| 1 |
pcg |
1.1 |
=head1 NAME |
| 2 |
|
|
|
| 3 |
|
|
vpe - Overview of the virtual private ethernet suite. |
| 4 |
|
|
|
| 5 |
|
|
=head1 DESCRIPTION |
| 6 |
|
|
|
| 7 |
|
|
Vpe is a suite designed to provide a virtual private network for multiple |
| 8 |
|
|
nodes over an untrusted network. |
| 9 |
|
|
|
| 10 |
|
|
"Virtual" means that no physical network is created (of course), but an |
| 11 |
|
|
ethernet is emulated by creating multiple tunnels between the member |
| 12 |
|
|
nodes. |
| 13 |
|
|
|
| 14 |
|
|
"Private" means that non-participating nodes cannot decode ("sniff)" nor |
| 15 |
|
|
inject ("spoof") packets. |
| 16 |
|
|
|
| 17 |
|
|
In the case of vpe, even participating nodes cannot sniff packets send to |
| 18 |
|
|
other nodes or spoof packets as if sent from other nodes. |
| 19 |
|
|
|
| 20 |
|
|
"Network" means that more than two parties can participate in the |
| 21 |
|
|
network, so for instance it's possible to connect multiple branches of a |
| 22 |
|
|
company into a single network. Many so-called "vpn" solutions only create |
| 23 |
|
|
point-to-point tunnels. |
| 24 |
|
|
|
| 25 |
|
|
=head2 DESIGN GOALS |
| 26 |
|
|
|
| 27 |
|
|
=over 4 |
| 28 |
|
|
|
| 29 |
|
|
=item SIMPLE DESIGN |
| 30 |
|
|
|
| 31 |
|
|
Cipher, HMAC algorithms and other key parameters must be selected |
| 32 |
|
|
at compile time - this makes it possible to only link in algorithms |
| 33 |
|
|
you actually need. It also makes the crypto part of the source very |
| 34 |
|
|
transparent and easy to inspect. |
| 35 |
|
|
|
| 36 |
|
|
=item EASY TO SETUP |
| 37 |
|
|
|
| 38 |
|
|
A few lines of config (the config file is shared unmodified between all |
| 39 |
|
|
hosts) and a single run of C<vpectrl> to generate the keys suffices to |
| 40 |
|
|
make it work. |
| 41 |
|
|
|
| 42 |
|
|
=item MAC-BASED SECURITY |
| 43 |
|
|
|
| 44 |
|
|
Since every host has it's own private key, other hosts cannot spoof |
| 45 |
|
|
traffic from this host. That makes it possible to filter packest by MAC |
| 46 |
|
|
address, e.g. to ensure that packets from a specific IP address come, in |
| 47 |
|
|
fact, from a specific host. |
| 48 |
|
|
|
| 49 |
|
|
=back |
| 50 |
|
|
|
| 51 |
|
|
=head1 PROGRAMS |
| 52 |
|
|
|
| 53 |
|
|
Vpe comes with two programs: one daemon (C<vped>) and one control program |
| 54 |
|
|
(C<vpectrl>). |
| 55 |
|
|
|
| 56 |
|
|
=over 4 |
| 57 |
|
|
|
| 58 |
|
|
=item vpectrl |
| 59 |
|
|
|
| 60 |
|
|
Is used to generate the keys, check and give an overview of of the |
| 61 |
|
|
configuration and contorl the daemon (restarting etc.). |
| 62 |
|
|
|
| 63 |
|
|
=item vped |
| 64 |
|
|
|
| 65 |
|
|
Is the daemon used to establish and maintain conenctions to the other |
| 66 |
|
|
network members. It should be run on the gateway machine. |
| 67 |
|
|
|
| 68 |
|
|
=back |
| 69 |
|
|
|
| 70 |
|
|
=head1 COMPILETIME CONFIGURATION |
| 71 |
|
|
|
| 72 |
pcg |
1.4 |
Please have a look at the C<vpe.osdep(5)> manpage for platform-specific |
| 73 |
|
|
information. |
| 74 |
|
|
|
| 75 |
pcg |
1.1 |
Here are a few recipes for compiling your vpe: |
| 76 |
|
|
|
| 77 |
|
|
=head2 AS LOW PACKET OVERHEAD AS POSSIBLE |
| 78 |
|
|
|
| 79 |
|
|
./configure --enable-hmac-length=4 --enable-rand-length=0 |
| 80 |
|
|
|
| 81 |
|
|
Minimize the header overhead of VPN packets (the above will result in only |
| 82 |
|
|
4 bytes of overhead over the raw ethernet frame). |
| 83 |
|
|
|
| 84 |
|
|
=head2 MINIMIZE CPU TIME REQUIRED |
| 85 |
|
|
|
| 86 |
|
|
./configure --enable-cipher=bf --enable-digest=md4 |
| 87 |
|
|
|
| 88 |
|
|
Use the fastest cipher and digest algorithms currently available in vpe. |
| 89 |
|
|
|
| 90 |
|
|
=head2 MAXIMIZE SECURITY |
| 91 |
|
|
|
| 92 |
|
|
./configure --enable-hmac-length=16 --enable-rand-length=8 --enable-digest=sha1 |
| 93 |
|
|
|
| 94 |
|
|
This uses a 16 byte HMAC checksum to authenticate packets (I guess 8-12 |
| 95 |
|
|
would also be pretty secure ;) and will additionally prefix each packet |
| 96 |
|
|
with 8 bytes of random data. |
| 97 |
|
|
|
| 98 |
|
|
In general, remember that AES-128 seems to be more secure and faster than |
| 99 |
|
|
AES-192 or AES-256, more randomness helps against sniffing and a longer |
| 100 |
|
|
HMAC helps against spoofing. MD4 is a fast digest, SHA1 or RIPEMD160 are |
| 101 |
|
|
better, and Blowfish is a fast cipher (and also quite secure). |
| 102 |
|
|
|
| 103 |
|
|
=head1 HOW TO SET UP A SIMPLE VPN |
| 104 |
|
|
|
| 105 |
|
|
In this section I will describe how to get a simple VPN consisting of |
| 106 |
|
|
three hosts up and running. |
| 107 |
|
|
|
| 108 |
|
|
=head2 STEP 1: configuration |
| 109 |
|
|
|
| 110 |
|
|
First you have to create a daemon configuation file and put it into the |
| 111 |
|
|
configuration directory. This is usually C</etc/vpe>, depending on how you |
| 112 |
|
|
configured vpe, and can be overwritten using the C<-c> commandline switch. |
| 113 |
|
|
|
| 114 |
|
|
Put the following lines into C</etc/vpe/vped.conf>: |
| 115 |
|
|
|
| 116 |
|
|
udp-port = 50000 # the external port to listen on (configure your firewall) |
| 117 |
|
|
mtu = 1400 # minimum MTU of all outgoing interfaces on all hosts |
| 118 |
|
|
ifname = vpn0 # the local network device name |
| 119 |
|
|
|
| 120 |
|
|
node = first # just a nickname |
| 121 |
|
|
hostname = first.example.net # the DNS name or IP address of the host |
| 122 |
|
|
|
| 123 |
|
|
node = second |
| 124 |
|
|
hostname = 133.55.82.9 |
| 125 |
|
|
|
| 126 |
|
|
node = third |
| 127 |
|
|
hostname = third.example.net |
| 128 |
|
|
|
| 129 |
|
|
The only other file neccessary if the C<if-up> script that initializes the |
| 130 |
|
|
local ethernet interface. Put the following lines into C</etc/vpe/if-up> |
| 131 |
|
|
and make it execute (C<chmod 755 /etc/vpe/if-up>): |
| 132 |
|
|
|
| 133 |
|
|
#!/bin/sh |
| 134 |
|
|
ip link set $IFNAME address $MAC mtu $MTU up |
| 135 |
|
|
[ $NODENAME = first ] && ip addr add 10.0.1.1 dev $IFNAME |
| 136 |
|
|
[ $NODENAME = second ] && ip addr add 10.0.2.1 dev $IFNAME |
| 137 |
|
|
[ $NODENAME = third ] && ip addr add 10.0.3.1 dev $IFNAME |
| 138 |
|
|
ip route add 10.0.0.0/16 dev $IFNAME |
| 139 |
|
|
|
| 140 |
|
|
This script will give each node a different IP address in the C<10.0/16> |
| 141 |
|
|
network. The internal network (e.g. the C<eth0> interface) should then be |
| 142 |
|
|
set to a subset of that network, e.g. C<10.0.1.0/24> on node C<first>, |
| 143 |
|
|
C<10.0.2.0/24> on node C<second>, and so on. |
| 144 |
|
|
|
| 145 |
|
|
By enabling routing on the gateway host that runs C<vped> all nodes will |
| 146 |
|
|
be able to reach the other nodes. You can, of course, also use proxy arp |
| 147 |
|
|
or other means of pseudo-bridging (or even real briding), or (best) full |
| 148 |
|
|
routing - the choice is yours. |
| 149 |
|
|
|
| 150 |
|
|
=head2 STEP 2: create the RSA key pairs for all hosts |
| 151 |
|
|
|
| 152 |
|
|
Run the following command to generate all key pairs (that might take a |
| 153 |
|
|
while): |
| 154 |
|
|
|
| 155 |
|
|
vpectrl -c /etc/vpe -g |
| 156 |
|
|
|
| 157 |
|
|
This command will put the public keys into C<< |
| 158 |
|
|
/etc/vpe/pubkeys/I<nodename> >> and the private keys into C<< |
| 159 |
|
|
/etc/vpe/hostkeys/I<nodename> >>. |
| 160 |
|
|
|
| 161 |
|
|
=head2 STEP 3: distribute the config files to all nodes |
| 162 |
|
|
|
| 163 |
|
|
Now distribute the config files to the other nodes. This should be done in two steps, since the |
| 164 |
|
|
private keys should not be distributed. The example uses rsync-over-ssh |
| 165 |
|
|
|
| 166 |
|
|
First all the config files without the hostkeys should be distributed: |
| 167 |
|
|
|
| 168 |
|
|
rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe first.example.net:/etc/. --exclude hostkeys |
| 169 |
|
|
rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe 133.55.82.9:/etc/. --exclude hostkeys |
| 170 |
|
|
rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe third.example.net:/etc/. --exclude hostkeys |
| 171 |
|
|
|
| 172 |
|
|
Then the hostkeys should be copied: |
| 173 |
|
|
|
| 174 |
|
|
rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe/hostkeys/first first.example.net:/etc/hostkey |
| 175 |
|
|
rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe/hostkeys/second 133.55.82.9:/etc/hostkey |
| 176 |
|
|
rsync -avzessh /etc/vpe/hostkeys/third third.example.net:/etc/hostkey |
| 177 |
|
|
|
| 178 |
|
|
You should now check the configration by issuing the command C<vpectrl -c |
| 179 |
|
|
/etc/vpe -s> on each node and verify it's output. |
| 180 |
|
|
|
| 181 |
|
|
=head2 STEP 4: starting vped |
| 182 |
|
|
|
| 183 |
|
|
You should then start vped on each node by issuing a command like: |
| 184 |
|
|
|
| 185 |
|
|
vped -D -linfo first # first is the nodename |
| 186 |
|
|
|
| 187 |
|
|
This will make the vped stay in foreground. You should then see |
| 188 |
|
|
"connection established" messages. If you don't see them check your |
| 189 |
|
|
firewall and routing (use tcpdump ;). |
| 190 |
|
|
|
| 191 |
|
|
If this works you should check your networking setup by pinging various |
| 192 |
|
|
endpoints. |
| 193 |
|
|
|
| 194 |
|
|
To make vped run more permanently you can either run it as a daemon |
| 195 |
|
|
(by starting it without the C<-D> switch), or, much better, from your |
| 196 |
|
|
inittab. I use a line like this on my systems: |
| 197 |
|
|
|
| 198 |
|
|
t1:2345:respawn:/opt/vpe/sbin/vped -D -L first >/dev/null 2>&1 |
| 199 |
|
|
|
| 200 |
|
|
=head2 STEP 5: enjoy |
| 201 |
|
|
|
| 202 |
|
|
... and play around. Sending a -HUP (C<vpectrl -kHUP>) to the daemon |
| 203 |
|
|
will make it try to connect to all other nodes again. If you run it from |
| 204 |
|
|
inittab, as is recommended, C<vpectrl -k> (or simply C<killall vped>) will |
| 205 |
|
|
kill the daemon, start it again, making it read it's configuration files |
| 206 |
|
|
again. |
| 207 |
|
|
|
| 208 |
|
|
=head1 SEE ALSO |
| 209 |
|
|
|
| 210 |
pcg |
1.4 |
vpe.osdep(5) for OS-depedendent information, vped.conf(5), vpectrl(8), and |
| 211 |
|
|
for a description of the protocol and routing algorithms, vpe.protocol(7). |
| 212 |
pcg |
1.1 |
|
| 213 |
|
|
=head1 AUTHOR |
| 214 |
|
|
|
| 215 |
|
|
Marc Lehmann <vpe@plan9.de> |
| 216 |
|
|
|
| 217 |
pcg |
1.3 |
=head1 COPYRIGHTS AND LICENSES |
| 218 |
|
|
|
| 219 |
|
|
Vpe itself is distributed under the GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (see the file |
| 220 |
|
|
COPYING that should be part of your distribution). |
| 221 |
|
|
|
| 222 |
|
|
In some configurations it uses modified versions of the tinc vpn suite, |
| 223 |
|
|
which is also available under the GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE. |
| 224 |
|
|
|
| 225 |
|
|
In some configurations (notably darwin), it uses a poll emulation library |
| 226 |
|
|
that comes with the following license notice: |
| 227 |
|
|
|
| 228 |
|
|
Copyright (c) 1995-2002 Brian M. Clapper |
| 229 |
|
|
All rights reserved. |
| 230 |
|
|
|
| 231 |
|
|
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted |
| 232 |
|
|
provided that: (1) source distributions retain this entire |
| 233 |
|
|
copyright notice and comment; (2) modifications made to the |
| 234 |
|
|
software are prominently mentioned, and a copy of the original |
| 235 |
|
|
software (or a pointer to its location) are included; and (3) |
| 236 |
|
|
distributions including binaries display the following |
| 237 |
|
|
acknowledgement: "This product includes software developed by Brian |
| 238 |
|
|
M. Clapper <bmc@clapper.org>" in the documentation or other |
| 239 |
|
|
materials provided with the distribution. The name of the author |
| 240 |
|
|
may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this |
| 241 |
|
|
software without specific prior written permission. |
| 242 |
|
|
|
| 243 |
|
|
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR |
| 244 |
|
|
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED |
| 245 |
|
|
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. |
| 246 |
|
|
|
| 247 |
|
|
|
