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==== NAME ==== |
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GNU-VPE - Overview of the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet suite. |
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==== DESCRIPTION ==== |
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Vpe is a suite designed to provide a virtual private network for |
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multiple nodes over an untrusted network. |
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"Virtual" means that no physical network is created (of course), but an |
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ethernet is emulated by creating multiple tunnels between the member |
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nodes. |
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"Private" means that non-participating nodes cannot decode ("sniff)" nor |
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inject ("spoof") packets. |
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In the case of vpe, even participating nodes cannot sniff packets send |
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to other nodes or spoof packets as if sent from other nodes. |
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"Network" means that more than two parties can participate in the |
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network, so for instance it's possible to connect multiple branches of a |
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company into a single network. Many so-called "vpn" solutions only |
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create point-to-point tunnels. |
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== DESIGN GOALS == |
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: SIMPLE DESIGN |
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Cipher, HMAC algorithms and other key parameters must be selected at |
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compile time - this makes it possible to only link in algorithms you |
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actually need. It also makes the crypto part of the source very |
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transparent and easy to inspect. |
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: EASY TO SETUP |
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A few lines of config (the config file is shared unmodified between |
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all hosts) and a single run of ``vpectrl'' to generate the keys |
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suffices to make it work. |
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: MAC-BASED SECURITY |
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Since every host has it's own private key, other hosts cannot spoof |
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traffic from this host. That makes it possible to filter packest by |
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MAC address, e.g. to ensure that packets from a specific IP address |
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come, in fact, from a specific host. |
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==== PROGRAMS ==== |
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Vpe comes with two programs: one daemon (``vped'') and one control |
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program (``vpectrl''). |
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: vpectrl |
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Is used to generate the keys, check and give an overview of of the |
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configuration and contorl the daemon (restarting etc.). |
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: vped |
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Is the daemon used to establish and maintain conenctions to the |
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other network members. It should be run on the gateway machine. |
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==== COMPILETIME CONFIGURATION ==== |
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Please have a look at the ``vpe.osdep(5)'' manpage for platform-specific |
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information. |
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Here are a few recipes for compiling your vpe: |
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== AS LOW PACKET OVERHEAD AS POSSIBLE == |
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./configure --enable-hmac-length=4 --enable-rand-length=0 |
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Minimize the header overhead of VPN packets (the above will result in |
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only 4 bytes of overhead over the raw ethernet frame). |
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== MINIMIZE CPU TIME REQUIRED == |
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./configure --enable-cipher=bf --enable-digest=md4 |
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Use the fastest cipher and digest algorithms currently available in vpe. |
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== MAXIMIZE SECURITY == |
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./configure --enable-hmac-length=16 --enable-rand-length=8 --enable-digest=sha1 |
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This uses a 16 byte HMAC checksum to authenticate packets (I guess 8-12 |
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would also be pretty secure ;) and will additionally prefix each packet |
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with 8 bytes of random data. |
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In general, remember that AES-128 seems to be more secure and faster |
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than AES-192 or AES-256, more randomness helps against sniffing and a |
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longer HMAC helps against spoofing. MD4 is a fast digest, SHA1 or |
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RIPEMD160 are better, and Blowfish is a fast cipher (and also quite |
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secure). |
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==== HOW TO SET UP A SIMPLE VPN ==== |
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In this section I will describe how to get a simple VPN consisting of |
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three hosts up and running. |
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== STEP 1: configuration == |
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First you have to create a daemon configuation file and put it into the |
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configuration directory. This is usually ``/etc/vpe'', depending on how |
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you configured vpe, and can be overwritten using the ``-c'' commandline |
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switch. |
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Put the following lines into ``/etc/vpe/vped.conf'': |
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udp-port = 50000 # the external port to listen on (configure your firewall) |
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mtu = 1400 # minimum MTU of all outgoing interfaces on all hosts |
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ifname = vpn0 # the local network device name |
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node = first # just a nickname |
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hostname = first.example.net # the DNS name or IP address of the host |
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node = second |
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hostname = 133.55.82.9 |
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node = third |
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hostname = third.example.net |
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The only other file neccessary if the ``if-up'' script that initializes |
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the local ethernet interface. Put the following lines into |
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``/etc/vpe/if-up'' and make it execute (``chmod 755 /etc/vpe/if-up''): |
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#!/bin/sh |
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ip link set $IFNAME address $MAC mtu $MTU up |
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[ $NODENAME = first ] && ip addr add 10.0.1.1 dev $IFNAME |
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[ $NODENAME = second ] && ip addr add 10.0.2.1 dev $IFNAME |
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[ $NODENAME = third ] && ip addr add 10.0.3.1 dev $IFNAME |
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ip route add 10.0.0.0/16 dev $IFNAME |
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This script will give each node a different IP address in the |
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``10.0/16'' network. The internal network (e.g. the ``eth0'' interface) |
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should then be set to a subset of that network, e.g. ``10.0.1.0/24'' on |
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node ``first'', ``10.0.2.0/24'' on node ``second'', and so on. |
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By enabling routing on the gateway host that runs ``vped'' all nodes |
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will be able to reach the other nodes. You can, of course, also use |
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proxy arp or other means of pseudo-bridging (or even real briding), or |
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(best) full routing - the choice is yours. |
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== STEP 2: create the RSA key pairs for all hosts == |
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Run the following command to generate all key pairs (that might take a |
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while): |
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vpectrl -c /etc/vpe -g |
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This command will put the public keys into |
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``/etc/vpe/pubkeys/*nodename*'' and the private keys into |
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``/etc/vpe/hostkeys/*nodename*''. |
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== STEP 3: distribute the config files to all nodes == |
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Now distribute the config files to the other nodes. This should be done |
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in two steps, since the private keys should not be distributed. The |
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example uses rsync-over-ssh |
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First all the config files without the hostkeys should be distributed: |
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rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe first.example.net:/etc/. --exclude hostkeys |
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rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe 133.55.82.9:/etc/. --exclude hostkeys |
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rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe third.example.net:/etc/. --exclude hostkeys |
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Then the hostkeys should be copied: |
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rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe/hostkeys/first first.example.net:/etc/hostkey |
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rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe/hostkeys/second 133.55.82.9:/etc/hostkey |
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rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe/hostkeys/third third.example.net:/etc/hostkey |
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You should now check the configration by issuing the command ``vpectrl |
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-c /etc/vpe -s'' on each node and verify it's output. |
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== STEP 4: starting vped == |
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You should then start vped on each node by issuing a command like: |
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vped -D -linfo first # first is the nodename |
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This will make the vped stay in foreground. You should then see |
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"connection established" messages. If you don't see them check your |
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firewall and routing (use tcpdump ;). |
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If this works you should check your networking setup by pinging various |
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endpoints. |
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To make vped run more permanently you can either run it as a daemon (by |
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starting it without the ``-D'' switch), or, much better, from your |
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inittab. I use a line like this on my systems: |
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t1:2345:respawn:/opt/vpe/sbin/vped -D -L first >/dev/null 2>&1 |
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== STEP 5: enjoy == |
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... and play around. Sending a -HUP (``vpectrl -kHUP'') to the daemon |
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will make it try to connect to all other nodes again. If you run it from |
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inittab, as is recommended, ``vpectrl -k'' (or simply ``killall vped'') |
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will kill the daemon, start it again, making it read it's configuration |
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files again. |
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==== SEE ALSO ==== |
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vpe.osdep(5) for OS-depedendent information, vped.conf(5), vpectrl(8), |
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and for a description of the protocol and routing algorithms, |
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vpe.protocol(7). |
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==== AUTHOR ==== |
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Marc Lehmann <vpe@plan9.de> |
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==== COPYRIGHTS AND LICENSES ==== |
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Vpe itself is distributed under the GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (see the file |
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COPYING that should be part of your distribution). |
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In some configurations it uses modified versions of the tinc vpn suite, |
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which is also available under the GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE. |
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In some configurations (notably darwin), it uses a poll emulation |
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library that comes with the following license notice: |
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Copyright (c) 1995-2002 Brian M. Clapper |
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All rights reserved. |
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Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted |
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provided that: (1) source distributions retain this entire |
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copyright notice and comment; (2) modifications made to the |
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software are prominently mentioned, and a copy of the original |
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software (or a pointer to its location) are included; and (3) |
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distributions including binaries display the following |
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acknowledgement: "This product includes software developed by Brian |
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M. Clapper <bmc@clapper.org>" in the documentation or other |
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materials provided with the distribution. The name of the author |
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may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this |
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software without specific prior written permission. |
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THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR |
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IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED |
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WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. |
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