1 | NAME |
1 | NAME |
2 | Coro - coroutine process abstraction |
2 | Coro - coroutine process abstraction |
3 | |
3 | |
4 | SYNOPSIS |
4 | SYNOPSIS |
5 | use Coro; |
5 | use Coro; |
6 | |
6 | |
7 | async { |
7 | async { |
8 | # some asynchronous thread of execution |
8 | # some asynchronous thread of execution |
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9 | print "2\n"; |
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10 | cede; # yield back to main |
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11 | print "4\n"; |
9 | }; |
12 | }; |
10 | |
13 | print "1\n"; |
11 | # alternatively create an async coroutine like this: |
14 | cede; # yield to coroutine |
12 | |
15 | print "3\n"; |
13 | sub some_func : Coro { |
16 | cede; # and again |
14 | # some more async code |
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15 | } |
17 | |
16 | |
18 | # use locking |
17 | cede; |
19 | use Coro::Semaphore; |
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20 | my $lock = new Coro::Semaphore; |
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21 | my $locked; |
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22 | |
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23 | $lock->down; |
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24 | $locked = 1; |
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25 | $lock->up; |
18 | |
26 | |
19 | DESCRIPTION |
27 | DESCRIPTION |
20 | This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar to |
28 | This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar to |
21 | threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP machines. |
29 | threads but don't (in general) run in parallel at the same time even on |
22 | The specific flavor of coroutine use din this module also guarentees you |
30 | SMP machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also |
23 | that it will not switch between coroutines unless necessary, at |
31 | guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless |
24 | easily-identified points in your program, so locking and parallel access |
32 | necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and |
25 | are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much safer than |
33 | parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much |
26 | threads programming. |
34 | safer and easier than threads programming. |
27 | |
35 | |
28 | (Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does |
36 | Unlike a normal perl program, however, coroutines allow you to have |
29 | a very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. |
37 | multiple running interpreters that share data, which is especially |
30 | This is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere |
38 | useful to code pseudo-parallel processes and for event-based |
31 | else). |
39 | programming, such as multiple HTTP-GET requests running concurrently. |
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40 | See Coro::AnyEvent to learn more. |
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41 | |
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42 | Coroutines are also useful because Perl has no support for threads (the |
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43 | so called "threads" that perl offers are nothing more than the (bad) |
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44 | process emulation coming from the Windows platform: On standard |
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45 | operating systems they serve no purpose whatsoever, except by making |
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46 | your programs slow and making them use a lot of memory. Best disable |
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47 | them when building perl, or aks your software vendor/distributor to do |
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48 | it for you). |
32 | |
49 | |
33 | In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables |
50 | In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables |
34 | + @_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own |
51 | + @_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own |
35 | callchain, its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most |
52 | callchain, its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most |
36 | important global variables. |
53 | important global variables (see Coro::State for more configuration). |
37 | |
54 | |
38 | $main |
55 | $Coro::main |
39 | This coroutine represents the main program. |
56 | This variable stores the coroutine object that represents the main |
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57 | program. While you cna "ready" it and do most other things you can |
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58 | do to coroutines, it is mainly useful to compare again |
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59 | $Coro::current, to see whether you are running in the main program |
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60 | or not. |
40 | |
61 | |
41 | $current (or as function: current) |
62 | $Coro::current |
42 | The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial |
63 | The coroutine object representing the current coroutine (the last |
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64 | coroutine that the Coro scheduler switched to). The initial value is |
43 | value is $main (of course). |
65 | $main (of course). |
44 | |
66 | |
45 | This variable is strictly *read-only*. It is provided for |
67 | This variable is strictly *read-only*. You can take copies of the |
46 | performance reasons. If performance is not essentiel you are |
68 | value stored in it and use it as any other coroutine object, but you |
47 | encouraged to use the "Coro::current" function instead. |
69 | must not otherwise modify the variable itself. |
48 | |
70 | |
49 | $idle |
71 | $Coro::idle |
50 | A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready |
72 | This variable is mainly useful to integrate Coro into event loops. |
51 | coroutines to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: |
73 | It is usually better to rely on Coro::AnyEvent or L"Coro::EV", as |
52 | deadlock detected" and exits, because the program has no other way |
74 | this is pretty low-level functionality. |
53 | to continue. |
75 | |
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76 | This variable stores a callback that is called whenever the |
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77 | scheduler finds no ready coroutines to run. The default |
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78 | implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and exits, because |
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79 | the program has no other way to continue. |
54 | |
80 | |
55 | This hook is overwritten by modules such as "Coro::Timer" and |
81 | This hook is overwritten by modules such as "Coro::Timer" and |
56 | "Coro::Event" to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a |
82 | "Coro::AnyEvent" to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up |
57 | coroutine so the scheduler can run it. |
83 | a coroutine so the scheduler can run it. |
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84 | |
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85 | Note that the callback *must not*, under any circumstances, block |
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86 | the current coroutine. Normally, this is achieved by having an "idle |
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87 | coroutine" that calls the event loop and then blocks again, and then |
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88 | readying that coroutine in the idle handler. |
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89 | |
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90 | See Coro::Event or Coro::AnyEvent for examples of using this |
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91 | technique. |
58 | |
92 | |
59 | Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for |
93 | Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for |
60 | event handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively. |
94 | event handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively |
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95 | itself. |
61 | |
96 | |
62 | STATIC METHODS |
97 | SIMPLE COROUTINE CREATION |
63 | Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current |
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64 | coroutine only. |
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65 | |
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66 | async { ... } [@args...] |
98 | async { ... } [@args...] |
67 | Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object |
99 | Create a new coroutine and return it's coroutine object (usually |
68 | (usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is |
100 | unused). The coroutine will be put into the ready queue, so it will |
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101 | start running automatically on the next scheduler run. |
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102 | |
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103 | The first argument is a codeblock/closure that should be executed in |
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104 | the coroutine. When it returns argument returns the coroutine is |
69 | automatically terminated. |
105 | automatically terminated. |
70 | |
106 | |
71 | Calling "exit" in a coroutine will not work correctly, so do not do |
107 | The remaining arguments are passed as arguments to the closure. |
72 | that. |
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73 | |
108 | |
74 | When the coroutine dies, the program will exit, just as in the main |
109 | See the "Coro::State::new" constructor for info about the coroutine |
75 | program. |
110 | environment in which coroutines are executed. |
76 | |
111 | |
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112 | Calling "exit" in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit |
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113 | outside the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the |
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114 | program will exit, just as it would in the main program. |
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115 | |
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116 | If you do not want that, you can provide a default "die" handler, or |
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117 | simply avoid dieing (by use of "eval"). |
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118 | |
77 | # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments |
119 | Example: Create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments. |
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120 | |
78 | async { |
121 | async { |
79 | print "@_\n"; |
122 | print "@_\n"; |
80 | } 1,2,3,4; |
123 | } 1,2,3,4; |
81 | |
124 | |
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125 | async_pool { ... } [@args...] |
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126 | Similar to "async", but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not |
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127 | call terminate or join on it (although you are allowed to), and you |
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128 | get a coroutine that might have executed other code already (which |
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129 | can be good or bad :). |
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130 | |
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131 | On the plus side, this function is faster than creating (and |
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132 | destroying) a completely new coroutine, so if you need a lot of |
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133 | generic coroutines in quick successsion, use "async_pool", not |
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134 | "async". |
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135 | |
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136 | The code block is executed in an "eval" context and a warning will |
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137 | be issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the |
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138 | program, as "async" does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff |
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139 | like "on_destroy" will not work in the expected way, unless you call |
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140 | terminate or cancel, which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling |
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141 | (but is fine in the exceptional case). |
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142 | |
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143 | The priority will be reset to 0 after each run, tracing will be |
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144 | disabled, the description will be reset and the default output |
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145 | filehandle gets restored, so you can change all these. Otherwise the |
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146 | coroutine will be re-used "as-is": most notably if you change other |
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147 | per-coroutine global stuff such as $/ you *must needs* to revert |
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148 | that change, which is most simply done by using local as in: " local |
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149 | $/ ". |
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150 | |
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151 | The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted |
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152 | by changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle |
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153 | coros as required. |
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154 | |
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155 | If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a |
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156 | single "async_pool" used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. |
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157 | "async_pool { terminate }" once per second or so to slowly replenish |
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158 | the pool. In addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler |
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159 | grows larger than 16kb (adjustable via $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also |
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160 | be destroyed. |
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161 | |
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162 | STATIC METHODS |
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163 | Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current |
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164 | coroutine. |
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165 | |
82 | schedule |
166 | schedule |
83 | Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not |
167 | Calls the scheduler. The scheduler will find the next coroutine that |
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168 | is to be run from the ready queue and switches to it. The next |
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169 | coroutine to be run is simply the one with the highest priority that |
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170 | is longest in its ready queue. If there is no coroutine ready, it |
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171 | will clal the $Coro::idle hook. |
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172 | |
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173 | Please note that the current coroutine will *not* be put into the |
84 | be put into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means |
174 | ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will never |
85 | you will never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event |
175 | be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls |
86 | handler) calls ready. |
176 | "->ready", thus waking you up. |
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177 | |
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178 | This makes "schedule" *the* generic method to use to block the |
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179 | current coroutine and wait for events: first you remember the |
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180 | current coroutine in a variable, then arrange for some callback of |
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181 | yours to call "->ready" on that once some event happens, and last |
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182 | you call "schedule" to put yourself to sleep. Note that a lot of |
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183 | things can wake your coroutine up, so you need to check whether the |
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184 | event indeed happened, e.g. by storing the status in a variable. |
87 | |
185 | |
88 | The canonical way to wait on external events is this: |
186 | The canonical way to wait on external events is this: |
89 | |
187 | |
90 | { |
188 | { |
91 | # remember current coroutine |
189 | # remember current coroutine |
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96 | # wake up sleeping coroutine |
194 | # wake up sleeping coroutine |
97 | $current->ready; |
195 | $current->ready; |
98 | undef $current; |
196 | undef $current; |
99 | }; |
197 | }; |
100 | |
198 | |
101 | # call schedule until event occured. |
199 | # call schedule until event occurred. |
102 | # in case we are woken up for other reasons |
200 | # in case we are woken up for other reasons |
103 | # (current still defined), loop. |
201 | # (current still defined), loop. |
104 | Coro::schedule while $current; |
202 | Coro::schedule while $current; |
105 | } |
203 | } |
106 | |
204 | |
107 | cede |
205 | cede |
108 | "Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine |
206 | "Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine |
109 | into the ready queue and calls "schedule", which has the effect of |
207 | into the ready queue and calls "schedule", which has the effect of |
110 | giving up the current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or |
208 | giving up the current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or |
111 | higher priority. |
209 | higher priority. Once your coroutine gets its turn again it will |
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210 | automatically be resumed. |
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211 | |
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212 | This function is often called "yield" in other languages. |
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213 | |
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214 | Coro::cede_notself |
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215 | Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to |
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216 | *any* coroutine, regardless of priority. This is useful sometimes to |
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217 | ensure progress is made. |
112 | |
218 | |
113 | terminate [arg...] |
219 | terminate [arg...] |
114 | Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see |
220 | Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see |
115 | cancel). |
221 | cancel). |
116 | |
222 | |
117 | # dynamic methods |
223 | killall |
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224 | Kills/terminates/cancels all coroutines except the currently running |
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225 | one. This is useful after a fork, either in the child or the parent, |
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226 | as usually only one of them should inherit the running coroutines. |
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227 | |
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228 | Note that while this will try to free some of the main programs |
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229 | resources, you cannot free all of them, so if a coroutine that is |
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230 | not the main program calls this function, there will be some |
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231 | one-time resource leak. |
118 | |
232 | |
119 | COROUTINE METHODS |
233 | COROUTINE METHODS |
120 | These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects. |
234 | These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects (or to create |
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235 | them). |
121 | |
236 | |
122 | new Coro \&sub [, @args...] |
237 | new Coro \&sub [, @args...] |
123 | Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the |
238 | Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns, the |
124 | coroutine automatically terminates as if "terminate" with the |
239 | coroutine automatically terminates as if "terminate" with the |
125 | returned values were called. To make the coroutine run you must |
240 | returned values were called. To make the coroutine run you must |
126 | first put it into the ready queue by calling the ready method. |
241 | first put it into the ready queue by calling the ready method. |
127 | |
242 | |
128 | Calling "exit" in a coroutine will not work correctly, so do not do |
243 | See "async" and "Coro::State::new" for additional info about the |
129 | that. |
244 | coroutine environment. |
130 | |
245 | |
131 | $success = $coroutine->ready |
246 | $success = $coroutine->ready |
132 | Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's |
247 | Put the given coroutine into the end of its ready queue (there is |
133 | priority) and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready |
248 | one queue for each priority) and return true. If the coroutine is |
134 | queue, do nothing and return false. |
249 | already in the ready queue, do nothing and return false. |
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250 | |
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251 | This ensures that the scheduler will resume this coroutine |
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252 | automatically once all the coroutines of higher priority and all |
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253 | coroutines of the same priority that were put into the ready queue |
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254 | earlier have been resumed. |
135 | |
255 | |
136 | $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready |
256 | $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready |
137 | Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not, |
257 | Return whether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not, |
138 | |
258 | |
139 | $coroutine->cancel (arg...) |
259 | $coroutine->cancel (arg...) |
140 | Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given |
260 | Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given |
141 | arguments as status (default: the empty list). |
261 | arguments as status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the |
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262 | coroutine is the current coroutine. |
142 | |
263 | |
143 | $coroutine->join |
264 | $coroutine->join |
144 | Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to |
265 | Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to |
145 | the "terminate" or "cancel" functions. "join" can be called multiple |
266 | the "terminate" or "cancel" functions. "join" can be called |
146 | times from multiple coroutine. |
267 | concurrently from multiple coroutines, and all will be resumed and |
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268 | given the status return once the $coroutine terminates. |
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269 | |
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270 | $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb) |
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271 | Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets |
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272 | destroyed, but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the |
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273 | terminate arguments, if any, and *must not* die, under any |
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274 | circumstances. |
147 | |
275 | |
148 | $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio) |
276 | $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio) |
149 | Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the |
277 | Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the |
150 | coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority |
278 | coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority |
151 | coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. |
279 | coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. |
… | |
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174 | $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc) |
302 | $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc) |
175 | Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for |
303 | Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for |
176 | this coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate |
304 | this coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate |
177 | with a coroutine. |
305 | with a coroutine. |
178 | |
306 | |
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307 | This method simply sets the "$coroutine->{desc}" member to the given |
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308 | string. You can modify this member directly if you wish. |
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309 | |
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310 | $coroutine->throw ([$scalar]) |
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311 | If $throw is specified and defined, it will be thrown as an |
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312 | exception inside the coroutine at the next convinient point in time |
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313 | (usually after it gains control at the next schedule/transfer/cede). |
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314 | Otherwise clears the exception object. |
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315 | |
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316 | The exception object will be thrown "as is" with the specified |
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317 | scalar in $@, i.e. if it is a string, no line number or newline will |
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318 | be appended (unlike with "die"). |
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319 | |
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320 | This can be used as a softer means than "cancel" to ask a coroutine |
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321 | to end itself, although there is no guarentee that the exception |
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322 | will lead to termination, and if the exception isn't caught it might |
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323 | well end the whole program. |
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324 | |
179 | GLOBAL FUNCTIONS |
325 | GLOBAL FUNCTIONS |
180 | Coro::nready |
326 | Coro::nready |
181 | Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready |
327 | Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready |
182 | state, i.e. that can be swicthed to. The value 0 means that the only |
328 | state, i.e. that can be switched to by calling "schedule" directory |
183 | runnable coroutine is the currently running one, so "cede" would |
329 | or indirectly. The value 0 means that the only runnable coroutine is |
184 | have no effect, and "schedule" would cause a deadlock unless there |
330 | the currently running one, so "cede" would have no effect, and |
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331 | "schedule" would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler |
185 | is an idle handler that wakes up some coroutines. |
332 | that wakes up some coroutines. |
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333 | |
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334 | my $guard = Coro::guard { ... } |
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335 | This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the |
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336 | object gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument |
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337 | will be executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in |
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338 | case of a runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in |
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339 | both cases the guard block will be executed. The guard object |
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340 | supports only one method, "->cancel", which will keep the codeblock |
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341 | from being executed. |
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342 | |
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343 | Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets |
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344 | canceled or the function returns: |
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345 | |
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346 | sub do_something { |
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347 | my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 }; |
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348 | $busy = 1; |
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349 | |
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350 | # do something that requires $busy to be true |
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351 | } |
186 | |
352 | |
187 | unblock_sub { ... } |
353 | unblock_sub { ... } |
188 | This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" |
354 | This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" |
189 | it, returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will |
355 | it, returning a new coderef. Unblocking means that calling the new |
190 | return immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the |
356 | coderef will return immediately without blocking, returning nothing, |
191 | original code ref will be called (with parameters) from within its |
357 | while the original code ref will be called (with parameters) from |
192 | own coroutine. |
358 | within another coroutine. |
193 | |
359 | |
194 | The reason this fucntion exists is that many event libraries (such |
360 | The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such |
195 | as the venerable Event module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form |
361 | as the venerable Event module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form |
196 | of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event |
362 | of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event |
197 | callbacks, otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. |
363 | callbacks, otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse. The |
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364 | only event library currently known that is safe to use without |
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365 | "unblock_sub" is EV. |
198 | |
366 | |
199 | This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in |
367 | This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in |
200 | another coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where |
368 | another coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where |
201 | blocking is handy is when you use the Coro::AIO functions to save |
369 | blocking is handy is when you use the Coro::AIO functions to save |
202 | results to disk. |
370 | results to disk, for example. |
203 | |
371 | |
204 | In short: simply use "unblock_sub { ... }" instead of "sub { ... }" |
372 | In short: simply use "unblock_sub { ... }" instead of "sub { ... }" |
205 | when creating event callbacks that want to block. |
373 | when creating event callbacks that want to block. |
206 | |
374 | |
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375 | If your handler does not plan to block (e.g. simply sends a message |
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376 | to another coroutine, or puts some other coroutine into the ready |
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377 | queue), there is no reason to use "unblock_sub". |
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378 | |
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379 | Note that you also need to use "unblock_sub" for any other callbacks |
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380 | that are indirectly executed by any C-based event loop. For example, |
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381 | when you use a module that uses AnyEvent (and you use |
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382 | Coro::AnyEvent) and it provides callbacks that are the result of |
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383 | some event callback, then you must not block either, or use |
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384 | "unblock_sub". |
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385 | |
207 | BUGS/LIMITATIONS |
386 | BUGS/LIMITATIONS |
208 | - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global |
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209 | destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults). |
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210 | |
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211 | - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module |
387 | This module is not perl-pseudo-thread-safe. You should only ever use |
212 | from the same thread (this requirement might be losened in the future |
388 | this module from the same thread (this requirement might be removed in |
213 | to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow |
389 | the future to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet |
214 | this). |
390 | allow this). I recommend disabling thread support and using processes, |
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391 | as this is much faster and uses less memory. |
215 | |
392 | |
216 | SEE ALSO |
393 | SEE ALSO |
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394 | Event-Loop integration: Coro::AnyEvent, Coro::EV, Coro::Event. |
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395 | |
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396 | Debugging: Coro::Debug. |
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397 | |
217 | Support/Utility: Coro::Cont, Coro::Specific, Coro::State, Coro::Util. |
398 | Support/Utility: Coro::Specific, Coro::Util. |
218 | |
399 | |
219 | Locking/IPC: Coro::Signal, Coro::Channel, Coro::Semaphore, |
400 | Locking/IPC: Coro::Signal, Coro::Channel, Coro::Semaphore, |
220 | Coro::SemaphoreSet, Coro::RWLock. |
401 | Coro::SemaphoreSet, Coro::RWLock. |
221 | |
402 | |
222 | Event/IO: Coro::Timer, Coro::Event, Coro::Handle, Coro::Socket, |
403 | IO/Timers: Coro::Timer, Coro::Handle, Coro::Socket, Coro::AIO. |
223 | Coro::Select. |
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224 | |
404 | |
225 | Embedding: <Coro:MakeMaker> |
405 | Compatibility: Coro::LWP, Coro::BDB, Coro::Storable, Coro::Select. |
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406 | |
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407 | XS API: Coro::MakeMaker. |
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408 | |
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409 | Low level Configuration, Coroutine Environment: Coro::State. |
226 | |
410 | |
227 | AUTHOR |
411 | AUTHOR |
228 | Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
412 | Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
229 | http://home.schmorp.de/ |
413 | http://home.schmorp.de/ |
230 | |
414 | |