]");
546 555
547sub unblock_sub(&) { 556sub unblock_sub(&) {
548 my $cb = shift; 557 my $cb = shift;
549 558
550 sub { 559 sub {
563 572
564 - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global 573 - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global
565 destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults). 574 destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
566 575
567 - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module 576 - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module
568 from the same thread (this requirement might be losened in the future 577 from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future
569 to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow 578 to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
570 this). 579 this).
571 580
572=head1 SEE ALSO 581=head1 SEE ALSO
573 582
583Lower level Configuration, Coroutine Environment: L<Coro::State>.
584
585Debugging: L<Coro::Debug>.
586
574Support/Utility: L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Util>. 587Support/Utility: L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Util>.
575 588
576Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>. 589Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
577 590
578Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::Select>. 591Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>.
579 592
593Compatibility: L<Coro::LWP>, L<Coro::Storable>, L<Coro::Select>.
594
580Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker> 595Embedding: L<Coro::MakeMaker>.
581 596
582=head1 AUTHOR 597=head1 AUTHOR
583 598
584 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> 599 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
585 http://home.schmorp.de/ 600 http://home.schmorp.de/

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