[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/libev/ev.3

Comparing libev/ev.3 (file contents):
Revision 1.109 by root, Fri Dec 21 07:03:02 2018 UTC vs.
Revision 1.114 by root, Tue Jun 25 06:36:59 2019 UTC

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 .IX Title "LIBEV 3"
-.TH LIBEV 3 "2018-12-21" "libev-4.25" "libev - high performance full featured event loop"
+.TH LIBEV 3 "2019-06-25" "libev-4.25" "libev - high performance full featured event loop"
 .\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
 .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
 .if n .ad l
 .nh
 .SH "NAME"
 watchers\fR, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
 details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by \fIstarting\fR the
 watcher.
 .SS "\s-1FEATURES\s0"
 .IX Subsection "FEATURES"
-Libev supports \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR, the Linux-specific \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR, the
+Libev supports \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR, the Linux-specific aio and \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR
-BSD-specific \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
+interfaces, the BSD-specific \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR and the Solaris-specific event port
-for file descriptor events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR), the Linux \f(CW\*(C`inotify\*(C'\fR interface
+mechanisms for file descriptor events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR), the Linux \f(CW\*(C`inotify\*(C'\fR
-(for \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
+interface (for \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
 inter-thread wakeup (\f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR)/signal handling (\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR)) relative
 timers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR), absolute timers with customised rescheduling
 (\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR), synchronous signals (\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR), process status
 change events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR), and event watchers dealing with the event
 loop mechanism itself (\f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and
 .Sp
 You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
 free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
 or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
 .Sp
+Example: The following is the \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR function that libev itself uses
+which should work with \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`free\*(C'\fR functions of all kinds and
+is probably a good basis for your own implementation.
+.Sp
+.Vb 5
+\&   static void *
+\&   ev_realloc_emul (void *ptr, long size) EV_NOEXCEPT
+\&   {
+\&     if (size)
+\&       return realloc (ptr, size);
+\&
+\&     free (ptr);
+\&     return 0;
+\&   }
+.Ve
+.Sp
 Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
-retries (example requires a standards-compliant \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR).
+retries.
 .Sp
-.Vb 6
+.Vb 8
 \&   static void *
 \&   persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
 \&   {
+\&     if (!size)
+\&       {
+\&         free (ptr);
+\&         return 0;
+\&       }
+\&
 \&     for (;;)
 \&       {
 \&         void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
 \&
 \&         if (newptr)
 .Sp
 This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.
 .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_SELECT""  (value 1, portable select backend)" 4
 .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_SELECT\fR  (value 1, portable select backend)" 4
 .IX Item "EVBACKEND_SELECT (value 1, portable select backend)"
-This is your standard \fIselect\fR\|(2) backend. Not \fIcompletely\fR standard, as
+This is your standard \fBselect\fR\|(2) backend. Not \fIcompletely\fR standard, as
 libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
 but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
 using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
 usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
 .Sp
 \&\f(CW\*(C`writefds\*(C'\fR set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the
 \&\f(CW\*(C`exceptfds\*(C'\fR set on that platform).
 .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_POLL""    (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4
 .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_POLL\fR    (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4
 .IX Item "EVBACKEND_POLL (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)"
-And this is your standard \fIpoll\fR\|(2) backend. It's more complicated
+And this is your standard \fBpoll\fR\|(2) backend. It's more complicated
 than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
 limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
 considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
 i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR, above, for
 performance tips.
 This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP\*(C'\fR, and
 \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP\*(C'\fR.
 .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_EPOLL""   (value 4, Linux)" 4
 .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_EPOLL\fR   (value 4, Linux)" 4
 .IX Item "EVBACKEND_EPOLL (value 4, Linux)"
-Use the linux-specific \fIepoll\fR\|(7) interface (for both pre\- and post\-2.6.9
+Use the Linux-specific \fBepoll\fR\|(7) interface (for both pre\- and post\-2.6.9
 kernels).
 .Sp
 For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but
 it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
 O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest
 All this means that, in practice, \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR can be as fast or
 faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
 the usage. So sad.
 .Sp
 While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
-all kernel versions tested so far.
+a lot of kernel revisions, but probably(!) works in current versions.
+.Sp
+This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR in the same way as
+\&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR.
+.ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO""   (value 64, Linux)" 4
+.el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_LINUXAIO\fR   (value 64, Linux)" 4
+.IX Item "EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO (value 64, Linux)"
+Use the Linux-specific Linux \s-1AIO\s0 (\fInot\fR \f(CWaio(7)\fR but \f(CWio_submit(2)\fR) event interface available in post\-4.18 kernels (but libev
+only tries to use it in 4.19+).
+.Sp
+This is another Linux train wreck of an event interface.
+.Sp
+If this backend works for you (as of this writing, it was very
+experimental), it is the best event interface available on Linux and might
+be well worth enabling it \- if it isn't available in your kernel this will
+be detected and this backend will be skipped.
+.Sp
+This backend can batch oneshot requests and supports a user-space ring
+buffer to receive events. It also doesn't suffer from most of the design
+problems of epoll (such as not being able to remove event sources from
+the epoll set), and generally sounds too good to be true. Because, this
+being the Linux kernel, of course it suffers from a whole new set of
+limitations, forcing you to fall back to epoll, inheriting all its design
+issues.
+.Sp
+For one, it is not easily embeddable (but probably could be done using
+an event fd at some extra overhead). It also is subject to a system wide
+limit that can be configured in \fI/proc/sys/fs/aio\-max\-nr\fR. If no \s-1AIO\s0
+requests are left, this backend will be skipped during initialisation, and
+will switch to epoll when the loop is active.
+.Sp
+Most problematic in practice, however, is that not all file descriptors
+work with it. For example, in Linux 5.1, \s-1TCP\s0 sockets, pipes, event fds,
+files, \fI/dev/null\fR and many others are supported, but ttys do not work
+properly (a known bug that the kernel developers don't care about, see
+<https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/1047453/>), so this is not
+(yet?) a generic event polling interface.
+.Sp
+Overall, it seems the Linux developers just don't want it to have a
+generic event handling mechanism other than \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR.
+.Sp
+To work around all these problem, the current version of libev uses its
+epoll backend as a fallback for file descriptor types that do not work. Or
+falls back completely to epoll if the kernel acts up.
 .Sp
 This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR in the same way as
 \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR.
 .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_KQUEUE""  (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4
 .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_KQUEUE\fR  (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4
 .IX Item "EVBACKEND_KQUEUE (value 8, most BSD clones)"
-Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
+Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time this backend was
-was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
+implemented, it was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't
-with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
+work reliably with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin,
-it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
+where of course it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose
-is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
+brokenness is by design, these kqueue bugs can be (and mostly have been)
-without \s-1API\s0 changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
+fixed without \s-1API\s0 changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not
-\&\*(L"auto-detected\*(R" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
+being \*(L"auto-detected\*(R" on all platforms unless you explicitly specify it
-\&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_KQUEUE\*(C'\fR) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (\-enough)
+in the flags (i.e. using \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_KQUEUE\*(C'\fR) or libev was compiled on a
-system like NetBSD.
+known-to-be-good (\-enough) system like NetBSD.
 .Sp
 You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
 only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
 the target platform). See \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info.
 .Sp
 It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
 kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
 course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
 cause an extra system call as with \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_EPOLL\*(C'\fR, it still adds up to
 two event changes per incident. Support for \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR is very bad (you
-might have to leak fd's on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it
+might have to leak fds on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it
 drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
 .Sp
 This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
 .Sp
 While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
 Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
 used if available.
 .Sp
 .Vb 1
 \&   struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
+.Ve
+.Sp
+Example: Similarly, on linux, you mgiht want to take advantage of the
+linux aio backend if possible, but fall back to something else if that
+isn't available.
+.Sp
+.Vb 1
+\&   struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO);
 .Ve
 .RE
 .IP "ev_loop_destroy (loop)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_loop_destroy (loop)"
 Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state
 bug in your program.
 .Sp
 Libev will usually signal a few \*(L"dummy\*(R" events together with an error, for
 example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your
 callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with
-the error from \fIread()\fR or \fIwrite()\fR. This will not work in multi-threaded
+the error from \fBread()\fR or \fBwrite()\fR. This will not work in multi-threaded
 programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
 thing, so beware.
 .SS "\s-1GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS\s0"
 .IX Subsection "GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS"
 .ie n .IP """ev_init"" (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4
 But really, best use non-blocking mode.
 .PP
 \fIThe special problem of disappearing file descriptors\fR
 .IX Subsection "The special problem of disappearing file descriptors"
 .PP
-Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
+Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll, linuxaio) need to be told about closing
-descriptor (either due to calling \f(CW\*(C`close\*(C'\fR explicitly or any other means,
+a file descriptor (either due to calling \f(CW\*(C`close\*(C'\fR explicitly or any other
-such as \f(CW\*(C`dup2\*(C'\fR). The reason is that you register interest in some file
+means, such as \f(CW\*(C`dup2\*(C'\fR). The reason is that you register interest in some
-descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
+file descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently
-this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
+drop this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then
-registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
+is registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is,
-fact, a different file descriptor.
+in fact, a different file descriptor.
 .PP
 To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
 the following policy:  Each time \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR is being called, libev
 will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
 it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
 reuse the same code path.
 .PP
 \fIThe special problem of fork\fR
 .IX Subsection "The special problem of fork"
 .PP
-Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR at all or exhibit
+Some backends (epoll, kqueue, probably linuxaio) do not support \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR
-useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
+at all or exhibit useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs
-it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the child.
+to be told about it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the
+child.
 .PP
 To support fork in your child processes, you have to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork
 ()\*(C'\fR after a fork in the child, enable \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR, or resort to
 \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR.
 .PP
 when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
 sent a \s-1SIGPIPE,\s0 which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
 this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
 .PP
 So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
-ignore \s-1SIGPIPE \s0(and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
+ignore \s-1SIGPIPE\s0 (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
 somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
 .PP
-\fIThe special problem of \fIaccept()\fIing when you can't\fR
+\fIThe special problem of \f(BIaccept()\fIing when you can't\fR
 .IX Subsection "The special problem of accept()ing when you can't"
 .PP
-Many implementations of the \s-1POSIX \s0\f(CW\*(C`accept\*(C'\fR function (for example,
+Many implementations of the \s-1POSIX\s0 \f(CW\*(C`accept\*(C'\fR function (for example,
 found in post\-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a
 connection from the pending queue in all error cases.
 .PP
 For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because
 of resource limits), causing \f(CW\*(C`accept\*(C'\fR to fail with \f(CW\*(C`ENFILE\*(C'\fR but not
 In this mode the values for \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`offset\*(C'\fR are both being
 ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
 reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
 current time as second argument.
 .Sp
-\&\s-1NOTE: \s0\fIThis callback \s-1MUST NOT\s0 stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
+\&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback \s-1MUST NOT\s0 stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
 or make \s-1ANY\s0 other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly
 allowed by documentation here\fR.
 .Sp
 If you need to stop it, return \f(CW\*(C`now + 1e30\*(C'\fR (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
 it afterwards (e.g. by starting an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher, which is the
 It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
 (that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
 will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
 might be called at other times, too.
 .Sp
-\&\s-1NOTE: \s0\fIThis callback must always return a time that is higher than or
+\&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback must always return a time that is higher than or
 equal to the passed \f(CI\*(C`now\*(C'\fI value\fR.
 .Sp
 This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
 triggers on \*(L"next midnight, local time\*(R". To do this, you would calculate
 the next midnight after \f(CW\*(C`now\*(C'\fR and return the timestamp value for
 The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is
 to install a fork handler with \f(CW\*(C`pthread_atfork\*(C'\fR that resets it. That will
 catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well.
 .PP
 In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely
-unless you use the \f(CW\*(C`signalfd\*(C'\fR \s-1API \s0(\f(CW\*(C`EV_SIGNALFD\*(C'\fR). While this reduces
+unless you use the \f(CW\*(C`signalfd\*(C'\fR \s-1API\s0 (\f(CW\*(C`EV_SIGNALFD\*(C'\fR). While this reduces
 the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev
 \&\fIhas\fR to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.
 .PP
 So I can't stress this enough: \fIIf you do not reset your signal mask when
 you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code\fR. This
 \&   #include "ev.c"
 .Ve
 .PP
 This will automatically include \fIev.h\fR, too, and should be done in a
 single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
-it, do the same for \fIev.h\fR in all files wishing to use this \s-1API \s0(best
+it, do the same for \fIev.h\fR in all files wishing to use this \s-1API\s0 (best
 done by writing a wrapper around \fIev.h\fR that you can include instead and
 where you can put other configuration options):
 .PP
 .Vb 2
 \&   #define EV_STANDALONE 1
 \&   ev_win32.c      required on win32 platforms only
 \&
 \&   ev_select.c     only when select backend is enabled
 \&   ev_poll.c       only when poll backend is enabled
 \&   ev_epoll.c      only when the epoll backend is enabled
+\&   ev_linuxaio.c   only when the linux aio backend is enabled
 \&   ev_kqueue.c     only when the kqueue backend is enabled
 \&   ev_port.c       only when the solaris port backend is enabled
 .Ve
 .PP
 \&\fIev.c\fR includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
 values when compiling libev vs. including \fIev.h\fR, so it is permissible
 to redefine them before including \fIev.h\fR without breaking compatibility
 to a compiled library. All other symbols change the \s-1ABI,\s0 which means all
 users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible
 settings.
-.IP "\s-1EV_COMPAT3 \s0(h)" 4
+.IP "\s-1EV_COMPAT3\s0 (h)" 4
 .IX Item "EV_COMPAT3 (h)"
 Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this
 release of libev comes with wrappers for the functions and symbols that
 have been renamed between libev version 3 and 4.
 .Sp
 typedef in that case.
 .Sp
 In some future version, the default for \f(CW\*(C`EV_COMPAT3\*(C'\fR will become \f(CW0\fR,
 and in some even more future version the compatibility code will be
 removed completely.
-.IP "\s-1EV_STANDALONE \s0(h)" 4
+.IP "\s-1EV_STANDALONE\s0 (h)" 4
 .IX Item "EV_STANDALONE (h)"
 Must always be \f(CW1\fR if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
 keeps libev from including \fIconfig.h\fR, and it also defines dummy
 implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
 supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
 If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux
 \&\f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
 otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
 backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
 headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
+.IP "\s-1EV_USE_LINUXAIO\s0" 4
+.IX Item "EV_USE_LINUXAIO"
+If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux
+aio backend. Due to it's currenbt limitations it has to be requested
+explicitly.  If undefined, it will be enabled on linux, otherwise
+disabled.
 .IP "\s-1EV_USE_KQUEUE\s0" 4
 .IX Item "EV_USE_KQUEUE"
 If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the \s-1BSD\s0 style
 \&\f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
 otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
 handler \*(L"locking\*(R" as well as for signal and thread safety in \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR
 watchers.
 .Sp
 In the absence of this define, libev will use \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t volatile\*(C'\fR
 (from \fIsignal.h\fR), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
-.IP "\s-1EV_H \s0(h)" 4
+.IP "\s-1EV_H\s0 (h)" 4
 .IX Item "EV_H (h)"
 The name of the \fIev.h\fR header file used to include it. The default if
 undefined is \f(CW"ev.h"\fR in \fIevent.h\fR, \fIev.c\fR and \fIev++.h\fR. This can be
 used to virtually rename the \fIev.h\fR header file in case of conflicts.
-.IP "\s-1EV_CONFIG_H \s0(h)" 4
+.IP "\s-1EV_CONFIG_H\s0 (h)" 4
 .IX Item "EV_CONFIG_H (h)"
 If \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE\*(C'\fR isn't \f(CW1\fR, this variable can be used to override
 \&\fIev.c\fR's idea of where to find the \fIconfig.h\fR file, similarly to
 \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_H\*(C'\fR, above.
-.IP "\s-1EV_EVENT_H \s0(h)" 4
+.IP "\s-1EV_EVENT_H\s0 (h)" 4
 .IX Item "EV_EVENT_H (h)"
 Similarly to \f(CW\*(C`EV_H\*(C'\fR, this macro can be used to override \fIevent.c\fR's idea
 of how the \fIevent.h\fR header can be found, the default is \f(CW"event.h"\fR.
-.IP "\s-1EV_PROTOTYPES \s0(h)" 4
+.IP "\s-1EV_PROTOTYPES\s0 (h)" 4
 .IX Item "EV_PROTOTYPES (h)"
 If defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then \fIev.h\fR will not define any function
 prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
 occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
 around libev functions.
 .Vb 3
 \&   #define EV_COMMON                       \e
 \&     SV *self; /* contains this struct */  \e
 \&     SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
 .Ve
-.IP "\s-1EV_CB_DECLARE \s0(type)" 4
+.IP "\s-1EV_CB_DECLARE\s0 (type)" 4
 .IX Item "EV_CB_DECLARE (type)"
 .PD 0
-.IP "\s-1EV_CB_INVOKE \s0(watcher, revents)" 4
+.IP "\s-1EV_CB_INVOKE\s0 (watcher, revents)" 4
 .IX Item "EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)"
 .IP "ev_set_cb (ev, cb)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_set_cb (ev, cb)"
 .PD
 Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
 their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
 avoid the \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR as first argument in all cases, or to use
 method calls instead of plain function calls in \*(C+.
 .SS "\s-1EXPORTED API SYMBOLS\s0"
 .IX Subsection "EXPORTED API SYMBOLS"
-If you need to re-export the \s-1API \s0(e.g. via a \s-1DLL\s0) and you need a list of
+If you need to re-export the \s-1API\s0 (e.g. via a \s-1DLL\s0) and you need a list of
 exported symbols, you can use the provided \fISymbol.*\fR files which list
 all public symbols, one per line:
 .PP
 .Vb 2
 \&   Symbols.ev      for libev proper
 .PP
 \fI\f(CI\*(C`select\*(C'\fI is buggy\fR
 .IX Subsection "select is buggy"
 .PP
 All that's left is \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this
-one up as well: On \s-1OS/X, \s0\f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR actively limits the number of file
+one up as well: On \s-1OS/X,\s0 \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR actively limits the number of file
 descriptors you can pass in to 1024 \- your program suddenly crashes when
 you use more.
 .PP
 There is an undocumented \*(L"workaround\*(R" for this \- defining
 \&\f(CW\*(C`_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT\*(C'\fR, which libev tries to use, so select \fIshould\fR

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Comparing libev/ev.3 (file contents): Revision 1.109 by root, Fri Dec 21 07:03:02 2018 UTC vs. Revision 1.114 by root, Tue Jun 25 06:36:59 2019 UTC

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Comparing libev/ev.3 (file contents):
Revision 1.109 by root, Fri Dec 21 07:03:02 2018 UTC vs.
Revision 1.114 by root, Tue Jun 25 06:36:59 2019 UTC