… | |
… | |
11 | print "2\n"; |
11 | print "2\n"; |
12 | cede; # yield back to main |
12 | cede; # yield back to main |
13 | print "4\n"; |
13 | print "4\n"; |
14 | }; |
14 | }; |
15 | print "1\n"; |
15 | print "1\n"; |
16 | cede; # yield to coroutine |
16 | cede; # yield to coro |
17 | print "3\n"; |
17 | print "3\n"; |
18 | cede; # and again |
18 | cede; # and again |
19 | |
19 | |
20 | # use locking |
20 | # use locking |
21 | use Coro::Semaphore; |
21 | use Coro::Semaphore; |
… | |
… | |
29 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
29 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
30 | |
30 | |
31 | For a tutorial-style introduction, please read the L<Coro::Intro> |
31 | For a tutorial-style introduction, please read the L<Coro::Intro> |
32 | manpage. This manpage mainly contains reference information. |
32 | manpage. This manpage mainly contains reference information. |
33 | |
33 | |
34 | This module collection manages continuations in general, most often |
34 | This module collection manages continuations in general, most often in |
35 | in the form of cooperative threads (also called coroutines in the |
35 | the form of cooperative threads (also called coros, or simply "coro" |
36 | documentation). They are similar to kernel threads but don't (in general) |
36 | in the documentation). They are similar to kernel threads but don't (in |
37 | run in parallel at the same time even on SMP machines. The specific flavor |
37 | general) run in parallel at the same time even on SMP machines. The |
38 | of thread offered by this module also guarantees you that it will not |
38 | specific flavor of thread offered by this module also guarantees you that |
39 | switch between threads unless necessary, at easily-identified points in |
39 | it will not switch between threads unless necessary, at easily-identified |
40 | your program, so locking and parallel access are rarely an issue, making |
40 | points in your program, so locking and parallel access are rarely an |
41 | thread programming much safer and easier than using other thread models. |
41 | issue, making thread programming much safer and easier than using other |
|
|
42 | thread models. |
42 | |
43 | |
43 | Unlike the so-called "Perl threads" (which are not actually real threads |
44 | Unlike the so-called "Perl threads" (which are not actually real threads |
44 | but only the windows process emulation ported to unix), Coro provides a |
45 | but only the windows process emulation (see section of same name for |
|
|
46 | more details) ported to UNIX, and as such act as processes), Coro |
45 | full shared address space, which makes communication between threads |
47 | provides a full shared address space, which makes communication between |
46 | very easy. And threads are fast, too: disabling the Windows process |
48 | threads very easy. And coro threads are fast, too: disabling the Windows |
47 | emulation code in your perl and using Coro can easily result in a two to |
49 | process emulation code in your perl and using Coro can easily result in |
48 | four times speed increase for your programs. |
50 | a two to four times speed increase for your programs. A parallel matrix |
|
|
51 | multiplication benchmark (very communication-intensive) runs over 300 |
|
|
52 | times faster on a single core than perls pseudo-threads on a quad core |
|
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53 | using all four cores. |
49 | |
54 | |
50 | Coro achieves that by supporting multiple running interpreters that share |
55 | Coro achieves that by supporting multiple running interpreters that share |
51 | data, which is especially useful to code pseudo-parallel processes and |
56 | data, which is especially useful to code pseudo-parallel processes and |
52 | for event-based programming, such as multiple HTTP-GET requests running |
57 | for event-based programming, such as multiple HTTP-GET requests running |
53 | concurrently. See L<Coro::AnyEvent> to learn more on how to integrate Coro |
58 | concurrently. See L<Coro::AnyEvent> to learn more on how to integrate Coro |
54 | into an event-based environment. |
59 | into an event-based environment. |
55 | |
60 | |
56 | In this module, a thread is defined as "callchain + lexical variables + |
61 | In this module, a thread is defined as "callchain + lexical variables + |
57 | @_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a thread has its own callchain, |
62 | some package variables + C stack), that is, a thread has its own callchain, |
58 | its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global |
63 | its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global |
59 | variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration and background info). |
64 | variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration and background info). |
60 | |
65 | |
61 | See also the C<SEE ALSO> section at the end of this document - the Coro |
66 | See also the C<SEE ALSO> section at the end of this document - the Coro |
62 | module family is quite large. |
67 | module family is quite large. |
63 | |
68 | |
|
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69 | =head1 CORO THREAD LIFE CYCLE |
|
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70 | |
|
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71 | During the long and exciting (or not) life of a coro thread, it goes |
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72 | through a number of states: |
|
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73 | |
|
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74 | =over 4 |
|
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75 | |
|
|
76 | =item 1. Creation |
|
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77 | |
|
|
78 | The first thing in the life of a coro thread is it's creation - |
|
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79 | obviously. The typical way to create a thread is to call the C<async |
|
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80 | BLOCK> function: |
|
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81 | |
|
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82 | async { |
|
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83 | # thread code goes here |
|
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84 | }; |
|
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85 | |
|
|
86 | You can also pass arguments, which are put in C<@_>: |
|
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87 | |
|
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88 | async { |
|
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89 | print $_[1]; # prints 2 |
|
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90 | } 1, 2, 3; |
|
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91 | |
|
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92 | This creates a new coro thread and puts it into the ready queue, meaning |
|
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93 | it will run as soon as the CPU is free for it. |
|
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94 | |
|
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95 | C<async> will return a coro object - you can store this for future |
|
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96 | reference or ignore it, the thread itself will keep a reference to it's |
|
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97 | thread object - threads are alive on their own. |
|
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98 | |
|
|
99 | Another way to create a thread is to call the C<new> constructor with a |
|
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100 | code-reference: |
|
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101 | |
|
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102 | new Coro sub { |
|
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103 | # thread code goes here |
|
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104 | }, @optional_arguments; |
|
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105 | |
|
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106 | This is quite similar to calling C<async>, but the important difference is |
|
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107 | that the new thread is not put into the ready queue, so the thread will |
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108 | not run until somebody puts it there. C<async> is, therefore, identical to |
|
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109 | this sequence: |
|
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110 | |
|
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111 | my $coro = new Coro sub { |
|
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112 | # thread code goes here |
|
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113 | }; |
|
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114 | $coro->ready; |
|
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115 | return $coro; |
|
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116 | |
|
|
117 | =item 2. Startup |
|
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118 | |
|
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119 | When a new coro thread is created, only a copy of the code reference |
|
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120 | and the arguments are stored, no extra memory for stacks and so on is |
|
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121 | allocated, keeping the coro thread in a low-memory state. |
|
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122 | |
|
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123 | Only when it actually starts executing will all the resources be finally |
|
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124 | allocated. |
|
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125 | |
|
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126 | The optional arguments specified at coro creation are available in C<@_>, |
|
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127 | similar to function calls. |
|
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128 | |
|
|
129 | =item 3. Running / Blocking |
|
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130 | |
|
|
131 | A lot can happen after the coro thread has started running. Quite usually, |
|
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132 | it will not run to the end in one go (because you could use a function |
|
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133 | instead), but it will give up the CPU regularly because it waits for |
|
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134 | external events. |
|
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135 | |
|
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136 | As long as a coro thread runs, it's coro object is available in the global |
|
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137 | variable C<$Coro::current>. |
|
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138 | |
|
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139 | The low-level way to give up the CPU is to call the scheduler, which |
|
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140 | selects a new coro thread to run: |
|
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141 | |
|
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142 | Coro::schedule; |
|
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143 | |
|
|
144 | Since running threads are not in the ready queue, calling the scheduler |
|
|
145 | without doing anything else will block the coro thread forever - you need |
|
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146 | to arrange either for the coro to put woken up (readied) by some other |
|
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147 | event or some other thread, or you can put it into the ready queue before |
|
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148 | scheduling: |
|
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149 | |
|
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150 | # this is exactly what Coro::cede does |
|
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151 | $Coro::current->ready; |
|
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152 | Coro::schedule; |
|
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153 | |
|
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154 | All the higher-level synchronisation methods (Coro::Semaphore, |
|
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155 | Coro::rouse_*...) are actually implemented via C<< ->ready >> and C<< |
|
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156 | Coro::schedule >>. |
|
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157 | |
|
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158 | While the coro thread is running it also might get assigned a C-level |
|
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159 | thread, or the C-level thread might be unassigned from it, as the Coro |
|
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160 | runtime wishes. A C-level thread needs to be assigned when your perl |
|
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161 | thread calls into some C-level function and that function in turn calls |
|
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162 | perl and perl then wants to switch coroutines. This happens most often |
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163 | when you run an event loop and block in the callback, or when perl |
|
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164 | itself calls some function such as C<AUTOLOAD> or methods via the C<tie> |
|
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165 | mechanism. |
|
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166 | |
|
|
167 | =item 4. Termination |
|
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168 | |
|
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169 | Many threads actually terminate after some time. There are a number of |
|
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170 | ways to terminate a coro thread, the simplest is returning from the |
|
|
171 | top-level code reference: |
|
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172 | |
|
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173 | async { |
|
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174 | # after returning from here, the coro thread is terminated |
|
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175 | }; |
|
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176 | |
|
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177 | async { |
|
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178 | return if 0.5 < rand; # terminate a little earlier, maybe |
|
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179 | print "got a chance to print this\n"; |
|
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180 | # or here |
|
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181 | }; |
|
|
182 | |
|
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183 | Any values returned from the coroutine can be recovered using C<< ->join |
|
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184 | >>: |
|
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185 | |
|
|
186 | my $coro = async { |
|
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187 | "hello, world\n" # return a string |
|
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188 | }; |
|
|
189 | |
|
|
190 | my $hello_world = $coro->join; |
|
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191 | |
|
|
192 | print $hello_world; |
|
|
193 | |
|
|
194 | Another way to terminate is to call C<< Coro::terminate >>, which at any |
|
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195 | subroutine call nesting level: |
|
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196 | |
|
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197 | async { |
|
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198 | Coro::terminate "return value 1", "return value 2"; |
|
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199 | }; |
|
|
200 | |
|
|
201 | And yet another way is to C<< ->cancel >> (or C<< ->safe_cancel >>) the |
|
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202 | coro thread from another thread: |
|
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203 | |
|
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204 | my $coro = async { |
|
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205 | exit 1; |
|
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206 | }; |
|
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207 | |
|
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208 | $coro->cancel; # an also accept values for ->join to retrieve |
|
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209 | |
|
|
210 | Cancellation I<can> be dangerous - it's a bit like calling C<exit> |
|
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211 | without actually exiting, and might leave C libraries and XS modules in |
|
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212 | a weird state. Unlike other thread implementations, however, Coro is |
|
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213 | exceptionally safe with regards to cancellation, as perl will always be |
|
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214 | in a consistent state, and for those cases where you want to do truly |
|
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215 | marvellous things with your coro while it is being cancelled, there is |
|
|
216 | even a C<< ->safe_cancel >> method. |
|
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217 | |
|
|
218 | So, cancelling a thread that runs in an XS event loop might not be the |
|
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219 | best idea, but any other combination that deals with perl only (cancelling |
|
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220 | when a thread is in a C<tie> method or an C<AUTOLOAD> for example) is |
|
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221 | safe. |
|
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222 | |
|
|
223 | =item 5. Cleanup |
|
|
224 | |
|
|
225 | Threads will allocate various resources. Most but not all will be returned |
|
|
226 | when a thread terminates, during clean-up. |
|
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227 | |
|
|
228 | Cleanup is quite similar to throwing an uncaught exception: perl will |
|
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229 | work it's way up through all subroutine calls and blocks. On it's way, it |
|
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230 | will release all C<my> variables, undo all C<local>'s and free any other |
|
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231 | resources truly local to the thread. |
|
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232 | |
|
|
233 | So, a common way to free resources is to keep them referenced only by my |
|
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234 | variables: |
|
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235 | |
|
|
236 | async { |
|
|
237 | my $big_cache = new Cache ...; |
|
|
238 | }; |
|
|
239 | |
|
|
240 | If there are no other references, then the C<$big_cache> object will be |
|
|
241 | freed when the thread terminates, regardless of how it does so. |
|
|
242 | |
|
|
243 | What it does C<NOT> do is unlock any Coro::Semaphores or similar |
|
|
244 | resources, but that's where the C<guard> methods come in handy: |
|
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245 | |
|
|
246 | my $sem = new Coro::Semaphore; |
|
|
247 | |
|
|
248 | async { |
|
|
249 | my $lock_guard = $sem->guard; |
|
|
250 | # if we reutrn, or die or get cancelled, here, |
|
|
251 | # then the semaphore will be "up"ed. |
|
|
252 | }; |
|
|
253 | |
|
|
254 | The C<Guard::guard> function comes in handy for any custom cleanup you |
|
|
255 | might want to do: |
|
|
256 | |
|
|
257 | async { |
|
|
258 | my $window = new Gtk2::Window "toplevel"; |
|
|
259 | # The window will not be cleaned up automatically, even when $window |
|
|
260 | # gets freed, so use a guard to ensure it's destruction |
|
|
261 | # in case of an error: |
|
|
262 | my $window_guard = Guard::guard { $window->destroy }; |
|
|
263 | |
|
|
264 | # we are safe here |
|
|
265 | }; |
|
|
266 | |
|
|
267 | Last not least, C<local> can often be handy, too, e.g. when temporarily |
|
|
268 | replacing the coro thread description: |
|
|
269 | |
|
|
270 | sub myfunction { |
|
|
271 | local $Coro::current->{desc} = "inside myfunction(@_)"; |
|
|
272 | |
|
|
273 | # if we return or die here, the description will be restored |
|
|
274 | } |
|
|
275 | |
|
|
276 | =item 6. Viva La Zombie Muerte |
|
|
277 | |
|
|
278 | Even after a thread has terminated and cleaned up it's resources, the coro |
|
|
279 | object still is there and stores the return values of the thread. Only in |
|
|
280 | this state will the coro object be "reference counted" in the normal perl |
|
|
281 | sense: the thread code keeps a reference to it when it is active, but not |
|
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282 | after it has terminated. |
|
|
283 | |
|
|
284 | The means the coro object gets freed automatically when the thread has |
|
|
285 | terminated and cleaned up and there arenot other references. |
|
|
286 | |
|
|
287 | If there are, the coro object will stay around, and you can call C<< |
|
|
288 | ->join >> as many times as you wish to retrieve the result values: |
|
|
289 | |
|
|
290 | async { |
|
|
291 | print "hi\n"; |
|
|
292 | 1 |
|
|
293 | }; |
|
|
294 | |
|
|
295 | # run the async above, and free everything before returning |
|
|
296 | # from Coro::cede: |
|
|
297 | Coro::cede; |
|
|
298 | |
|
|
299 | { |
|
|
300 | my $coro = async { |
|
|
301 | print "hi\n"; |
|
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302 | 1 |
|
|
303 | }; |
|
|
304 | |
|
|
305 | # run the async above, and clean up, but do not free the coro |
|
|
306 | # object: |
|
|
307 | Coro::cede; |
|
|
308 | |
|
|
309 | # optionally retrieve the result values |
|
|
310 | my @results = $coro->join; |
|
|
311 | |
|
|
312 | # now $coro goes out of scope, and presumably gets freed |
|
|
313 | }; |
|
|
314 | |
|
|
315 | =back |
|
|
316 | |
64 | =cut |
317 | =cut |
65 | |
318 | |
66 | package Coro; |
319 | package Coro; |
67 | |
320 | |
68 | use strict qw(vars subs); |
321 | use common::sense; |
69 | no warnings "uninitialized"; |
322 | |
|
|
323 | use Carp (); |
|
|
324 | |
|
|
325 | use Guard (); |
70 | |
326 | |
71 | use Coro::State; |
327 | use Coro::State; |
72 | |
328 | |
73 | use base qw(Coro::State Exporter); |
329 | use base qw(Coro::State Exporter); |
74 | |
330 | |
75 | our $idle; # idle handler |
331 | our $idle; # idle handler |
76 | our $main; # main coroutine |
332 | our $main; # main coro |
77 | our $current; # current coroutine |
333 | our $current; # current coro |
78 | |
334 | |
79 | our $VERSION = "5.0"; |
335 | our $VERSION = 5.372; |
80 | |
336 | |
81 | our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub); |
337 | our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub rouse_cb rouse_wait); |
82 | our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( |
338 | our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( |
83 | prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)], |
339 | prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)], |
84 | ); |
340 | ); |
85 | our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready)); |
341 | our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready)); |
86 | |
342 | |
… | |
… | |
88 | |
344 | |
89 | =over 4 |
345 | =over 4 |
90 | |
346 | |
91 | =item $Coro::main |
347 | =item $Coro::main |
92 | |
348 | |
93 | This variable stores the coroutine object that represents the main |
349 | This variable stores the Coro object that represents the main |
94 | program. While you cna C<ready> it and do most other things you can do to |
350 | program. While you cna C<ready> it and do most other things you can do to |
95 | coroutines, it is mainly useful to compare again C<$Coro::current>, to see |
351 | coro, it is mainly useful to compare again C<$Coro::current>, to see |
96 | whether you are running in the main program or not. |
352 | whether you are running in the main program or not. |
97 | |
353 | |
98 | =cut |
354 | =cut |
99 | |
355 | |
100 | # $main is now being initialised by Coro::State |
356 | # $main is now being initialised by Coro::State |
101 | |
357 | |
102 | =item $Coro::current |
358 | =item $Coro::current |
103 | |
359 | |
104 | The coroutine object representing the current coroutine (the last |
360 | The Coro object representing the current coro (the last |
105 | coroutine that the Coro scheduler switched to). The initial value is |
361 | coro that the Coro scheduler switched to). The initial value is |
106 | C<$Coro::main> (of course). |
362 | C<$Coro::main> (of course). |
107 | |
363 | |
108 | This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. You can take copies of the |
364 | This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. You can take copies of the |
109 | value stored in it and use it as any other coroutine object, but you must |
365 | value stored in it and use it as any other Coro object, but you must |
110 | not otherwise modify the variable itself. |
366 | not otherwise modify the variable itself. |
111 | |
367 | |
112 | =cut |
368 | =cut |
113 | |
369 | |
114 | sub current() { $current } # [DEPRECATED] |
370 | sub current() { $current } # [DEPRECATED] |
… | |
… | |
117 | |
373 | |
118 | This variable is mainly useful to integrate Coro into event loops. It is |
374 | This variable is mainly useful to integrate Coro into event loops. It is |
119 | usually better to rely on L<Coro::AnyEvent> or L<Coro::EV>, as this is |
375 | usually better to rely on L<Coro::AnyEvent> or L<Coro::EV>, as this is |
120 | pretty low-level functionality. |
376 | pretty low-level functionality. |
121 | |
377 | |
122 | This variable stores either a coroutine or a callback. |
378 | This variable stores a Coro object that is put into the ready queue when |
|
|
379 | there are no other ready threads (without invoking any ready hooks). |
123 | |
380 | |
124 | If it is a callback, the it is called whenever the scheduler finds no |
381 | The default implementation dies with "FATAL: deadlock detected.", followed |
125 | ready coroutines to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: |
382 | by a thread listing, because the program has no other way to continue. |
126 | deadlock detected" and exits, because the program has no other way to |
|
|
127 | continue. |
|
|
128 | |
|
|
129 | If it is a coroutine object, then this object will be readied (without |
|
|
130 | invoking any ready hooks, however) when the scheduler finds no other ready |
|
|
131 | coroutines to run. |
|
|
132 | |
383 | |
133 | This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::EV> and |
384 | This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::EV> and |
134 | C<Coro::AnyEvent> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a |
385 | C<Coro::AnyEvent> to wait on an external event that hopefully wakes up a |
135 | coroutine so the scheduler can run it. |
386 | coro so the scheduler can run it. |
136 | |
387 | |
137 | Note that the callback I<must not>, under any circumstances, block |
|
|
138 | the current coroutine. Normally, this is achieved by having an "idle |
|
|
139 | coroutine" that calls the event loop and then blocks again, and then |
|
|
140 | readying that coroutine in the idle handler, or by simply placing the idle |
|
|
141 | coroutine in this variable. |
|
|
142 | |
|
|
143 | See L<Coro::Event> or L<Coro::AnyEvent> for examples of using this |
388 | See L<Coro::EV> or L<Coro::AnyEvent> for examples of using this technique. |
144 | technique. |
|
|
145 | |
389 | |
146 | Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event |
|
|
147 | handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively itself. |
|
|
148 | |
|
|
149 | =cut |
390 | =cut |
150 | |
391 | |
151 | $idle = sub { |
392 | # ||= because other modules could have provided their own by now |
152 | require Carp; |
393 | $idle ||= new Coro sub { |
153 | Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected"); |
394 | require Coro::Debug; |
|
|
395 | die "FATAL: deadlock detected.\n" |
|
|
396 | . Coro::Debug::ps_listing (); |
154 | }; |
397 | }; |
155 | |
398 | |
156 | # this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine |
399 | # this coro is necessary because a coro |
157 | # cannot destroy itself. |
400 | # cannot destroy itself. |
158 | our @destroy; |
401 | our @destroy; |
159 | our $manager; |
402 | our $manager; |
160 | |
403 | |
161 | $manager = new Coro sub { |
404 | $manager = new Coro sub { |
162 | while () { |
405 | while () { |
163 | Coro::_cancel shift @destroy |
406 | _destroy shift @destroy |
164 | while @destroy; |
407 | while @destroy; |
165 | |
408 | |
166 | &schedule; |
409 | &schedule; |
167 | } |
410 | } |
168 | }; |
411 | }; |
169 | $manager->{desc} = "[coro manager]"; |
412 | $manager->{desc} = "[coro manager]"; |
170 | $manager->prio (PRIO_MAX); |
413 | $manager->prio (PRIO_MAX); |
171 | |
414 | |
172 | =back |
415 | =back |
173 | |
416 | |
174 | =head1 SIMPLE COROUTINE CREATION |
417 | =head1 SIMPLE CORO CREATION |
175 | |
418 | |
176 | =over 4 |
419 | =over 4 |
177 | |
420 | |
178 | =item async { ... } [@args...] |
421 | =item async { ... } [@args...] |
179 | |
422 | |
180 | Create a new coroutine and return it's coroutine object (usually |
423 | Create a new coro and return its Coro object (usually |
181 | unused). The coroutine will be put into the ready queue, so |
424 | unused). The coro will be put into the ready queue, so |
182 | it will start running automatically on the next scheduler run. |
425 | it will start running automatically on the next scheduler run. |
183 | |
426 | |
184 | The first argument is a codeblock/closure that should be executed in the |
427 | The first argument is a codeblock/closure that should be executed in the |
185 | coroutine. When it returns argument returns the coroutine is automatically |
428 | coro. When it returns argument returns the coro is automatically |
186 | terminated. |
429 | terminated. |
187 | |
430 | |
188 | The remaining arguments are passed as arguments to the closure. |
431 | The remaining arguments are passed as arguments to the closure. |
189 | |
432 | |
190 | See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coroutine |
433 | See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coro |
191 | environment in which coroutines are executed. |
434 | environment in which coro are executed. |
192 | |
435 | |
193 | Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside |
436 | Calling C<exit> in a coro will do the same as calling exit outside |
194 | the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit, |
437 | the coro. Likewise, when the coro dies, the program will exit, |
195 | just as it would in the main program. |
438 | just as it would in the main program. |
196 | |
439 | |
197 | If you do not want that, you can provide a default C<die> handler, or |
440 | If you do not want that, you can provide a default C<die> handler, or |
198 | simply avoid dieing (by use of C<eval>). |
441 | simply avoid dieing (by use of C<eval>). |
199 | |
442 | |
200 | Example: Create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments. |
443 | Example: Create a new coro that just prints its arguments. |
201 | |
444 | |
202 | async { |
445 | async { |
203 | print "@_\n"; |
446 | print "@_\n"; |
204 | } 1,2,3,4; |
447 | } 1,2,3,4; |
205 | |
448 | |
206 | =cut |
|
|
207 | |
|
|
208 | sub async(&@) { |
|
|
209 | my $coro = new Coro @_; |
|
|
210 | $coro->ready; |
|
|
211 | $coro |
|
|
212 | } |
|
|
213 | |
|
|
214 | =item async_pool { ... } [@args...] |
449 | =item async_pool { ... } [@args...] |
215 | |
450 | |
216 | Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call |
451 | Similar to C<async>, but uses a coro pool, so you should not call |
217 | terminate or join on it (although you are allowed to), and you get a |
452 | terminate or join on it (although you are allowed to), and you get a |
218 | coroutine that might have executed other code already (which can be good |
453 | coro that might have executed other code already (which can be good |
219 | or bad :). |
454 | or bad :). |
220 | |
455 | |
221 | On the plus side, this function is about twice as fast as creating (and |
456 | On the plus side, this function is about twice as fast as creating (and |
222 | destroying) a completely new coroutine, so if you need a lot of generic |
457 | destroying) a completely new coro, so if you need a lot of generic |
223 | coroutines in quick successsion, use C<async_pool>, not C<async>. |
458 | coros in quick successsion, use C<async_pool>, not C<async>. |
224 | |
459 | |
225 | The code block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be |
460 | The code block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be |
226 | issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as |
461 | issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as |
227 | C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy> |
462 | C<async> does. As the coro is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy> |
228 | will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel, |
463 | will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel, |
229 | which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling (but is fine in the |
464 | which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling (but is fine in the |
230 | exceptional case). |
465 | exceptional case). |
231 | |
466 | |
232 | The priority will be reset to C<0> after each run, tracing will be |
467 | The priority will be reset to C<0> after each run, tracing will be |
233 | disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle |
468 | disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle |
234 | gets restored, so you can change all these. Otherwise the coroutine will |
469 | gets restored, so you can change all these. Otherwise the coro will |
235 | be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coroutine global |
470 | be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coro global |
236 | stuff such as C<$/> you I<must needs> revert that change, which is most |
471 | stuff such as C<$/> you I<must needs> revert that change, which is most |
237 | simply done by using local as in: C<< local $/ >>. |
472 | simply done by using local as in: C<< local $/ >>. |
238 | |
473 | |
239 | The idle pool size is limited to C<8> idle coroutines (this can be |
474 | The idle pool size is limited to C<8> idle coros (this can be |
240 | adjusted by changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), but there can be as many non-idle |
475 | adjusted by changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), but there can be as many non-idle |
241 | coros as required. |
476 | coros as required. |
242 | |
477 | |
243 | If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a |
478 | If you are concerned about pooled coros growing a lot because a |
244 | single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool |
479 | single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool |
245 | { terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In |
480 | { terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In |
246 | addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 32kb |
481 | addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 32kb |
247 | (adjustable via $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also be destroyed. |
482 | (adjustable via $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also be destroyed. |
248 | |
483 | |
… | |
… | |
265 | =back |
500 | =back |
266 | |
501 | |
267 | =head1 STATIC METHODS |
502 | =head1 STATIC METHODS |
268 | |
503 | |
269 | Static methods are actually functions that implicitly operate on the |
504 | Static methods are actually functions that implicitly operate on the |
270 | current coroutine. |
505 | current coro. |
271 | |
506 | |
272 | =over 4 |
507 | =over 4 |
273 | |
508 | |
274 | =item schedule |
509 | =item schedule |
275 | |
510 | |
276 | Calls the scheduler. The scheduler will find the next coroutine that is |
511 | Calls the scheduler. The scheduler will find the next coro that is |
277 | to be run from the ready queue and switches to it. The next coroutine |
512 | to be run from the ready queue and switches to it. The next coro |
278 | to be run is simply the one with the highest priority that is longest |
513 | to be run is simply the one with the highest priority that is longest |
279 | in its ready queue. If there is no coroutine ready, it will clal the |
514 | in its ready queue. If there is no coro ready, it will call the |
280 | C<$Coro::idle> hook. |
515 | C<$Coro::idle> hook. |
281 | |
516 | |
282 | Please note that the current coroutine will I<not> be put into the ready |
517 | Please note that the current coro will I<not> be put into the ready |
283 | queue, so calling this function usually means you will never be called |
518 | queue, so calling this function usually means you will never be called |
284 | again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls C<< ->ready >>, |
519 | again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls C<< ->ready >>, |
285 | thus waking you up. |
520 | thus waking you up. |
286 | |
521 | |
287 | This makes C<schedule> I<the> generic method to use to block the current |
522 | This makes C<schedule> I<the> generic method to use to block the current |
288 | coroutine and wait for events: first you remember the current coroutine in |
523 | coro and wait for events: first you remember the current coro in |
289 | a variable, then arrange for some callback of yours to call C<< ->ready |
524 | a variable, then arrange for some callback of yours to call C<< ->ready |
290 | >> on that once some event happens, and last you call C<schedule> to put |
525 | >> on that once some event happens, and last you call C<schedule> to put |
291 | yourself to sleep. Note that a lot of things can wake your coroutine up, |
526 | yourself to sleep. Note that a lot of things can wake your coro up, |
292 | so you need to check whether the event indeed happened, e.g. by storing the |
527 | so you need to check whether the event indeed happened, e.g. by storing the |
293 | status in a variable. |
528 | status in a variable. |
294 | |
529 | |
295 | See B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK>, below, for some ways to wait for callbacks. |
530 | See B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK>, below, for some ways to wait for callbacks. |
296 | |
531 | |
297 | =item cede |
532 | =item cede |
298 | |
533 | |
299 | "Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into |
534 | "Cede" to other coros. This function puts the current coro into |
300 | the ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving |
535 | the ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving |
301 | up the current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher |
536 | up the current "timeslice" to other coros of the same or higher |
302 | priority. Once your coroutine gets its turn again it will automatically be |
537 | priority. Once your coro gets its turn again it will automatically be |
303 | resumed. |
538 | resumed. |
304 | |
539 | |
305 | This function is often called C<yield> in other languages. |
540 | This function is often called C<yield> in other languages. |
306 | |
541 | |
307 | =item Coro::cede_notself |
542 | =item Coro::cede_notself |
308 | |
543 | |
309 | Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to I<any> |
544 | Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to I<any> |
310 | coroutine, regardless of priority. This is useful sometimes to ensure |
545 | coro, regardless of priority. This is useful sometimes to ensure |
311 | progress is made. |
546 | progress is made. |
312 | |
547 | |
313 | =item terminate [arg...] |
548 | =item terminate [arg...] |
314 | |
549 | |
315 | Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>). |
550 | Terminates the current coro with the given status values (see |
|
|
551 | L<cancel>). The values will not be copied, but referenced directly. |
|
|
552 | |
|
|
553 | =item Coro::on_enter BLOCK, Coro::on_leave BLOCK |
|
|
554 | |
|
|
555 | These function install enter and leave winders in the current scope. The |
|
|
556 | enter block will be executed when on_enter is called and whenever the |
|
|
557 | current coro is re-entered by the scheduler, while the leave block is |
|
|
558 | executed whenever the current coro is blocked by the scheduler, and |
|
|
559 | also when the containing scope is exited (by whatever means, be it exit, |
|
|
560 | die, last etc.). |
|
|
561 | |
|
|
562 | I<Neither invoking the scheduler, nor exceptions, are allowed within those |
|
|
563 | BLOCKs>. That means: do not even think about calling C<die> without an |
|
|
564 | eval, and do not even think of entering the scheduler in any way. |
|
|
565 | |
|
|
566 | Since both BLOCKs are tied to the current scope, they will automatically |
|
|
567 | be removed when the current scope exits. |
|
|
568 | |
|
|
569 | These functions implement the same concept as C<dynamic-wind> in scheme |
|
|
570 | does, and are useful when you want to localise some resource to a specific |
|
|
571 | coro. |
|
|
572 | |
|
|
573 | They slow down thread switching considerably for coros that use them |
|
|
574 | (about 40% for a BLOCK with a single assignment, so thread switching is |
|
|
575 | still reasonably fast if the handlers are fast). |
|
|
576 | |
|
|
577 | These functions are best understood by an example: The following function |
|
|
578 | will change the current timezone to "Antarctica/South_Pole", which |
|
|
579 | requires a call to C<tzset>, but by using C<on_enter> and C<on_leave>, |
|
|
580 | which remember/change the current timezone and restore the previous |
|
|
581 | value, respectively, the timezone is only changed for the coro that |
|
|
582 | installed those handlers. |
|
|
583 | |
|
|
584 | use POSIX qw(tzset); |
|
|
585 | |
|
|
586 | async { |
|
|
587 | my $old_tz; # store outside TZ value here |
|
|
588 | |
|
|
589 | Coro::on_enter { |
|
|
590 | $old_tz = $ENV{TZ}; # remember the old value |
|
|
591 | |
|
|
592 | $ENV{TZ} = "Antarctica/South_Pole"; |
|
|
593 | tzset; # enable new value |
|
|
594 | }; |
|
|
595 | |
|
|
596 | Coro::on_leave { |
|
|
597 | $ENV{TZ} = $old_tz; |
|
|
598 | tzset; # restore old value |
|
|
599 | }; |
|
|
600 | |
|
|
601 | # at this place, the timezone is Antarctica/South_Pole, |
|
|
602 | # without disturbing the TZ of any other coro. |
|
|
603 | }; |
|
|
604 | |
|
|
605 | This can be used to localise about any resource (locale, uid, current |
|
|
606 | working directory etc.) to a block, despite the existance of other |
|
|
607 | coros. |
|
|
608 | |
|
|
609 | Another interesting example implements time-sliced multitasking using |
|
|
610 | interval timers (this could obviously be optimised, but does the job): |
|
|
611 | |
|
|
612 | # "timeslice" the given block |
|
|
613 | sub timeslice(&) { |
|
|
614 | use Time::HiRes (); |
|
|
615 | |
|
|
616 | Coro::on_enter { |
|
|
617 | # on entering the thread, we set an VTALRM handler to cede |
|
|
618 | $SIG{VTALRM} = sub { cede }; |
|
|
619 | # and then start the interval timer |
|
|
620 | Time::HiRes::setitimer &Time::HiRes::ITIMER_VIRTUAL, 0.01, 0.01; |
|
|
621 | }; |
|
|
622 | Coro::on_leave { |
|
|
623 | # on leaving the thread, we stop the interval timer again |
|
|
624 | Time::HiRes::setitimer &Time::HiRes::ITIMER_VIRTUAL, 0, 0; |
|
|
625 | }; |
|
|
626 | |
|
|
627 | &{+shift}; |
|
|
628 | } |
|
|
629 | |
|
|
630 | # use like this: |
|
|
631 | timeslice { |
|
|
632 | # The following is an endless loop that would normally |
|
|
633 | # monopolise the process. Since it runs in a timesliced |
|
|
634 | # environment, it will regularly cede to other threads. |
|
|
635 | while () { } |
|
|
636 | }; |
|
|
637 | |
316 | |
638 | |
317 | =item killall |
639 | =item killall |
318 | |
640 | |
319 | Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running |
641 | Kills/terminates/cancels all coros except the currently running one. |
320 | one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as |
|
|
321 | usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines. |
|
|
322 | |
642 | |
323 | Note that while this will try to free some of the main programs resources, |
643 | Note that while this will try to free some of the main interpreter |
|
|
644 | resources if the calling coro isn't the main coro, but one |
324 | you cannot free all of them, so if a coroutine that is not the main |
645 | cannot free all of them, so if a coro that is not the main coro |
325 | program calls this function, there will be some one-time resource leak. |
646 | calls this function, there will be some one-time resource leak. |
326 | |
647 | |
327 | =cut |
648 | =cut |
328 | |
649 | |
329 | sub killall { |
650 | sub killall { |
330 | for (Coro::State::list) { |
651 | for (Coro::State::list) { |
… | |
… | |
333 | } |
654 | } |
334 | } |
655 | } |
335 | |
656 | |
336 | =back |
657 | =back |
337 | |
658 | |
338 | =head1 COROUTINE OBJECT METHODS |
659 | =head1 CORO OBJECT METHODS |
339 | |
660 | |
340 | These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects (or to create |
661 | These are the methods you can call on coro objects (or to create |
341 | them). |
662 | them). |
342 | |
663 | |
343 | =over 4 |
664 | =over 4 |
344 | |
665 | |
345 | =item new Coro \&sub [, @args...] |
666 | =item new Coro \&sub [, @args...] |
346 | |
667 | |
347 | Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns, the coroutine |
668 | Create a new coro and return it. When the sub returns, the coro |
348 | automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were |
669 | automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were |
349 | called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready |
670 | called. To make the coro run you must first put it into the ready |
350 | queue by calling the ready method. |
671 | queue by calling the ready method. |
351 | |
672 | |
352 | See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the |
673 | See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the |
353 | coroutine environment. |
674 | coro environment. |
354 | |
675 | |
355 | =cut |
676 | =cut |
356 | |
677 | |
357 | sub _terminate { |
678 | sub _coro_run { |
358 | terminate &{+shift}; |
679 | terminate &{+shift}; |
359 | } |
680 | } |
360 | |
681 | |
361 | =item $success = $coroutine->ready |
682 | =item $success = $coro->ready |
362 | |
683 | |
363 | Put the given coroutine into the end of its ready queue (there is one |
684 | Put the given coro into the end of its ready queue (there is one |
364 | queue for each priority) and return true. If the coroutine is already in |
685 | queue for each priority) and return true. If the coro is already in |
365 | the ready queue, do nothing and return false. |
686 | the ready queue, do nothing and return false. |
366 | |
687 | |
367 | This ensures that the scheduler will resume this coroutine automatically |
688 | This ensures that the scheduler will resume this coro automatically |
368 | once all the coroutines of higher priority and all coroutines of the same |
689 | once all the coro of higher priority and all coro of the same |
369 | priority that were put into the ready queue earlier have been resumed. |
690 | priority that were put into the ready queue earlier have been resumed. |
370 | |
691 | |
|
|
692 | =item $coro->suspend |
|
|
693 | |
|
|
694 | Suspends the specified coro. A suspended coro works just like any other |
|
|
695 | coro, except that the scheduler will not select a suspended coro for |
|
|
696 | execution. |
|
|
697 | |
|
|
698 | Suspending a coro can be useful when you want to keep the coro from |
|
|
699 | running, but you don't want to destroy it, or when you want to temporarily |
|
|
700 | freeze a coro (e.g. for debugging) to resume it later. |
|
|
701 | |
|
|
702 | A scenario for the former would be to suspend all (other) coros after a |
|
|
703 | fork and keep them alive, so their destructors aren't called, but new |
|
|
704 | coros can be created. |
|
|
705 | |
|
|
706 | =item $coro->resume |
|
|
707 | |
|
|
708 | If the specified coro was suspended, it will be resumed. Note that when |
|
|
709 | the coro was in the ready queue when it was suspended, it might have been |
|
|
710 | unreadied by the scheduler, so an activation might have been lost. |
|
|
711 | |
|
|
712 | To avoid this, it is best to put a suspended coro into the ready queue |
|
|
713 | unconditionally, as every synchronisation mechanism must protect itself |
|
|
714 | against spurious wakeups, and the one in the Coro family certainly do |
|
|
715 | that. |
|
|
716 | |
371 | =item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready |
717 | =item $is_ready = $coro->is_ready |
372 | |
718 | |
373 | Return whether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not, |
719 | Returns true iff the Coro object is in the ready queue. Unless the Coro |
|
|
720 | object gets destroyed, it will eventually be scheduled by the scheduler. |
374 | |
721 | |
|
|
722 | =item $is_running = $coro->is_running |
|
|
723 | |
|
|
724 | Returns true iff the Coro object is currently running. Only one Coro object |
|
|
725 | can ever be in the running state (but it currently is possible to have |
|
|
726 | multiple running Coro::States). |
|
|
727 | |
|
|
728 | =item $is_suspended = $coro->is_suspended |
|
|
729 | |
|
|
730 | Returns true iff this Coro object has been suspended. Suspended Coros will |
|
|
731 | not ever be scheduled. |
|
|
732 | |
375 | =item $coroutine->cancel (arg...) |
733 | =item $coro->cancel (arg...) |
376 | |
734 | |
377 | Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as |
735 | Terminates the given Coro thread and makes it return the given arguments as |
378 | status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the |
736 | status (default: an empty list). Never returns if the Coro is the |
379 | current coroutine. |
737 | current Coro. |
380 | |
738 | |
381 | =cut |
739 | This is a rather brutal way to free a coro, with some limitations - if |
|
|
740 | the thread is inside a C callback that doesn't expect to be canceled, |
|
|
741 | bad things can happen, or if the cancelled thread insists on running |
|
|
742 | complicated cleanup handlers that rely on it'S thread context, things will |
|
|
743 | not work. |
382 | |
744 | |
383 | sub cancel { |
745 | Sometimes it is safer to C<< ->throw >> an exception, or use C<< |
384 | my $self = shift; |
746 | ->safe_cancel >>. |
385 | |
747 | |
386 | if ($current == $self) { |
748 | The arguments are not copied, but instead will be referenced directly |
387 | terminate @_; |
749 | (e.g. if you pass C<$var> and after the call change that variable, then |
388 | } else { |
750 | you might change the return values passed to e.g. C<join>, so don't do |
389 | $self->{_status} = [@_]; |
751 | that). |
390 | $self->_cancel; |
752 | |
|
|
753 | The resources of the Coro are usually freed (or destructed) before this |
|
|
754 | call returns, but this can be delayed for an indefinite amount of time, as |
|
|
755 | in some cases the manager thread has to run first to actually destruct the |
|
|
756 | Coro object. |
|
|
757 | |
|
|
758 | =item $coro->safe_cancel ($arg...) |
|
|
759 | |
|
|
760 | Works mostly like C<< ->cancel >>, but is inherently "safer", and |
|
|
761 | consequently, can fail with an exception in cases the thread is not in a |
|
|
762 | cancellable state. |
|
|
763 | |
|
|
764 | This method works a bit like throwing an exception that cannot be caught |
|
|
765 | - specifically, it will clean up the thread from within itself, so all |
|
|
766 | cleanup handlers (e.g. C<guard> blocks) are run with full thread context |
|
|
767 | and can block if they wish. |
|
|
768 | |
|
|
769 | A thread is safe-cancellable if it either hasn't been run yet, or |
|
|
770 | it has no C context attached and is inside an SLF function. |
|
|
771 | |
|
|
772 | The latter two basically mean that the thread isn't currently inside a |
|
|
773 | perl callback called from some C function (usually XS modules) and isn't |
|
|
774 | currently inside some C function itself. |
|
|
775 | |
|
|
776 | This call always returns true when it could cancel the thread, or croaks |
|
|
777 | with an error otherwise, so you can write things like this: |
|
|
778 | |
|
|
779 | if (! eval { $coro->safe_cancel }) { |
|
|
780 | warn "unable to cancel thread: $@"; |
391 | } |
781 | } |
392 | } |
|
|
393 | |
782 | |
394 | =item $coroutine->schedule_to |
783 | =item $coro->schedule_to |
395 | |
784 | |
396 | Puts the current coroutine to sleep (like C<Coro::schedule>), but instead |
785 | Puts the current coro to sleep (like C<Coro::schedule>), but instead |
397 | of continuing with the next coro from the ready queue, always switch to |
786 | of continuing with the next coro from the ready queue, always switch to |
398 | the given coroutine object (regardless of priority etc.). The readyness |
787 | the given coro object (regardless of priority etc.). The readyness |
399 | state of that coroutine isn't changed. |
788 | state of that coro isn't changed. |
400 | |
789 | |
401 | This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any |
790 | This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any |
402 | uses for this one. |
791 | uses for this one. |
403 | |
792 | |
404 | =item $coroutine->cede_to |
793 | =item $coro->cede_to |
405 | |
794 | |
406 | Like C<schedule_to>, but puts the current coroutine into the ready |
795 | Like C<schedule_to>, but puts the current coro into the ready |
407 | queue. This has the effect of temporarily switching to the given |
796 | queue. This has the effect of temporarily switching to the given |
408 | coroutine, and continuing some time later. |
797 | coro, and continuing some time later. |
409 | |
798 | |
410 | This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any |
799 | This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any |
411 | uses for this one. |
800 | uses for this one. |
412 | |
801 | |
413 | =item $coroutine->throw ([$scalar]) |
802 | =item $coro->throw ([$scalar]) |
414 | |
803 | |
415 | If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception |
804 | If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception |
416 | inside the coroutine at the next convenient point in time. Otherwise |
805 | inside the coro at the next convenient point in time. Otherwise |
417 | clears the exception object. |
806 | clears the exception object. |
418 | |
807 | |
419 | Coro will check for the exception each time a schedule-like-function |
808 | Coro will check for the exception each time a schedule-like-function |
420 | returns, i.e. after each C<schedule>, C<cede>, C<< Coro::Semaphore->down |
809 | returns, i.e. after each C<schedule>, C<cede>, C<< Coro::Semaphore->down |
421 | >>, C<< Coro::Handle->readable >> and so on. Most of these functions |
810 | >>, C<< Coro::Handle->readable >> and so on. Most of these functions |
… | |
… | |
423 | |
812 | |
424 | The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in |
813 | The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in |
425 | C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended |
814 | C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended |
426 | (unlike with C<die>). |
815 | (unlike with C<die>). |
427 | |
816 | |
428 | This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coroutine to |
817 | This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coro to |
429 | end itself, although there is no guarantee that the exception will lead to |
818 | end itself, although there is no guarantee that the exception will lead to |
430 | termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole |
819 | termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole |
431 | program. |
820 | program. |
432 | |
821 | |
433 | You might also think of C<throw> as being the moral equivalent of |
822 | You might also think of C<throw> as being the moral equivalent of |
434 | C<kill>ing a coroutine with a signal (in this case, a scalar). |
823 | C<kill>ing a coro with a signal (in this case, a scalar). |
435 | |
824 | |
436 | =item $coroutine->join |
825 | =item $coro->join |
437 | |
826 | |
438 | Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the |
827 | Wait until the coro terminates and return any values given to the |
439 | C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently |
828 | C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently |
440 | from multiple coroutines, and all will be resumed and given the status |
829 | from multiple threads, and all will be resumed and given the status |
441 | return once the C<$coroutine> terminates. |
830 | return once the C<$coro> terminates. |
442 | |
831 | |
443 | =cut |
832 | =cut |
444 | |
833 | |
445 | sub join { |
834 | sub join { |
446 | my $self = shift; |
835 | my $self = shift; |
… | |
… | |
457 | } |
846 | } |
458 | |
847 | |
459 | wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0]; |
848 | wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0]; |
460 | } |
849 | } |
461 | |
850 | |
462 | =item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb) |
851 | =item $coro->on_destroy (\&cb) |
463 | |
852 | |
464 | Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed, |
853 | Registers a callback that is called when this coro thread gets destroyed, |
465 | but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments, |
854 | that is, after it's resources have been freed but before it is joined. The |
|
|
855 | callback gets passed the terminate/cancel arguments, if any, and I<must |
466 | if any, and I<must not> die, under any circumstances. |
856 | not> die, under any circumstances. |
|
|
857 | |
|
|
858 | There can be any number of C<on_destroy> callbacks per coro, and there is |
|
|
859 | no way currently to remove a callback once added. |
467 | |
860 | |
468 | =cut |
861 | =cut |
469 | |
862 | |
470 | sub on_destroy { |
863 | sub on_destroy { |
471 | my ($self, $cb) = @_; |
864 | my ($self, $cb) = @_; |
472 | |
865 | |
473 | push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb; |
866 | push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb; |
474 | } |
867 | } |
475 | |
868 | |
476 | =item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio) |
869 | =item $oldprio = $coro->prio ($newprio) |
477 | |
870 | |
478 | Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the |
871 | Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the |
479 | coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority |
872 | coro thread. Higher priority coro get run before lower priority |
480 | coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3), |
873 | coros. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3), |
481 | that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio |
874 | that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio |
482 | to get then): |
875 | to get then): |
483 | |
876 | |
484 | PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN |
877 | PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN |
485 | 3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4 |
878 | 3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4 |
486 | |
879 | |
487 | # set priority to HIGH |
880 | # set priority to HIGH |
488 | current->prio(PRIO_HIGH); |
881 | current->prio (PRIO_HIGH); |
489 | |
882 | |
490 | The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any |
883 | The idle coro thread ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any |
491 | existing coroutine. |
884 | existing coro. |
492 | |
885 | |
493 | Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately, |
886 | Changing the priority of the current coro will take effect immediately, |
494 | but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not |
887 | but changing the priority of a coro in the ready queue (but not running) |
495 | running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that |
888 | will only take effect after the next schedule (of that coro). This is a |
496 | coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version. |
889 | bug that will be fixed in some future version. |
497 | |
890 | |
498 | =item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change) |
891 | =item $newprio = $coro->nice ($change) |
499 | |
892 | |
500 | Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e. |
893 | Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e. |
501 | higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix). |
894 | higher values mean lower priority, just as in UNIX's nice command). |
502 | |
895 | |
503 | =item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc) |
896 | =item $olddesc = $coro->desc ($newdesc) |
504 | |
897 | |
505 | Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this |
898 | Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this |
506 | coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a |
899 | coro thread. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a |
507 | coroutine. |
900 | coro. |
508 | |
901 | |
509 | This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given |
902 | This method simply sets the C<< $coro->{desc} >> member to the given |
510 | string. You can modify this member directly if you wish. |
903 | string. You can modify this member directly if you wish, and in fact, this |
|
|
904 | is often preferred to indicate major processing states that cna then be |
|
|
905 | seen for example in a L<Coro::Debug> session: |
|
|
906 | |
|
|
907 | sub my_long_function { |
|
|
908 | local $Coro::current->{desc} = "now in my_long_function"; |
|
|
909 | ... |
|
|
910 | $Coro::current->{desc} = "my_long_function: phase 1"; |
|
|
911 | ... |
|
|
912 | $Coro::current->{desc} = "my_long_function: phase 2"; |
|
|
913 | ... |
|
|
914 | } |
511 | |
915 | |
512 | =cut |
916 | =cut |
513 | |
917 | |
514 | sub desc { |
918 | sub desc { |
515 | my $old = $_[0]{desc}; |
919 | my $old = $_[0]{desc}; |
… | |
… | |
528 | |
932 | |
529 | =over 4 |
933 | =over 4 |
530 | |
934 | |
531 | =item Coro::nready |
935 | =item Coro::nready |
532 | |
936 | |
533 | Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state, |
937 | Returns the number of coro that are currently in the ready state, |
534 | i.e. that can be switched to by calling C<schedule> directory or |
938 | i.e. that can be switched to by calling C<schedule> directory or |
535 | indirectly. The value C<0> means that the only runnable coroutine is the |
939 | indirectly. The value C<0> means that the only runnable coro is the |
536 | currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect, and C<schedule> |
940 | currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect, and C<schedule> |
537 | would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler that wakes up some |
941 | would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler that wakes up some |
538 | coroutines. |
942 | coro. |
539 | |
943 | |
540 | =item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... } |
944 | =item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... } |
541 | |
945 | |
542 | This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object |
946 | This function still exists, but is deprecated. Please use the |
543 | gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be |
947 | C<Guard::guard> function instead. |
544 | executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a |
|
|
545 | runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the |
|
|
546 | guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method, |
|
|
547 | C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed. |
|
|
548 | |
948 | |
549 | Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled |
|
|
550 | or the function returns: |
|
|
551 | |
|
|
552 | sub do_something { |
|
|
553 | my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 }; |
|
|
554 | $busy = 1; |
|
|
555 | |
|
|
556 | # do something that requires $busy to be true |
|
|
557 | } |
|
|
558 | |
|
|
559 | =cut |
949 | =cut |
560 | |
950 | |
561 | sub guard(&) { |
951 | BEGIN { *guard = \&Guard::guard } |
562 | bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard" |
|
|
563 | } |
|
|
564 | |
|
|
565 | sub Coro::guard::cancel { |
|
|
566 | ${$_[0]} = sub { }; |
|
|
567 | } |
|
|
568 | |
|
|
569 | sub Coro::guard::DESTROY { |
|
|
570 | ${$_[0]}->(); |
|
|
571 | } |
|
|
572 | |
|
|
573 | |
952 | |
574 | =item unblock_sub { ... } |
953 | =item unblock_sub { ... } |
575 | |
954 | |
576 | This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it, |
955 | This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it, |
577 | returning a new coderef. Unblocking means that calling the new coderef |
956 | returning a new coderef. Unblocking means that calling the new coderef |
578 | will return immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the |
957 | will return immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the |
579 | original code ref will be called (with parameters) from within another |
958 | original code ref will be called (with parameters) from within another |
580 | coroutine. |
959 | coro. |
581 | |
960 | |
582 | The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the |
961 | The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as |
583 | venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form |
962 | the venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not thread-safe (a weaker form |
584 | of reentrancy). This means you must not block within event callbacks, |
963 | of reentrancy). This means you must not block within event callbacks, |
585 | otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. The only event library |
964 | otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. The only event library |
586 | currently known that is safe to use without C<unblock_sub> is L<EV>. |
965 | currently known that is safe to use without C<unblock_sub> is L<EV> (but |
|
|
966 | you might still run into deadlocks if all event loops are blocked). |
|
|
967 | |
|
|
968 | Coro will try to catch you when you block in the event loop |
|
|
969 | ("FATAL:$Coro::IDLE blocked itself"), but this is just best effort and |
|
|
970 | only works when you do not run your own event loop. |
587 | |
971 | |
588 | This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another |
972 | This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another |
589 | coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy |
973 | coro where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy |
590 | is when you use the L<Coro::AIO|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to |
974 | is when you use the L<Coro::AIO|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to |
591 | disk, for example. |
975 | disk, for example. |
592 | |
976 | |
593 | In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when |
977 | In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when |
594 | creating event callbacks that want to block. |
978 | creating event callbacks that want to block. |
595 | |
979 | |
596 | If your handler does not plan to block (e.g. simply sends a message to |
980 | If your handler does not plan to block (e.g. simply sends a message to |
597 | another coroutine, or puts some other coroutine into the ready queue), |
981 | another coro, or puts some other coro into the ready queue), there is |
598 | there is no reason to use C<unblock_sub>. |
982 | no reason to use C<unblock_sub>. |
599 | |
983 | |
600 | Note that you also need to use C<unblock_sub> for any other callbacks that |
984 | Note that you also need to use C<unblock_sub> for any other callbacks that |
601 | are indirectly executed by any C-based event loop. For example, when you |
985 | are indirectly executed by any C-based event loop. For example, when you |
602 | use a module that uses L<AnyEvent> (and you use L<Coro::AnyEvent>) and it |
986 | use a module that uses L<AnyEvent> (and you use L<Coro::AnyEvent>) and it |
603 | provides callbacks that are the result of some event callback, then you |
987 | provides callbacks that are the result of some event callback, then you |
… | |
… | |
633 | unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_]; |
1017 | unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_]; |
634 | $unblock_scheduler->ready; |
1018 | $unblock_scheduler->ready; |
635 | } |
1019 | } |
636 | } |
1020 | } |
637 | |
1021 | |
638 | =item $cb = Coro::rouse_cb |
1022 | =item $cb = rouse_cb |
639 | |
1023 | |
640 | Create and return a "rouse callback". That's a code reference that, |
1024 | Create and return a "rouse callback". That's a code reference that, |
641 | when called, will remember a copy of its arguments and notify the owner |
1025 | when called, will remember a copy of its arguments and notify the owner |
642 | coroutine of the callback. |
1026 | coro of the callback. |
643 | |
1027 | |
644 | See the next function. |
1028 | See the next function. |
645 | |
1029 | |
646 | =item @args = Coro::rouse_wait [$cb] |
1030 | =item @args = rouse_wait [$cb] |
647 | |
1031 | |
648 | Wait for the specified rouse callback (or the last one that was created in |
1032 | Wait for the specified rouse callback (or the last one that was created in |
649 | this coroutine). |
1033 | this coro). |
650 | |
1034 | |
651 | As soon as the callback is invoked (or when the callback was invoked |
1035 | As soon as the callback is invoked (or when the callback was invoked |
652 | before C<rouse_wait>), it will return the arguments originally passed to |
1036 | before C<rouse_wait>), it will return the arguments originally passed to |
653 | the rouse callback. |
1037 | the rouse callback. In scalar context, that means you get the I<last> |
|
|
1038 | argument, just as if C<rouse_wait> had a C<return ($a1, $a2, $a3...)> |
|
|
1039 | statement at the end. |
654 | |
1040 | |
655 | See the section B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK> for an actual usage example. |
1041 | See the section B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK> for an actual usage example. |
656 | |
1042 | |
657 | =back |
1043 | =back |
658 | |
1044 | |
659 | =cut |
1045 | =cut |
660 | |
1046 | |
|
|
1047 | for my $module (qw(Channel RWLock Semaphore SemaphoreSet Signal Specific)) { |
|
|
1048 | my $old = defined &{"Coro::$module\::new"} && \&{"Coro::$module\::new"}; |
|
|
1049 | |
|
|
1050 | *{"Coro::$module\::new"} = sub { |
|
|
1051 | require "Coro/$module.pm"; |
|
|
1052 | |
|
|
1053 | # some modules have their new predefined in State.xs, some don't |
|
|
1054 | *{"Coro::$module\::new"} = $old |
|
|
1055 | if $old; |
|
|
1056 | |
|
|
1057 | goto &{"Coro::$module\::new"}; |
|
|
1058 | }; |
|
|
1059 | } |
|
|
1060 | |
661 | 1; |
1061 | 1; |
662 | |
1062 | |
663 | =head1 HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK |
1063 | =head1 HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK |
664 | |
1064 | |
665 | It is very common for a coroutine to wait for some callback to be |
1065 | It is very common for a coro to wait for some callback to be |
666 | called. This occurs naturally when you use coroutines in an otherwise |
1066 | called. This occurs naturally when you use coro in an otherwise |
667 | event-based program, or when you use event-based libraries. |
1067 | event-based program, or when you use event-based libraries. |
668 | |
1068 | |
669 | These typically register a callback for some event, and call that callback |
1069 | These typically register a callback for some event, and call that callback |
670 | when the event occured. In a coroutine, however, you typically want to |
1070 | when the event occured. In a coro, however, you typically want to |
671 | just wait for the event, simplyifying things. |
1071 | just wait for the event, simplyifying things. |
672 | |
1072 | |
673 | For example C<< AnyEvent->child >> registers a callback to be called when |
1073 | For example C<< AnyEvent->child >> registers a callback to be called when |
674 | a specific child has exited: |
1074 | a specific child has exited: |
675 | |
1075 | |
676 | my $child_watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub { ... }); |
1076 | my $child_watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub { ... }); |
677 | |
1077 | |
678 | But from withina coroutine, you often just want to write this: |
1078 | But from within a coro, you often just want to write this: |
679 | |
1079 | |
680 | my $status = wait_for_child $pid; |
1080 | my $status = wait_for_child $pid; |
681 | |
1081 | |
682 | Coro offers two functions specifically designed to make this easy, |
1082 | Coro offers two functions specifically designed to make this easy, |
683 | C<Coro::rouse_cb> and C<Coro::rouse_wait>. |
1083 | C<Coro::rouse_cb> and C<Coro::rouse_wait>. |
684 | |
1084 | |
685 | The first function, C<rouse_cb>, generates and returns a callback that, |
1085 | The first function, C<rouse_cb>, generates and returns a callback that, |
686 | when invoked, will save it's arguments and notify the coroutine that |
1086 | when invoked, will save its arguments and notify the coro that |
687 | created the callback. |
1087 | created the callback. |
688 | |
1088 | |
689 | The second function, C<rouse_wait>, waits for the callback to be called |
1089 | The second function, C<rouse_wait>, waits for the callback to be called |
690 | (by calling C<schedule> to go to sleep) and returns the arguments |
1090 | (by calling C<schedule> to go to sleep) and returns the arguments |
691 | originally passed to the callback. |
1091 | originally passed to the callback. |
… | |
… | |
706 | you can roll your own, using C<schedule>: |
1106 | you can roll your own, using C<schedule>: |
707 | |
1107 | |
708 | sub wait_for_child($) { |
1108 | sub wait_for_child($) { |
709 | my ($pid) = @_; |
1109 | my ($pid) = @_; |
710 | |
1110 | |
711 | # store the current coroutine in $current, |
1111 | # store the current coro in $current, |
712 | # and provide result variables for the closure passed to ->child |
1112 | # and provide result variables for the closure passed to ->child |
713 | my $current = $Coro::current; |
1113 | my $current = $Coro::current; |
714 | my ($done, $rstatus); |
1114 | my ($done, $rstatus); |
715 | |
1115 | |
716 | # pass a closure to ->child |
1116 | # pass a closure to ->child |
… | |
… | |
732 | |
1132 | |
733 | =item fork with pthread backend |
1133 | =item fork with pthread backend |
734 | |
1134 | |
735 | When Coro is compiled using the pthread backend (which isn't recommended |
1135 | When Coro is compiled using the pthread backend (which isn't recommended |
736 | but required on many BSDs as their libcs are completely broken), then |
1136 | but required on many BSDs as their libcs are completely broken), then |
737 | coroutines will not survive a fork. There is no known workaround except to |
1137 | coro will not survive a fork. There is no known workaround except to |
738 | fix your libc and use a saner backend. |
1138 | fix your libc and use a saner backend. |
739 | |
1139 | |
740 | =item perl process emulation ("threads") |
1140 | =item perl process emulation ("threads") |
741 | |
1141 | |
742 | This module is not perl-pseudo-thread-safe. You should only ever use this |
1142 | This module is not perl-pseudo-thread-safe. You should only ever use this |
… | |
… | |
744 | future to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow |
1144 | future to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow |
745 | this). I recommend disabling thread support and using processes, as having |
1145 | this). I recommend disabling thread support and using processes, as having |
746 | the windows process emulation enabled under unix roughly halves perl |
1146 | the windows process emulation enabled under unix roughly halves perl |
747 | performance, even when not used. |
1147 | performance, even when not used. |
748 | |
1148 | |
749 | =item coroutine switching not signal safe |
1149 | =item coro switching is not signal safe |
750 | |
1150 | |
751 | You must not switch to another coroutine from within a signal handler |
1151 | You must not switch to another coro from within a signal handler (only |
752 | (only relevant with %SIG - most event libraries provide safe signals). |
1152 | relevant with %SIG - most event libraries provide safe signals), I<unless> |
|
|
1153 | you are sure you are not interrupting a Coro function. |
753 | |
1154 | |
754 | That means you I<MUST NOT> call any function that might "block" the |
1155 | That means you I<MUST NOT> call any function that might "block" the |
755 | current coroutine - C<cede>, C<schedule> C<< Coro::Semaphore->down >> or |
1156 | current coro - C<cede>, C<schedule> C<< Coro::Semaphore->down >> or |
756 | anything that calls those. Everything else, including calling C<ready>, |
1157 | anything that calls those. Everything else, including calling C<ready>, |
757 | works. |
1158 | works. |
758 | |
1159 | |
759 | =back |
1160 | =back |
760 | |
1161 | |
|
|
1162 | |
|
|
1163 | =head1 WINDOWS PROCESS EMULATION |
|
|
1164 | |
|
|
1165 | A great many people seem to be confused about ithreads (for example, Chip |
|
|
1166 | Salzenberg called me unintelligent, incapable, stupid and gullible, |
|
|
1167 | while in the same mail making rather confused statements about perl |
|
|
1168 | ithreads (for example, that memory or files would be shared), showing his |
|
|
1169 | lack of understanding of this area - if it is hard to understand for Chip, |
|
|
1170 | it is probably not obvious to everybody). |
|
|
1171 | |
|
|
1172 | What follows is an ultra-condensed version of my talk about threads in |
|
|
1173 | scripting languages given on the perl workshop 2009: |
|
|
1174 | |
|
|
1175 | The so-called "ithreads" were originally implemented for two reasons: |
|
|
1176 | first, to (badly) emulate unix processes on native win32 perls, and |
|
|
1177 | secondly, to replace the older, real thread model ("5.005-threads"). |
|
|
1178 | |
|
|
1179 | It does that by using threads instead of OS processes. The difference |
|
|
1180 | between processes and threads is that threads share memory (and other |
|
|
1181 | state, such as files) between threads within a single process, while |
|
|
1182 | processes do not share anything (at least not semantically). That |
|
|
1183 | means that modifications done by one thread are seen by others, while |
|
|
1184 | modifications by one process are not seen by other processes. |
|
|
1185 | |
|
|
1186 | The "ithreads" work exactly like that: when creating a new ithreads |
|
|
1187 | process, all state is copied (memory is copied physically, files and code |
|
|
1188 | is copied logically). Afterwards, it isolates all modifications. On UNIX, |
|
|
1189 | the same behaviour can be achieved by using operating system processes, |
|
|
1190 | except that UNIX typically uses hardware built into the system to do this |
|
|
1191 | efficiently, while the windows process emulation emulates this hardware in |
|
|
1192 | software (rather efficiently, but of course it is still much slower than |
|
|
1193 | dedicated hardware). |
|
|
1194 | |
|
|
1195 | As mentioned before, loading code, modifying code, modifying data |
|
|
1196 | structures and so on is only visible in the ithreads process doing the |
|
|
1197 | modification, not in other ithread processes within the same OS process. |
|
|
1198 | |
|
|
1199 | This is why "ithreads" do not implement threads for perl at all, only |
|
|
1200 | processes. What makes it so bad is that on non-windows platforms, you can |
|
|
1201 | actually take advantage of custom hardware for this purpose (as evidenced |
|
|
1202 | by the forks module, which gives you the (i-) threads API, just much |
|
|
1203 | faster). |
|
|
1204 | |
|
|
1205 | Sharing data is in the i-threads model is done by transfering data |
|
|
1206 | structures between threads using copying semantics, which is very slow - |
|
|
1207 | shared data simply does not exist. Benchmarks using i-threads which are |
|
|
1208 | communication-intensive show extremely bad behaviour with i-threads (in |
|
|
1209 | fact, so bad that Coro, which cannot take direct advantage of multiple |
|
|
1210 | CPUs, is often orders of magnitude faster because it shares data using |
|
|
1211 | real threads, refer to my talk for details). |
|
|
1212 | |
|
|
1213 | As summary, i-threads *use* threads to implement processes, while |
|
|
1214 | the compatible forks module *uses* processes to emulate, uhm, |
|
|
1215 | processes. I-threads slow down every perl program when enabled, and |
|
|
1216 | outside of windows, serve no (or little) practical purpose, but |
|
|
1217 | disadvantages every single-threaded Perl program. |
|
|
1218 | |
|
|
1219 | This is the reason that I try to avoid the name "ithreads", as it is |
|
|
1220 | misleading as it implies that it implements some kind of thread model for |
|
|
1221 | perl, and prefer the name "windows process emulation", which describes the |
|
|
1222 | actual use and behaviour of it much better. |
761 | |
1223 | |
762 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
1224 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
763 | |
1225 | |
764 | Event-Loop integration: L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>. |
1226 | Event-Loop integration: L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>. |
765 | |
1227 | |