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Revision 1.62 by root, Wed Feb 18 20:29:27 2015 UTC vs.
Revision 1.88 by root, Mon Jun 21 21:49:51 2021 UTC

10 10
11Its homepage can be found here: 11Its homepage can be found here:
12 12
13 http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libecb 13 http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libecb
14 14
15It mainly provides a number of wrappers around GCC built-ins, together 15It mainly provides a number of wrappers around many compiler built-ins,
16with replacement functions for other compilers. In addition to this, 16together with replacement functions for other compilers. In addition
17it provides a number of other lowlevel C utilities, such as endianness 17to this, it provides a number of other lowlevel C utilities, such as
18detection, byte swapping or bit rotations. 18endianness detection, byte swapping or bit rotations.
19 19
20Or in other words, things that should be built into any standard C system, 20Or in other words, things that should be built into any standard C
21but aren't, implemented as efficient as possible with GCC, and still 21system, but aren't, implemented as efficient as possible with GCC (clang,
22correct with other compilers. 22msvc...), and still correct with other compilers.
23 23
24More might come. 24More might come.
25 25
26=head2 ABOUT THE HEADER 26=head2 ABOUT THE HEADER
27 27
58 58
59=head2 TYPES / TYPE SUPPORT 59=head2 TYPES / TYPE SUPPORT
60 60
61ecb.h makes sure that the following types are defined (in the expected way): 61ecb.h makes sure that the following types are defined (in the expected way):
62 62
63 int8_t uint8_t int16_t uint16_t 63 int8_t uint8_
64 int32_t uint32_t int64_t uint64_t 64 int16_t uint16_t
65 int32_t uint32_
66 int64_t uint64_t
67 int_fast8_t uint_fast8_t
68 int_fast16_t uint_fast16_t
69 int_fast32_t uint_fast32_t
70 int_fast64_t uint_fast64_t
65 intptr_t uintptr_t 71 intptr_t uintptr_t
66 72
67The macro C<ECB_PTRSIZE> is defined to the size of a pointer on this 73The macro C<ECB_PTRSIZE> is defined to the size of a pointer on this
68platform (currently C<4> or C<8>) and can be used in preprocessor 74platform (currently C<4> or C<8>) and can be used in preprocessor
69expressions. 75expressions.
70 76
71For C<ptrdiff_t> and C<size_t> use C<stddef.h>. 77For C<ptrdiff_t> and C<size_t> use C<stddef.h>/C<cstddef>.
72 78
73=head2 LANGUAGE/ENVIRONMENT/COMPILER VERSIONS 79=head2 LANGUAGE/ENVIRONMENT/COMPILER VERSIONS
74 80
75All the following symbols expand to an expression that can be tested in 81All the following symbols expand to an expression that can be tested in
76preprocessor instructions as well as treated as a boolean (use C<!!> to 82preprocessor instructions as well as treated as a boolean (use C<!!> to
77ensure it's either C<0> or C<1> if you need that). 83ensure it's either C<0> or C<1> if you need that).
78 84
79=over 4 85=over
80 86
81=item ECB_C 87=item ECB_C
82 88
83True if the implementation defines the C<__STDC__> macro to a true value, 89True if the implementation defines the C<__STDC__> macro to a true value,
84while not claiming to be C++. 90while not claiming to be C++, i..e C, but not C++.
85 91
86=item ECB_C99 92=item ECB_C99
87 93
88True if the implementation claims to be compliant to C99 (ISO/IEC 94True if the implementation claims to be compliant to C99 (ISO/IEC
899899:1999) or any later version, while not claiming to be C++. 959899:1999) or any later version, while not claiming to be C++.
90 96
91Note that later versions (ECB_C11) remove core features again (for 97Note that later versions (ECB_C11) remove core features again (for
92example, variable length arrays). 98example, variable length arrays).
93 99
94=item ECB_C11 100=item ECB_C11, ECB_C17
95 101
96True if the implementation claims to be compliant to C11 (ISO/IEC 102True if the implementation claims to be compliant to C11/C17 (ISO/IEC
979899:2011) or any later version, while not claiming to be C++. 1039899:2011, :20187) or any later version, while not claiming to be C++.
98 104
99=item ECB_CPP 105=item ECB_CPP
100 106
101True if the implementation defines the C<__cplusplus__> macro to a true 107True if the implementation defines the C<__cplusplus__> macro to a true
102value, which is typically true for C++ compilers. 108value, which is typically true for C++ compilers.
103 109
104=item ECB_CPP11 110=item ECB_CPP11, ECB_CPP14, ECB_CPP17
105 111
106True if the implementation claims to be compliant to ISO/IEC 14882:2011 112True if the implementation claims to be compliant to C++11/C++14/C++17
107(C++11) or any later version. 113(ISO/IEC 14882:2011, :2014, :2017) or any later version.
114
115Note that many C++20 features will likely have their own feature test
116macros (see e.g. L<http://eel.is/c++draft/cpp.predefined#1.8>).
117
118=item ECB_OPTIMIZE_SIZE
119
120Is C<1> when the compiler optimizes for size, C<0> otherwise. This symbol
121can also be defined before including F<ecb.h>, in which case it will be
122unchanged.
108 123
109=item ECB_GCC_VERSION (major, minor) 124=item ECB_GCC_VERSION (major, minor)
110 125
111Expands to a true value (suitable for testing in by the preprocessor) 126Expands to a true value (suitable for testing by the preprocessor) if the
112if the compiler used is GNU C and the version is the given version, or 127compiler used is GNU C and the version is the given version, or higher.
113higher.
114 128
115This macro tries to return false on compilers that claim to be GCC 129This macro tries to return false on compilers that claim to be GCC
116compatible but aren't. 130compatible but aren't.
117 131
118=item ECB_EXTERN_C 132=item ECB_EXTERN_C
137 151
138 ECB_EXTERN_C_END 152 ECB_EXTERN_C_END
139 153
140=item ECB_STDFP 154=item ECB_STDFP
141 155
142If this evaluates to a true value (suitable for testing in by the 156If this evaluates to a true value (suitable for testing by the
143preprocessor), then C<float> and C<double> use IEEE 754 single/binary32 157preprocessor), then C<float> and C<double> use IEEE 754 single/binary32
144and double/binary64 representations internally I<and> the endianness of 158and double/binary64 representations internally I<and> the endianness of
145both types match the endianness of C<uint32_t> and C<uint64_t>. 159both types match the endianness of C<uint32_t> and C<uint64_t>.
146 160
147This means you can just copy the bits of a C<float> (or C<double>) to an 161This means you can just copy the bits of a C<float> (or C<double>) to an
149without having to think about format or endianness. 163without having to think about format or endianness.
150 164
151This is true for basically all modern platforms, although F<ecb.h> might 165This is true for basically all modern platforms, although F<ecb.h> might
152not be able to deduce this correctly everywhere and might err on the safe 166not be able to deduce this correctly everywhere and might err on the safe
153side. 167side.
168
169=item ECB_64BIT_NATIVE
170
171Evaluates to a true value (suitable for both preprocessor and C code
172testing) if 64 bit integer types on this architecture are evaluated
173"natively", that is, with similar speeds as 32 bit integerss. While 64 bit
174integer support is very common (and in fatc required by libecb), 32 bit
175cpus have to emulate operations on them, so you might want to avoid them.
154 176
155=item ECB_AMD64, ECB_AMD64_X32 177=item ECB_AMD64, ECB_AMD64_X32
156 178
157These two macros are defined to C<1> on the x86_64/amd64 ABI and the X32 179These two macros are defined to C<1> on the x86_64/amd64 ABI and the X32
158ABI, respectively, and undefined elsewhere. 180ABI, respectively, and undefined elsewhere.
165 187
166=back 188=back
167 189
168=head2 MACRO TRICKERY 190=head2 MACRO TRICKERY
169 191
170=over 4 192=over
171 193
172=item ECB_CONCAT (a, b) 194=item ECB_CONCAT (a, b)
173 195
174Expands any macros in C<a> and C<b>, then concatenates the result to form 196Expands any macros in C<a> and C<b>, then concatenates the result to form
175a single token. This is mainly useful to form identifiers from components, 197a single token. This is mainly useful to form identifiers from components,
186it. This is mainly useful to get the contents of a macro in string form, 208it. This is mainly useful to get the contents of a macro in string form,
187e.g.: 209e.g.:
188 210
189 #define SQL_LIMIT 100 211 #define SQL_LIMIT 100
190 sql_exec ("select * from table limit " ECB_STRINGIFY (SQL_LIMIT)); 212 sql_exec ("select * from table limit " ECB_STRINGIFY (SQL_LIMIT));
213
214=item ECB_STRINGIFY_EXPR (expr)
215
216Like C<ECB_STRINGIFY>, but additionally evaluates C<expr> to make sure it
217is a valid expression. This is useful to catch typos or cases where the
218macro isn't available:
219
220 #include <errno.h>
221
222 ECB_STRINGIFY (EDOM); // "33" (on my system at least)
223 ECB_STRINGIFY_EXPR (EDOM); // "33"
224
225 // now imagine we had a typo:
226
227 ECB_STRINGIFY (EDAM); // "EDAM"
228 ECB_STRINGIFY_EXPR (EDAM); // error: EDAM undefined
191 229
192=back 230=back
193 231
194=head2 ATTRIBUTES 232=head2 ATTRIBUTES
195 233
200declarations must be put before the whole declaration: 238declarations must be put before the whole declaration:
201 239
202 ecb_const int mysqrt (int a); 240 ecb_const int mysqrt (int a);
203 ecb_unused int i; 241 ecb_unused int i;
204 242
205=over 4 243=over
206 244
207=item ecb_unused 245=item ecb_unused
208 246
209Marks a function or a variable as "unused", which simply suppresses a 247Marks a function or a variable as "unused", which simply suppresses a
210warning by GCC when it detects it as unused. This is useful when you e.g. 248warning by the compiler when it detects it as unused. This is useful when
211declare a variable but do not always use it: 249you e.g. declare a variable but do not always use it:
212 250
213 { 251 {
214 ecb_unused int var; 252 ecb_unused int var;
215 253
216 #ifdef SOMECONDITION 254 #ifdef SOMECONDITION
226Similar to C<ecb_unused>, but marks a function, variable or type as 264Similar to C<ecb_unused>, but marks a function, variable or type as
227deprecated. This makes some compilers warn when the type is used. 265deprecated. This makes some compilers warn when the type is used.
228 266
229=item ecb_deprecated_message (message) 267=item ecb_deprecated_message (message)
230 268
231Same as C<ecb_deprecated>, but if possible, supply a diagnostic that is 269Same as C<ecb_deprecated>, but if possible, the specified diagnostic is
232used instead of a generic depreciation message when the object is being 270used instead of a generic depreciation message when the object is being
233used. 271used.
234 272
235=item ecb_inline 273=item ecb_inline
236 274
237Expands either to C<static inline> or to just C<static>, if inline 275Expands either to (a compiler-specific equivalent of) C<static inline> or
238isn't supported. It should be used to declare functions that should be 276to just C<static>, if inline isn't supported. It should be used to declare
239inlined, for code size or speed reasons. 277functions that should be inlined, for code size or speed reasons.
240 278
241Example: inline this function, it surely will reduce codesize. 279Example: inline this function, it surely will reduce codesize.
242 280
243 ecb_inline int 281 ecb_inline int
244 negmul (int a, int b) 282 negmul (int a, int b)
246 return - (a * b); 284 return - (a * b);
247 } 285 }
248 286
249=item ecb_noinline 287=item ecb_noinline
250 288
251Prevent a function from being inlined - it might be optimised away, but 289Prevents a function from being inlined - it might be optimised away, but
252not inlined into other functions. This is useful if you know your function 290not inlined into other functions. This is useful if you know your function
253is rarely called and large enough for inlining not to be helpful. 291is rarely called and large enough for inlining not to be helpful.
254 292
255=item ecb_noreturn 293=item ecb_noreturn
256 294
384 422
385=back 423=back
386 424
387=head2 OPTIMISATION HINTS 425=head2 OPTIMISATION HINTS
388 426
389=over 4 427=over
390 428
391=item bool ecb_is_constant (expr) 429=item bool ecb_is_constant (expr)
392 430
393Returns true iff the expression can be deduced to be a compile-time 431Returns true iff the expression can be deduced to be a compile-time
394constant, and false otherwise. 432constant, and false otherwise.
473 real_reserve_method (size); /* presumably noinline */ 511 real_reserve_method (size); /* presumably noinline */
474 } 512 }
475 513
476=item ecb_assume (cond) 514=item ecb_assume (cond)
477 515
478Try to tell the compiler that some condition is true, even if it's not 516Tries to tell the compiler that some condition is true, even if it's not
479obvious. 517obvious. This is not a function, but a statement: it cannot be used in
518another expression.
480 519
481This can be used to teach the compiler about invariants or other 520This can be used to teach the compiler about invariants or other
482conditions that might improve code generation, but which are impossible to 521conditions that might improve code generation, but which are impossible to
483deduce form the code itself. 522deduce form the code itself.
484 523
505 544
506=item ecb_unreachable () 545=item ecb_unreachable ()
507 546
508This function does nothing itself, except tell the compiler that it will 547This function does nothing itself, except tell the compiler that it will
509never be executed. Apart from suppressing a warning in some cases, this 548never be executed. Apart from suppressing a warning in some cases, this
510function can be used to implement C<ecb_assume> or similar functions. 549function can be used to implement C<ecb_assume> or similar functionality.
511 550
512=item ecb_prefetch (addr, rw, locality) 551=item ecb_prefetch (addr, rw, locality)
513 552
514Tells the compiler to try to prefetch memory at the given C<addr>ess 553Tells the compiler to try to prefetch memory at the given C<addr>ess
515for either reading (C<rw> = 0) or writing (C<rw> = 1). A C<locality> of 554for either reading (C<rw> = 0) or writing (C<rw> = 1). A C<locality> of
517the data will likely be accessed very often, and values in between mean 556the data will likely be accessed very often, and values in between mean
518something... in between. The memory pointed to by the address does not 557something... in between. The memory pointed to by the address does not
519need to be accessible (it could be a null pointer for example), but C<rw> 558need to be accessible (it could be a null pointer for example), but C<rw>
520and C<locality> must be compile-time constants. 559and C<locality> must be compile-time constants.
521 560
561This is a statement, not a function: you cannot use it as part of an
562expression.
563
522An obvious way to use this is to prefetch some data far away, in a big 564An obvious way to use this is to prefetch some data far away, in a big
523array you loop over. This prefetches memory some 128 array elements later, 565array you loop over. This prefetches memory some 128 array elements later,
524in the hope that it will be ready when the CPU arrives at that location. 566in the hope that it will be ready when the CPU arrives at that location.
525 567
526 int sum = 0; 568 int sum = 0;
547 589
548=back 590=back
549 591
550=head2 BIT FIDDLING / BIT WIZARDRY 592=head2 BIT FIDDLING / BIT WIZARDRY
551 593
552=over 4 594=over
553 595
554=item bool ecb_big_endian () 596=item bool ecb_big_endian ()
555 597
556=item bool ecb_little_endian () 598=item bool ecb_little_endian ()
557 599
563 605
564=item int ecb_ctz32 (uint32_t x) 606=item int ecb_ctz32 (uint32_t x)
565 607
566=item int ecb_ctz64 (uint64_t x) 608=item int ecb_ctz64 (uint64_t x)
567 609
610=item int ecb_ctz (T x) [C++]
611
568Returns the index of the least significant bit set in C<x> (or 612Returns the index of the least significant bit set in C<x> (or
569equivalently the number of bits set to 0 before the least significant bit 613equivalently the number of bits set to 0 before the least significant bit
570set), starting from 0. If C<x> is 0 the result is undefined. 614set), starting from 0. If C<x> is 0 the result is undefined.
571 615
572For smaller types than C<uint32_t> you can safely use C<ecb_ctz32>. 616For smaller types than C<uint32_t> you can safely use C<ecb_ctz32>.
573 617
618The overloaded C++ C<ecb_ctz> function supports C<uint8_t>, C<uint16_t>,
619C<uint32_t> and C<uint64_t> types.
620
574For example: 621For example:
575 622
576 ecb_ctz32 (3) = 0 623 ecb_ctz32 (3) = 0
577 ecb_ctz32 (6) = 1 624 ecb_ctz32 (6) = 1
578 625
579=item bool ecb_is_pot32 (uint32_t x) 626=item bool ecb_is_pot32 (uint32_t x)
580 627
581=item bool ecb_is_pot64 (uint32_t x) 628=item bool ecb_is_pot64 (uint32_t x)
582 629
630=item bool ecb_is_pot (T x) [C++]
631
583Return true iff C<x> is a power of two or C<x == 0>. 632Returns true iff C<x> is a power of two or C<x == 0>.
584 633
585For smaller types then C<uint32_t> you can safely use C<ecb_is_pot32>. 634For smaller types than C<uint32_t> you can safely use C<ecb_is_pot32>.
635
636The overloaded C++ C<ecb_is_pot> function supports C<uint8_t>, C<uint16_t>,
637C<uint32_t> and C<uint64_t> types.
586 638
587=item int ecb_ld32 (uint32_t x) 639=item int ecb_ld32 (uint32_t x)
588 640
589=item int ecb_ld64 (uint64_t x) 641=item int ecb_ld64 (uint64_t x)
642
643=item int ecb_ld64 (T x) [C++]
590 644
591Returns the index of the most significant bit set in C<x>, or the number 645Returns the index of the most significant bit set in C<x>, or the number
592of digits the number requires in binary (so that C<< 2**ld <= x < 646of digits the number requires in binary (so that C<< 2**ld <= x <
5932**(ld+1) >>). If C<x> is 0 the result is undefined. A common use case is 6472**(ld+1) >>). If C<x> is 0 the result is undefined. A common use case is
594to compute the integer binary logarithm, i.e. C<floor (log2 (n))>, for 648to compute the integer binary logarithm, i.e. C<floor (log2 (n))>, for
599the given data type), while C<ecb_ld> returns how many bits the number 653the given data type), while C<ecb_ld> returns how many bits the number
600itself requires. 654itself requires.
601 655
602For smaller types than C<uint32_t> you can safely use C<ecb_ld32>. 656For smaller types than C<uint32_t> you can safely use C<ecb_ld32>.
603 657
658The overloaded C++ C<ecb_ld> function supports C<uint8_t>, C<uint16_t>,
659C<uint32_t> and C<uint64_t> types.
660
604=item int ecb_popcount32 (uint32_t x) 661=item int ecb_popcount32 (uint32_t x)
605 662
606=item int ecb_popcount64 (uint64_t x) 663=item int ecb_popcount64 (uint64_t x)
607 664
665=item int ecb_popcount (T x) [C++]
666
608Returns the number of bits set to 1 in C<x>. 667Returns the number of bits set to 1 in C<x>.
609 668
610For smaller types than C<uint32_t> you can safely use C<ecb_popcount32>. 669For smaller types than C<uint32_t> you can safely use C<ecb_popcount32>.
670
671The overloaded C++ C<ecb_popcount> function supports C<uint8_t>, C<uint16_t>,
672C<uint32_t> and C<uint64_t> types.
611 673
612For example: 674For example:
613 675
614 ecb_popcount32 (7) = 3 676 ecb_popcount32 (7) = 3
615 ecb_popcount32 (255) = 8 677 ecb_popcount32 (255) = 8
618 680
619=item uint16_t ecb_bitrev16 (uint16_t x) 681=item uint16_t ecb_bitrev16 (uint16_t x)
620 682
621=item uint32_t ecb_bitrev32 (uint32_t x) 683=item uint32_t ecb_bitrev32 (uint32_t x)
622 684
685=item T ecb_bitrev (T x) [C++]
686
623Reverses the bits in x, i.e. the MSB becomes the LSB, MSB-1 becomes LSB+1 687Reverses the bits in x, i.e. the MSB becomes the LSB, MSB-1 becomes LSB+1
624and so on. 688and so on.
625 689
690The overloaded C++ C<ecb_bitrev> function supports C<uint8_t>, C<uint16_t> and C<uint32_t> types.
691
626Example: 692Example:
627 693
628 ecb_bitrev8 (0xa7) = 0xea 694 ecb_bitrev8 (0xa7) = 0xea
629 ecb_bitrev32 (0xffcc4411) = 0x882233ff 695 ecb_bitrev32 (0xffcc4411) = 0x882233ff
630 696
697=item T ecb_bitrev (T x) [C++]
698
699Overloaded C++ bitrev function.
700
701C<T> must be one of C<uint8_t>, C<uint16_t> or C<uint32_t>.
702
631=item uint32_t ecb_bswap16 (uint32_t x) 703=item uint32_t ecb_bswap16 (uint32_t x)
632 704
633=item uint32_t ecb_bswap32 (uint32_t x) 705=item uint32_t ecb_bswap32 (uint32_t x)
634 706
635=item uint64_t ecb_bswap64 (uint64_t x) 707=item uint64_t ecb_bswap64 (uint64_t x)
708
709=item T ecb_bswap (T x)
636 710
637These functions return the value of the 16-bit (32-bit, 64-bit) value 711These functions return the value of the 16-bit (32-bit, 64-bit) value
638C<x> after reversing the order of bytes (0x11223344 becomes 0x44332211 in 712C<x> after reversing the order of bytes (0x11223344 becomes 0x44332211 in
639C<ecb_bswap32>). 713C<ecb_bswap32>).
640 714
715The overloaded C++ C<ecb_bswap> function supports C<uint8_t>, C<uint16_t>,
716C<uint32_t> and C<uint64_t> types.
717
641=item uint8_t ecb_rotl8 (uint8_t x, unsigned int count) 718=item uint8_t ecb_rotl8 (uint8_t x, unsigned int count)
642 719
643=item uint16_t ecb_rotl16 (uint16_t x, unsigned int count) 720=item uint16_t ecb_rotl16 (uint16_t x, unsigned int count)
644 721
645=item uint32_t ecb_rotl32 (uint32_t x, unsigned int count) 722=item uint32_t ecb_rotl32 (uint32_t x, unsigned int count)
656 733
657These two families of functions return the value of C<x> after rotating 734These two families of functions return the value of C<x> after rotating
658all the bits by C<count> positions to the right (C<ecb_rotr>) or left 735all the bits by C<count> positions to the right (C<ecb_rotr>) or left
659(C<ecb_rotl>). 736(C<ecb_rotl>).
660 737
661Current GCC versions understand these functions and usually compile them 738Current GCC/clang versions understand these functions and usually compile
662to "optimal" code (e.g. a single C<rol> or a combination of C<shld> on 739them to "optimal" code (e.g. a single C<rol> or a combination of C<shld>
663x86). 740on x86).
741
742=item T ecb_rotl (T x, unsigned int count) [C++]
743
744=item T ecb_rotr (T x, unsigned int count) [C++]
745
746Overloaded C++ rotl/rotr functions.
747
748C<T> must be one of C<uint8_t>, C<uint16_t>, C<uint32_t> or C<uint64_t>.
749
750=back
751
752=head2 HOST ENDIANNESS CONVERSION
753
754=over
755
756=item uint_fast16_t ecb_be_u16_to_host (uint_fast16_t v)
757
758=item uint_fast32_t ecb_be_u32_to_host (uint_fast32_t v)
759
760=item uint_fast64_t ecb_be_u64_to_host (uint_fast64_t v)
761
762=item uint_fast16_t ecb_le_u16_to_host (uint_fast16_t v)
763
764=item uint_fast32_t ecb_le_u32_to_host (uint_fast32_t v)
765
766=item uint_fast64_t ecb_le_u64_to_host (uint_fast64_t v)
767
768Convert an unsigned 16, 32 or 64 bit value from big or little endian to host byte order.
769
770The naming convention is C<ecb_>(C<be>|C<le>)C<_u>C<16|32|64>C<_to_host>,
771where C<be> and C<le> stand for big endian and little endian, respectively.
772
773=item uint_fast16_t ecb_host_to_be_u16 (uint_fast16_t v)
774
775=item uint_fast32_t ecb_host_to_be_u32 (uint_fast32_t v)
776
777=item uint_fast64_t ecb_host_to_be_u64 (uint_fast64_t v)
778
779=item uint_fast16_t ecb_host_to_le_u16 (uint_fast16_t v)
780
781=item uint_fast32_t ecb_host_to_le_u32 (uint_fast32_t v)
782
783=item uint_fast64_t ecb_host_to_le_u64 (uint_fast64_t v)
784
785Like above, but converts I<from> host byte order to the specified
786endianness.
787
788=back
789
790In C++ the following additional template functions are supported:
791
792=over
793
794=item T ecb_be_to_host (T v)
795
796=item T ecb_le_to_host (T v)
797
798=item T ecb_host_to_be (T v)
799
800=item T ecb_host_to_le (T v)
801
802=back
803
804These functions work like their C counterparts, above, but use templates,
805which make them useful in generic code.
806
807C<T> must be one of C<uint8_t>, C<uint16_t>, C<uint32_t> or C<uint64_t>
808(so unlike their C counterparts, there is a version for C<uint8_t>, which
809again can be useful in generic code).
810
811=head2 UNALIGNED LOAD/STORE
812
813These function load or store unaligned multi-byte values.
814
815=over
816
817=item uint_fast16_t ecb_peek_u16_u (const void *ptr)
818
819=item uint_fast32_t ecb_peek_u32_u (const void *ptr)
820
821=item uint_fast64_t ecb_peek_u64_u (const void *ptr)
822
823These functions load an unaligned, unsigned 16, 32 or 64 bit value from
824memory.
825
826=item uint_fast16_t ecb_peek_be_u16_u (const void *ptr)
827
828=item uint_fast32_t ecb_peek_be_u32_u (const void *ptr)
829
830=item uint_fast64_t ecb_peek_be_u64_u (const void *ptr)
831
832=item uint_fast16_t ecb_peek_le_u16_u (const void *ptr)
833
834=item uint_fast32_t ecb_peek_le_u32_u (const void *ptr)
835
836=item uint_fast64_t ecb_peek_le_u64_u (const void *ptr)
837
838Like above, but additionally convert from big endian (C<be>) or little
839endian (C<le>) byte order to host byte order while doing so.
840
841=item ecb_poke_u16_u (void *ptr, uint16_t v)
842
843=item ecb_poke_u32_u (void *ptr, uint32_t v)
844
845=item ecb_poke_u64_u (void *ptr, uint64_t v)
846
847These functions store an unaligned, unsigned 16, 32 or 64 bit value to
848memory.
849
850=item ecb_poke_be_u16_u (void *ptr, uint_fast16_t v)
851
852=item ecb_poke_be_u32_u (void *ptr, uint_fast32_t v)
853
854=item ecb_poke_be_u64_u (void *ptr, uint_fast64_t v)
855
856=item ecb_poke_le_u16_u (void *ptr, uint_fast16_t v)
857
858=item ecb_poke_le_u32_u (void *ptr, uint_fast32_t v)
859
860=item ecb_poke_le_u64_u (void *ptr, uint_fast64_t v)
861
862Like above, but additionally convert from host byte order to big endian
863(C<be>) or little endian (C<le>) byte order while doing so.
864
865=back
866
867In C++ the following additional template functions are supported:
868
869=over
870
871=item T ecb_peek<T> (const void *ptr)
872
873=item T ecb_peek_be<T> (const void *ptr)
874
875=item T ecb_peek_le<T> (const void *ptr)
876
877=item T ecb_peek_u<T> (const void *ptr)
878
879=item T ecb_peek_be_u<T> (const void *ptr)
880
881=item T ecb_peek_le_u<T> (const void *ptr)
882
883Similarly to their C counterparts, these functions load an unsigned 8, 16,
88432 or 64 bit value from memory, with optional conversion from big/little
885endian.
886
887Since the type cannot be deduced, it has to be specified explicitly, e.g.
888
889 uint_fast16_t v = ecb_peek<uint16_t> (ptr);
890
891C<T> must be one of C<uint8_t>, C<uint16_t>, C<uint32_t> or C<uint64_t>.
892
893Unlike their C counterparts, these functions support 8 bit quantities
894(C<uint8_t>) and also have an aligned version (without the C<_u> prefix),
895all of which hopefully makes them more useful in generic code.
896
897=item ecb_poke (void *ptr, T v)
898
899=item ecb_poke_be (void *ptr, T v)
900
901=item ecb_poke_le (void *ptr, T v)
902
903=item ecb_poke_u (void *ptr, T v)
904
905=item ecb_poke_be_u (void *ptr, T v)
906
907=item ecb_poke_le_u (void *ptr, T v)
908
909Again, similarly to their C counterparts, these functions store an
910unsigned 8, 16, 32 or z64 bit value to memory, with optional conversion to
911big/little endian.
912
913C<T> must be one of C<uint8_t>, C<uint16_t>, C<uint32_t> or C<uint64_t>.
914
915Unlike their C counterparts, these functions support 8 bit quantities
916(C<uint8_t>) and also have an aligned version (without the C<_u> prefix),
917all of which hopefully makes them more useful in generic code.
664 918
665=back 919=back
666 920
667=head2 FLOATING POINT FIDDLING 921=head2 FLOATING POINT FIDDLING
668 922
669=over 4 923=over
670 924
671=item ECB_INFINITY 925=item ECB_INFINITY [-UECB_NO_LIBM]
672 926
673Evaluates to positive infinity if supported by the platform, otherwise to 927Evaluates to positive infinity if supported by the platform, otherwise to
674a truly huge number. 928a truly huge number.
675 929
676=item ECB_NON 930=item ECB_NAN [-UECB_NO_LIBM]
677 931
678Evaluates to a quiet NAN if supported by the platform, otherwise to 932Evaluates to a quiet NAN if supported by the platform, otherwise to
679C<ECB_INFINITY>. 933C<ECB_INFINITY>.
680 934
681=item float ecb_ldexpf (float x, int exp) 935=item float ecb_ldexpf (float x, int exp) [-UECB_NO_LIBM]
682 936
683Same as C<ldexpf>, but always available. 937Same as C<ldexpf>, but always available.
684 938
939=item uint32_t ecb_float_to_binary16 (float x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM]
940
685=item uint32_t ecb_float_to_binary32 (float x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM] 941=item uint32_t ecb_float_to_binary32 (float x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM]
686 942
687=item uint64_t ecb_double_to_binary64 (double x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM] 943=item uint64_t ecb_double_to_binary64 (double x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM]
688 944
689These functions each take an argument in the native C<float> or C<double> 945These functions each take an argument in the native C<float> or C<double>
690type and return the IEEE 754 bit representation of it. 946type and return the IEEE 754 bit representation of it (binary16/half,
947binary32/single or binary64/double precision).
691 948
692The bit representation is just as IEEE 754 defines it, i.e. the sign bit 949The bit representation is just as IEEE 754 defines it, i.e. the sign bit
693will be the most significant bit, followed by exponent and mantissa. 950will be the most significant bit, followed by exponent and mantissa.
694 951
695This function should work even when the native floating point format isn't 952This function should work even when the native floating point format isn't
699 956
700On all modern platforms (where C<ECB_STDFP> is true), the compiler should 957On all modern platforms (where C<ECB_STDFP> is true), the compiler should
701be able to optimise away this function completely. 958be able to optimise away this function completely.
702 959
703These functions can be helpful when serialising floats to the network - you 960These functions can be helpful when serialising floats to the network - you
704can serialise the return value like a normal uint32_t/uint64_t. 961can serialise the return value like a normal uint16_t/uint32_t/uint64_t.
705 962
706Another use for these functions is to manipulate floating point values 963Another use for these functions is to manipulate floating point values
707directly. 964directly.
708 965
709Silly example: toggle the sign bit of a float. 966Silly example: toggle the sign bit of a float.
716 973
717=item float ecb_binary16_to_float (uint16_t x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM] 974=item float ecb_binary16_to_float (uint16_t x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM]
718 975
719=item float ecb_binary32_to_float (uint32_t x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM] 976=item float ecb_binary32_to_float (uint32_t x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM]
720 977
721=item double ecb_binary32_to_double (uint64_t x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM] 978=item double ecb_binary64_to_double (uint64_t x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM]
722 979
723The reverse operation of the previous function - takes the bit 980The reverse operation of the previous function - takes the bit
724representation of an IEEE binary16, binary32 or binary64 number and 981representation of an IEEE binary16, binary32 or binary64 number (half,
725converts it to the native C<float> or C<double> format. 982single or double precision) and converts it to the native C<float> or
983C<double> format.
726 984
727This function should work even when the native floating point format isn't 985This function should work even when the native floating point format isn't
728IEEE compliant, of course at a speed and code size penalty, and of course 986IEEE compliant, of course at a speed and code size penalty, and of course
729also within reasonable limits (it tries to convert normals and denormals, 987also within reasonable limits (it tries to convert normals and denormals,
730and might be lucky for infinities, and with extraordinary luck, also for 988and might be lucky for infinities, and with extraordinary luck, also for
731negative zero). 989negative zero).
732 990
733On all modern platforms (where C<ECB_STDFP> is true), the compiler should 991On all modern platforms (where C<ECB_STDFP> is true), the compiler should
734be able to optimise away this function completely. 992be able to optimise away this function completely.
735 993
994=item uint16_t ecb_binary32_to_binary16 (uint32_t x)
995
996=item uint32_t ecb_binary16_to_binary32 (uint16_t x)
997
998Convert a IEEE binary32/single precision to binary16/half format, and vice
999versa, handling all details (round-to-nearest-even, subnormals, infinity
1000and NaNs) correctly.
1001
1002These are functions are available under C<-DECB_NO_LIBM>, since
1003they do not rely on the platform floating point format. The
1004C<ecb_float_to_binary16> and C<ecb_binary16_to_float> functions are
1005usually what you want.
1006
736=back 1007=back
737 1008
738=head2 ARITHMETIC 1009=head2 ARITHMETIC
739 1010
740=over 4 1011=over
741 1012
742=item x = ecb_mod (m, n) 1013=item x = ecb_mod (m, n)
743 1014
744Returns C<m> modulo C<n>, which is the same as the positive remainder 1015Returns C<m> modulo C<n>, which is the same as the positive remainder
745of the division operation between C<m> and C<n>, using floored 1016of the division operation between C<m> and C<n>, using floored
752C<n> must be strictly positive (i.e. C<< >= 1 >>), while C<m> must be 1023C<n> must be strictly positive (i.e. C<< >= 1 >>), while C<m> must be
753negatable, that is, both C<m> and C<-m> must be representable in its 1024negatable, that is, both C<m> and C<-m> must be representable in its
754type (this typically excludes the minimum signed integer value, the same 1025type (this typically excludes the minimum signed integer value, the same
755limitation as for C</> and C<%> in C). 1026limitation as for C</> and C<%> in C).
756 1027
757Current GCC versions compile this into an efficient branchless sequence on 1028Current GCC/clang versions compile this into an efficient branchless
758almost all CPUs. 1029sequence on almost all CPUs.
759 1030
760For example, when you want to rotate forward through the members of an 1031For example, when you want to rotate forward through the members of an
761array for increasing C<m> (which might be negative), then you should use 1032array for increasing C<m> (which might be negative), then you should use
762C<ecb_mod>, as the C<%> operator might give either negative results, or 1033C<ecb_mod>, as the C<%> operator might give either negative results, or
763change direction for negative values: 1034change direction for negative values:
776 1047
777=back 1048=back
778 1049
779=head2 UTILITY 1050=head2 UTILITY
780 1051
781=over 4 1052=over
782 1053
783=item element_count = ecb_array_length (name) 1054=item element_count = ecb_array_length (name)
784 1055
785Returns the number of elements in the array C<name>. For example: 1056Returns the number of elements in the array C<name>. For example:
786 1057
794 1065
795=head2 SYMBOLS GOVERNING COMPILATION OF ECB.H ITSELF 1066=head2 SYMBOLS GOVERNING COMPILATION OF ECB.H ITSELF
796 1067
797These symbols need to be defined before including F<ecb.h> the first time. 1068These symbols need to be defined before including F<ecb.h> the first time.
798 1069
799=over 4 1070=over
800 1071
801=item ECB_NO_THREADS 1072=item ECB_NO_THREADS
802 1073
803If F<ecb.h> is never used from multiple threads, then this symbol can 1074If F<ecb.h> is never used from multiple threads, then this symbol can
804be defined, in which case memory fences (and similar constructs) are 1075be defined, in which case memory fences (and similar constructs) are
820dependencies on the math library (usually called F<-lm>) - these are 1091dependencies on the math library (usually called F<-lm>) - these are
821marked with [-UECB_NO_LIBM]. 1092marked with [-UECB_NO_LIBM].
822 1093
823=back 1094=back
824 1095
1096=head1 UNDOCUMENTED FUNCTIONALITY
825 1097
1098F<ecb.h> is full of undocumented functionality as well, some of which is
1099intended to be internal-use only, some of which we forgot to document, and
1100some of which we hide because we are not sure we will keep the interface
1101stable.
1102
1103While you are welcome to rummage around and use whatever you find useful
1104(we can't stop you), keep in mind that we will change undocumented
1105functionality in incompatible ways without thinking twice, while we are
1106considerably more conservative with documented things.
1107
1108=head1 AUTHORS
1109
1110C<libecb> is designed and maintained by:
1111
1112 Emanuele Giaquinta <e.giaquinta@glauco.it>
1113 Marc Alexander Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
1114
1115

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