1 | =head1 NAME |
1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
2 | |
3 | Coro - coroutine process abstraction |
3 | Coro - the only real threads in perl |
4 | |
4 | |
5 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
5 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
6 | |
6 | |
7 | use Coro; |
7 | use Coro; |
8 | |
8 | |
9 | async { |
9 | async { |
10 | # some asynchronous thread of execution |
10 | # some asynchronous thread of execution |
11 | print "2\n"; |
11 | print "2\n"; |
12 | cede; # yield back to main |
12 | cede; # yield back to main |
13 | print "4\n"; |
13 | print "4\n"; |
14 | }; |
14 | }; |
15 | print "1\n"; |
15 | print "1\n"; |
16 | cede; # yield to coroutine |
16 | cede; # yield to coro |
17 | print "3\n"; |
17 | print "3\n"; |
18 | cede; # and again |
18 | cede; # and again |
19 | |
19 | |
20 | # use locking |
20 | # use locking |
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21 | use Coro::Semaphore; |
21 | my $lock = new Coro::Semaphore; |
22 | my $lock = new Coro::Semaphore; |
22 | my $locked; |
23 | my $locked; |
23 | |
24 | |
24 | $lock->down; |
25 | $lock->down; |
25 | $locked = 1; |
26 | $locked = 1; |
26 | $lock->up; |
27 | $lock->up; |
27 | |
28 | |
28 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
29 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
29 | |
30 | |
30 | This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar |
31 | For a tutorial-style introduction, please read the L<Coro::Intro> |
31 | to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP |
32 | manpage. This manpage mainly contains reference information. |
32 | machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also |
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33 | guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless |
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34 | necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and |
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35 | parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much |
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36 | safer than threads programming. |
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37 | |
33 | |
38 | (Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a |
34 | This module collection manages continuations in general, most often in |
39 | very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This |
35 | the form of cooperative threads (also called coros, or simply "coro" |
40 | is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else). |
36 | in the documentation). They are similar to kernel threads but don't (in |
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37 | general) run in parallel at the same time even on SMP machines. The |
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38 | specific flavor of thread offered by this module also guarantees you that |
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39 | it will not switch between threads unless necessary, at easily-identified |
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40 | points in your program, so locking and parallel access are rarely an |
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41 | issue, making thread programming much safer and easier than using other |
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42 | thread models. |
41 | |
43 | |
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44 | Unlike the so-called "Perl threads" (which are not actually real threads |
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45 | but only the windows process emulation (see section of same name for more |
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46 | details) ported to unix, and as such act as processes), Coro provides |
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47 | a full shared address space, which makes communication between threads |
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48 | very easy. And Coro's threads are fast, too: disabling the Windows |
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49 | process emulation code in your perl and using Coro can easily result in |
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50 | a two to four times speed increase for your programs. A parallel matrix |
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51 | multiplication benchmark runs over 300 times faster on a single core than |
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52 | perl's pseudo-threads on a quad core using all four cores. |
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53 | |
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54 | Coro achieves that by supporting multiple running interpreters that share |
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55 | data, which is especially useful to code pseudo-parallel processes and |
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56 | for event-based programming, such as multiple HTTP-GET requests running |
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57 | concurrently. See L<Coro::AnyEvent> to learn more on how to integrate Coro |
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58 | into an event-based environment. |
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59 | |
42 | In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables + |
60 | In this module, a thread is defined as "callchain + lexical variables + |
43 | @_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain, |
61 | some package variables + C stack), that is, a thread has its own callchain, |
44 | its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global |
62 | its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global |
45 | variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration). |
63 | variables (see L<Coro::State> for more configuration and background info). |
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64 | |
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65 | See also the C<SEE ALSO> section at the end of this document - the Coro |
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66 | module family is quite large. |
46 | |
67 | |
47 | =cut |
68 | =cut |
48 | |
69 | |
49 | package Coro; |
70 | package Coro; |
50 | |
71 | |
51 | use strict; |
72 | use common::sense; |
52 | no warnings "uninitialized"; |
73 | |
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74 | use Carp (); |
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75 | |
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76 | use Guard (); |
53 | |
77 | |
54 | use Coro::State; |
78 | use Coro::State; |
55 | |
79 | |
56 | use base qw(Coro::State Exporter); |
80 | use base qw(Coro::State Exporter); |
57 | |
81 | |
58 | our $idle; # idle handler |
82 | our $idle; # idle handler |
59 | our $main; # main coroutine |
83 | our $main; # main coro |
60 | our $current; # current coroutine |
84 | our $current; # current coro |
61 | |
85 | |
62 | our $VERSION = '4.13'; |
86 | our $VERSION = 5.22; |
63 | |
87 | |
64 | our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub); |
88 | our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub rouse_cb rouse_wait); |
65 | our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( |
89 | our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( |
66 | prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)], |
90 | prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)], |
67 | ); |
91 | ); |
68 | our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready)); |
92 | our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready)); |
69 | |
93 | |
70 | { |
94 | =head1 GLOBAL VARIABLES |
71 | my @async; |
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72 | my $init; |
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73 | |
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74 | # this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;() |
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75 | sub import { |
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76 | no strict 'refs'; |
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77 | |
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78 | Coro->export_to_level (1, @_); |
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79 | |
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80 | my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE}; |
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81 | *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub { |
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82 | my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift); |
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83 | my @attrs; |
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84 | for (@_) { |
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85 | if ($_ eq "Coro") { |
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86 | push @async, $ref; |
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87 | unless ($init++) { |
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88 | eval q{ |
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89 | sub INIT { |
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90 | &async(pop @async) while @async; |
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91 | } |
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92 | }; |
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93 | } |
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94 | } else { |
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95 | push @attrs, $_; |
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96 | } |
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97 | } |
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98 | return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs; |
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99 | }; |
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100 | } |
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101 | |
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102 | } |
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103 | |
95 | |
104 | =over 4 |
96 | =over 4 |
105 | |
97 | |
106 | =item $main |
98 | =item $Coro::main |
107 | |
99 | |
108 | This coroutine represents the main program. |
100 | This variable stores the Coro object that represents the main |
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101 | program. While you cna C<ready> it and do most other things you can do to |
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102 | coro, it is mainly useful to compare again C<$Coro::current>, to see |
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103 | whether you are running in the main program or not. |
109 | |
104 | |
110 | =cut |
105 | =cut |
111 | |
106 | |
112 | $main = new Coro; |
107 | # $main is now being initialised by Coro::State |
113 | |
108 | |
114 | =item $current (or as function: current) |
109 | =item $Coro::current |
115 | |
110 | |
116 | The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value |
111 | The Coro object representing the current coro (the last |
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112 | coro that the Coro scheduler switched to). The initial value is |
117 | is C<$main> (of course). |
113 | C<$Coro::main> (of course). |
118 | |
114 | |
119 | This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance |
115 | This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. You can take copies of the |
120 | reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the |
116 | value stored in it and use it as any other Coro object, but you must |
121 | C<Coro::current> function instead. |
117 | not otherwise modify the variable itself. |
122 | |
118 | |
123 | =cut |
119 | =cut |
124 | |
120 | |
125 | $main->{desc} = "[main::]"; |
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126 | |
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127 | # maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before... |
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128 | $main->{_specific} = $current->{_specific} |
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129 | if $current; |
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130 | |
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131 | _set_current $main; |
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132 | |
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133 | sub current() { $current } |
121 | sub current() { $current } # [DEPRECATED] |
134 | |
122 | |
135 | =item $idle |
123 | =item $Coro::idle |
136 | |
124 | |
137 | A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines |
125 | This variable is mainly useful to integrate Coro into event loops. It is |
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126 | usually better to rely on L<Coro::AnyEvent> or L<Coro::EV>, as this is |
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127 | pretty low-level functionality. |
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128 | |
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129 | This variable stores a Coro object that is put into the ready queue when |
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130 | there are no other ready threads (without invoking any ready hooks). |
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131 | |
138 | to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and |
132 | The default implementation dies with "FATAL: deadlock detected.", followed |
139 | exits, because the program has no other way to continue. |
133 | by a thread listing, because the program has no other way to continue. |
140 | |
134 | |
141 | This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and |
135 | This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::EV> and |
142 | C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a |
136 | C<Coro::AnyEvent> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a |
143 | coroutine so the scheduler can run it. |
137 | coro so the scheduler can run it. |
144 | |
138 | |
145 | Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event |
139 | See L<Coro::EV> or L<Coro::AnyEvent> for examples of using this technique. |
146 | handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively itself. |
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147 | |
140 | |
148 | =cut |
141 | =cut |
149 | |
142 | |
150 | $idle = sub { |
143 | # ||= because other modules could have provided their own by now |
151 | require Carp; |
144 | $idle ||= new Coro sub { |
152 | Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected"); |
145 | require Coro::Debug; |
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146 | die "FATAL: deadlock detected.\n" |
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147 | . Coro::Debug::ps_listing (); |
153 | }; |
148 | }; |
154 | |
149 | |
155 | sub _cancel { |
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156 | my ($self) = @_; |
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157 | |
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158 | # free coroutine data and mark as destructed |
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159 | $self->_destroy |
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160 | or return; |
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161 | |
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162 | # call all destruction callbacks |
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163 | $_->(@{$self->{_status}}) |
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164 | for @{(delete $self->{_on_destroy}) || []}; |
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165 | } |
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166 | |
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167 | # this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine |
150 | # this coro is necessary because a coro |
168 | # cannot destroy itself. |
151 | # cannot destroy itself. |
169 | my @destroy; |
152 | our @destroy; |
170 | my $manager; |
153 | our $manager; |
171 | |
154 | |
172 | $manager = new Coro sub { |
155 | $manager = new Coro sub { |
173 | while () { |
156 | while () { |
174 | (shift @destroy)->_cancel |
157 | Coro::State::cancel shift @destroy |
175 | while @destroy; |
158 | while @destroy; |
176 | |
159 | |
177 | &schedule; |
160 | &schedule; |
178 | } |
161 | } |
179 | }; |
162 | }; |
180 | $manager->desc ("[coro manager]"); |
163 | $manager->{desc} = "[coro manager]"; |
181 | $manager->prio (PRIO_MAX); |
164 | $manager->prio (PRIO_MAX); |
182 | |
165 | |
183 | # static methods. not really. |
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184 | |
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185 | =back |
166 | =back |
186 | |
167 | |
187 | =head2 STATIC METHODS |
168 | =head1 SIMPLE CORO CREATION |
188 | |
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189 | Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only. |
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190 | |
169 | |
191 | =over 4 |
170 | =over 4 |
192 | |
171 | |
193 | =item async { ... } [@args...] |
172 | =item async { ... } [@args...] |
194 | |
173 | |
195 | Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object |
174 | Create a new coro and return its Coro object (usually |
196 | (usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically |
175 | unused). The coro will be put into the ready queue, so |
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176 | it will start running automatically on the next scheduler run. |
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177 | |
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178 | The first argument is a codeblock/closure that should be executed in the |
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179 | coro. When it returns argument returns the coro is automatically |
197 | terminated. |
180 | terminated. |
198 | |
181 | |
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182 | The remaining arguments are passed as arguments to the closure. |
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183 | |
199 | See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coroutine |
184 | See the C<Coro::State::new> constructor for info about the coro |
200 | environment in which coroutines run. |
185 | environment in which coro are executed. |
201 | |
186 | |
202 | Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside |
187 | Calling C<exit> in a coro will do the same as calling exit outside |
203 | the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit, |
188 | the coro. Likewise, when the coro dies, the program will exit, |
204 | just as it would in the main program. |
189 | just as it would in the main program. |
205 | |
190 | |
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191 | If you do not want that, you can provide a default C<die> handler, or |
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192 | simply avoid dieing (by use of C<eval>). |
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193 | |
206 | # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments |
194 | Example: Create a new coro that just prints its arguments. |
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195 | |
207 | async { |
196 | async { |
208 | print "@_\n"; |
197 | print "@_\n"; |
209 | } 1,2,3,4; |
198 | } 1,2,3,4; |
210 | |
199 | |
211 | =cut |
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212 | |
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213 | sub async(&@) { |
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214 | my $coro = new Coro @_; |
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215 | $coro->ready; |
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216 | $coro |
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217 | } |
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218 | |
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219 | =item async_pool { ... } [@args...] |
200 | =item async_pool { ... } [@args...] |
220 | |
201 | |
221 | Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call |
202 | Similar to C<async>, but uses a coro pool, so you should not call |
222 | terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine |
203 | terminate or join on it (although you are allowed to), and you get a |
223 | that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :). |
204 | coro that might have executed other code already (which can be good |
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205 | or bad :). |
224 | |
206 | |
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207 | On the plus side, this function is about twice as fast as creating (and |
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208 | destroying) a completely new coro, so if you need a lot of generic |
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209 | coros in quick successsion, use C<async_pool>, not C<async>. |
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210 | |
225 | Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be |
211 | The code block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be |
226 | issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as |
212 | issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as |
227 | C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy> |
213 | C<async> does. As the coro is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy> |
228 | will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel, |
214 | will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel, |
229 | which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling. |
215 | which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling (but is fine in the |
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216 | exceptional case). |
230 | |
217 | |
231 | The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, tracing will be |
218 | The priority will be reset to C<0> after each run, tracing will be |
232 | disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle |
219 | disabled, the description will be reset and the default output filehandle |
233 | gets restored, so you can change alkl these. Otherwise the coroutine will |
220 | gets restored, so you can change all these. Otherwise the coro will |
234 | be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coroutine global |
221 | be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other per-coro global |
235 | stuff such as C<$/> you need to revert that change, which is most simply |
222 | stuff such as C<$/> you I<must needs> revert that change, which is most |
236 | done by using local as in C< local $/ >. |
223 | simply done by using local as in: C<< local $/ >>. |
237 | |
224 | |
238 | The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by |
225 | The idle pool size is limited to C<8> idle coros (this can be |
239 | changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as |
226 | adjusted by changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), but there can be as many non-idle |
240 | required. |
227 | coros as required. |
241 | |
228 | |
242 | If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a |
229 | If you are concerned about pooled coros growing a lot because a |
243 | single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool |
230 | single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool |
244 | { terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In |
231 | { terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In |
245 | addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb |
232 | addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 32kb |
246 | (adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit. |
233 | (adjustable via $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also be destroyed. |
247 | |
234 | |
248 | =cut |
235 | =cut |
249 | |
236 | |
250 | our $POOL_SIZE = 8; |
237 | our $POOL_SIZE = 8; |
251 | our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024; |
238 | our $POOL_RSS = 32 * 1024; |
252 | our @async_pool; |
239 | our @async_pool; |
253 | |
240 | |
254 | sub pool_handler { |
241 | sub pool_handler { |
255 | my $cb; |
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256 | |
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257 | while () { |
242 | while () { |
258 | eval { |
243 | eval { |
259 | while () { |
244 | &{&_pool_handler} while 1; |
260 | _pool_1 $cb; |
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261 | &$cb; |
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262 | _pool_2 $cb; |
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263 | &schedule; |
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264 | } |
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265 | }; |
245 | }; |
266 | |
246 | |
267 | last if $@ eq "\3async_pool terminate\2\n"; |
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268 | warn $@ if $@; |
247 | warn $@ if $@; |
269 | } |
248 | } |
270 | } |
249 | } |
271 | |
250 | |
272 | sub async_pool(&@) { |
251 | =back |
273 | # this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler |
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274 | my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler; |
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275 | |
252 | |
276 | $coro->{_invoke} = [@_]; |
253 | =head1 STATIC METHODS |
277 | $coro->ready; |
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278 | |
254 | |
279 | $coro |
255 | Static methods are actually functions that implicitly operate on the |
280 | } |
256 | current coro. |
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257 | |
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258 | =over 4 |
281 | |
259 | |
282 | =item schedule |
260 | =item schedule |
283 | |
261 | |
284 | Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put |
262 | Calls the scheduler. The scheduler will find the next coro that is |
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263 | to be run from the ready queue and switches to it. The next coro |
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264 | to be run is simply the one with the highest priority that is longest |
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265 | in its ready queue. If there is no coro ready, it will call the |
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266 | C<$Coro::idle> hook. |
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267 | |
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268 | Please note that the current coro will I<not> be put into the ready |
285 | into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will |
269 | queue, so calling this function usually means you will never be called |
286 | never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls |
270 | again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls C<< ->ready >>, |
287 | ready. |
271 | thus waking you up. |
288 | |
272 | |
289 | The canonical way to wait on external events is this: |
273 | This makes C<schedule> I<the> generic method to use to block the current |
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274 | coro and wait for events: first you remember the current coro in |
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275 | a variable, then arrange for some callback of yours to call C<< ->ready |
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276 | >> on that once some event happens, and last you call C<schedule> to put |
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277 | yourself to sleep. Note that a lot of things can wake your coro up, |
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278 | so you need to check whether the event indeed happened, e.g. by storing the |
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279 | status in a variable. |
290 | |
280 | |
291 | { |
281 | See B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK>, below, for some ways to wait for callbacks. |
292 | # remember current coroutine |
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293 | my $current = $Coro::current; |
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294 | |
282 | |
295 | # register a hypothetical event handler |
283 | =item cede |
296 | on_event_invoke sub { |
284 | |
297 | # wake up sleeping coroutine |
285 | "Cede" to other coros. This function puts the current coro into |
298 | $current->ready; |
286 | the ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving |
299 | undef $current; |
287 | up the current "timeslice" to other coros of the same or higher |
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288 | priority. Once your coro gets its turn again it will automatically be |
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289 | resumed. |
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290 | |
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291 | This function is often called C<yield> in other languages. |
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292 | |
|
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293 | =item Coro::cede_notself |
|
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294 | |
|
|
295 | Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to I<any> |
|
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296 | coro, regardless of priority. This is useful sometimes to ensure |
|
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297 | progress is made. |
|
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298 | |
|
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299 | =item terminate [arg...] |
|
|
300 | |
|
|
301 | Terminates the current coro with the given status values (see L<cancel>). |
|
|
302 | |
|
|
303 | =item Coro::on_enter BLOCK, Coro::on_leave BLOCK |
|
|
304 | |
|
|
305 | These function install enter and leave winders in the current scope. The |
|
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306 | enter block will be executed when on_enter is called and whenever the |
|
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307 | current coro is re-entered by the scheduler, while the leave block is |
|
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308 | executed whenever the current coro is blocked by the scheduler, and |
|
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309 | also when the containing scope is exited (by whatever means, be it exit, |
|
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310 | die, last etc.). |
|
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311 | |
|
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312 | I<Neither invoking the scheduler, nor exceptions, are allowed within those |
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313 | BLOCKs>. That means: do not even think about calling C<die> without an |
|
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314 | eval, and do not even think of entering the scheduler in any way. |
|
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315 | |
|
|
316 | Since both BLOCKs are tied to the current scope, they will automatically |
|
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317 | be removed when the current scope exits. |
|
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318 | |
|
|
319 | These functions implement the same concept as C<dynamic-wind> in scheme |
|
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320 | does, and are useful when you want to localise some resource to a specific |
|
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321 | coro. |
|
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322 | |
|
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323 | They slow down thread switching considerably for coros that use them |
|
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324 | (about 40% for a BLOCK with a single assignment, so thread switching is |
|
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325 | still reasonably fast if the handlers are fast). |
|
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326 | |
|
|
327 | These functions are best understood by an example: The following function |
|
|
328 | will change the current timezone to "Antarctica/South_Pole", which |
|
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329 | requires a call to C<tzset>, but by using C<on_enter> and C<on_leave>, |
|
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330 | which remember/change the current timezone and restore the previous |
|
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331 | value, respectively, the timezone is only changed for the coro that |
|
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332 | installed those handlers. |
|
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333 | |
|
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334 | use POSIX qw(tzset); |
|
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335 | |
|
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336 | async { |
|
|
337 | my $old_tz; # store outside TZ value here |
|
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338 | |
|
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339 | Coro::on_enter { |
|
|
340 | $old_tz = $ENV{TZ}; # remember the old value |
|
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341 | |
|
|
342 | $ENV{TZ} = "Antarctica/South_Pole"; |
|
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343 | tzset; # enable new value |
300 | }; |
344 | }; |
301 | |
345 | |
302 | # call schedule until event occurred. |
346 | Coro::on_leave { |
303 | # in case we are woken up for other reasons |
347 | $ENV{TZ} = $old_tz; |
304 | # (current still defined), loop. |
348 | tzset; # restore old value |
305 | Coro::schedule while $current; |
349 | }; |
|
|
350 | |
|
|
351 | # at this place, the timezone is Antarctica/South_Pole, |
|
|
352 | # without disturbing the TZ of any other coro. |
306 | } |
353 | }; |
307 | |
354 | |
308 | =item cede |
355 | This can be used to localise about any resource (locale, uid, current |
|
|
356 | working directory etc.) to a block, despite the existance of other |
|
|
357 | coros. |
309 | |
358 | |
310 | "Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the |
359 | Another interesting example implements time-sliced multitasking using |
311 | ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the |
360 | interval timers (this could obviously be optimised, but does the job): |
312 | current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority. |
|
|
313 | |
361 | |
314 | =item Coro::cede_notself |
362 | # "timeslice" the given block |
|
|
363 | sub timeslice(&) { |
|
|
364 | use Time::HiRes (); |
315 | |
365 | |
316 | Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any |
366 | Coro::on_enter { |
317 | coroutine, regardless of priority, once. |
367 | # on entering the thread, we set an VTALRM handler to cede |
|
|
368 | $SIG{VTALRM} = sub { cede }; |
|
|
369 | # and then start the interval timer |
|
|
370 | Time::HiRes::setitimer &Time::HiRes::ITIMER_VIRTUAL, 0.01, 0.01; |
|
|
371 | }; |
|
|
372 | Coro::on_leave { |
|
|
373 | # on leaving the thread, we stop the interval timer again |
|
|
374 | Time::HiRes::setitimer &Time::HiRes::ITIMER_VIRTUAL, 0, 0; |
|
|
375 | }; |
318 | |
376 | |
319 | =item terminate [arg...] |
377 | &{+shift}; |
|
|
378 | } |
320 | |
379 | |
321 | Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>). |
380 | # use like this: |
|
|
381 | timeslice { |
|
|
382 | # The following is an endless loop that would normally |
|
|
383 | # monopolise the process. Since it runs in a timesliced |
|
|
384 | # environment, it will regularly cede to other threads. |
|
|
385 | while () { } |
|
|
386 | }; |
|
|
387 | |
322 | |
388 | |
323 | =item killall |
389 | =item killall |
324 | |
390 | |
325 | Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running |
391 | Kills/terminates/cancels all coros except the currently running one. |
326 | one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, as |
|
|
327 | usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines. |
|
|
328 | |
392 | |
329 | =cut |
393 | Note that while this will try to free some of the main interpreter |
|
|
394 | resources if the calling coro isn't the main coro, but one |
|
|
395 | cannot free all of them, so if a coro that is not the main coro |
|
|
396 | calls this function, there will be some one-time resource leak. |
330 | |
397 | |
331 | sub terminate { |
398 | =cut |
332 | $current->cancel (@_); |
|
|
333 | } |
|
|
334 | |
399 | |
335 | sub killall { |
400 | sub killall { |
336 | for (Coro::State::list) { |
401 | for (Coro::State::list) { |
337 | $_->cancel |
402 | $_->cancel |
338 | if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro"; |
403 | if $_ != $current && UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "Coro"; |
339 | } |
404 | } |
340 | } |
405 | } |
341 | |
406 | |
342 | =back |
407 | =back |
343 | |
408 | |
344 | # dynamic methods |
|
|
345 | |
|
|
346 | =head2 COROUTINE METHODS |
409 | =head1 CORO OBJECT METHODS |
347 | |
410 | |
348 | These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects. |
411 | These are the methods you can call on coro objects (or to create |
|
|
412 | them). |
349 | |
413 | |
350 | =over 4 |
414 | =over 4 |
351 | |
415 | |
352 | =item new Coro \&sub [, @args...] |
416 | =item new Coro \&sub [, @args...] |
353 | |
417 | |
354 | Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine |
418 | Create a new coro and return it. When the sub returns, the coro |
355 | automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were |
419 | automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were |
356 | called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue |
420 | called. To make the coro run you must first put it into the ready |
357 | by calling the ready method. |
421 | queue by calling the ready method. |
358 | |
422 | |
359 | See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the |
423 | See C<async> and C<Coro::State::new> for additional info about the |
360 | coroutine environment. |
424 | coro environment. |
361 | |
425 | |
362 | =cut |
426 | =cut |
363 | |
427 | |
364 | sub _run_coro { |
428 | sub _coro_run { |
365 | terminate &{+shift}; |
429 | terminate &{+shift}; |
366 | } |
430 | } |
367 | |
431 | |
368 | sub new { |
|
|
369 | my $class = shift; |
|
|
370 | |
|
|
371 | $class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_) |
|
|
372 | } |
|
|
373 | |
|
|
374 | =item $success = $coroutine->ready |
432 | =item $success = $coro->ready |
375 | |
433 | |
376 | Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority) |
434 | Put the given coro into the end of its ready queue (there is one |
377 | and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing |
435 | queue for each priority) and return true. If the coro is already in |
378 | and return false. |
436 | the ready queue, do nothing and return false. |
379 | |
437 | |
|
|
438 | This ensures that the scheduler will resume this coro automatically |
|
|
439 | once all the coro of higher priority and all coro of the same |
|
|
440 | priority that were put into the ready queue earlier have been resumed. |
|
|
441 | |
|
|
442 | =item $coro->suspend |
|
|
443 | |
|
|
444 | Suspends the specified coro. A suspended coro works just like any other |
|
|
445 | coro, except that the scheduler will not select a suspended coro for |
|
|
446 | execution. |
|
|
447 | |
|
|
448 | Suspending a coro can be useful when you want to keep the coro from |
|
|
449 | running, but you don't want to destroy it, or when you want to temporarily |
|
|
450 | freeze a coro (e.g. for debugging) to resume it later. |
|
|
451 | |
|
|
452 | A scenario for the former would be to suspend all (other) coros after a |
|
|
453 | fork and keep them alive, so their destructors aren't called, but new |
|
|
454 | coros can be created. |
|
|
455 | |
|
|
456 | =item $coro->resume |
|
|
457 | |
|
|
458 | If the specified coro was suspended, it will be resumed. Note that when |
|
|
459 | the coro was in the ready queue when it was suspended, it might have been |
|
|
460 | unreadied by the scheduler, so an activation might have been lost. |
|
|
461 | |
|
|
462 | To avoid this, it is best to put a suspended coro into the ready queue |
|
|
463 | unconditionally, as every synchronisation mechanism must protect itself |
|
|
464 | against spurious wakeups, and the one in the Coro family certainly do |
|
|
465 | that. |
|
|
466 | |
380 | =item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready |
467 | =item $is_ready = $coro->is_ready |
381 | |
468 | |
382 | Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not, |
469 | Returns true iff the Coro object is in the ready queue. Unless the Coro |
|
|
470 | object gets destroyed, it will eventually be scheduled by the scheduler. |
383 | |
471 | |
|
|
472 | =item $is_running = $coro->is_running |
|
|
473 | |
|
|
474 | Returns true iff the Coro object is currently running. Only one Coro object |
|
|
475 | can ever be in the running state (but it currently is possible to have |
|
|
476 | multiple running Coro::States). |
|
|
477 | |
|
|
478 | =item $is_suspended = $coro->is_suspended |
|
|
479 | |
|
|
480 | Returns true iff this Coro object has been suspended. Suspended Coros will |
|
|
481 | not ever be scheduled. |
|
|
482 | |
384 | =item $coroutine->cancel (arg...) |
483 | =item $coro->cancel (arg...) |
385 | |
484 | |
386 | Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as |
485 | Terminates the given Coro and makes it return the given arguments as |
387 | status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the |
486 | status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the Coro is the |
388 | current coroutine. |
487 | current Coro. |
389 | |
488 | |
390 | =cut |
489 | =cut |
391 | |
490 | |
392 | sub cancel { |
491 | sub cancel { |
393 | my $self = shift; |
492 | my $self = shift; |
394 | $self->{_status} = [@_]; |
|
|
395 | |
493 | |
396 | if ($current == $self) { |
494 | if ($current == $self) { |
397 | push @destroy, $self; |
495 | terminate @_; |
398 | $manager->ready; |
|
|
399 | &schedule while 1; |
|
|
400 | } else { |
496 | } else { |
401 | $self->_cancel; |
497 | $self->{_status} = [@_]; |
|
|
498 | Coro::State::cancel $self; |
402 | } |
499 | } |
403 | } |
500 | } |
404 | |
501 | |
|
|
502 | =item $coro->schedule_to |
|
|
503 | |
|
|
504 | Puts the current coro to sleep (like C<Coro::schedule>), but instead |
|
|
505 | of continuing with the next coro from the ready queue, always switch to |
|
|
506 | the given coro object (regardless of priority etc.). The readyness |
|
|
507 | state of that coro isn't changed. |
|
|
508 | |
|
|
509 | This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any |
|
|
510 | uses for this one. |
|
|
511 | |
|
|
512 | =item $coro->cede_to |
|
|
513 | |
|
|
514 | Like C<schedule_to>, but puts the current coro into the ready |
|
|
515 | queue. This has the effect of temporarily switching to the given |
|
|
516 | coro, and continuing some time later. |
|
|
517 | |
|
|
518 | This is an advanced method for special cases - I'd love to hear about any |
|
|
519 | uses for this one. |
|
|
520 | |
|
|
521 | =item $coro->throw ([$scalar]) |
|
|
522 | |
|
|
523 | If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception |
|
|
524 | inside the coro at the next convenient point in time. Otherwise |
|
|
525 | clears the exception object. |
|
|
526 | |
|
|
527 | Coro will check for the exception each time a schedule-like-function |
|
|
528 | returns, i.e. after each C<schedule>, C<cede>, C<< Coro::Semaphore->down |
|
|
529 | >>, C<< Coro::Handle->readable >> and so on. Most of these functions |
|
|
530 | detect this case and return early in case an exception is pending. |
|
|
531 | |
|
|
532 | The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in |
|
|
533 | C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended |
|
|
534 | (unlike with C<die>). |
|
|
535 | |
|
|
536 | This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coro to |
|
|
537 | end itself, although there is no guarantee that the exception will lead to |
|
|
538 | termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole |
|
|
539 | program. |
|
|
540 | |
|
|
541 | You might also think of C<throw> as being the moral equivalent of |
|
|
542 | C<kill>ing a coro with a signal (in this case, a scalar). |
|
|
543 | |
405 | =item $coroutine->join |
544 | =item $coro->join |
406 | |
545 | |
407 | Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the |
546 | Wait until the coro terminates and return any values given to the |
408 | C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently |
547 | C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called concurrently |
409 | from multiple coroutines. |
548 | from multiple coro, and all will be resumed and given the status |
|
|
549 | return once the C<$coro> terminates. |
410 | |
550 | |
411 | =cut |
551 | =cut |
412 | |
552 | |
413 | sub join { |
553 | sub join { |
414 | my $self = shift; |
554 | my $self = shift; |
… | |
… | |
425 | } |
565 | } |
426 | |
566 | |
427 | wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0]; |
567 | wantarray ? @{$self->{_status}} : $self->{_status}[0]; |
428 | } |
568 | } |
429 | |
569 | |
430 | =item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb) |
570 | =item $coro->on_destroy (\&cb) |
431 | |
571 | |
432 | Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed, |
572 | Registers a callback that is called when this coro gets destroyed, |
433 | but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments, |
573 | but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments, |
434 | if any. |
574 | if any, and I<must not> die, under any circumstances. |
435 | |
575 | |
436 | =cut |
576 | =cut |
437 | |
577 | |
438 | sub on_destroy { |
578 | sub on_destroy { |
439 | my ($self, $cb) = @_; |
579 | my ($self, $cb) = @_; |
440 | |
580 | |
441 | push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb; |
581 | push @{ $self->{_on_destroy} }, $cb; |
442 | } |
582 | } |
443 | |
583 | |
444 | =item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio) |
584 | =item $oldprio = $coro->prio ($newprio) |
445 | |
585 | |
446 | Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the |
586 | Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the |
447 | coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority |
587 | coro. Higher priority coro get run before lower priority |
448 | coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3), |
588 | coro. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3), |
449 | that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio |
589 | that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio |
450 | to get then): |
590 | to get then): |
451 | |
591 | |
452 | PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN |
592 | PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN |
453 | 3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4 |
593 | 3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4 |
454 | |
594 | |
455 | # set priority to HIGH |
595 | # set priority to HIGH |
456 | current->prio(PRIO_HIGH); |
596 | current->prio (PRIO_HIGH); |
457 | |
597 | |
458 | The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any |
598 | The idle coro ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any |
459 | existing coroutine. |
599 | existing coro. |
460 | |
600 | |
461 | Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately, |
601 | Changing the priority of the current coro will take effect immediately, |
462 | but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not |
602 | but changing the priority of coro in the ready queue (but not |
463 | running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that |
603 | running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that |
464 | coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version. |
604 | coro). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version. |
465 | |
605 | |
466 | =item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change) |
606 | =item $newprio = $coro->nice ($change) |
467 | |
607 | |
468 | Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e. |
608 | Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e. |
469 | higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix). |
609 | higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix). |
470 | |
610 | |
471 | =item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc) |
611 | =item $olddesc = $coro->desc ($newdesc) |
472 | |
612 | |
473 | Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this |
613 | Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this |
474 | coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine. |
614 | coro. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a |
|
|
615 | coro. |
475 | |
616 | |
476 | This method simply sets the C<< $coroutine->{desc} >> member to the given string. You |
617 | This method simply sets the C<< $coro->{desc} >> member to the given |
477 | can modify this member directly if you wish. |
618 | string. You can modify this member directly if you wish. |
478 | |
|
|
479 | =item $coroutine->throw ([$scalar]) |
|
|
480 | |
|
|
481 | If C<$throw> is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an exception |
|
|
482 | inside the coroutine at the next convinient point in time (usually after |
|
|
483 | it gains control at the next schedule/transfer/cede). Otherwise clears the |
|
|
484 | exception object. |
|
|
485 | |
|
|
486 | The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified scalar in |
|
|
487 | C<$@>, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will be appended |
|
|
488 | (unlike with C<die>). |
|
|
489 | |
|
|
490 | This can be used as a softer means than C<cancel> to ask a coroutine to |
|
|
491 | end itself, although there is no guarentee that the exception will lead to |
|
|
492 | termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might well end the whole |
|
|
493 | program. |
|
|
494 | |
619 | |
495 | =cut |
620 | =cut |
496 | |
621 | |
497 | sub desc { |
622 | sub desc { |
498 | my $old = $_[0]{desc}; |
623 | my $old = $_[0]{desc}; |
499 | $_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1; |
624 | $_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1; |
500 | $old; |
625 | $old; |
501 | } |
626 | } |
502 | |
627 | |
|
|
628 | sub transfer { |
|
|
629 | require Carp; |
|
|
630 | Carp::croak ("You must not call ->transfer on Coro objects. Use Coro::State objects or the ->schedule_to method. Caught"); |
|
|
631 | } |
|
|
632 | |
503 | =back |
633 | =back |
504 | |
634 | |
505 | =head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS |
635 | =head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS |
506 | |
636 | |
507 | =over 4 |
637 | =over 4 |
508 | |
638 | |
509 | =item Coro::nready |
639 | =item Coro::nready |
510 | |
640 | |
511 | Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state, |
641 | Returns the number of coro that are currently in the ready state, |
512 | i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable |
642 | i.e. that can be switched to by calling C<schedule> directory or |
|
|
643 | indirectly. The value C<0> means that the only runnable coro is the |
513 | coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect, |
644 | currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect, and C<schedule> |
514 | and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler |
645 | would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler that wakes up some |
515 | that wakes up some coroutines. |
646 | coro. |
516 | |
647 | |
517 | =item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... } |
648 | =item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... } |
518 | |
649 | |
519 | This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object |
650 | This function still exists, but is deprecated. Please use the |
520 | gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be |
651 | C<Guard::guard> function instead. |
521 | executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a |
|
|
522 | runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the |
|
|
523 | guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method, |
|
|
524 | C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed. |
|
|
525 | |
652 | |
526 | Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled |
|
|
527 | or the function returns: |
|
|
528 | |
|
|
529 | sub do_something { |
|
|
530 | my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 }; |
|
|
531 | $busy = 1; |
|
|
532 | |
|
|
533 | # do something that requires $busy to be true |
|
|
534 | } |
|
|
535 | |
|
|
536 | =cut |
653 | =cut |
537 | |
654 | |
538 | sub guard(&) { |
655 | BEGIN { *guard = \&Guard::guard } |
539 | bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard" |
|
|
540 | } |
|
|
541 | |
|
|
542 | sub Coro::guard::cancel { |
|
|
543 | ${$_[0]} = sub { }; |
|
|
544 | } |
|
|
545 | |
|
|
546 | sub Coro::guard::DESTROY { |
|
|
547 | ${$_[0]}->(); |
|
|
548 | } |
|
|
549 | |
|
|
550 | |
656 | |
551 | =item unblock_sub { ... } |
657 | =item unblock_sub { ... } |
552 | |
658 | |
553 | This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it, |
659 | This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it, |
554 | returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return |
660 | returning a new coderef. Unblocking means that calling the new coderef |
555 | immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code |
661 | will return immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the |
556 | ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine. |
662 | original code ref will be called (with parameters) from within another |
|
|
663 | coro. |
557 | |
664 | |
558 | The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the |
665 | The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the |
559 | venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form |
666 | venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not thread-safe (a weaker form |
560 | of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks, |
667 | of reentrancy). This means you must not block within event callbacks, |
561 | otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. |
668 | otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. The only event library |
|
|
669 | currently known that is safe to use without C<unblock_sub> is L<EV>. |
|
|
670 | |
|
|
671 | Coro will try to catch you when you block in the event loop |
|
|
672 | ("FATAL:$Coro::IDLE blocked itself"), but this is just best effort and |
|
|
673 | only works when you do not run your own event loop. |
562 | |
674 | |
563 | This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another |
675 | This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another |
564 | coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy |
676 | coro where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy |
565 | is when you use the L<Coro::AIO|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to |
677 | is when you use the L<Coro::AIO|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to |
566 | disk. |
678 | disk, for example. |
567 | |
679 | |
568 | In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when |
680 | In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when |
569 | creating event callbacks that want to block. |
681 | creating event callbacks that want to block. |
|
|
682 | |
|
|
683 | If your handler does not plan to block (e.g. simply sends a message to |
|
|
684 | another coro, or puts some other coro into the ready queue), there is |
|
|
685 | no reason to use C<unblock_sub>. |
|
|
686 | |
|
|
687 | Note that you also need to use C<unblock_sub> for any other callbacks that |
|
|
688 | are indirectly executed by any C-based event loop. For example, when you |
|
|
689 | use a module that uses L<AnyEvent> (and you use L<Coro::AnyEvent>) and it |
|
|
690 | provides callbacks that are the result of some event callback, then you |
|
|
691 | must not block either, or use C<unblock_sub>. |
570 | |
692 | |
571 | =cut |
693 | =cut |
572 | |
694 | |
573 | our @unblock_queue; |
695 | our @unblock_queue; |
574 | |
696 | |
… | |
… | |
577 | # return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede |
699 | # return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede |
578 | # inside an event callback. |
700 | # inside an event callback. |
579 | our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub { |
701 | our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub { |
580 | while () { |
702 | while () { |
581 | while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) { |
703 | while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) { |
582 | # this is an inlined copy of async_pool |
704 | &async_pool (@$cb); |
583 | my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler; |
|
|
584 | |
705 | |
585 | $coro->{_invoke} = $cb; |
|
|
586 | $coro->ready; |
|
|
587 | cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool |
706 | # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool |
|
|
707 | # as the chance is very high that the async_poll coro will be back |
|
|
708 | # in the idle state when cede returns |
|
|
709 | cede; |
588 | } |
710 | } |
589 | schedule; # sleep well |
711 | schedule; # sleep well |
590 | } |
712 | } |
591 | }; |
713 | }; |
592 | $unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]"); |
714 | $unblock_scheduler->{desc} = "[unblock_sub scheduler]"; |
593 | |
715 | |
594 | sub unblock_sub(&) { |
716 | sub unblock_sub(&) { |
595 | my $cb = shift; |
717 | my $cb = shift; |
596 | |
718 | |
597 | sub { |
719 | sub { |
598 | unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_]; |
720 | unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_]; |
599 | $unblock_scheduler->ready; |
721 | $unblock_scheduler->ready; |
600 | } |
722 | } |
601 | } |
723 | } |
602 | |
724 | |
|
|
725 | =item $cb = rouse_cb |
|
|
726 | |
|
|
727 | Create and return a "rouse callback". That's a code reference that, |
|
|
728 | when called, will remember a copy of its arguments and notify the owner |
|
|
729 | coro of the callback. |
|
|
730 | |
|
|
731 | See the next function. |
|
|
732 | |
|
|
733 | =item @args = rouse_wait [$cb] |
|
|
734 | |
|
|
735 | Wait for the specified rouse callback (or the last one that was created in |
|
|
736 | this coro). |
|
|
737 | |
|
|
738 | As soon as the callback is invoked (or when the callback was invoked |
|
|
739 | before C<rouse_wait>), it will return the arguments originally passed to |
|
|
740 | the rouse callback. In scalar context, that means you get the I<last> |
|
|
741 | argument, just as if C<rouse_wait> had a C<return ($a1, $a2, $a3...)> |
|
|
742 | statement at the end. |
|
|
743 | |
|
|
744 | See the section B<HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK> for an actual usage example. |
|
|
745 | |
603 | =back |
746 | =back |
604 | |
747 | |
605 | =cut |
748 | =cut |
606 | |
749 | |
607 | 1; |
750 | 1; |
608 | |
751 | |
|
|
752 | =head1 HOW TO WAIT FOR A CALLBACK |
|
|
753 | |
|
|
754 | It is very common for a coro to wait for some callback to be |
|
|
755 | called. This occurs naturally when you use coro in an otherwise |
|
|
756 | event-based program, or when you use event-based libraries. |
|
|
757 | |
|
|
758 | These typically register a callback for some event, and call that callback |
|
|
759 | when the event occured. In a coro, however, you typically want to |
|
|
760 | just wait for the event, simplyifying things. |
|
|
761 | |
|
|
762 | For example C<< AnyEvent->child >> registers a callback to be called when |
|
|
763 | a specific child has exited: |
|
|
764 | |
|
|
765 | my $child_watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub { ... }); |
|
|
766 | |
|
|
767 | But from within a coro, you often just want to write this: |
|
|
768 | |
|
|
769 | my $status = wait_for_child $pid; |
|
|
770 | |
|
|
771 | Coro offers two functions specifically designed to make this easy, |
|
|
772 | C<Coro::rouse_cb> and C<Coro::rouse_wait>. |
|
|
773 | |
|
|
774 | The first function, C<rouse_cb>, generates and returns a callback that, |
|
|
775 | when invoked, will save its arguments and notify the coro that |
|
|
776 | created the callback. |
|
|
777 | |
|
|
778 | The second function, C<rouse_wait>, waits for the callback to be called |
|
|
779 | (by calling C<schedule> to go to sleep) and returns the arguments |
|
|
780 | originally passed to the callback. |
|
|
781 | |
|
|
782 | Using these functions, it becomes easy to write the C<wait_for_child> |
|
|
783 | function mentioned above: |
|
|
784 | |
|
|
785 | sub wait_for_child($) { |
|
|
786 | my ($pid) = @_; |
|
|
787 | |
|
|
788 | my $watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => Coro::rouse_cb); |
|
|
789 | |
|
|
790 | my ($rpid, $rstatus) = Coro::rouse_wait; |
|
|
791 | $rstatus |
|
|
792 | } |
|
|
793 | |
|
|
794 | In the case where C<rouse_cb> and C<rouse_wait> are not flexible enough, |
|
|
795 | you can roll your own, using C<schedule>: |
|
|
796 | |
|
|
797 | sub wait_for_child($) { |
|
|
798 | my ($pid) = @_; |
|
|
799 | |
|
|
800 | # store the current coro in $current, |
|
|
801 | # and provide result variables for the closure passed to ->child |
|
|
802 | my $current = $Coro::current; |
|
|
803 | my ($done, $rstatus); |
|
|
804 | |
|
|
805 | # pass a closure to ->child |
|
|
806 | my $watcher = AnyEvent->child (pid => $pid, cb => sub { |
|
|
807 | $rstatus = $_[1]; # remember rstatus |
|
|
808 | $done = 1; # mark $rstatus as valud |
|
|
809 | }); |
|
|
810 | |
|
|
811 | # wait until the closure has been called |
|
|
812 | schedule while !$done; |
|
|
813 | |
|
|
814 | $rstatus |
|
|
815 | } |
|
|
816 | |
|
|
817 | |
609 | =head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS |
818 | =head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS |
610 | |
819 | |
611 | - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global |
820 | =over 4 |
612 | destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults). |
|
|
613 | |
821 | |
|
|
822 | =item fork with pthread backend |
|
|
823 | |
|
|
824 | When Coro is compiled using the pthread backend (which isn't recommended |
|
|
825 | but required on many BSDs as their libcs are completely broken), then |
|
|
826 | coro will not survive a fork. There is no known workaround except to |
|
|
827 | fix your libc and use a saner backend. |
|
|
828 | |
|
|
829 | =item perl process emulation ("threads") |
|
|
830 | |
614 | - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module |
831 | This module is not perl-pseudo-thread-safe. You should only ever use this |
615 | from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future |
832 | module from the first thread (this requirement might be removed in the |
616 | to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow |
833 | future to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow |
617 | this). |
834 | this). I recommend disabling thread support and using processes, as having |
|
|
835 | the windows process emulation enabled under unix roughly halves perl |
|
|
836 | performance, even when not used. |
|
|
837 | |
|
|
838 | =item coro switching is not signal safe |
|
|
839 | |
|
|
840 | You must not switch to another coro from within a signal handler (only |
|
|
841 | relevant with %SIG - most event libraries provide safe signals), I<unless> |
|
|
842 | you are sure you are not interrupting a Coro function. |
|
|
843 | |
|
|
844 | That means you I<MUST NOT> call any function that might "block" the |
|
|
845 | current coro - C<cede>, C<schedule> C<< Coro::Semaphore->down >> or |
|
|
846 | anything that calls those. Everything else, including calling C<ready>, |
|
|
847 | works. |
|
|
848 | |
|
|
849 | =back |
|
|
850 | |
|
|
851 | |
|
|
852 | =head1 WINDOWS PROCESS EMULATION |
|
|
853 | |
|
|
854 | A great many people seem to be confused about ithreads (for example, Chip |
|
|
855 | Salzenberg called me unintelligent, incapable, stupid and gullible, |
|
|
856 | while in the same mail making rather confused statements about perl |
|
|
857 | ithreads (for example, that memory or files would be shared), showing his |
|
|
858 | lack of understanding of this area - if it is hard to understand for Chip, |
|
|
859 | it is probably not obvious to everybody). |
|
|
860 | |
|
|
861 | What follows is an ultra-condensed version of my talk about threads in |
|
|
862 | scripting languages given onthe perl workshop 2009: |
|
|
863 | |
|
|
864 | The so-called "ithreads" were originally implemented for two reasons: |
|
|
865 | first, to (badly) emulate unix processes on native win32 perls, and |
|
|
866 | secondly, to replace the older, real thread model ("5.005-threads"). |
|
|
867 | |
|
|
868 | It does that by using threads instead of OS processes. The difference |
|
|
869 | between processes and threads is that threads share memory (and other |
|
|
870 | state, such as files) between threads within a single process, while |
|
|
871 | processes do not share anything (at least not semantically). That |
|
|
872 | means that modifications done by one thread are seen by others, while |
|
|
873 | modifications by one process are not seen by other processes. |
|
|
874 | |
|
|
875 | The "ithreads" work exactly like that: when creating a new ithreads |
|
|
876 | process, all state is copied (memory is copied physically, files and code |
|
|
877 | is copied logically). Afterwards, it isolates all modifications. On UNIX, |
|
|
878 | the same behaviour can be achieved by using operating system processes, |
|
|
879 | except that UNIX typically uses hardware built into the system to do this |
|
|
880 | efficiently, while the windows process emulation emulates this hardware in |
|
|
881 | software (rather efficiently, but of course it is still much slower than |
|
|
882 | dedicated hardware). |
|
|
883 | |
|
|
884 | As mentioned before, loading code, modifying code, modifying data |
|
|
885 | structures and so on is only visible in the ithreads process doing the |
|
|
886 | modification, not in other ithread processes within the same OS process. |
|
|
887 | |
|
|
888 | This is why "ithreads" do not implement threads for perl at all, only |
|
|
889 | processes. What makes it so bad is that on non-windows platforms, you can |
|
|
890 | actually take advantage of custom hardware for this purpose (as evidenced |
|
|
891 | by the forks module, which gives you the (i-) threads API, just much |
|
|
892 | faster). |
|
|
893 | |
|
|
894 | Sharing data is in the i-threads model is done by transfering data |
|
|
895 | structures between threads using copying semantics, which is very slow - |
|
|
896 | shared data simply does not exist. Benchmarks using i-threads which are |
|
|
897 | communication-intensive show extremely bad behaviour with i-threads (in |
|
|
898 | fact, so bad that Coro, which cannot take direct advantage of multiple |
|
|
899 | CPUs, is often orders of magnitude faster because it shares data using |
|
|
900 | real threads, refer to my talk for details). |
|
|
901 | |
|
|
902 | As summary, i-threads *use* threads to implement processes, while |
|
|
903 | the compatible forks module *uses* processes to emulate, uhm, |
|
|
904 | processes. I-threads slow down every perl program when enabled, and |
|
|
905 | outside of windows, serve no (or little) practical purpose, but |
|
|
906 | disadvantages every single-threaded Perl program. |
|
|
907 | |
|
|
908 | This is the reason that I try to avoid the name "ithreads", as it is |
|
|
909 | misleading as it implies that it implements some kind of thread model for |
|
|
910 | perl, and prefer the name "windows process emulation", which describes the |
|
|
911 | actual use and behaviour of it much better. |
618 | |
912 | |
619 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
913 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
620 | |
914 | |
621 | Lower level Configuration, Coroutine Environment: L<Coro::State>. |
915 | Event-Loop integration: L<Coro::AnyEvent>, L<Coro::EV>, L<Coro::Event>. |
622 | |
916 | |
623 | Debugging: L<Coro::Debug>. |
917 | Debugging: L<Coro::Debug>. |
624 | |
918 | |
625 | Support/Utility: L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Util>. |
919 | Support/Utility: L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::Util>. |
626 | |
920 | |
627 | Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>. |
921 | Locking and IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, |
|
|
922 | L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>. |
628 | |
923 | |
629 | Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>. |
924 | I/O and Timers: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::AIO>. |
630 | |
925 | |
631 | Compatibility: L<Coro::LWP>, L<Coro::Storable>, L<Coro::Select>. |
926 | Compatibility with other modules: L<Coro::LWP> (but see also L<AnyEvent::HTTP> for |
|
|
927 | a better-working alternative), L<Coro::BDB>, L<Coro::Storable>, |
|
|
928 | L<Coro::Select>. |
632 | |
929 | |
633 | Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker>. |
930 | XS API: L<Coro::MakeMaker>. |
|
|
931 | |
|
|
932 | Low level Configuration, Thread Environment, Continuations: L<Coro::State>. |
634 | |
933 | |
635 | =head1 AUTHOR |
934 | =head1 AUTHOR |
636 | |
935 | |
637 | Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
936 | Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
638 | http://home.schmorp.de/ |
937 | http://home.schmorp.de/ |