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… | |
53 | C<uint32_t>, then the corresponding function works only with that type. If |
53 | C<uint32_t>, then the corresponding function works only with that type. If |
54 | only a generic name is used (C<expr>, C<cond>, C<value> and so on), then |
54 | only a generic name is used (C<expr>, C<cond>, C<value> and so on), then |
55 | the corresponding function relies on C to implement the correct types, and |
55 | the corresponding function relies on C to implement the correct types, and |
56 | is usually implemented as a macro. Specifically, a "bool" in this manual |
56 | is usually implemented as a macro. Specifically, a "bool" in this manual |
57 | refers to any kind of boolean value, not a specific type. |
57 | refers to any kind of boolean value, not a specific type. |
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58 | |
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59 | =head2 TYPES / TYPE SUPPORT |
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60 | |
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61 | ecb.h makes sure that the following types are defined (in the expected way): |
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62 | |
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63 | int8_t uint8_t int16_t uint16_t |
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64 | int32_t uint32_t int64_t uint64_t |
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65 | intptr_t uintptr_t |
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66 | |
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67 | The macro C<ECB_PTRSIZE> is defined to the size of a pointer on this |
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68 | platform (currently C<4> or C<8>) and can be used in preprocessor |
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69 | expressions. |
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70 | |
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71 | For C<ptrdiff_t> and C<size_t> use C<stddef.h>. |
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72 | |
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73 | =head2 LANGUAGE/COMPILER VERSIONS |
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74 | |
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75 | All the following symbols expand to an expression that can be tested in |
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76 | preprocessor instructions as well as treated as a boolean (use C<!!> to |
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77 | ensure it's either C<0> or C<1> if you need that). |
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78 | |
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79 | =over 4 |
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80 | |
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81 | =item ECB_C |
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82 | |
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83 | True if the implementation defines the C<__STDC__> macro to a true value, |
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84 | which is typically true for both C and C++ compilers. |
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85 | |
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86 | =item ECB_C99 |
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87 | |
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88 | True if the implementation claims to be compliant to C99 (ISO/IEC |
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89 | 9899:1999) or any later version. |
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90 | |
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91 | Note that later versions (ECB_C11) remove core features again (for |
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92 | example, variable length arrays). |
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93 | |
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94 | =item ECB_C11 |
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95 | |
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96 | True if the implementation claims to be compliant to C11 (ISO/IEC |
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97 | 9899:2011) or any later version. |
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98 | |
|
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99 | =item ECB_CPP |
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100 | |
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101 | True if the implementation defines the C<__cplusplus__> macro to a true |
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102 | value, which is typically true for C++ compilers. |
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103 | |
|
|
104 | =item ECB_CPP11 |
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105 | |
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106 | True if the implementation claims to be compliant to ISO/IEC 14882:2011 |
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107 | (C++11) or any later version. |
|
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108 | |
|
|
109 | =item ECB_GCC_VERSION(major,minor) |
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110 | |
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111 | Expands to a true value (suitable for testing in by the preprocessor) |
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112 | if the compiler used is GNU C and the version is the given version, or |
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113 | higher. |
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114 | |
|
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115 | This macro tries to return false on compilers that claim to be GCC |
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116 | compatible but aren't. |
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117 | |
|
|
118 | =item ECB_EXTERN_C |
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119 | |
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120 | Expands to C<extern "C"> in C++, and a simple C<extern> in C. |
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121 | |
|
|
122 | This can be used to declare a single external C function: |
|
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123 | |
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124 | ECB_EXTERN_C int printf (const char *format, ...); |
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|
125 | |
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|
126 | =item ECB_EXTERN_C_BEG / ECB_EXTERN_C_END |
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127 | |
|
|
128 | These two macros can be used to wrap multiple C<extern "C"> definitions - |
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129 | they expand to nothing in C. |
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130 | |
|
|
131 | They are most useful in header files: |
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132 | |
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133 | ECB_EXTERN_C_BEG |
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134 | |
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135 | int mycfun1 (int x); |
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136 | int mycfun2 (int x); |
|
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137 | |
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138 | ECB_EXTERN_C_END |
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139 | |
|
|
140 | =item ECB_STDFP |
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141 | |
|
|
142 | If this evaluates to a true value (suitable for testing in by the |
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143 | preprocessor), then C<float> and C<double> use IEEE 754 single/binary32 |
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144 | and double/binary64 representations internally I<and> the endianness of |
|
|
145 | both types match the endianness of C<uint32_t> and C<uint64_t>. |
|
|
146 | |
|
|
147 | This means you can just copy the bits of a C<float> (or C<double>) to an |
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|
148 | C<uint32_t> (or C<uint64_t>) and get the raw IEEE 754 bit representation |
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|
149 | without having to think about format or endianness. |
|
|
150 | |
|
|
151 | This is true for basically all modern platforms, although F<ecb.h> might |
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|
152 | not be able to deduce this correctly everywhere and might err on the safe |
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153 | side. |
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154 | |
|
|
155 | =back |
58 | |
156 | |
59 | =head2 GCC ATTRIBUTES |
157 | =head2 GCC ATTRIBUTES |
60 | |
158 | |
61 | A major part of libecb deals with GCC attributes. These are additional |
159 | A major part of libecb deals with GCC attributes. These are additional |
62 | attributes that you can assign to functions, variables and sometimes even |
160 | attributes that you can assign to functions, variables and sometimes even |
… | |
… | |
425 | For example: |
523 | For example: |
426 | |
524 | |
427 | ecb_ctz32 (3) = 0 |
525 | ecb_ctz32 (3) = 0 |
428 | ecb_ctz32 (6) = 1 |
526 | ecb_ctz32 (6) = 1 |
429 | |
527 | |
|
|
528 | =item bool ecb_is_pot32 (uint32_t x) |
|
|
529 | |
|
|
530 | =item bool ecb_is_pot64 (uint32_t x) |
|
|
531 | |
|
|
532 | Return true iff C<x> is a power of two or C<x == 0>. |
|
|
533 | |
|
|
534 | For smaller types then C<uint32_t> you can safely use C<ecb_is_pot32>. |
|
|
535 | |
430 | =item int ecb_ld32 (uint32_t x) |
536 | =item int ecb_ld32 (uint32_t x) |
431 | |
537 | |
432 | =item int ecb_ld64 (uint64_t x) |
538 | =item int ecb_ld64 (uint64_t x) |
433 | |
539 | |
434 | Returns the index of the most significant bit set in C<x>, or the number |
540 | Returns the index of the most significant bit set in C<x>, or the number |
… | |
… | |
502 | (C<ecb_rotl>). |
608 | (C<ecb_rotl>). |
503 | |
609 | |
504 | Current GCC versions understand these functions and usually compile them |
610 | Current GCC versions understand these functions and usually compile them |
505 | to "optimal" code (e.g. a single C<rol> or a combination of C<shld> on |
611 | to "optimal" code (e.g. a single C<rol> or a combination of C<shld> on |
506 | x86). |
612 | x86). |
|
|
613 | |
|
|
614 | =back |
|
|
615 | |
|
|
616 | =head2 FLOATING POINT FIDDLING |
|
|
617 | |
|
|
618 | =over 4 |
|
|
619 | |
|
|
620 | =item uint32_t ecb_float_to_binary32 (float x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM] |
|
|
621 | |
|
|
622 | =item uint64_t ecb_double_to_binary64 (double x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM] |
|
|
623 | |
|
|
624 | These functions each take an argument in the native C<float> or C<double> |
|
|
625 | type and return the IEEE 754 bit representation of it. |
|
|
626 | |
|
|
627 | The bit representation is just as IEEE 754 defines it, i.e. the sign bit |
|
|
628 | will be the most significant bit, followed by exponent and mantissa. |
|
|
629 | |
|
|
630 | This function should work even when the native floating point format isn't |
|
|
631 | IEEE compliant, of course at a speed and code size penalty, and of course |
|
|
632 | also within reasonable limits (it tries to convert NaNs, infinities and |
|
|
633 | denormals, but will likely convert negative zero to positive zero). |
|
|
634 | |
|
|
635 | On all modern platforms (where C<ECB_STDFP> is true), the compiler should |
|
|
636 | be able to optimise away this function completely. |
|
|
637 | |
|
|
638 | These functions can be helpful when serialising floats to the network - you |
|
|
639 | can serialise the return value like a normal uint32_t/uint64_t. |
|
|
640 | |
|
|
641 | Another use for these functions is to manipulate floating point values |
|
|
642 | directly. |
|
|
643 | |
|
|
644 | Silly example: toggle the sign bit of a float. |
|
|
645 | |
|
|
646 | /* On gcc-4.7 on amd64, */ |
|
|
647 | /* this results in a single add instruction to toggle the bit, and 4 extra */ |
|
|
648 | /* instructions to move the float value to an integer register and back. */ |
|
|
649 | |
|
|
650 | x = ecb_binary32_to_float (ecb_float_to_binary32 (x) ^ 0x80000000U) |
|
|
651 | |
|
|
652 | =item float ecb_binary32_to_float (uint32_t x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM] |
|
|
653 | |
|
|
654 | =item double ecb_binary32_to_double (uint64_t x) [-UECB_NO_LIBM] |
|
|
655 | |
|
|
656 | The reverse operation of the previos function - takes the bit representation |
|
|
657 | of an IEEE binary32 or binary64 number and converts it to the native C<float> |
|
|
658 | or C<double> format. |
|
|
659 | |
|
|
660 | This function should work even when the native floating point format isn't |
|
|
661 | IEEE compliant, of course at a speed and code size penalty, and of course |
|
|
662 | also within reasonable limits (it tries to convert normals and denormals, |
|
|
663 | and might be lucky for infinities, and with extraordinary luck, also for |
|
|
664 | negative zero). |
|
|
665 | |
|
|
666 | On all modern platforms (where C<ECB_STDFP> is true), the compiler should |
|
|
667 | be able to optimise away this function completely. |
507 | |
668 | |
508 | =back |
669 | =back |
509 | |
670 | |
510 | =head2 ARITHMETIC |
671 | =head2 ARITHMETIC |
511 | |
672 | |
… | |
… | |
562 | for (i = 0; i < ecb_array_length (primes); i++) |
723 | for (i = 0; i < ecb_array_length (primes); i++) |
563 | sum += primes [i]; |
724 | sum += primes [i]; |
564 | |
725 | |
565 | =back |
726 | =back |
566 | |
727 | |
|
|
728 | =head2 SYMBOLS GOVERNING COMPILATION OF ECB.H ITSELF |
567 | |
729 | |
|
|
730 | These symbols need to be defined before including F<ecb.h> the first time. |
|
|
731 | |
|
|
732 | =over 4 |
|
|
733 | |
|
|
734 | =item ECB_NO_THRADS |
|
|
735 | |
|
|
736 | If F<ecb.h> is never used from multiple threads, then this symbol can |
|
|
737 | be defined, in which case memory fences (and similar constructs) are |
|
|
738 | completely removed, leading to more efficient code and fewer dependencies. |
|
|
739 | |
|
|
740 | Setting this symbol to a true value implies C<ECB_NO_SMP>. |
|
|
741 | |
|
|
742 | =item ECB_NO_SMP |
|
|
743 | |
|
|
744 | The weaker version of C<ECB_NO_THREADS> - if F<ecb.h> is used from |
|
|
745 | multiple threads, but never concurrently (e.g. if the system the program |
|
|
746 | runs on has only a single CPU with a single core, no hyperthreading and so |
|
|
747 | on), then this symbol can be defined, leading to more efficient code and |
|
|
748 | fewer dependencies. |
|
|
749 | |
|
|
750 | =item ECB_NO_LIBM |
|
|
751 | |
|
|
752 | When defined to C<1>, do not export any functions that might introduce |
|
|
753 | dependencies on the math library (usually called F<-lm>) - these are |
|
|
754 | marked with [-UECB_NO_LIBM]. |
|
|
755 | |
|
|
756 | =back |
|
|
757 | |
|
|
758 | |