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134 | .IX Title "EV 1" |
135 | .IX Title "LIBEV 3" |
135 | .TH EV 1 "2008-03-08" "perl v5.10.0" "User Contributed Perl Documentation" |
136 | .TH LIBEV 3 "2019-06-25" "libev-4.25" "libev - high performance full featured event loop" |
136 | .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes |
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137 | .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. |
138 | .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. |
138 | .if n .ad l |
139 | .if n .ad l |
139 | .nh |
140 | .nh |
140 | .SH "NAME" |
141 | .SH "NAME" |
141 | libev \- a high performance full\-featured event loop written in C |
142 | libev \- a high performance full\-featured event loop written in C |
142 | .SH "SYNOPSIS" |
143 | .SH "SYNOPSIS" |
143 | .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" |
144 | .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" |
144 | .Vb 1 |
145 | .Vb 1 |
145 | \& #include <ev.h> |
146 | \& #include <ev.h> |
146 | .Ve |
147 | .Ve |
147 | .Sh "\s-1EXAMPLE\s0 \s-1PROGRAM\s0" |
148 | .SS "\s-1EXAMPLE PROGRAM\s0" |
148 | .IX Subsection "EXAMPLE PROGRAM" |
149 | .IX Subsection "EXAMPLE PROGRAM" |
149 | .Vb 2 |
150 | .Vb 2 |
150 | \& // a single header file is required |
151 | \& // a single header file is required |
151 | \& #include <ev.h> |
152 | \& #include <ev.h> |
152 | \& |
153 | \& |
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154 | \& #include <stdio.h> // for puts |
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155 | \& |
153 | \& // every watcher type has its own typedef\*(Aqd struct |
156 | \& // every watcher type has its own typedef\*(Aqd struct |
154 | \& // with the name ev_<type> |
157 | \& // with the name ev_TYPE |
155 | \& ev_io stdin_watcher; |
158 | \& ev_io stdin_watcher; |
156 | \& ev_timer timeout_watcher; |
159 | \& ev_timer timeout_watcher; |
157 | \& |
160 | \& |
158 | \& // all watcher callbacks have a similar signature |
161 | \& // all watcher callbacks have a similar signature |
159 | \& // this callback is called when data is readable on stdin |
162 | \& // this callback is called when data is readable on stdin |
160 | \& static void |
163 | \& static void |
161 | \& stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
164 | \& stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents) |
162 | \& { |
165 | \& { |
163 | \& puts ("stdin ready"); |
166 | \& puts ("stdin ready"); |
164 | \& // for one\-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher |
167 | \& // for one\-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher |
165 | \& // with its corresponding stop function. |
168 | \& // with its corresponding stop function. |
166 | \& ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
169 | \& ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
167 | \& |
170 | \& |
168 | \& // this causes all nested ev_loop\*(Aqs to stop iterating |
171 | \& // this causes all nested ev_run\*(Aqs to stop iterating |
169 | \& ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
172 | \& ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL); |
170 | \& } |
173 | \& } |
171 | \& |
174 | \& |
172 | \& // another callback, this time for a time\-out |
175 | \& // another callback, this time for a time\-out |
173 | \& static void |
176 | \& static void |
174 | \& timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
177 | \& timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
175 | \& { |
178 | \& { |
176 | \& puts ("timeout"); |
179 | \& puts ("timeout"); |
177 | \& // this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating |
180 | \& // this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating |
178 | \& ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); |
181 | \& ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE); |
179 | \& } |
182 | \& } |
180 | \& |
183 | \& |
181 | \& int |
184 | \& int |
182 | \& main (void) |
185 | \& main (void) |
183 | \& { |
186 | \& { |
184 | \& // use the default event loop unless you have special needs |
187 | \& // use the default event loop unless you have special needs |
185 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
188 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = EV_DEFAULT; |
186 | \& |
189 | \& |
187 | \& // initialise an io watcher, then start it |
190 | \& // initialise an io watcher, then start it |
188 | \& // this one will watch for stdin to become readable |
191 | \& // this one will watch for stdin to become readable |
189 | \& ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ); |
192 | \& ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ); |
190 | \& ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
193 | \& ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
191 | \& |
194 | \& |
192 | \& // initialise a timer watcher, then start it |
195 | \& // initialise a timer watcher, then start it |
193 | \& // simple non\-repeating 5.5 second timeout |
196 | \& // simple non\-repeating 5.5 second timeout |
194 | \& ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); |
197 | \& ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); |
195 | \& ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher); |
198 | \& ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher); |
196 | \& |
199 | \& |
197 | \& // now wait for events to arrive |
200 | \& // now wait for events to arrive |
198 | \& ev_loop (loop, 0); |
201 | \& ev_run (loop, 0); |
199 | \& |
202 | \& |
200 | \& // unloop was called, so exit |
203 | \& // break was called, so exit |
201 | \& return 0; |
204 | \& return 0; |
202 | \& } |
205 | \& } |
203 | .Ve |
206 | .Ve |
204 | .SH "DESCRIPTION" |
207 | .SH "ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT" |
205 | .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" |
208 | .IX Header "ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT" |
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209 | This document documents the libev software package. |
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210 | .PP |
206 | The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted |
211 | The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted |
207 | web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first |
212 | web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first |
208 | time: <http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>. |
213 | time: <http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>. |
209 | .PP |
214 | .PP |
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215 | While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting |
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216 | libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial |
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217 | on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming |
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218 | with libev. |
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219 | .PP |
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220 | Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed |
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221 | throughout this document. |
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222 | .SH "WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY" |
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223 | .IX Header "WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY" |
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224 | This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes |
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225 | it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest |
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226 | reading \*(L"\s-1ANATOMY OF A WATCHER\*(R"\s0, then the \*(L"\s-1EXAMPLE PROGRAM\*(R"\s0 above and |
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227 | look up the missing functions in \*(L"\s-1GLOBAL FUNCTIONS\*(R"\s0 and the \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR and |
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228 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR sections in \*(L"\s-1WATCHER TYPES\*(R"\s0. |
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229 | .SH "ABOUT LIBEV" |
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230 | .IX Header "ABOUT LIBEV" |
210 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
231 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
211 | file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage |
232 | file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage |
212 | these event sources and provide your program with events. |
233 | these event sources and provide your program with events. |
213 | .PP |
234 | .PP |
214 | To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process |
235 | To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process |
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217 | .PP |
238 | .PP |
218 | You register interest in certain events by registering so-called \fIevent |
239 | You register interest in certain events by registering so-called \fIevent |
219 | watchers\fR, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the |
240 | watchers\fR, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the |
220 | details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by \fIstarting\fR the |
241 | details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by \fIstarting\fR the |
221 | watcher. |
242 | watcher. |
222 | .Sh "\s-1FEATURES\s0" |
243 | .SS "\s-1FEATURES\s0" |
223 | .IX Subsection "FEATURES" |
244 | .IX Subsection "FEATURES" |
224 | Libev supports \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR, the Linux-specific \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR, the |
245 | Libev supports \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR, the Linux-specific aio and \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR |
225 | BSD-specific \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms |
246 | interfaces, the BSD-specific \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR and the Solaris-specific event port |
226 | for file descriptor events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR), the Linux \f(CW\*(C`inotify\*(C'\fR interface |
247 | mechanisms for file descriptor events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR), the Linux \f(CW\*(C`inotify\*(C'\fR |
227 | (for \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR), relative timers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR), absolute timers |
248 | interface (for \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner |
228 | with customised rescheduling (\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR), synchronous signals |
249 | inter-thread wakeup (\f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR)/signal handling (\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR)) relative |
229 | (\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR), process status change events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR), and event |
250 | timers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR), absolute timers with customised rescheduling |
230 | watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (\f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR, |
251 | (\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR), synchronous signals (\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR), process status |
231 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers) as well as |
252 | change events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR), and event watchers dealing with the event |
232 | file watchers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR) and even limited support for fork events |
253 | loop mechanism itself (\f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and |
233 | (\f(CW\*(C`ev_fork\*(C'\fR). |
254 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers) as well as file watchers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR) and even |
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255 | limited support for fork events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_fork\*(C'\fR). |
234 | .PP |
256 | .PP |
235 | It also is quite fast (see this |
257 | It also is quite fast (see this |
236 | benchmark comparing it to libevent |
258 | benchmark <http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent |
237 | for example). |
259 | for example). |
238 | .Sh "\s-1CONVENTIONS\s0" |
260 | .SS "\s-1CONVENTIONS\s0" |
239 | .IX Subsection "CONVENTIONS" |
261 | .IX Subsection "CONVENTIONS" |
240 | Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common) |
262 | Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common) |
241 | configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For |
263 | configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For |
242 | more info about various configuration options please have a look at |
264 | more info about various configuration options please have a look at |
243 | \&\fB\s-1EMBED\s0\fR section in this manual. If libev was configured without support |
265 | \&\fB\s-1EMBED\s0\fR section in this manual. If libev was configured without support |
244 | for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of |
266 | for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of |
245 | name \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR (which is always of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR) will not have |
267 | name \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR (which is always of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR) will not have |
246 | this argument. |
268 | this argument. |
247 | .Sh "\s-1TIME\s0 \s-1REPRESENTATION\s0" |
269 | .SS "\s-1TIME REPRESENTATION\s0" |
248 | .IX Subsection "TIME REPRESENTATION" |
270 | .IX Subsection "TIME REPRESENTATION" |
249 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the |
271 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing |
250 | (fractional) number of seconds since the (\s-1POSIX\s0) epoch (somewhere near |
272 | the (fractional) number of seconds since the (\s-1POSIX\s0) epoch (in practice |
251 | the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is |
273 | somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't |
252 | called \f(CW\*(C`ev_tstamp\*(C'\fR, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases |
274 | ask). This type is called \f(CW\*(C`ev_tstamp\*(C'\fR, which is what you should use |
253 | to the \f(CW\*(C`double\*(C'\fR type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on |
275 | too. It usually aliases to the \f(CW\*(C`double\*(C'\fR type in C. When you need to do |
254 | it, you should treat it as some floatingpoint value. Unlike the name |
276 | any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. |
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277 | .PP |
255 | component \f(CW\*(C`stamp\*(C'\fR might indicate, it is also used for time differences |
278 | Unlike the name component \f(CW\*(C`stamp\*(C'\fR might indicate, it is also used for |
256 | throughout libev. |
279 | time differences (e.g. delays) throughout libev. |
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280 | .SH "ERROR HANDLING" |
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281 | .IX Header "ERROR HANDLING" |
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282 | Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors |
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283 | and internal errors (bugs). |
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284 | .PP |
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285 | When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example |
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286 | a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback |
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287 | set via \f(CW\*(C`ev_set_syserr_cb\*(C'\fR, which is supposed to fix the problem or |
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288 | abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call \f(CW\*(C`abort |
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289 | ()\*(C'\fR. |
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290 | .PP |
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291 | When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then |
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292 | it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the \f(CW\*(C`assert\*(C'\fR mechanism, |
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293 | so \f(CW\*(C`NDEBUG\*(C'\fR will disable this checking): these are programming errors in |
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294 | the libev caller and need to be fixed there. |
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295 | .PP |
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296 | Via the \f(CW\*(C`EV_FREQUENT\*(C'\fR macro you can compile in and/or enable extensive |
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297 | consistency checking code inside libev that can be used to check for |
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298 | internal inconsistencies, suually caused by application bugs. |
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299 | .PP |
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300 | Libev also has a few internal error-checking \f(CW\*(C`assert\*(C'\fRions. These do not |
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301 | trigger under normal circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev |
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302 | or worse. |
257 | .SH "GLOBAL FUNCTIONS" |
303 | .SH "GLOBAL FUNCTIONS" |
258 | .IX Header "GLOBAL FUNCTIONS" |
304 | .IX Header "GLOBAL FUNCTIONS" |
259 | These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the |
305 | These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the |
260 | library in any way. |
306 | library in any way. |
261 | .IP "ev_tstamp ev_time ()" 4 |
307 | .IP "ev_tstamp ev_time ()" 4 |
262 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp ev_time ()" |
308 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp ev_time ()" |
263 | Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the |
309 | Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the |
264 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_now\*(C'\fR function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp |
310 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_now\*(C'\fR function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp |
265 | you actually want to know. |
311 | you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of |
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312 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_now_update\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_now\*(C'\fR. |
266 | .IP "ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)" 4 |
313 | .IP "ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)" 4 |
267 | .IX Item "ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)" |
314 | .IX Item "ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)" |
268 | Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until |
315 | Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked |
269 | either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically |
316 | until either it is interrupted or the given time interval has |
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317 | passed (approximately \- it might return a bit earlier even if not |
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318 | interrupted). Returns immediately if \f(CW\*(C`interval <= 0\*(C'\fR. |
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319 | .Sp |
270 | this is a subsecond-resolution \f(CW\*(C`sleep ()\*(C'\fR. |
320 | Basically this is a sub-second-resolution \f(CW\*(C`sleep ()\*(C'\fR. |
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321 | .Sp |
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322 | The range of the \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR is limited \- libev only guarantees to work |
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323 | with sleep times of up to one day (\f(CW\*(C`interval <= 86400\*(C'\fR). |
271 | .IP "int ev_version_major ()" 4 |
324 | .IP "int ev_version_major ()" 4 |
272 | .IX Item "int ev_version_major ()" |
325 | .IX Item "int ev_version_major ()" |
273 | .PD 0 |
326 | .PD 0 |
274 | .IP "int ev_version_minor ()" 4 |
327 | .IP "int ev_version_minor ()" 4 |
275 | .IX Item "int ev_version_minor ()" |
328 | .IX Item "int ev_version_minor ()" |
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287 | as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually |
340 | as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually |
288 | compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually |
341 | compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually |
289 | not a problem. |
342 | not a problem. |
290 | .Sp |
343 | .Sp |
291 | Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong |
344 | Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong |
292 | version. |
345 | version (note, however, that this will not detect other \s-1ABI\s0 mismatches, |
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346 | such as \s-1LFS\s0 or reentrancy). |
293 | .Sp |
347 | .Sp |
294 | .Vb 3 |
348 | .Vb 3 |
295 | \& assert (("libev version mismatch", |
349 | \& assert (("libev version mismatch", |
296 | \& ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR |
350 | \& ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR |
297 | \& && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); |
351 | \& && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); |
298 | .Ve |
352 | .Ve |
299 | .IP "unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()" 4 |
353 | .IP "unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()" 4 |
300 | .IX Item "unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()" |
354 | .IX Item "unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()" |
301 | Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding \f(CW\*(C`EV_BACKEND_*\*(C'\fR |
355 | Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding \f(CW\*(C`EV_BACKEND_*\*(C'\fR |
302 | value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their |
356 | value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their |
… | |
… | |
305 | .Sp |
359 | .Sp |
306 | Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and |
360 | Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and |
307 | a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11 |
361 | a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11 |
308 | .Sp |
362 | .Sp |
309 | .Vb 2 |
363 | .Vb 2 |
310 | \& assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex", |
364 | \& assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex", |
311 | \& ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL)); |
365 | \& ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL)); |
312 | .Ve |
366 | .Ve |
313 | .IP "unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()" 4 |
367 | .IP "unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()" 4 |
314 | .IX Item "unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()" |
368 | .IX Item "unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()" |
315 | Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also |
369 | Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and |
316 | recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one |
370 | also recommended for this platform, meaning it will work for most file |
|
|
371 | descriptor types. This set is often smaller than the one returned by |
317 | returned by \f(CW\*(C`ev_supported_backends\*(C'\fR, as for example kqueue is broken on |
372 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_supported_backends\*(C'\fR, as for example kqueue is broken on most BSDs |
318 | most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it |
373 | and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it (assuming |
319 | (assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that |
374 | you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that libev will |
320 | libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly. |
375 | probe for if you specify no backends explicitly. |
321 | .IP "unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()" 4 |
376 | .IP "unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()" 4 |
322 | .IX Item "unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()" |
377 | .IX Item "unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()" |
323 | Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This |
378 | Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This |
324 | is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends |
379 | value is platform-specific but can include backends not available on the |
325 | might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at |
380 | current system. To find which embeddable backends might be supported on |
326 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()\*(C'\fR, likewise for |
381 | the current system, you would need to look at \f(CW\*(C`ev_embeddable_backends () |
327 | recommended ones. |
382 | & ev_supported_backends ()\*(C'\fR, likewise for recommended ones. |
328 | .Sp |
383 | .Sp |
329 | See the description of \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info. |
384 | See the description of \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info. |
330 | .IP "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))" 4 |
385 | .IP "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size) throw ())" 4 |
331 | .IX Item "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))" |
386 | .IX Item "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size) throw ())" |
332 | Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar \- the |
387 | Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar \- the |
333 | semantics is identical \- to the realloc C function). It is used to |
388 | semantics are identical to the \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is |
334 | allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when |
389 | used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero |
335 | memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some |
390 | when memory needs to be allocated (\f(CW\*(C`size != 0\*(C'\fR), the library might abort |
336 | potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc |
391 | or take some potentially destructive action. |
337 | function. |
392 | .Sp |
|
|
393 | Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement |
|
|
394 | correct \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system |
|
|
395 | \&\f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`free\*(C'\fR functions by default. |
338 | .Sp |
396 | .Sp |
339 | You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, |
397 | You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, |
340 | free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, |
398 | free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, |
341 | or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available. |
399 | or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available. |
342 | .Sp |
400 | .Sp |
|
|
401 | Example: The following is the \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR function that libev itself uses |
|
|
402 | which should work with \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`free\*(C'\fR functions of all kinds and |
|
|
403 | is probably a good basis for your own implementation. |
|
|
404 | .Sp |
|
|
405 | .Vb 5 |
|
|
406 | \& static void * |
|
|
407 | \& ev_realloc_emul (void *ptr, long size) EV_NOEXCEPT |
|
|
408 | \& { |
|
|
409 | \& if (size) |
|
|
410 | \& return realloc (ptr, size); |
|
|
411 | \& |
|
|
412 | \& free (ptr); |
|
|
413 | \& return 0; |
|
|
414 | \& } |
|
|
415 | .Ve |
|
|
416 | .Sp |
343 | Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then |
417 | Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then |
344 | retries). |
418 | retries. |
345 | .Sp |
419 | .Sp |
346 | .Vb 6 |
420 | .Vb 8 |
347 | \& static void * |
421 | \& static void * |
348 | \& persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size) |
422 | \& persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size) |
349 | \& { |
423 | \& { |
|
|
424 | \& if (!size) |
|
|
425 | \& { |
|
|
426 | \& free (ptr); |
|
|
427 | \& return 0; |
|
|
428 | \& } |
|
|
429 | \& |
350 | \& for (;;) |
430 | \& for (;;) |
351 | \& { |
431 | \& { |
352 | \& void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size); |
432 | \& void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size); |
353 | \& |
433 | \& |
354 | \& if (newptr) |
434 | \& if (newptr) |
… | |
… | |
359 | \& } |
439 | \& } |
360 | \& |
440 | \& |
361 | \& ... |
441 | \& ... |
362 | \& ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc); |
442 | \& ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc); |
363 | .Ve |
443 | .Ve |
364 | .IP "ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));" 4 |
444 | .IP "ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg) throw ())" 4 |
365 | .IX Item "ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));" |
445 | .IX Item "ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg) throw ())" |
366 | Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such |
446 | Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such |
367 | as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string |
447 | as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string |
368 | indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this |
448 | indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this |
369 | callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no |
449 | callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no |
370 | matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the |
450 | matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the |
371 | requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff |
451 | requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff |
372 | (such as abort). |
452 | (such as abort). |
373 | .Sp |
453 | .Sp |
374 | Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too. |
454 | Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too. |
… | |
… | |
382 | \& } |
462 | \& } |
383 | \& |
463 | \& |
384 | \& ... |
464 | \& ... |
385 | \& ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error); |
465 | \& ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error); |
386 | .Ve |
466 | .Ve |
|
|
467 | .IP "ev_feed_signal (int signum)" 4 |
|
|
468 | .IX Item "ev_feed_signal (int signum)" |
|
|
469 | This function can be used to \*(L"simulate\*(R" a signal receive. It is completely |
|
|
470 | safe to call this function at any time, from any context, including signal |
|
|
471 | handlers or random threads. |
|
|
472 | .Sp |
|
|
473 | Its main use is to customise signal handling in your process, especially |
|
|
474 | in the presence of threads. For example, you could block signals |
|
|
475 | by default in all threads (and specifying \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK\*(C'\fR when |
|
|
476 | creating any loops), and in one thread, use \f(CW\*(C`sigwait\*(C'\fR or any other |
|
|
477 | mechanism to wait for signals, then \*(L"deliver\*(R" them to libev by calling |
|
|
478 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal\*(C'\fR. |
387 | .SH "FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP" |
479 | .SH "FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS" |
388 | .IX Header "FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP" |
480 | .IX Header "FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS" |
389 | An event loop is described by a \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR. The library knows two |
481 | An event loop is described by a \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR (the \f(CW\*(C`struct\*(C'\fR is |
390 | types of such loops, the \fIdefault\fR loop, which supports signals and child |
482 | \&\fInot\fR optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as |
391 | events, and dynamically created loops which do not. |
483 | libev 3 had an \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR function colliding with the struct name). |
392 | .PP |
484 | .PP |
393 | If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop |
485 | The library knows two types of such loops, the \fIdefault\fR loop, which |
394 | in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you |
486 | supports child process events, and dynamically created event loops which |
395 | create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking |
487 | do not. |
396 | whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different |
|
|
397 | threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if |
|
|
398 | done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient). |
|
|
399 | .IP "struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)" 4 |
488 | .IP "struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)" 4 |
400 | .IX Item "struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)" |
489 | .IX Item "struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)" |
401 | This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised |
490 | This returns the \*(L"default\*(R" event loop object, which is what you should |
402 | yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns |
491 | normally use when you just need \*(L"the event loop\*(R". Event loop objects and |
403 | false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the |
492 | the \f(CW\*(C`flags\*(C'\fR parameter are described in more detail in the entry for |
404 | flags. If that is troubling you, check \f(CW\*(C`ev_backend ()\*(C'\fR afterwards). |
493 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
494 | .Sp |
|
|
495 | If the default loop is already initialised then this function simply |
|
|
496 | returns it (and ignores the flags. If that is troubling you, check |
|
|
497 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_backend ()\*(C'\fR afterwards). Otherwise it will create it with the given |
|
|
498 | flags, which should almost always be \f(CW0\fR, unless the caller is also the |
|
|
499 | one calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR or otherwise qualifies as \*(L"the main program\*(R". |
405 | .Sp |
500 | .Sp |
406 | If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this |
501 | If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this |
407 | function. |
502 | function (or via the \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR macro). |
408 | .Sp |
503 | .Sp |
|
|
504 | Note that this function is \fInot\fR thread-safe, so if you want to use it |
|
|
505 | from multiple threads, you have to employ some kind of mutex (note also |
|
|
506 | that this case is unlikely, as loops cannot be shared easily between |
|
|
507 | threads anyway). |
|
|
508 | .Sp |
409 | The default loop is the only loop that can handle \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR and |
509 | The default loop is the only loop that can handle \f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watchers, |
410 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler |
510 | and to do this, it always registers a handler for \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR. If this is |
411 | for \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR. If this is a problem for your app you can either |
511 | a problem for your application you can either create a dynamic loop with |
412 | create a dynamic loop with \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR that doesn't do that, or you |
512 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR which doesn't do that, or you can simply overwrite the |
413 | can simply overwrite the \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR signal handler \fIafter\fR calling |
513 | \&\f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR signal handler \fIafter\fR calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_init\*(C'\fR. |
414 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_init\*(C'\fR. |
514 | .Sp |
|
|
515 | Example: This is the most typical usage. |
|
|
516 | .Sp |
|
|
517 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
518 | \& if (!ev_default_loop (0)) |
|
|
519 | \& fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?"); |
|
|
520 | .Ve |
|
|
521 | .Sp |
|
|
522 | Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow |
|
|
523 | environment settings to be taken into account: |
|
|
524 | .Sp |
|
|
525 | .Vb 1 |
|
|
526 | \& ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV); |
|
|
527 | .Ve |
|
|
528 | .IP "struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)" 4 |
|
|
529 | .IX Item "struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)" |
|
|
530 | This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop |
|
|
531 | could not be initialised, returns false. |
|
|
532 | .Sp |
|
|
533 | This function is thread-safe, and one common way to use libev with |
|
|
534 | threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the default |
|
|
535 | loop in the \*(L"main\*(R" or \*(L"initial\*(R" thread. |
415 | .Sp |
536 | .Sp |
416 | The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific |
537 | The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific |
417 | backends to use, and is usually specified as \f(CW0\fR (or \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_AUTO\*(C'\fR). |
538 | backends to use, and is usually specified as \f(CW0\fR (or \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_AUTO\*(C'\fR). |
418 | .Sp |
539 | .Sp |
419 | The following flags are supported: |
540 | The following flags are supported: |
… | |
… | |
424 | The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right |
545 | The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right |
425 | thing, believe me). |
546 | thing, believe me). |
426 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_NOENV""" 4 |
547 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_NOENV""" 4 |
427 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_NOENV\fR" 4 |
548 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_NOENV\fR" 4 |
428 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_NOENV" |
549 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_NOENV" |
429 | If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid |
550 | If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid |
430 | or setgid) then libev will \fInot\fR look at the environment variable |
551 | or setgid) then libev will \fInot\fR look at the environment variable |
431 | \&\f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will |
552 | \&\f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will |
432 | override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is |
553 | override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is |
433 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work |
554 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, to work |
434 | around bugs. |
555 | around bugs, or to make libev threadsafe (accessing environment variables |
|
|
556 | cannot be done in a threadsafe way, but usually it works if no other |
|
|
557 | thread modifies them). |
435 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_FORKCHECK""" 4 |
558 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_FORKCHECK""" 4 |
436 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_FORKCHECK\fR" 4 |
559 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_FORKCHECK\fR" 4 |
437 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_FORKCHECK" |
560 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_FORKCHECK" |
438 | Instead of calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR manually after |
561 | Instead of calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR manually after a fork, you can also |
439 | a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by |
562 | make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag. |
440 | enabling this flag. |
|
|
441 | .Sp |
563 | .Sp |
442 | This works by calling \f(CW\*(C`getpid ()\*(C'\fR on every iteration of the loop, |
564 | This works by calling \f(CW\*(C`getpid ()\*(C'\fR on every iteration of the loop, |
443 | and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop |
565 | and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop |
444 | iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my |
566 | iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my |
445 | GNU/Linux system for example, \f(CW\*(C`getpid\*(C'\fR is actually a simple 5\-insn sequence |
567 | GNU/Linux system for example, \f(CW\*(C`getpid\*(C'\fR is actually a simple 5\-insn |
446 | without a syscall and thus \fIvery\fR fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has |
568 | sequence without a system call and thus \fIvery\fR fast, but my GNU/Linux |
447 | \&\f(CW\*(C`pthread_atfork\*(C'\fR which is even faster). |
569 | system also has \f(CW\*(C`pthread_atfork\*(C'\fR which is even faster). (Update: glibc |
|
|
570 | versions 2.25 apparently removed the \f(CW\*(C`getpid\*(C'\fR optimisation again). |
448 | .Sp |
571 | .Sp |
449 | The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and |
572 | The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and |
450 | forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this |
573 | forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking, although you still |
451 | flag. |
574 | have to ignore \f(CW\*(C`SIGPIPE\*(C'\fR) when you use this flag. |
452 | .Sp |
575 | .Sp |
453 | This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the \f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR |
576 | This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the \f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR |
454 | environment variable. |
577 | environment variable. |
|
|
578 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY""" 4 |
|
|
579 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_NOINOTIFY\fR" 4 |
|
|
580 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY" |
|
|
581 | When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the |
|
|
582 | \&\fIinotify\fR \s-1API\s0 for its \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers. Apart from debugging and |
|
|
583 | testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as |
|
|
584 | otherwise each loop using \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers consumes one inotify handle. |
|
|
585 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_SIGNALFD""" 4 |
|
|
586 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_SIGNALFD\fR" 4 |
|
|
587 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_SIGNALFD" |
|
|
588 | When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the |
|
|
589 | \&\fIsignalfd\fR \s-1API\s0 for its \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR (and \f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR) watchers. This \s-1API\s0 |
|
|
590 | delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make |
|
|
591 | it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal |
|
|
592 | handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your |
|
|
593 | threads that are not interested in handling them. |
|
|
594 | .Sp |
|
|
595 | Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and |
|
|
596 | there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for |
|
|
597 | example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks. |
|
|
598 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK""" 4 |
|
|
599 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_NOSIGMASK\fR" 4 |
|
|
600 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK" |
|
|
601 | When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal |
|
|
602 | mask. Specifically, this means you have to make sure signals are unblocked |
|
|
603 | when you want to receive them. |
|
|
604 | .Sp |
|
|
605 | This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or |
|
|
606 | want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev |
|
|
607 | unblocking the signals. |
|
|
608 | .Sp |
|
|
609 | It's also required by \s-1POSIX\s0 in a threaded program, as libev calls |
|
|
610 | \&\f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR, whose behaviour is officially unspecified. |
|
|
611 | .Sp |
|
|
612 | This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev. |
455 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_SELECT"" (value 1, portable select backend)" 4 |
613 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_SELECT"" (value 1, portable select backend)" 4 |
456 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_SELECT\fR (value 1, portable select backend)" 4 |
614 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_SELECT\fR (value 1, portable select backend)" 4 |
457 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_SELECT (value 1, portable select backend)" |
615 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_SELECT (value 1, portable select backend)" |
458 | This is your standard \fIselect\fR\|(2) backend. Not \fIcompletely\fR standard, as |
616 | This is your standard \fBselect\fR\|(2) backend. Not \fIcompletely\fR standard, as |
459 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
617 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
460 | but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when |
618 | but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when |
461 | using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its |
619 | using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its |
462 | usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds. |
620 | usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds. |
463 | .Sp |
621 | .Sp |
464 | To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of |
622 | To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of |
465 | parallelity (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are |
623 | parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are |
466 | writing a server, you should \f(CW\*(C`accept ()\*(C'\fR in a loop to accept as many |
624 | writing a server, you should \f(CW\*(C`accept ()\*(C'\fR in a loop to accept as many |
467 | connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have |
625 | connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have |
468 | a look at \f(CW\*(C`ev_set_io_collect_interval ()\*(C'\fR to increase the amount of |
626 | a look at \f(CW\*(C`ev_set_io_collect_interval ()\*(C'\fR to increase the amount of |
469 | readyness notifications you get per iteration. |
627 | readiness notifications you get per iteration. |
|
|
628 | .Sp |
|
|
629 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR to the \f(CW\*(C`readfds\*(C'\fR set and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR to the |
|
|
630 | \&\f(CW\*(C`writefds\*(C'\fR set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the |
|
|
631 | \&\f(CW\*(C`exceptfds\*(C'\fR set on that platform). |
470 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_POLL"" (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4 |
632 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_POLL"" (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4 |
471 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_POLL\fR (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4 |
633 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_POLL\fR (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4 |
472 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_POLL (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" |
634 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_POLL (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" |
473 | And this is your standard \fIpoll\fR\|(2) backend. It's more complicated |
635 | And this is your standard \fBpoll\fR\|(2) backend. It's more complicated |
474 | than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial |
636 | than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial |
475 | limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down |
637 | limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down |
476 | considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, |
638 | considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, |
477 | i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR, above, for |
639 | i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR, above, for |
478 | performance tips. |
640 | performance tips. |
|
|
641 | .Sp |
|
|
642 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP\*(C'\fR, and |
|
|
643 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP\*(C'\fR. |
479 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_EPOLL"" (value 4, Linux)" 4 |
644 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_EPOLL"" (value 4, Linux)" 4 |
480 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_EPOLL\fR (value 4, Linux)" 4 |
645 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_EPOLL\fR (value 4, Linux)" 4 |
481 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_EPOLL (value 4, Linux)" |
646 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_EPOLL (value 4, Linux)" |
|
|
647 | Use the Linux-specific \fBepoll\fR\|(7) interface (for both pre\- and post\-2.6.9 |
|
|
648 | kernels). |
|
|
649 | .Sp |
482 | For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, |
650 | For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but |
483 | but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale |
651 | it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like |
484 | like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), |
652 | O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest |
485 | epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number |
653 | fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). |
486 | of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect |
654 | .Sp |
487 | cases and rewiring a syscall per fd change, no fork support and bad |
655 | The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned |
488 | support for dup. |
656 | of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently |
|
|
657 | dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file |
|
|
658 | descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup, |
|
|
659 | returning before the timeout value, resulting in additional iterations |
|
|
660 | (and only giving 5ms accuracy while select on the same platform gives |
|
|
661 | 0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however \- if a program |
|
|
662 | forks then \fIboth\fR parent and child process have to recreate the epoll |
|
|
663 | set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) |
|
|
664 | and is of course hard to detect. |
|
|
665 | .Sp |
|
|
666 | Epoll is also notoriously buggy \- embedding epoll fds \fIshould\fR work, |
|
|
667 | but of course \fIdoesn't\fR, and epoll just loves to report events for |
|
|
668 | totally \fIdifferent\fR file descriptors (even already closed ones, so |
|
|
669 | one cannot even remove them from the set) than registered in the set |
|
|
670 | (especially on \s-1SMP\s0 systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious |
|
|
671 | notifications by employing an additional generation counter and comparing |
|
|
672 | that against the events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set |
|
|
673 | when required. Epoll also erroneously rounds down timeouts, but gives you |
|
|
674 | no way to know when and by how much, so sometimes you have to busy-wait |
|
|
675 | because epoll returns immediately despite a nonzero timeout. And last |
|
|
676 | not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work |
|
|
677 | perfectly fine with \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR (files, many character devices...). |
|
|
678 | .Sp |
|
|
679 | Epoll is truly the train wreck among event poll mechanisms, a frankenpoll, |
|
|
680 | cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or interaction with |
|
|
681 | others. Oh, the pain, will it ever stop... |
489 | .Sp |
682 | .Sp |
490 | While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration |
683 | While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration |
491 | will result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident |
684 | will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such |
492 | (because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its |
685 | incident (because the same \fIfile descriptor\fR could point to a different |
493 | best to avoid that. Also, \f(CW\*(C`dup ()\*(C'\fR'ed file descriptors might not work |
686 | \&\fIfile description\fR now), so its best to avoid that. Also, \f(CW\*(C`dup ()\*(C'\fR'ed |
494 | very well if you register events for both fds. |
687 | file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both |
495 | .Sp |
688 | file descriptors. |
496 | Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you |
|
|
497 | need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data |
|
|
498 | (or space) is available. |
|
|
499 | .Sp |
689 | .Sp |
500 | Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all |
690 | Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all |
501 | watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e. |
691 | watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, |
502 | keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. |
692 | i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and |
|
|
693 | starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause |
|
|
694 | extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well |
|
|
695 | as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can |
|
|
696 | take considerable time and thus should be avoided. |
503 | .Sp |
697 | .Sp |
|
|
698 | All this means that, in practice, \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR can be as fast or |
|
|
699 | faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on |
|
|
700 | the usage. So sad. |
|
|
701 | .Sp |
504 | While nominally embeddeble in other event loops, this feature is broken in |
702 | While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in |
505 | all kernel versions tested so far. |
703 | a lot of kernel revisions, but probably(!) works in current versions. |
|
|
704 | .Sp |
|
|
705 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR in the same way as |
|
|
706 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
707 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO"" (value 64, Linux)" 4 |
|
|
708 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_LINUXAIO\fR (value 64, Linux)" 4 |
|
|
709 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO (value 64, Linux)" |
|
|
710 | Use the Linux-specific Linux \s-1AIO\s0 (\fInot\fR \f(CWaio(7)\fR but \f(CWio_submit(2)\fR) event interface available in post\-4.18 kernels (but libev |
|
|
711 | only tries to use it in 4.19+). |
|
|
712 | .Sp |
|
|
713 | This is another Linux train wreck of an event interface. |
|
|
714 | .Sp |
|
|
715 | If this backend works for you (as of this writing, it was very |
|
|
716 | experimental), it is the best event interface available on Linux and might |
|
|
717 | be well worth enabling it \- if it isn't available in your kernel this will |
|
|
718 | be detected and this backend will be skipped. |
|
|
719 | .Sp |
|
|
720 | This backend can batch oneshot requests and supports a user-space ring |
|
|
721 | buffer to receive events. It also doesn't suffer from most of the design |
|
|
722 | problems of epoll (such as not being able to remove event sources from |
|
|
723 | the epoll set), and generally sounds too good to be true. Because, this |
|
|
724 | being the Linux kernel, of course it suffers from a whole new set of |
|
|
725 | limitations, forcing you to fall back to epoll, inheriting all its design |
|
|
726 | issues. |
|
|
727 | .Sp |
|
|
728 | For one, it is not easily embeddable (but probably could be done using |
|
|
729 | an event fd at some extra overhead). It also is subject to a system wide |
|
|
730 | limit that can be configured in \fI/proc/sys/fs/aio\-max\-nr\fR. If no \s-1AIO\s0 |
|
|
731 | requests are left, this backend will be skipped during initialisation, and |
|
|
732 | will switch to epoll when the loop is active. |
|
|
733 | .Sp |
|
|
734 | Most problematic in practice, however, is that not all file descriptors |
|
|
735 | work with it. For example, in Linux 5.1, \s-1TCP\s0 sockets, pipes, event fds, |
|
|
736 | files, \fI/dev/null\fR and many others are supported, but ttys do not work |
|
|
737 | properly (a known bug that the kernel developers don't care about, see |
|
|
738 | <https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/1047453/>), so this is not |
|
|
739 | (yet?) a generic event polling interface. |
|
|
740 | .Sp |
|
|
741 | Overall, it seems the Linux developers just don't want it to have a |
|
|
742 | generic event handling mechanism other than \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
743 | .Sp |
|
|
744 | To work around all these problem, the current version of libev uses its |
|
|
745 | epoll backend as a fallback for file descriptor types that do not work. Or |
|
|
746 | falls back completely to epoll if the kernel acts up. |
|
|
747 | .Sp |
|
|
748 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR in the same way as |
|
|
749 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
506 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_KQUEUE"" (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4 |
750 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_KQUEUE"" (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4 |
507 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_KQUEUE\fR (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4 |
751 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_KQUEUE\fR (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4 |
508 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_KQUEUE (value 8, most BSD clones)" |
752 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_KQUEUE (value 8, most BSD clones)" |
509 | Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it |
753 | Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time this backend was |
510 | was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably |
754 | implemented, it was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't |
511 | with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course |
755 | work reliably with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, |
512 | it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being \*(L"autodetected\*(R" |
756 | where of course it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose |
513 | unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using |
757 | brokenness is by design, these kqueue bugs can be (and mostly have been) |
514 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_KQUEUE\*(C'\fR) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (\-enough) |
758 | fixed without \s-1API\s0 changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not |
515 | system like NetBSD. |
759 | being \*(L"auto-detected\*(R" on all platforms unless you explicitly specify it |
|
|
760 | in the flags (i.e. using \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_KQUEUE\*(C'\fR) or libev was compiled on a |
|
|
761 | known-to-be-good (\-enough) system like NetBSD. |
516 | .Sp |
762 | .Sp |
517 | You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it |
763 | You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it |
518 | only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on |
764 | only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on |
519 | the target platform). See \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info. |
765 | the target platform). See \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info. |
520 | .Sp |
766 | .Sp |
521 | It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the |
767 | It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the |
522 | kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of |
768 | kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of |
523 | course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never |
769 | course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never |
524 | cause an extra syscall as with \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_EPOLL\*(C'\fR, it still adds up to |
770 | cause an extra system call as with \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_EPOLL\*(C'\fR, it still adds up to |
525 | two event changes per incident, support for \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR is very bad and it |
771 | two event changes per incident. Support for \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR is very bad (you |
|
|
772 | might have to leak fds on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it |
526 | drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases. |
773 | drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases. |
527 | .Sp |
774 | .Sp |
528 | This backend usually performs well under most conditions. |
775 | This backend usually performs well under most conditions. |
529 | .Sp |
776 | .Sp |
530 | While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work |
777 | While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work |
531 | everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken |
778 | everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken |
532 | almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets |
779 | almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets |
533 | (for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop |
780 | (for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop |
534 | (e.g. \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR) and using it only for |
781 | (e.g. \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR (but \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR is of course |
535 | sockets. |
782 | also broken on \s-1OS X\s0)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets. |
|
|
783 | .Sp |
|
|
784 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR into an \f(CW\*(C`EVFILT_READ\*(C'\fR kevent with |
|
|
785 | \&\f(CW\*(C`NOTE_EOF\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR into an \f(CW\*(C`EVFILT_WRITE\*(C'\fR kevent with |
|
|
786 | \&\f(CW\*(C`NOTE_EOF\*(C'\fR. |
536 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL"" (value 16, Solaris 8)" 4 |
787 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL"" (value 16, Solaris 8)" 4 |
537 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_DEVPOLL\fR (value 16, Solaris 8)" 4 |
788 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_DEVPOLL\fR (value 16, Solaris 8)" 4 |
538 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL (value 16, Solaris 8)" |
789 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL (value 16, Solaris 8)" |
539 | This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an |
790 | This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an |
540 | implementation). According to reports, \f(CW\*(C`/dev/poll\*(C'\fR only supports sockets |
791 | implementation). According to reports, \f(CW\*(C`/dev/poll\*(C'\fR only supports sockets |
541 | and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend |
792 | and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend |
542 | immensely. |
793 | immensely. |
543 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_PORT"" (value 32, Solaris 10)" 4 |
794 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_PORT"" (value 32, Solaris 10)" 4 |
544 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_PORT\fR (value 32, Solaris 10)" 4 |
795 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_PORT\fR (value 32, Solaris 10)" 4 |
545 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_PORT (value 32, Solaris 10)" |
796 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_PORT (value 32, Solaris 10)" |
546 | This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris, |
797 | This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris, |
547 | it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)). |
798 | it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)). |
548 | .Sp |
|
|
549 | Please note that solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious |
|
|
550 | notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid |
|
|
551 | blocking when no data (or space) is available. |
|
|
552 | .Sp |
799 | .Sp |
553 | While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active |
800 | While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active |
554 | file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file |
801 | file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file |
555 | descriptors a \*(L"slow\*(R" \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR backend |
802 | descriptors a \*(L"slow\*(R" \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR backend |
556 | might perform better. |
803 | might perform better. |
557 | .Sp |
804 | .Sp |
558 | On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readyness notifications, this |
805 | On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to |
559 | backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully |
806 | specification in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat |
560 | embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends. |
807 | among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed |
|
|
808 | hacks). |
|
|
809 | .Sp |
|
|
810 | On the negative side, the interface is \fIbizarre\fR \- so bizarre that |
|
|
811 | even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling |
|
|
812 | function sometimes returns events to the caller even though an error |
|
|
813 | occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's |
|
|
814 | even documented that way) \- deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where you |
|
|
815 | absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you have |
|
|
816 | to re-arm the watcher. |
|
|
817 | .Sp |
|
|
818 | Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies. |
|
|
819 | .Sp |
|
|
820 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR in the same way as |
|
|
821 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
561 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_ALL""" 4 |
822 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_ALL""" 4 |
562 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_ALL\fR" 4 |
823 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_ALL\fR" 4 |
563 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_ALL" |
824 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_ALL" |
564 | Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried |
825 | Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried |
565 | with \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_AUTO\*(C'\fR). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as |
826 | with \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_AUTO\*(C'\fR). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as |
566 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE\*(C'\fR. |
827 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE\*(C'\fR. |
567 | .Sp |
828 | .Sp |
568 | It is definitely not recommended to use this flag. |
829 | It is definitely not recommended to use this flag, use whatever |
|
|
830 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_recommended_backends ()\*(C'\fR returns, or simply do not specify a backend |
|
|
831 | at all. |
|
|
832 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_MASK""" 4 |
|
|
833 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_MASK\fR" 4 |
|
|
834 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_MASK" |
|
|
835 | Not a backend at all, but a mask to select all backend bits from a |
|
|
836 | \&\f(CW\*(C`flags\*(C'\fR value, in case you want to mask out any backends from a flags |
|
|
837 | value (e.g. when modifying the \f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR environment variable). |
569 | .RE |
838 | .RE |
570 | .RS 4 |
839 | .RS 4 |
571 | .Sp |
840 | .Sp |
572 | If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these |
841 | If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value, |
573 | backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are |
842 | then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed |
574 | specified, all backends in \f(CW\*(C`ev_recommended_backends ()\*(C'\fR will be tried. |
843 | here). If none are specified, all backends in \f(CW\*(C`ev_recommended_backends |
|
|
844 | ()\*(C'\fR will be tried. |
575 | .Sp |
845 | .Sp |
576 | The most typical usage is like this: |
846 | Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. |
577 | .Sp |
847 | .Sp |
578 | .Vb 2 |
848 | .Vb 3 |
579 | \& if (!ev_default_loop (0)) |
849 | \& struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV); |
580 | \& fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?"); |
850 | \& if (!epoller) |
|
|
851 | \& fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); |
581 | .Ve |
852 | .Ve |
582 | .Sp |
853 | .Sp |
583 | Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow |
854 | Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is |
584 | environment settings to be taken into account: |
855 | used if available. |
585 | .Sp |
856 | .Sp |
586 | .Vb 1 |
857 | .Vb 1 |
587 | \& ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV); |
858 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE); |
588 | .Ve |
859 | .Ve |
589 | .Sp |
860 | .Sp |
590 | Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if |
861 | Example: Similarly, on linux, you mgiht want to take advantage of the |
591 | available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private |
862 | linux aio backend if possible, but fall back to something else if that |
592 | event loop and only if you know the \s-1OS\s0 supports your types of fds): |
863 | isn't available. |
593 | .Sp |
864 | .Sp |
594 | .Vb 1 |
865 | .Vb 1 |
595 | \& ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE); |
866 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO); |
596 | .Ve |
867 | .Ve |
597 | .RE |
868 | .RE |
598 | .IP "struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)" 4 |
|
|
599 | .IX Item "struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)" |
|
|
600 | Similar to \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_loop\*(C'\fR, but always creates a new event loop that is |
|
|
601 | always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot |
|
|
602 | handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by |
|
|
603 | undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled). |
|
|
604 | .Sp |
|
|
605 | Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. |
|
|
606 | .Sp |
|
|
607 | .Vb 3 |
|
|
608 | \& struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV); |
|
|
609 | \& if (!epoller) |
|
|
610 | \& fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); |
|
|
611 | .Ve |
|
|
612 | .IP "ev_default_destroy ()" 4 |
869 | .IP "ev_loop_destroy (loop)" 4 |
613 | .IX Item "ev_default_destroy ()" |
870 | .IX Item "ev_loop_destroy (loop)" |
614 | Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state |
871 | Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state |
615 | etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal |
872 | etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal |
616 | sense, so e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_is_active\*(C'\fR might still return true. It is your |
873 | sense, so e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_is_active\*(C'\fR might still return true. It is your |
617 | responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef \fIbefore\fR |
874 | responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself \fIbefore\fR |
618 | calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually |
875 | calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually |
619 | the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or \f(CW\*(C`free ()\*(C'\fR them |
876 | the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or \f(CW\*(C`free ()\*(C'\fR them |
620 | for example). |
877 | for example). |
621 | .Sp |
878 | .Sp |
622 | Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by |
879 | Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal |
623 | this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers) |
880 | handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such |
624 | would need to be stopped manually. |
881 | as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually. |
625 | .Sp |
882 | .Sp |
626 | In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the |
883 | This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by |
627 | rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling |
884 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by |
628 | pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use |
885 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_loop\*(C'\fR, in which case it is not thread-safe. |
629 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_destroy\*(C'\fR). |
|
|
630 | .IP "ev_loop_destroy (loop)" 4 |
|
|
631 | .IX Item "ev_loop_destroy (loop)" |
|
|
632 | Like \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_destroy\*(C'\fR, but destroys an event loop created by an |
|
|
633 | earlier call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
634 | .IP "ev_default_fork ()" 4 |
|
|
635 | .IX Item "ev_default_fork ()" |
|
|
636 | This function sets a flag that causes subsequent \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR iterations |
|
|
637 | to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the |
|
|
638 | name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in |
|
|
639 | the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little |
|
|
640 | sense). You \fImust\fR call it in the child before using any of the libev |
|
|
641 | functions, and it will only take effect at the next \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR iteration. |
|
|
642 | .Sp |
886 | .Sp |
643 | On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child |
887 | Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop |
644 | process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If |
888 | except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources. |
645 | you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all. |
889 | If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR |
646 | .Sp |
890 | and \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_destroy\*(C'\fR. |
647 | The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call |
|
|
648 | it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in |
|
|
649 | quite nicely into a call to \f(CW\*(C`pthread_atfork\*(C'\fR: |
|
|
650 | .Sp |
|
|
651 | .Vb 1 |
|
|
652 | \& pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork); |
|
|
653 | .Ve |
|
|
654 | .IP "ev_loop_fork (loop)" 4 |
891 | .IP "ev_loop_fork (loop)" 4 |
655 | .IX Item "ev_loop_fork (loop)" |
892 | .IX Item "ev_loop_fork (loop)" |
656 | Like \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR, but acts on an event loop created by |
893 | This function sets a flag that causes subsequent \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR iterations |
657 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop |
894 | to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite |
658 | after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem. |
895 | the name, you can call it anytime you are allowed to start or stop |
|
|
896 | watchers (except inside an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR callback), but it makes most |
|
|
897 | sense after forking, in the child process. You \fImust\fR call it (or use |
|
|
898 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR) in the child before resuming or calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
899 | .Sp |
|
|
900 | In addition, if you want to reuse a loop (via this function or |
|
|
901 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR), you \fIalso\fR have to ignore \f(CW\*(C`SIGPIPE\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
902 | .Sp |
|
|
903 | Again, you \fIhave\fR to call it on \fIany\fR loop that you want to re-use after |
|
|
904 | a fork, \fIeven if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent\fR. This is |
|
|
905 | because some kernel interfaces *cough* \fIkqueue\fR *cough* do funny things |
|
|
906 | during fork. |
|
|
907 | .Sp |
|
|
908 | On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child |
|
|
909 | process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If |
|
|
910 | you just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to |
|
|
911 | call it at all (in fact, \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR is so badly broken that it makes a |
|
|
912 | difference, but libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a |
|
|
913 | costly reset of the backend). |
|
|
914 | .Sp |
|
|
915 | The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call |
|
|
916 | it just in case after a fork. |
|
|
917 | .Sp |
|
|
918 | Example: Automate calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR on the default loop when |
|
|
919 | using pthreads. |
|
|
920 | .Sp |
|
|
921 | .Vb 5 |
|
|
922 | \& static void |
|
|
923 | \& post_fork_child (void) |
|
|
924 | \& { |
|
|
925 | \& ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT); |
|
|
926 | \& } |
|
|
927 | \& |
|
|
928 | \& ... |
|
|
929 | \& pthread_atfork (0, 0, post_fork_child); |
|
|
930 | .Ve |
659 | .IP "int ev_is_default_loop (loop)" 4 |
931 | .IP "int ev_is_default_loop (loop)" 4 |
660 | .IX Item "int ev_is_default_loop (loop)" |
932 | .IX Item "int ev_is_default_loop (loop)" |
661 | Returns true when the given loop actually is the default loop, false otherwise. |
933 | Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false |
|
|
934 | otherwise. |
662 | .IP "unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)" 4 |
935 | .IP "unsigned int ev_iteration (loop)" 4 |
663 | .IX Item "unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)" |
936 | .IX Item "unsigned int ev_iteration (loop)" |
664 | Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to |
937 | Returns the current iteration count for the event loop, which is identical |
665 | the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at \f(CW0\fR and |
938 | to the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at \f(CW0\fR |
666 | happily wraps around with enough iterations. |
939 | and happily wraps around with enough iterations. |
667 | .Sp |
940 | .Sp |
668 | This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it |
941 | This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it |
669 | \&\*(L"ticks\*(R" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with |
942 | \&\*(L"ticks\*(R" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with |
670 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR calls. |
943 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR calls \- and is incremented between the |
|
|
944 | prepare and check phases. |
|
|
945 | .IP "unsigned int ev_depth (loop)" 4 |
|
|
946 | .IX Item "unsigned int ev_depth (loop)" |
|
|
947 | Returns the number of times \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR was entered minus the number of |
|
|
948 | times \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR was exited normally, in other words, the recursion depth. |
|
|
949 | .Sp |
|
|
950 | Outside \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is |
|
|
951 | \&\f(CW1\fR, unless \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR was invoked recursively (or from another thread), |
|
|
952 | in which case it is higher. |
|
|
953 | .Sp |
|
|
954 | Leaving \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread, |
|
|
955 | throwing an exception etc.), doesn't count as \*(L"exit\*(R" \- consider this |
|
|
956 | as a hint to avoid such ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really |
|
|
957 | convenient, in which case it is fully supported. |
671 | .IP "unsigned int ev_backend (loop)" 4 |
958 | .IP "unsigned int ev_backend (loop)" 4 |
672 | .IX Item "unsigned int ev_backend (loop)" |
959 | .IX Item "unsigned int ev_backend (loop)" |
673 | Returns one of the \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_*\*(C'\fR flags indicating the event backend in |
960 | Returns one of the \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_*\*(C'\fR flags indicating the event backend in |
674 | use. |
961 | use. |
675 | .IP "ev_tstamp ev_now (loop)" 4 |
962 | .IP "ev_tstamp ev_now (loop)" 4 |
… | |
… | |
677 | Returns the current \*(L"event loop time\*(R", which is the time the event loop |
964 | Returns the current \*(L"event loop time\*(R", which is the time the event loop |
678 | received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not |
965 | received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not |
679 | change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base |
966 | change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base |
680 | time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the |
967 | time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the |
681 | event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it). |
968 | event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it). |
|
|
969 | .IP "ev_now_update (loop)" 4 |
|
|
970 | .IX Item "ev_now_update (loop)" |
|
|
971 | Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time |
|
|
972 | returned by \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR in the progress. This is a costly operation and |
|
|
973 | is usually done automatically within \f(CW\*(C`ev_run ()\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
974 | .Sp |
|
|
975 | This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a |
|
|
976 | very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of |
|
|
977 | the current time is a good idea. |
|
|
978 | .Sp |
|
|
979 | See also \*(L"The special problem of time updates\*(R" in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR section. |
|
|
980 | .IP "ev_suspend (loop)" 4 |
|
|
981 | .IX Item "ev_suspend (loop)" |
|
|
982 | .PD 0 |
|
|
983 | .IP "ev_resume (loop)" 4 |
|
|
984 | .IX Item "ev_resume (loop)" |
|
|
985 | .PD |
|
|
986 | These two functions suspend and resume an event loop, for use when the |
|
|
987 | loop is not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed. |
|
|
988 | .Sp |
|
|
989 | A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When |
|
|
990 | the user presses \f(CW\*(C`^Z\*(C'\fR to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it |
|
|
991 | would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while |
|
|
992 | the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_suspend\*(C'\fR |
|
|
993 | in your \f(CW\*(C`SIGTSTP\*(C'\fR handler, sending yourself a \f(CW\*(C`SIGSTOP\*(C'\fR and calling |
|
|
994 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_resume\*(C'\fR directly afterwards to resume timer processing. |
|
|
995 | .Sp |
|
|
996 | Effectively, all \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watchers will be delayed by the time spend |
|
|
997 | between \f(CW\*(C`ev_suspend\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_resume\*(C'\fR, and all \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR watchers |
|
|
998 | will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have |
|
|
999 | occurred while suspended). |
|
|
1000 | .Sp |
|
|
1001 | After calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_suspend\*(C'\fR you \fBmust not\fR call \fIany\fR function on the |
|
|
1002 | given loop other than \f(CW\*(C`ev_resume\*(C'\fR, and you \fBmust not\fR call \f(CW\*(C`ev_resume\*(C'\fR |
|
|
1003 | without a previous call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_suspend\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
1004 | .Sp |
|
|
1005 | Calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_suspend\*(C'\fR/\f(CW\*(C`ev_resume\*(C'\fR has the side effect of updating the |
|
|
1006 | event loop time (see \f(CW\*(C`ev_now_update\*(C'\fR). |
682 | .IP "ev_loop (loop, int flags)" 4 |
1007 | .IP "bool ev_run (loop, int flags)" 4 |
683 | .IX Item "ev_loop (loop, int flags)" |
1008 | .IX Item "bool ev_run (loop, int flags)" |
684 | Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called |
1009 | Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called |
685 | after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling |
1010 | after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start |
686 | events. |
1011 | handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call |
|
|
1012 | the watcher callbacks, and then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This |
|
|
1013 | is why event loops are called \fIloops\fR. |
687 | .Sp |
1014 | .Sp |
688 | If the flags argument is specified as \f(CW0\fR, it will not return until |
1015 | If the flags argument is specified as \f(CW0\fR, it will keep handling events |
689 | either no event watchers are active anymore or \f(CW\*(C`ev_unloop\*(C'\fR was called. |
1016 | until either no event watchers are active anymore or \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR was |
|
|
1017 | called. |
690 | .Sp |
1018 | .Sp |
|
|
1019 | The return value is false if there are no more active watchers (which |
|
|
1020 | usually means \*(L"all jobs done\*(R" or \*(L"deadlock\*(R"), and true in all other cases |
|
|
1021 | (which usually means " you should call \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR again"). |
|
|
1022 | .Sp |
691 | Please note that an explicit \f(CW\*(C`ev_unloop\*(C'\fR is usually better than |
1023 | Please note that an explicit \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR is usually better than |
692 | relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has |
1024 | relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has |
693 | finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that |
1025 | finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program |
694 | automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of |
1026 | that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue |
695 | relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty. |
1027 | of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of |
|
|
1028 | beauty. |
696 | .Sp |
1029 | .Sp |
|
|
1030 | This function is \fImostly\fR exception-safe \- you can break out of a |
|
|
1031 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR call by calling \f(CW\*(C`longjmp\*(C'\fR in a callback, throwing a \*(C+ |
|
|
1032 | exception and so on. This does not decrement the \f(CW\*(C`ev_depth\*(C'\fR value, nor |
|
|
1033 | will it clear any outstanding \f(CW\*(C`EVBREAK_ONE\*(C'\fR breaks. |
|
|
1034 | .Sp |
697 | A flags value of \f(CW\*(C`EVLOOP_NONBLOCK\*(C'\fR will look for new events, will handle |
1035 | A flags value of \f(CW\*(C`EVRUN_NOWAIT\*(C'\fR will look for new events, will handle |
698 | those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in |
1036 | those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and |
699 | case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop. |
1037 | block your process in case there are no events and will return after one |
|
|
1038 | iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new |
|
|
1039 | events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive. |
700 | .Sp |
1040 | .Sp |
701 | A flags value of \f(CW\*(C`EVLOOP_ONESHOT\*(C'\fR will look for new events (waiting if |
1041 | A flags value of \f(CW\*(C`EVRUN_ONCE\*(C'\fR will look for new events (waiting if |
702 | neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block |
1042 | necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It |
703 | your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after |
1043 | will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could |
704 | one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some |
1044 | be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a |
705 | external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other |
1045 | user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one |
|
|
1046 | iteration of the loop. |
|
|
1047 | .Sp |
|
|
1048 | This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction |
|
|
1049 | with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your |
706 | libev watchers. However, a pair of \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR/\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers is |
1050 | own \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR"). However, a pair of \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR/\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers is |
707 | usually a better approach for this kind of thing. |
1051 | usually a better approach for this kind of thing. |
708 | .Sp |
1052 | .Sp |
709 | Here are the gory details of what \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR does: |
1053 | Here are the gory details of what \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR does (this is for your |
|
|
1054 | understanding, not a guarantee that things will work exactly like this in |
|
|
1055 | future versions): |
710 | .Sp |
1056 | .Sp |
711 | .Vb 10 |
1057 | .Vb 10 |
|
|
1058 | \& \- Increment loop depth. |
|
|
1059 | \& \- Reset the ev_break status. |
712 | \& \- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers. |
1060 | \& \- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers. |
|
|
1061 | \& LOOP: |
713 | \& * If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork. |
1062 | \& \- If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork. |
714 | \& \- If a fork was detected, queue and call all fork watchers. |
1063 | \& \- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers. |
715 | \& \- Queue and call all prepare watchers. |
1064 | \& \- Queue and call all prepare watchers. |
|
|
1065 | \& \- If ev_break was called, goto FINISH. |
716 | \& \- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state. |
1066 | \& \- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state |
|
|
1067 | \& as to not disturb the other process. |
717 | \& \- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes. |
1068 | \& \- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes. |
718 | \& \- Update the "event loop time". |
1069 | \& \- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()). |
719 | \& \- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all |
1070 | \& \- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all |
720 | \& (active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having |
1071 | \& (active idle watchers, EVRUN_NOWAIT or not having |
721 | \& any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping). |
1072 | \& any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping). |
722 | \& \- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so. |
1073 | \& \- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so. |
|
|
1074 | \& \- Increment loop iteration counter. |
723 | \& \- Block the process, waiting for any events. |
1075 | \& \- Block the process, waiting for any events. |
724 | \& \- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events. |
1076 | \& \- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events. |
725 | \& \- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling. |
1077 | \& \- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments. |
726 | \& \- Queue all outstanding timers. |
1078 | \& \- Queue all expired timers. |
727 | \& \- Queue all outstanding periodics. |
1079 | \& \- Queue all expired periodics. |
728 | \& \- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers. |
1080 | \& \- Queue all idle watchers with priority higher than that of pending events. |
729 | \& \- Queue all check watchers. |
1081 | \& \- Queue all check watchers. |
730 | \& \- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first). |
1082 | \& \- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first). |
731 | \& Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will |
1083 | \& Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will |
732 | \& be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed. |
1084 | \& be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed. |
733 | \& \- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK |
1085 | \& \- If ev_break has been called, or EVRUN_ONCE or EVRUN_NOWAIT |
734 | \& were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise |
1086 | \& were used, or there are no active watchers, goto FINISH, otherwise |
735 | \& continue with step *. |
1087 | \& continue with step LOOP. |
|
|
1088 | \& FINISH: |
|
|
1089 | \& \- Reset the ev_break status iff it was EVBREAK_ONE. |
|
|
1090 | \& \- Decrement the loop depth. |
|
|
1091 | \& \- Return. |
736 | .Ve |
1092 | .Ve |
737 | .Sp |
1093 | .Sp |
738 | Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding |
1094 | Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding |
739 | anymore. |
1095 | anymore. |
740 | .Sp |
1096 | .Sp |
741 | .Vb 4 |
1097 | .Vb 4 |
742 | \& ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long |
1098 | \& ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long |
743 | \& ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) |
1099 | \& ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) |
744 | \& ev_loop (my_loop, 0); |
1100 | \& ev_run (my_loop, 0); |
745 | \& ... jobs done. yeah! |
1101 | \& ... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah! |
746 | .Ve |
1102 | .Ve |
747 | .IP "ev_unloop (loop, how)" 4 |
1103 | .IP "ev_break (loop, how)" 4 |
748 | .IX Item "ev_unloop (loop, how)" |
1104 | .IX Item "ev_break (loop, how)" |
749 | Can be used to make a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR return early (but only after it |
1105 | Can be used to make a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR return early (but only after it |
750 | has processed all outstanding events). The \f(CW\*(C`how\*(C'\fR argument must be either |
1106 | has processed all outstanding events). The \f(CW\*(C`how\*(C'\fR argument must be either |
751 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVUNLOOP_ONE\*(C'\fR, which will make the innermost \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR call return, or |
1107 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBREAK_ONE\*(C'\fR, which will make the innermost \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR call return, or |
752 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVUNLOOP_ALL\*(C'\fR, which will make all nested \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR calls return. |
1108 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBREAK_ALL\*(C'\fR, which will make all nested \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR calls return. |
753 | .Sp |
1109 | .Sp |
754 | This \*(L"unloop state\*(R" will be cleared when entering \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR again. |
1110 | This \*(L"break state\*(R" will be cleared on the next call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
1111 | .Sp |
|
|
1112 | It is safe to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR from outside any \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR calls, too, in |
|
|
1113 | which case it will have no effect. |
755 | .IP "ev_ref (loop)" 4 |
1114 | .IP "ev_ref (loop)" 4 |
756 | .IX Item "ev_ref (loop)" |
1115 | .IX Item "ev_ref (loop)" |
757 | .PD 0 |
1116 | .PD 0 |
758 | .IP "ev_unref (loop)" 4 |
1117 | .IP "ev_unref (loop)" 4 |
759 | .IX Item "ev_unref (loop)" |
1118 | .IX Item "ev_unref (loop)" |
760 | .PD |
1119 | .PD |
761 | Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event |
1120 | Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event |
762 | loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference |
1121 | loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference |
763 | count is nonzero, \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR will not return on its own. If you have |
1122 | count is nonzero, \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR will not return on its own. |
764 | a watcher you never unregister that should not keep \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from |
1123 | .Sp |
765 | returning, \fIev_unref()\fR after starting, and \fIev_ref()\fR before stopping it. For |
1124 | This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to |
|
|
1125 | unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR from |
|
|
1126 | returning. In such a case, call \f(CW\*(C`ev_unref\*(C'\fR after starting, and \f(CW\*(C`ev_ref\*(C'\fR |
|
|
1127 | before stopping it. |
|
|
1128 | .Sp |
766 | example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not |
1129 | As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It |
767 | visible to the libev user and should not keep \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from exiting if |
1130 | is not visible to the libev user and should not keep \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR from |
768 | no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent |
1131 | exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an |
769 | way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party |
1132 | excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within |
770 | libraries. Just remember to \fIunref after start\fR and \fIref before stop\fR |
1133 | third-party libraries. Just remember to \fIunref after start\fR and \fIref |
771 | (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before, |
1134 | before stop\fR (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active |
772 | respectively). |
1135 | before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself |
|
|
1136 | (e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to \f(CW\*(C`ev_ref\*(C'\fR |
|
|
1137 | in the callback). |
773 | .Sp |
1138 | .Sp |
774 | Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR |
1139 | Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR |
775 | running when nothing else is active. |
1140 | running when nothing else is active. |
776 | .Sp |
1141 | .Sp |
777 | .Vb 4 |
1142 | .Vb 4 |
778 | \& struct ev_signal exitsig; |
1143 | \& ev_signal exitsig; |
779 | \& ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); |
1144 | \& ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); |
780 | \& ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig); |
1145 | \& ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig); |
781 | \& evf_unref (loop); |
1146 | \& ev_unref (loop); |
782 | .Ve |
1147 | .Ve |
783 | .Sp |
1148 | .Sp |
784 | Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again. |
1149 | Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again. |
785 | .Sp |
1150 | .Sp |
786 | .Vb 2 |
1151 | .Vb 2 |
787 | \& ev_ref (loop); |
1152 | \& ev_ref (loop); |
788 | \& ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig); |
1153 | \& ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig); |
789 | .Ve |
1154 | .Ve |
790 | .IP "ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)" 4 |
1155 | .IP "ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)" 4 |
791 | .IX Item "ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)" |
1156 | .IX Item "ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)" |
792 | .PD 0 |
1157 | .PD 0 |
793 | .IP "ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)" 4 |
1158 | .IP "ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)" 4 |
794 | .IX Item "ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)" |
1159 | .IX Item "ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)" |
795 | .PD |
1160 | .PD |
796 | These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting |
1161 | These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting |
797 | for events. Both are by default \f(CW0\fR, meaning that libev will try to |
1162 | for events. Both time intervals are by default \f(CW0\fR, meaning that libev |
798 | invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum latency. |
1163 | will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum |
|
|
1164 | latency. |
799 | .Sp |
1165 | .Sp |
800 | Setting these to a higher value (the \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR \fImust\fR be >= \f(CW0\fR) |
1166 | Setting these to a higher value (the \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR \fImust\fR be >= \f(CW0\fR) |
801 | allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks to |
1167 | allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks |
802 | increase efficiency of loop iterations. |
1168 | to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving |
|
|
1169 | opportunities). |
803 | .Sp |
1170 | .Sp |
804 | The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to |
1171 | The idea is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to handle |
805 | handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes |
1172 | one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes the |
806 | the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of \s-1CPU\s0 time to poll for new |
1173 | program responsive, it also wastes a lot of \s-1CPU\s0 time to poll for new |
807 | events, especially with backends like \f(CW\*(C`select ()\*(C'\fR which have a high |
1174 | events, especially with backends like \f(CW\*(C`select ()\*(C'\fR which have a high |
808 | overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once. |
1175 | overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once. |
809 | .Sp |
1176 | .Sp |
810 | By setting a higher \fIio collect interval\fR you allow libev to spend more |
1177 | By setting a higher \fIio collect interval\fR you allow libev to spend more |
811 | time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration, |
1178 | time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration, |
812 | at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR and |
1179 | at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR and |
813 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will |
1180 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR) will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will |
814 | introduce an additional \f(CW\*(C`ev_sleep ()\*(C'\fR call into most loop iterations. |
1181 | introduce an additional \f(CW\*(C`ev_sleep ()\*(C'\fR call into most loop iterations. The |
|
|
1182 | sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then |
|
|
1183 | once per this interval, on average (as long as the host time resolution is |
|
|
1184 | good enough). |
815 | .Sp |
1185 | .Sp |
816 | Likewise, by setting a higher \fItimeout collect interval\fR you allow libev |
1186 | Likewise, by setting a higher \fItimeout collect interval\fR you allow libev |
817 | to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased |
1187 | to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased |
818 | latency (the watcher callback will be called later). \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watchers |
1188 | latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called |
819 | will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce |
1189 | later). \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null |
820 | any overhead in libev. |
1190 | value will not introduce any overhead in libev. |
821 | .Sp |
1191 | .Sp |
822 | Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the io collect |
1192 | Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect |
823 | interval to a value near \f(CW0.1\fR or so, which is often enough for |
1193 | interval to a value near \f(CW0.1\fR or so, which is often enough for |
824 | interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It |
1194 | interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It |
825 | usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than \f(CW0.01\fR, |
1195 | usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than \f(CW0.01\fR, |
826 | as this approsaches the timing granularity of most systems. |
1196 | as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if |
|
|
1197 | you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the |
|
|
1198 | parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you |
|
|
1199 | need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01, |
|
|
1200 | then you can't do more than 100 transactions per second). |
|
|
1201 | .Sp |
|
|
1202 | Setting the \fItimeout collect interval\fR can improve the opportunity for |
|
|
1203 | saving power, as the program will \*(L"bundle\*(R" timer callback invocations that |
|
|
1204 | are \*(L"near\*(R" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of |
|
|
1205 | times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to |
|
|
1206 | reduce iterations/wake\-ups is to use \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR watchers and make sure |
|
|
1207 | they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only. |
|
|
1208 | .Sp |
|
|
1209 | Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll |
|
|
1210 | more often than 100 times per second: |
|
|
1211 | .Sp |
|
|
1212 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
1213 | \& ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1); |
|
|
1214 | \& ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01); |
|
|
1215 | .Ve |
|
|
1216 | .IP "ev_invoke_pending (loop)" 4 |
|
|
1217 | .IX Item "ev_invoke_pending (loop)" |
|
|
1218 | This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their |
|
|
1219 | pending state. Normally, \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR does this automatically when required, |
|
|
1220 | but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. This |
|
|
1221 | function can be invoked from a watcher \- this can be useful for example |
|
|
1222 | when you want to do some lengthy calculation and want to pass further |
|
|
1223 | event handling to another thread (you still have to make sure only one |
|
|
1224 | thread executes within \f(CW\*(C`ev_invoke_pending\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR of course). |
|
|
1225 | .IP "int ev_pending_count (loop)" 4 |
|
|
1226 | .IX Item "int ev_pending_count (loop)" |
|
|
1227 | Returns the number of pending watchers \- zero indicates that no watchers |
|
|
1228 | are pending. |
|
|
1229 | .IP "ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(\s-1EV_P\s0))" 4 |
|
|
1230 | .IX Item "ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))" |
|
|
1231 | This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of |
|
|
1232 | invoking all pending watchers when there are any, \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR will call |
|
|
1233 | this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to |
|
|
1234 | invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.). |
|
|
1235 | .Sp |
|
|
1236 | If you want to reset the callback, use \f(CW\*(C`ev_invoke_pending\*(C'\fR as new |
|
|
1237 | callback. |
|
|
1238 | .IP "ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(\s-1EV_P\s0) throw (), void (*acquire)(\s-1EV_P\s0) throw ())" 4 |
|
|
1239 | .IX Item "ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P) throw (), void (*acquire)(EV_P) throw ())" |
|
|
1240 | Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This |
|
|
1241 | can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around |
|
|
1242 | each call to a libev function. |
|
|
1243 | .Sp |
|
|
1244 | However, \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible |
|
|
1245 | to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event |
|
|
1246 | loop via \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR, another way is to set these |
|
|
1247 | \&\fIrelease\fR and \fIacquire\fR callbacks on the loop. |
|
|
1248 | .Sp |
|
|
1249 | When set, then \f(CW\*(C`release\*(C'\fR will be called just before the thread is |
|
|
1250 | suspended waiting for new events, and \f(CW\*(C`acquire\*(C'\fR is called just |
|
|
1251 | afterwards. |
|
|
1252 | .Sp |
|
|
1253 | Ideally, \f(CW\*(C`release\*(C'\fR will just call your mutex_unlock function, and |
|
|
1254 | \&\f(CW\*(C`acquire\*(C'\fR will just call the mutex_lock function again. |
|
|
1255 | .Sp |
|
|
1256 | While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of |
|
|
1257 | \&\f(CW\*(C`release\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`acquire\*(C'\fR (that's their only purpose after all), no |
|
|
1258 | modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will |
|
|
1259 | have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time |
|
|
1260 | waited. Use an \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher to wake up \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR when you want it |
|
|
1261 | to take note of any changes you made. |
|
|
1262 | .Sp |
|
|
1263 | In theory, threads executing \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR will be async-cancel safe between |
|
|
1264 | invocations of \f(CW\*(C`release\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`acquire\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
1265 | .Sp |
|
|
1266 | See also the locking example in the \f(CW\*(C`THREADS\*(C'\fR section later in this |
|
|
1267 | document. |
|
|
1268 | .IP "ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)" 4 |
|
|
1269 | .IX Item "ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)" |
|
|
1270 | .PD 0 |
|
|
1271 | .IP "void *ev_userdata (loop)" 4 |
|
|
1272 | .IX Item "void *ev_userdata (loop)" |
|
|
1273 | .PD |
|
|
1274 | Set and retrieve a single \f(CW\*(C`void *\*(C'\fR associated with a loop. When |
|
|
1275 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_set_userdata\*(C'\fR has never been called, then \f(CW\*(C`ev_userdata\*(C'\fR returns |
|
|
1276 | \&\f(CW0\fR. |
|
|
1277 | .Sp |
|
|
1278 | These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop, |
|
|
1279 | and are intended solely for the \f(CW\*(C`invoke_pending_cb\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`release\*(C'\fR and |
|
|
1280 | \&\f(CW\*(C`acquire\*(C'\fR callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab\-)used for |
|
|
1281 | any other purpose as well. |
|
|
1282 | .IP "ev_verify (loop)" 4 |
|
|
1283 | .IX Item "ev_verify (loop)" |
|
|
1284 | This function only does something when \f(CW\*(C`EV_VERIFY\*(C'\fR support has been |
|
|
1285 | compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go |
|
|
1286 | through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything |
|
|
1287 | is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard |
|
|
1288 | error and call \f(CW\*(C`abort ()\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
1289 | .Sp |
|
|
1290 | This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal |
|
|
1291 | circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its |
|
|
1292 | data structures consistent. |
827 | .SH "ANATOMY OF A WATCHER" |
1293 | .SH "ANATOMY OF A WATCHER" |
828 | .IX Header "ANATOMY OF A WATCHER" |
1294 | .IX Header "ANATOMY OF A WATCHER" |
|
|
1295 | In the following description, uppercase \f(CW\*(C`TYPE\*(C'\fR in names stands for the |
|
|
1296 | watcher type, e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_start\*(C'\fR can mean \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_start\*(C'\fR for timer |
|
|
1297 | watchers and \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_start\*(C'\fR for I/O watchers. |
|
|
1298 | .PP |
829 | A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your |
1299 | A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record |
830 | interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for \s-1STDIN\s0 to |
1300 | your interest in some event. To make a concrete example, imagine you want |
831 | become readable, you would create an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher for that: |
1301 | to wait for \s-1STDIN\s0 to become readable, you would create an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher |
|
|
1302 | for that: |
832 | .PP |
1303 | .PP |
833 | .Vb 5 |
1304 | .Vb 5 |
834 | \& static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
1305 | \& static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
835 | \& { |
1306 | \& { |
836 | \& ev_io_stop (w); |
1307 | \& ev_io_stop (w); |
837 | \& ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
1308 | \& ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL); |
838 | \& } |
1309 | \& } |
839 | \& |
1310 | \& |
840 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
1311 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
|
|
1312 | \& |
841 | \& struct ev_io stdin_watcher; |
1313 | \& ev_io stdin_watcher; |
|
|
1314 | \& |
842 | \& ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb); |
1315 | \& ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb); |
843 | \& ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1316 | \& ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
844 | \& ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
1317 | \& ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
|
|
1318 | \& |
845 | \& ev_loop (loop, 0); |
1319 | \& ev_run (loop, 0); |
846 | .Ve |
1320 | .Ve |
847 | .PP |
1321 | .PP |
848 | As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your |
1322 | As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your |
849 | watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack, |
1323 | watcher structures (and it is \fIusually\fR a bad idea to do this on the |
850 | although this can sometimes be quite valid). |
1324 | stack). |
851 | .PP |
1325 | .PP |
|
|
1326 | Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_TYPE\*(C'\fR |
|
|
1327 | or simply \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE\*(C'\fR, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs). |
|
|
1328 | .PP |
852 | Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_init |
1329 | Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_init (watcher |
853 | (watcher *, callback)\*(C'\fR, which expects a callback to be provided. This |
1330 | *, callback)\*(C'\fR, which expects a callback to be provided. This callback is |
854 | callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io |
1331 | invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O watchers, each |
855 | watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given |
1332 | time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given is readable |
856 | is readable and/or writable). |
1333 | and/or writable). |
857 | .PP |
1334 | .PP |
858 | Each watcher type has its own \f(CW\*(C`ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...)\*(C'\fR macro |
1335 | Each watcher type further has its own \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...)\*(C'\fR |
859 | with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro |
1336 | macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There |
860 | to combine initialisation and setting in one call: \f(CW\*(C`ev_<type>_init |
1337 | is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...)\*(C'\fR. |
861 | (watcher *, callback, ...)\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
862 | .PP |
1338 | .PP |
863 | To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it |
1339 | To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it |
864 | with a watcher-specific start function (\f(CW\*(C`ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher |
1340 | with a watcher-specific start function (\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher |
865 | *)\*(C'\fR), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the |
1341 | *)\*(C'\fR), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the |
866 | corresponding stop function (\f(CW\*(C`ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *)\*(C'\fR. |
1342 | corresponding stop function (\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *)\*(C'\fR. |
867 | .PP |
1343 | .PP |
868 | As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you |
1344 | As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you |
869 | must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never |
1345 | must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never |
870 | reinitialise it or call its \f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR macro. |
1346 | reinitialise it or call its \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR macro. |
871 | .PP |
1347 | .PP |
872 | Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the |
1348 | Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the |
873 | registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as |
1349 | registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as |
874 | third argument. |
1350 | third argument. |
875 | .PP |
1351 | .PP |
… | |
… | |
884 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_WRITE\fR" 4 |
1360 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_WRITE\fR" 4 |
885 | .IX Item "EV_WRITE" |
1361 | .IX Item "EV_WRITE" |
886 | .PD |
1362 | .PD |
887 | The file descriptor in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher has become readable and/or |
1363 | The file descriptor in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher has become readable and/or |
888 | writable. |
1364 | writable. |
889 | .ie n .IP """EV_TIMEOUT""" 4 |
1365 | .ie n .IP """EV_TIMER""" 4 |
890 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_TIMEOUT\fR" 4 |
1366 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_TIMER\fR" 4 |
891 | .IX Item "EV_TIMEOUT" |
1367 | .IX Item "EV_TIMER" |
892 | The \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watcher has timed out. |
1368 | The \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watcher has timed out. |
893 | .ie n .IP """EV_PERIODIC""" 4 |
1369 | .ie n .IP """EV_PERIODIC""" 4 |
894 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_PERIODIC\fR" 4 |
1370 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_PERIODIC\fR" 4 |
895 | .IX Item "EV_PERIODIC" |
1371 | .IX Item "EV_PERIODIC" |
896 | The \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR watcher has timed out. |
1372 | The \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR watcher has timed out. |
… | |
… | |
916 | .PD 0 |
1392 | .PD 0 |
917 | .ie n .IP """EV_CHECK""" 4 |
1393 | .ie n .IP """EV_CHECK""" 4 |
918 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_CHECK\fR" 4 |
1394 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_CHECK\fR" 4 |
919 | .IX Item "EV_CHECK" |
1395 | .IX Item "EV_CHECK" |
920 | .PD |
1396 | .PD |
921 | All \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers are invoked just \fIbefore\fR \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR starts |
1397 | All \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers are invoked just \fIbefore\fR \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR starts to |
922 | to gather new events, and all \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are invoked just after |
1398 | gather new events, and all \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are queued (not invoked) |
923 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any |
1399 | just after \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR has gathered them, but before it queues any callbacks |
|
|
1400 | for any received events. That means \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers are the last |
|
|
1401 | watchers invoked before the event loop sleeps or polls for new events, and |
|
|
1402 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers will be invoked before any other watchers of the same |
|
|
1403 | or lower priority within an event loop iteration. |
|
|
1404 | .Sp |
924 | received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as |
1405 | Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as many watchers as |
925 | many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account |
1406 | they want, and all of them will be taken into account (for example, a |
926 | (for example, a \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher might start an idle watcher to keep |
1407 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher might start an idle watcher to keep \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR from |
927 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from blocking). |
1408 | blocking). |
928 | .ie n .IP """EV_EMBED""" 4 |
1409 | .ie n .IP """EV_EMBED""" 4 |
929 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_EMBED\fR" 4 |
1410 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_EMBED\fR" 4 |
930 | .IX Item "EV_EMBED" |
1411 | .IX Item "EV_EMBED" |
931 | The embedded event loop specified in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watcher needs attention. |
1412 | The embedded event loop specified in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watcher needs attention. |
932 | .ie n .IP """EV_FORK""" 4 |
1413 | .ie n .IP """EV_FORK""" 4 |
933 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_FORK\fR" 4 |
1414 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_FORK\fR" 4 |
934 | .IX Item "EV_FORK" |
1415 | .IX Item "EV_FORK" |
935 | The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see |
1416 | The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see |
936 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_fork\*(C'\fR). |
1417 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_fork\*(C'\fR). |
|
|
1418 | .ie n .IP """EV_CLEANUP""" 4 |
|
|
1419 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_CLEANUP\fR" 4 |
|
|
1420 | .IX Item "EV_CLEANUP" |
|
|
1421 | The event loop is about to be destroyed (see \f(CW\*(C`ev_cleanup\*(C'\fR). |
937 | .ie n .IP """EV_ASYNC""" 4 |
1422 | .ie n .IP """EV_ASYNC""" 4 |
938 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_ASYNC\fR" 4 |
1423 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_ASYNC\fR" 4 |
939 | .IX Item "EV_ASYNC" |
1424 | .IX Item "EV_ASYNC" |
940 | The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR). |
1425 | The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR). |
|
|
1426 | .ie n .IP """EV_CUSTOM""" 4 |
|
|
1427 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_CUSTOM\fR" 4 |
|
|
1428 | .IX Item "EV_CUSTOM" |
|
|
1429 | Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used |
|
|
1430 | by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_event\*(C'\fR). |
941 | .ie n .IP """EV_ERROR""" 4 |
1431 | .ie n .IP """EV_ERROR""" 4 |
942 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_ERROR\fR" 4 |
1432 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_ERROR\fR" 4 |
943 | .IX Item "EV_ERROR" |
1433 | .IX Item "EV_ERROR" |
944 | An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might |
1434 | An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might |
945 | happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev |
1435 | happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev |
946 | ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other |
1436 | ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other |
|
|
1437 | problem. Libev considers these application bugs. |
|
|
1438 | .Sp |
947 | problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping |
1439 | You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the |
948 | with the watcher being stopped. |
1440 | watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive |
|
|
1441 | an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a |
|
|
1442 | bug in your program. |
949 | .Sp |
1443 | .Sp |
950 | Libev will usually signal a few \*(L"dummy\*(R" events together with an error, |
1444 | Libev will usually signal a few \*(L"dummy\*(R" events together with an error, for |
951 | for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if |
1445 | example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your |
952 | your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope |
1446 | callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with |
953 | with the error from \fIread()\fR or \fIwrite()\fR. This will not work in multithreaded |
1447 | the error from \fBread()\fR or \fBwrite()\fR. This will not work in multi-threaded |
954 | programs, though, so beware. |
1448 | programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another |
|
|
1449 | thing, so beware. |
955 | .Sh "\s-1GENERIC\s0 \s-1WATCHER\s0 \s-1FUNCTIONS\s0" |
1450 | .SS "\s-1GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS\s0" |
956 | .IX Subsection "GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS" |
1451 | .IX Subsection "GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS" |
957 | In the following description, \f(CW\*(C`TYPE\*(C'\fR stands for the watcher type, |
|
|
958 | e.g. \f(CW\*(C`timer\*(C'\fR for \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watchers and \f(CW\*(C`io\*(C'\fR for \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watchers. |
|
|
959 | .ie n .IP """ev_init"" (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
1452 | .ie n .IP """ev_init"" (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
960 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_init\fR (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
1453 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_init\fR (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
961 | .IX Item "ev_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" |
1454 | .IX Item "ev_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" |
962 | This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents |
1455 | This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents |
963 | of the watcher object can be arbitrary (so \f(CW\*(C`malloc\*(C'\fR will do). Only |
1456 | of the watcher object can be arbitrary (so \f(CW\*(C`malloc\*(C'\fR will do). Only |
… | |
… | |
967 | which rolls both calls into one. |
1460 | which rolls both calls into one. |
968 | .Sp |
1461 | .Sp |
969 | You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped |
1462 | You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped |
970 | (or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding. |
1463 | (or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding. |
971 | .Sp |
1464 | .Sp |
972 | The callback is always of type \f(CW\*(C`void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, |
1465 | The callback is always of type \f(CW\*(C`void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, |
973 | int revents)\*(C'\fR. |
1466 | int revents)\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
1467 | .Sp |
|
|
1468 | Example: Initialise an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher in two steps. |
|
|
1469 | .Sp |
|
|
1470 | .Vb 3 |
|
|
1471 | \& ev_io w; |
|
|
1472 | \& ev_init (&w, my_cb); |
|
|
1473 | \& ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
|
|
1474 | .Ve |
974 | .ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_set"" (ev_TYPE *, [args])" 4 |
1475 | .ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_set"" (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])" 4 |
975 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_set\fR (ev_TYPE *, [args])" 4 |
1476 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_set\fR (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])" 4 |
976 | .IX Item "ev_TYPE_set (ev_TYPE *, [args])" |
1477 | .IX Item "ev_TYPE_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])" |
977 | This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to |
1478 | This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to |
978 | call \f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR at least once before you call this macro, but you can |
1479 | call \f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR at least once before you call this macro, but you can |
979 | call \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR any number of times. You must not, however, call this |
1480 | call \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR any number of times. You must not, however, call this |
980 | macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a |
1481 | macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a |
981 | difference to the \f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR macro). |
1482 | difference to the \f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR macro). |
982 | .Sp |
1483 | .Sp |
983 | Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments |
1484 | Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments |
984 | (e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR) you still need to call its \f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR macro. |
1485 | (e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR) you still need to call its \f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR macro. |
|
|
1486 | .Sp |
|
|
1487 | See \f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR, above, for an example. |
985 | .ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_init"" (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])" 4 |
1488 | .ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_init"" (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])" 4 |
986 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_init\fR (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])" 4 |
1489 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_init\fR (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])" 4 |
987 | .IX Item "ev_TYPE_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])" |
1490 | .IX Item "ev_TYPE_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])" |
988 | This convinience macro rolls both \f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR macro |
1491 | This convenience macro rolls both \f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR macro |
989 | calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise |
1492 | calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise |
990 | a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course. |
1493 | a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course. |
|
|
1494 | .Sp |
|
|
1495 | Example: Initialise and set an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher in one step. |
|
|
1496 | .Sp |
|
|
1497 | .Vb 1 |
|
|
1498 | \& ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
|
|
1499 | .Ve |
991 | .ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_start"" (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1500 | .ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_start"" (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
992 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_start\fR (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1501 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_start\fR (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
993 | .IX Item "ev_TYPE_start (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1502 | .IX Item "ev_TYPE_start (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
994 | Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive |
1503 | Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive |
995 | events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen. |
1504 | events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen. |
|
|
1505 | .Sp |
|
|
1506 | Example: Start the \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher that is being abused as example in this |
|
|
1507 | whole section. |
|
|
1508 | .Sp |
|
|
1509 | .Vb 1 |
|
|
1510 | \& ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w); |
|
|
1511 | .Ve |
996 | .ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_stop"" (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1512 | .ie n .IP """ev_TYPE_stop"" (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
997 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_stop\fR (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1513 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_TYPE_stop\fR (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
998 | .IX Item "ev_TYPE_stop (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1514 | .IX Item "ev_TYPE_stop (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
999 | Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending |
1515 | Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether |
|
|
1516 | the watcher was active or not). |
|
|
1517 | .Sp |
1000 | status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example, |
1518 | It is possible that stopped watchers are pending \- for example, |
1001 | non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but |
1519 | non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending \- but |
1002 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_stop\*(C'\fR ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If |
1520 | calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_stop\*(C'\fR ensures that the watcher is neither active nor |
1003 | you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a |
1521 | pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is |
1004 | good idea to always call its \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_stop\*(C'\fR function. |
1522 | therefore a good idea to always call its \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_stop\*(C'\fR function. |
1005 | .IP "bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1523 | .IP "bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1006 | .IX Item "bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1524 | .IX Item "bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1007 | Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started |
1525 | Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started |
1008 | and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify |
1526 | and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify |
1009 | it. |
1527 | it. |
… | |
… | |
1016 | make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot \f(CW\*(C`free ()\*(C'\fR |
1534 | make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot \f(CW\*(C`free ()\*(C'\fR |
1017 | it). |
1535 | it). |
1018 | .IP "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1536 | .IP "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1019 | .IX Item "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1537 | .IX Item "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1020 | Returns the callback currently set on the watcher. |
1538 | Returns the callback currently set on the watcher. |
1021 | .IP "ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
1539 | .IP "ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
1022 | .IX Item "ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" |
1540 | .IX Item "ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" |
1023 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
1541 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
1024 | (modulo threads). |
1542 | (modulo threads). |
1025 | .IP "ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)" 4 |
1543 | .IP "ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)" 4 |
1026 | .IX Item "ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)" |
1544 | .IX Item "ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)" |
1027 | .PD 0 |
1545 | .PD 0 |
1028 | .IP "int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1546 | .IP "int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1029 | .IX Item "int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1547 | .IX Item "int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1030 | .PD |
1548 | .PD |
1031 | Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small |
1549 | Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small |
1032 | integer between \f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR (default: \f(CW2\fR) and \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINPRI\*(C'\fR |
1550 | integer between \f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR (default: \f(CW2\fR) and \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINPRI\*(C'\fR |
1033 | (default: \f(CW\*(C`\-2\*(C'\fR). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked |
1551 | (default: \f(CW\*(C`\-2\*(C'\fR). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked |
1034 | before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers |
1552 | before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers |
1035 | from being executed (except for \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watchers). |
1553 | from being executed (except for \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watchers). |
1036 | .Sp |
1554 | .Sp |
1037 | This means that priorities are \fIonly\fR used for ordering callback |
|
|
1038 | invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for |
|
|
1039 | example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two |
|
|
1040 | watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first. |
|
|
1041 | .Sp |
|
|
1042 | If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending |
1555 | If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending |
1043 | you need to look at \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watchers, which provide this functionality. |
1556 | you need to look at \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watchers, which provide this functionality. |
1044 | .Sp |
1557 | .Sp |
1045 | You \fImust not\fR change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or |
1558 | You \fImust not\fR change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or |
1046 | pending. |
1559 | pending. |
1047 | .Sp |
1560 | .Sp |
|
|
1561 | Setting a priority outside the range of \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINPRI\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR is |
|
|
1562 | fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might |
|
|
1563 | or might not have been clamped to the valid range. |
|
|
1564 | .Sp |
1048 | The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is |
1565 | The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is |
1049 | always \f(CW0\fR, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :). |
1566 | always \f(CW0\fR, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :). |
1050 | .Sp |
1567 | .Sp |
1051 | Setting a priority outside the range of \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINPRI\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR is |
1568 | See \*(L"\s-1WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS\*(R"\s0, below, for a more thorough treatment of |
1052 | fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might |
1569 | priorities. |
1053 | or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range. |
|
|
1054 | .IP "ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)" 4 |
1570 | .IP "ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)" 4 |
1055 | .IX Item "ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)" |
1571 | .IX Item "ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)" |
1056 | Invoke the \f(CW\*(C`watcher\*(C'\fR with the given \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR. Neither |
1572 | Invoke the \f(CW\*(C`watcher\*(C'\fR with the given \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR. Neither |
1057 | \&\f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR nor \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR need to be valid as long as the watcher callback |
1573 | \&\f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR nor \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR need to be valid as long as the watcher callback |
1058 | can deal with that fact. |
1574 | can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the |
|
|
1575 | callback. |
1059 | .IP "int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1576 | .IP "int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1060 | .IX Item "int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1577 | .IX Item "int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1061 | If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status |
1578 | If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and |
1062 | and returns its \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the |
1579 | returns its \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the |
1063 | watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns \f(CW0\fR. |
1580 | watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns \f(CW0\fR. |
1064 | .Sh "\s-1ASSOCIATING\s0 \s-1CUSTOM\s0 \s-1DATA\s0 \s-1WITH\s0 A \s-1WATCHER\s0" |
1581 | .Sp |
1065 | .IX Subsection "ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER" |
1582 | Sometimes it can be useful to \*(L"poll\*(R" a watcher instead of waiting for its |
1066 | Each watcher has, by default, a member \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR that you can change |
1583 | callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function. |
1067 | and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used |
1584 | .IP "ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)" 4 |
1068 | to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and |
1585 | .IX Item "ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)" |
1069 | don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data |
1586 | Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event |
1070 | member, you can also \*(L"subclass\*(R" the watcher type and provide your own |
1587 | had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an |
1071 | data: |
1588 | initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must |
|
|
1589 | not free the watcher as long as it has pending events. |
|
|
1590 | .Sp |
|
|
1591 | Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling |
|
|
1592 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_clear_pending\*(C'\fR will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was |
|
|
1593 | not started in the first place. |
|
|
1594 | .Sp |
|
|
1595 | See also \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_fd_event\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal_event\*(C'\fR for related |
|
|
1596 | functions that do not need a watcher. |
1072 | .PP |
1597 | .PP |
|
|
1598 | See also the \*(L"\s-1ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER\*(R"\s0 and \*(L"\s-1BUILDING YOUR |
|
|
1599 | OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS\*(R"\s0 idioms. |
|
|
1600 | .SS "\s-1WATCHER STATES\s0" |
|
|
1601 | .IX Subsection "WATCHER STATES" |
|
|
1602 | There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual \- |
|
|
1603 | active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to |
|
|
1604 | transition between them will be described in more detail \- and while these |
|
|
1605 | rules might look complicated, they usually do \*(L"the right thing\*(R". |
|
|
1606 | .IP "initialised" 4 |
|
|
1607 | .IX Item "initialised" |
|
|
1608 | Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be |
|
|
1609 | initialised. This can be done with a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init\*(C'\fR, or calls to |
|
|
1610 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR followed by the watcher-specific \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR function. |
|
|
1611 | .Sp |
|
|
1612 | In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for |
|
|
1613 | use in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at |
|
|
1614 | will \- as long as you either keep the memory contents intact, or call |
|
|
1615 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init\*(C'\fR again. |
|
|
1616 | .IP "started/running/active" 4 |
|
|
1617 | .IX Item "started/running/active" |
|
|
1618 | Once a watcher has been started with a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_start\*(C'\fR it becomes |
|
|
1619 | property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in |
|
|
1620 | this state it cannot be accessed (except in a few documented ways), moved, |
|
|
1621 | freed or anything else \- the only legal thing is to keep a pointer to it, |
|
|
1622 | and call libev functions on it that are documented to work on active watchers. |
|
|
1623 | .IP "pending" 4 |
|
|
1624 | .IX Item "pending" |
|
|
1625 | If a watcher is active and libev determines that an event it is interested |
|
|
1626 | in has occurred (such as a timer expiring), it will become pending. It will |
|
|
1627 | stay in this pending state until either it is stopped or its callback is |
|
|
1628 | about to be invoked, so it is not normally pending inside the watcher |
|
|
1629 | callback. |
|
|
1630 | .Sp |
|
|
1631 | The watcher might or might not be active while it is pending (for example, |
|
|
1632 | an expired non-repeating timer can be pending but no longer active). If it |
|
|
1633 | is stopped, it can be freely accessed (e.g. by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR), |
|
|
1634 | but it is still property of the event loop at this time, so cannot be |
|
|
1635 | moved, freed or reused. And if it is active the rules described in the |
|
|
1636 | previous item still apply. |
|
|
1637 | .Sp |
|
|
1638 | It is also possible to feed an event on a watcher that is not active (e.g. |
|
|
1639 | via \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_event\*(C'\fR), in which case it becomes pending without being |
|
|
1640 | active. |
|
|
1641 | .IP "stopped" 4 |
|
|
1642 | .IX Item "stopped" |
|
|
1643 | A watcher can be stopped implicitly by libev (in which case it might still |
|
|
1644 | be pending), or explicitly by calling its \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_stop\*(C'\fR function. The |
|
|
1645 | latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless |
|
|
1646 | of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before |
|
|
1647 | freeing it is often a good idea. |
|
|
1648 | .Sp |
|
|
1649 | While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the |
|
|
1650 | initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way |
|
|
1651 | you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init\*(C'\fR |
|
|
1652 | it again). |
|
|
1653 | .SS "\s-1WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS\s0" |
|
|
1654 | .IX Subsection "WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS" |
|
|
1655 | Many event loops support \fIwatcher priorities\fR, which are usually small |
|
|
1656 | integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation |
|
|
1657 | between watchers in some way, all else being equal. |
|
|
1658 | .PP |
|
|
1659 | In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using \f(CW\*(C`ev_set_priority\*(C'\fR. See its |
|
|
1660 | description for the more technical details such as the actual priority |
|
|
1661 | range. |
|
|
1662 | .PP |
|
|
1663 | There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted |
|
|
1664 | by event loops: |
|
|
1665 | .PP |
|
|
1666 | In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities \*(L"lock out\*(R" invocation |
|
|
1667 | of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority |
|
|
1668 | watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked. |
|
|
1669 | .PP |
|
|
1670 | The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order |
|
|
1671 | callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority |
|
|
1672 | watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked |
|
|
1673 | before polling for new events. |
|
|
1674 | .PP |
|
|
1675 | Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers |
|
|
1676 | except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model). |
|
|
1677 | .PP |
|
|
1678 | The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for |
|
|
1679 | watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event |
|
|
1680 | libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as |
|
|
1681 | their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the |
|
|
1682 | common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower |
|
|
1683 | priority ones. |
|
|
1684 | .PP |
|
|
1685 | Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more |
|
|
1686 | watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an |
|
|
1687 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher to receive data, and an associated \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR to handle |
|
|
1688 | timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles |
|
|
1689 | other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout |
|
|
1690 | handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving |
|
|
1691 | the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be |
|
|
1692 | handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not |
|
|
1693 | always, what you want). |
|
|
1694 | .PP |
|
|
1695 | Since idle watchers use the \*(L"lock-out\*(R" model, meaning that idle watchers |
|
|
1696 | will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have |
|
|
1697 | received events, they can be used to implement the \*(L"lock-out\*(R" model when |
|
|
1698 | required. |
|
|
1699 | .PP |
|
|
1700 | For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities, |
|
|
1701 | you can associate an \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watcher to each such watcher, and in |
|
|
1702 | the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real |
|
|
1703 | processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to |
|
|
1704 | continuously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when |
|
|
1705 | the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is |
|
|
1706 | workable. |
|
|
1707 | .PP |
|
|
1708 | Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform |
|
|
1709 | miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case, |
|
|
1710 | it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the |
|
|
1711 | idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case |
|
|
1712 | the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time. |
|
|
1713 | .PP |
|
|
1714 | Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower |
|
|
1715 | priority than the default, and which should only process data when no |
|
|
1716 | other events are pending: |
|
|
1717 | .PP |
1073 | .Vb 7 |
1718 | .Vb 2 |
1074 | \& struct my_io |
1719 | \& ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher |
1075 | \& { |
1720 | \& ev_io io; // actual event watcher |
1076 | \& struct ev_io io; |
|
|
1077 | \& int otherfd; |
|
|
1078 | \& void *somedata; |
|
|
1079 | \& struct whatever *mostinteresting; |
|
|
1080 | \& } |
|
|
1081 | .Ve |
|
|
1082 | .PP |
|
|
1083 | And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you |
|
|
1084 | can cast it back to your own type: |
|
|
1085 | .PP |
|
|
1086 | .Vb 5 |
|
|
1087 | \& static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents) |
|
|
1088 | \& { |
|
|
1089 | \& struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_; |
|
|
1090 | \& ... |
|
|
1091 | \& } |
|
|
1092 | .Ve |
|
|
1093 | .PP |
|
|
1094 | More interesting and less C\-conformant ways of casting your callback type |
|
|
1095 | instead have been omitted. |
|
|
1096 | .PP |
|
|
1097 | Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple |
|
|
1098 | watchers: |
|
|
1099 | .PP |
|
|
1100 | .Vb 6 |
|
|
1101 | \& struct my_biggy |
|
|
1102 | \& { |
|
|
1103 | \& int some_data; |
|
|
1104 | \& ev_timer t1; |
|
|
1105 | \& ev_timer t2; |
|
|
1106 | \& } |
|
|
1107 | .Ve |
|
|
1108 | .PP |
|
|
1109 | In this case getting the pointer to \f(CW\*(C`my_biggy\*(C'\fR is a bit more complicated, |
|
|
1110 | you need to use \f(CW\*(C`offsetof\*(C'\fR: |
|
|
1111 | .PP |
|
|
1112 | .Vb 1 |
|
|
1113 | \& #include <stddef.h> |
|
|
1114 | \& |
1721 | \& |
1115 | \& static void |
1722 | \& static void |
1116 | \& t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1723 | \& io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents) |
1117 | \& { |
1724 | \& { |
1118 | \& struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy * |
1725 | \& // stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but |
1119 | \& (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1)); |
1726 | \& // are not yet ready to handle it. |
|
|
1727 | \& ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
|
|
1728 | \& |
|
|
1729 | \& // start the idle watcher to handle the actual event. |
|
|
1730 | \& // it will not be executed as long as other watchers |
|
|
1731 | \& // with the default priority are receiving events. |
|
|
1732 | \& ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle); |
1120 | \& } |
1733 | \& } |
1121 | \& |
1734 | \& |
1122 | \& static void |
1735 | \& static void |
1123 | \& t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1736 | \& idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents) |
1124 | \& { |
1737 | \& { |
1125 | \& struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy * |
1738 | \& // actual processing |
1126 | \& (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2)); |
1739 | \& read (STDIN_FILENO, ...); |
|
|
1740 | \& |
|
|
1741 | \& // have to start the I/O watcher again, as |
|
|
1742 | \& // we have handled the event |
|
|
1743 | \& ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io); |
1127 | \& } |
1744 | \& } |
|
|
1745 | \& |
|
|
1746 | \& // initialisation |
|
|
1747 | \& ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb); |
|
|
1748 | \& ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
|
|
1749 | \& ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io); |
1128 | .Ve |
1750 | .Ve |
|
|
1751 | .PP |
|
|
1752 | In the \*(L"real\*(R" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that |
|
|
1753 | low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This |
|
|
1754 | enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections |
|
|
1755 | during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less |
|
|
1756 | important ones. |
1129 | .SH "WATCHER TYPES" |
1757 | .SH "WATCHER TYPES" |
1130 | .IX Header "WATCHER TYPES" |
1758 | .IX Header "WATCHER TYPES" |
1131 | This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat |
1759 | This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat |
1132 | information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros, |
1760 | information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros, |
1133 | functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained. |
1761 | functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained. |
… | |
… | |
1138 | watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or \fI[read\-write]\fR, which |
1766 | watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or \fI[read\-write]\fR, which |
1139 | means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher |
1767 | means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher |
1140 | is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something |
1768 | is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something |
1141 | sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will |
1769 | sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will |
1142 | not crash or malfunction in any way. |
1770 | not crash or malfunction in any way. |
1143 | .ie n .Sh """ev_io"" \- is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1771 | .ie n .SS """ev_io"" \- is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1144 | .el .Sh "\f(CWev_io\fP \- is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1772 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_io\fP \- is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1145 | .IX Subsection "ev_io - is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1773 | .IX Subsection "ev_io - is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1146 | I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable |
1774 | I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable |
1147 | in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading |
1775 | in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading |
1148 | would not block the process and writing would at least be able to write |
1776 | would not block the process and writing would at least be able to write |
1149 | some data. This behaviour is called level-triggering because you keep |
1777 | some data. This behaviour is called level-triggering because you keep |
… | |
… | |
1154 | In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per |
1782 | In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per |
1155 | fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file |
1783 | fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file |
1156 | descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not |
1784 | descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not |
1157 | required if you know what you are doing). |
1785 | required if you know what you are doing). |
1158 | .PP |
1786 | .PP |
1159 | If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend |
|
|
1160 | (at the time of this writing, this includes only \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR and |
|
|
1161 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR). |
|
|
1162 | .PP |
|
|
1163 | Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to |
1787 | Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to |
1164 | receive \*(L"spurious\*(R" readyness notifications, that is your callback might |
1788 | receive \*(L"spurious\*(R" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might |
1165 | be called with \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR but a subsequent \f(CW\*(C`read\*(C'\fR(2) will actually block |
1789 | be called with \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR but a subsequent \f(CW\*(C`read\*(C'\fR(2) will actually block |
1166 | because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a |
1790 | because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even |
1167 | lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into |
1791 | with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always |
1168 | this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus |
1792 | use non-blocking I/O: An extra \f(CW\*(C`read\*(C'\fR(2) returning \f(CW\*(C`EAGAIN\*(C'\fR is far |
1169 | it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra \f(CW\*(C`read\*(C'\fR(2) returning |
|
|
1170 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EAGAIN\*(C'\fR is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives. |
1793 | preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives. |
1171 | .PP |
1794 | .PP |
1172 | If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not |
1795 | If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should |
1173 | play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test |
1796 | not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately |
1174 | whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface |
1797 | re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good |
1175 | such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on |
1798 | interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does |
1176 | its own, so its quite safe to use). |
1799 | this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally |
|
|
1800 | use \f(CW\*(C`SIGALRM\*(C'\fR and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block |
|
|
1801 | indefinitely. |
|
|
1802 | .PP |
|
|
1803 | But really, best use non-blocking mode. |
1177 | .PP |
1804 | .PP |
1178 | \fIThe special problem of disappearing file descriptors\fR |
1805 | \fIThe special problem of disappearing file descriptors\fR |
1179 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of disappearing file descriptors" |
1806 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of disappearing file descriptors" |
1180 | .PP |
1807 | .PP |
1181 | Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file |
1808 | Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll, linuxaio) need to be told about closing |
1182 | descriptor (either by calling \f(CW\*(C`close\*(C'\fR explicitly or by any other means, |
1809 | a file descriptor (either due to calling \f(CW\*(C`close\*(C'\fR explicitly or any other |
1183 | such as \f(CW\*(C`dup\*(C'\fR). The reason is that you register interest in some file |
1810 | means, such as \f(CW\*(C`dup2\*(C'\fR). The reason is that you register interest in some |
1184 | descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop |
1811 | file descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently |
1185 | this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is |
1812 | drop this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then |
1186 | registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in |
1813 | is registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, |
1187 | fact, a different file descriptor. |
1814 | in fact, a different file descriptor. |
1188 | .PP |
1815 | .PP |
1189 | To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows |
1816 | To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows |
1190 | the following policy: Each time \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR is being called, libev |
1817 | the following policy: Each time \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR is being called, libev |
1191 | will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise |
1818 | will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise |
1192 | it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that |
1819 | it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that |
… | |
… | |
1207 | .PP |
1834 | .PP |
1208 | There is no workaround possible except not registering events |
1835 | There is no workaround possible except not registering events |
1209 | for potentially \f(CW\*(C`dup ()\*(C'\fR'ed file descriptors, or to resort to |
1836 | for potentially \f(CW\*(C`dup ()\*(C'\fR'ed file descriptors, or to resort to |
1210 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
1837 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
1211 | .PP |
1838 | .PP |
|
|
1839 | \fIThe special problem of files\fR |
|
|
1840 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of files" |
|
|
1841 | .PP |
|
|
1842 | Many people try to use \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR (or libev) on file descriptors |
|
|
1843 | representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program |
|
|
1844 | doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own). |
|
|
1845 | .PP |
|
|
1846 | However, this cannot ever work in the \*(L"expected\*(R" way \- you get a readiness |
|
|
1847 | notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is |
|
|
1848 | there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you |
|
|
1849 | always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly |
|
|
1850 | write) will still block on the disk I/O. |
|
|
1851 | .PP |
|
|
1852 | Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character |
|
|
1853 | devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data |
|
|
1854 | on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk |
|
|
1855 | will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you |
|
|
1856 | wish to read \- you would first have to request some data. |
|
|
1857 | .PP |
|
|
1858 | Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification |
|
|
1859 | mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate \s-1POSIX\s0 behaviour with respect |
|
|
1860 | to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is |
|
|
1861 | convenience: sometimes you want to watch \s-1STDIN\s0 or \s-1STDOUT,\s0 which is |
|
|
1862 | usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices |
|
|
1863 | (for example, \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR on Linux works with \fI/dev/random\fR but not with |
|
|
1864 | \&\fI/dev/urandom\fR), and even though the file might better be served with |
|
|
1865 | asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when |
|
|
1866 | it \*(L"just works\*(R" instead of freezing. |
|
|
1867 | .PP |
|
|
1868 | So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use |
|
|
1869 | libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for \s-1STDIN/STDOUT,\s0 or |
|
|
1870 | when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to |
|
|
1871 | reuse the same code path. |
|
|
1872 | .PP |
1212 | \fIThe special problem of fork\fR |
1873 | \fIThe special problem of fork\fR |
1213 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of fork" |
1874 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of fork" |
1214 | .PP |
1875 | .PP |
1215 | Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR at all or exhibit |
1876 | Some backends (epoll, kqueue, probably linuxaio) do not support \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR |
1216 | useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about |
1877 | at all or exhibit useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs |
1217 | it in the child. |
1878 | to be told about it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the |
|
|
1879 | child. |
1218 | .PP |
1880 | .PP |
1219 | To support fork in your programs, you either have to call |
1881 | To support fork in your child processes, you have to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork |
1220 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork ()\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork ()\*(C'\fR after a fork in the child, |
1882 | ()\*(C'\fR after a fork in the child, enable \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR, or resort to |
1221 | enable \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR, or resort to \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or |
1883 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
1222 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
1884 | .PP |
|
|
1885 | \fIThe special problem of \s-1SIGPIPE\s0\fR |
|
|
1886 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of SIGPIPE" |
|
|
1887 | .PP |
|
|
1888 | While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about \f(CW\*(C`SIGPIPE\*(C'\fR: |
|
|
1889 | when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets |
|
|
1890 | sent a \s-1SIGPIPE,\s0 which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs |
|
|
1891 | this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable. |
|
|
1892 | .PP |
|
|
1893 | So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you |
|
|
1894 | ignore \s-1SIGPIPE\s0 (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon |
|
|
1895 | somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue). |
|
|
1896 | .PP |
|
|
1897 | \fIThe special problem of \f(BIaccept()\fIing when you can't\fR |
|
|
1898 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of accept()ing when you can't" |
|
|
1899 | .PP |
|
|
1900 | Many implementations of the \s-1POSIX\s0 \f(CW\*(C`accept\*(C'\fR function (for example, |
|
|
1901 | found in post\-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a |
|
|
1902 | connection from the pending queue in all error cases. |
|
|
1903 | .PP |
|
|
1904 | For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because |
|
|
1905 | of resource limits), causing \f(CW\*(C`accept\*(C'\fR to fail with \f(CW\*(C`ENFILE\*(C'\fR but not |
|
|
1906 | rejecting the connection, leading to libev signalling readiness on |
|
|
1907 | the next iteration again (the connection still exists after all), and |
|
|
1908 | typically causing the program to loop at 100% \s-1CPU\s0 usage. |
|
|
1909 | .PP |
|
|
1910 | Unfortunately, the set of errors that cause this issue differs between |
|
|
1911 | operating systems, there is usually little the app can do to remedy the |
|
|
1912 | situation, and no known thread-safe method of removing the connection to |
|
|
1913 | cope with overload is known (to me). |
|
|
1914 | .PP |
|
|
1915 | One of the easiest ways to handle this situation is to just ignore it |
|
|
1916 | \&\- when the program encounters an overload, it will just loop until the |
|
|
1917 | situation is over. While this is a form of busy waiting, no \s-1OS\s0 offers an |
|
|
1918 | event-based way to handle this situation, so it's the best one can do. |
|
|
1919 | .PP |
|
|
1920 | A better way to handle the situation is to log any errors other than |
|
|
1921 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EAGAIN\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EWOULDBLOCK\*(C'\fR, making sure not to flood the log with such |
|
|
1922 | messages, and continue as usual, which at least gives the user an idea of |
|
|
1923 | what could be wrong (\*(L"raise the ulimit!\*(R"). For extra points one could stop |
|
|
1924 | the \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher on the listening fd \*(L"for a while\*(R", which reduces \s-1CPU\s0 |
|
|
1925 | usage. |
|
|
1926 | .PP |
|
|
1927 | If your program is single-threaded, then you could also keep a dummy file |
|
|
1928 | descriptor for overload situations (e.g. by opening \fI/dev/null\fR), and |
|
|
1929 | when you run into \f(CW\*(C`ENFILE\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EMFILE\*(C'\fR, close it, run \f(CW\*(C`accept\*(C'\fR, |
|
|
1930 | close that fd, and create a new dummy fd. This will gracefully refuse |
|
|
1931 | clients under typical overload conditions. |
|
|
1932 | .PP |
|
|
1933 | The last way to handle it is to simply log the error and \f(CW\*(C`exit\*(C'\fR, as |
|
|
1934 | is often done with \f(CW\*(C`malloc\*(C'\fR failures, but this results in an easy |
|
|
1935 | opportunity for a DoS attack. |
1223 | .PP |
1936 | .PP |
1224 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions\fR |
1937 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions\fR |
1225 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions" |
1938 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions" |
1226 | .IP "ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)" 4 |
1939 | .IP "ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)" 4 |
1227 | .IX Item "ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)" |
1940 | .IX Item "ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)" |
1228 | .PD 0 |
1941 | .PD 0 |
1229 | .IP "ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)" 4 |
1942 | .IP "ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)" 4 |
1230 | .IX Item "ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)" |
1943 | .IX Item "ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)" |
1231 | .PD |
1944 | .PD |
1232 | Configures an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher. The \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR is the file descriptor to |
1945 | Configures an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher. The \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR is the file descriptor to |
1233 | rceeive events for and events is either \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR or |
1946 | receive events for and \f(CW\*(C`events\*(C'\fR is either \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR or |
1234 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_READ | EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR to receive the given events. |
1947 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_READ | EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR, to express the desire to receive the given events. |
1235 | .IP "int fd [read\-only]" 4 |
1948 | .IP "int fd [read\-only]" 4 |
1236 | .IX Item "int fd [read-only]" |
1949 | .IX Item "int fd [read-only]" |
1237 | The file descriptor being watched. |
1950 | The file descriptor being watched. |
1238 | .IP "int events [read\-only]" 4 |
1951 | .IP "int events [read\-only]" 4 |
1239 | .IX Item "int events [read-only]" |
1952 | .IX Item "int events [read-only]" |
… | |
… | |
1245 | Example: Call \f(CW\*(C`stdin_readable_cb\*(C'\fR when \s-1STDIN_FILENO\s0 has become, well |
1958 | Example: Call \f(CW\*(C`stdin_readable_cb\*(C'\fR when \s-1STDIN_FILENO\s0 has become, well |
1246 | readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could |
1959 | readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could |
1247 | attempt to read a whole line in the callback. |
1960 | attempt to read a whole line in the callback. |
1248 | .PP |
1961 | .PP |
1249 | .Vb 6 |
1962 | .Vb 6 |
1250 | \& static void |
1963 | \& static void |
1251 | \& stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
1964 | \& stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
1252 | \& { |
1965 | \& { |
1253 | \& ev_io_stop (loop, w); |
1966 | \& ev_io_stop (loop, w); |
1254 | \& .. read from stdin here (or from w\->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors |
1967 | \& .. read from stdin here (or from w\->fd) and handle any I/O errors |
1255 | \& } |
1968 | \& } |
1256 | \& |
1969 | \& |
1257 | \& ... |
1970 | \& ... |
1258 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
1971 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
1259 | \& struct ev_io stdin_readable; |
1972 | \& ev_io stdin_readable; |
1260 | \& ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1973 | \& ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1261 | \& ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable); |
1974 | \& ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable); |
1262 | \& ev_loop (loop, 0); |
1975 | \& ev_run (loop, 0); |
1263 | .Ve |
1976 | .Ve |
1264 | .ie n .Sh """ev_timer"" \- relative and optionally repeating timeouts" |
1977 | .ie n .SS """ev_timer"" \- relative and optionally repeating timeouts" |
1265 | .el .Sh "\f(CWev_timer\fP \- relative and optionally repeating timeouts" |
1978 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_timer\fP \- relative and optionally repeating timeouts" |
1266 | .IX Subsection "ev_timer - relative and optionally repeating timeouts" |
1979 | .IX Subsection "ev_timer - relative and optionally repeating timeouts" |
1267 | Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a |
1980 | Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a |
1268 | given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that. |
1981 | given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that. |
1269 | .PP |
1982 | .PP |
1270 | The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that |
1983 | The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that |
1271 | times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years |
1984 | times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last |
1272 | time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. \*(L"Roughly\*(R" because |
1985 | year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. \*(L"Roughly\*(R" because |
1273 | detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the |
1986 | detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the |
1274 | monotonic clock option helps a lot here). |
1987 | monotonic clock option helps a lot here). |
|
|
1988 | .PP |
|
|
1989 | The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only \fIafter\fR its timeout has |
|
|
1990 | passed (not \fIat\fR, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this |
|
|
1991 | might introduce a small delay, see \*(L"the special problem of being too |
|
|
1992 | early\*(R", below). If multiple timers become ready during the same loop |
|
|
1993 | iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked before |
|
|
1994 | ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is no |
|
|
1995 | longer true when a callback calls \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR recursively). |
|
|
1996 | .PP |
|
|
1997 | \fIBe smart about timeouts\fR |
|
|
1998 | .IX Subsection "Be smart about timeouts" |
|
|
1999 | .PP |
|
|
2000 | Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error |
|
|
2001 | recovery. A typical example is an \s-1HTTP\s0 request \- if the other side hangs, |
|
|
2002 | you want to raise some error after a while. |
|
|
2003 | .PP |
|
|
2004 | What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and |
|
|
2005 | inefficient to smart and efficient. |
|
|
2006 | .PP |
|
|
2007 | In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed \- a timeout that |
|
|
2008 | gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some |
|
|
2009 | data or other life sign was received). |
|
|
2010 | .IP "1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity." 4 |
|
|
2011 | .IX Item "1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity." |
|
|
2012 | This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning, |
|
|
2013 | start the watcher: |
|
|
2014 | .Sp |
|
|
2015 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
2016 | \& ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.); |
|
|
2017 | \& ev_timer_start (loop, timer); |
|
|
2018 | .Ve |
|
|
2019 | .Sp |
|
|
2020 | Then, each time there is some activity, \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_stop\*(C'\fR it, initialise it |
|
|
2021 | and start it again: |
|
|
2022 | .Sp |
|
|
2023 | .Vb 3 |
|
|
2024 | \& ev_timer_stop (loop, timer); |
|
|
2025 | \& ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.); |
|
|
2026 | \& ev_timer_start (loop, timer); |
|
|
2027 | .Ve |
|
|
2028 | .Sp |
|
|
2029 | This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is |
|
|
2030 | some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal |
|
|
2031 | data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's |
|
|
2032 | still not a constant-time operation. |
|
|
2033 | .ie n .IP "2. Use a timer and re-start it with ""ev_timer_again"" inactivity." 4 |
|
|
2034 | .el .IP "2. Use a timer and re-start it with \f(CWev_timer_again\fR inactivity." 4 |
|
|
2035 | .IX Item "2. Use a timer and re-start it with ev_timer_again inactivity." |
|
|
2036 | This is the easiest way, and involves using \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR instead of |
|
|
2037 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_start\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
2038 | .Sp |
|
|
2039 | To implement this, configure an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR with a \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value |
|
|
2040 | of \f(CW60\fR and then call \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR at start and each time you |
|
|
2041 | successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where |
|
|
2042 | you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_stop\*(C'\fR |
|
|
2043 | the timer, and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR will automatically restart it if need be. |
|
|
2044 | .Sp |
|
|
2045 | That means you can ignore both the \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_start\*(C'\fR function and the |
|
|
2046 | \&\f(CW\*(C`after\*(C'\fR argument to \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_set\*(C'\fR, and only ever use the \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR |
|
|
2047 | member and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
2048 | .Sp |
|
|
2049 | At start: |
|
|
2050 | .Sp |
|
|
2051 | .Vb 3 |
|
|
2052 | \& ev_init (timer, callback); |
|
|
2053 | \& timer\->repeat = 60.; |
|
|
2054 | \& ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
|
|
2055 | .Ve |
|
|
2056 | .Sp |
|
|
2057 | Each time there is some activity: |
|
|
2058 | .Sp |
|
|
2059 | .Vb 1 |
|
|
2060 | \& ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
|
|
2061 | .Ve |
|
|
2062 | .Sp |
|
|
2063 | It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of |
|
|
2064 | whether the watcher is active or not: |
|
|
2065 | .Sp |
|
|
2066 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
2067 | \& timer\->repeat = 30.; |
|
|
2068 | \& ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
|
|
2069 | .Ve |
|
|
2070 | .Sp |
|
|
2071 | This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time |
|
|
2072 | you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely |
|
|
2073 | remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure. |
|
|
2074 | .Sp |
|
|
2075 | It is, however, even simpler than the \*(L"obvious\*(R" way to do it. |
|
|
2076 | .IP "3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required." 4 |
|
|
2077 | .IX Item "3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required." |
|
|
2078 | This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are |
|
|
2079 | relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity \- in |
|
|
2080 | our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with |
|
|
2081 | associated activity resets. |
|
|
2082 | .Sp |
|
|
2083 | In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR alone, |
|
|
2084 | but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only |
|
|
2085 | within the callback: |
|
|
2086 | .Sp |
|
|
2087 | .Vb 3 |
|
|
2088 | \& ev_tstamp timeout = 60.; |
|
|
2089 | \& ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity |
|
|
2090 | \& ev_timer timer; |
|
|
2091 | \& |
|
|
2092 | \& static void |
|
|
2093 | \& callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
|
|
2094 | \& { |
|
|
2095 | \& // calculate when the timeout would happen |
|
|
2096 | \& ev_tstamp after = last_activity \- ev_now (EV_A) + timeout; |
|
|
2097 | \& |
|
|
2098 | \& // if negative, it means we the timeout already occurred |
|
|
2099 | \& if (after < 0.) |
|
|
2100 | \& { |
|
|
2101 | \& // timeout occurred, take action |
|
|
2102 | \& } |
|
|
2103 | \& else |
|
|
2104 | \& { |
|
|
2105 | \& // callback was invoked, but there was some recent |
|
|
2106 | \& // activity. simply restart the timer to time out |
|
|
2107 | \& // after "after" seconds, which is the earliest time |
|
|
2108 | \& // the timeout can occur. |
|
|
2109 | \& ev_timer_set (w, after, 0.); |
|
|
2110 | \& ev_timer_start (EV_A_ w); |
|
|
2111 | \& } |
|
|
2112 | \& } |
|
|
2113 | .Ve |
|
|
2114 | .Sp |
|
|
2115 | To summarise the callback: first calculate in how many seconds the |
|
|
2116 | timeout will occur (by calculating the absolute time when it would occur, |
|
|
2117 | \&\f(CW\*(C`last_activity + timeout\*(C'\fR, and subtracting the current time, \f(CW\*(C`ev_now |
|
|
2118 | (EV_A)\*(C'\fR from that). |
|
|
2119 | .Sp |
|
|
2120 | If this value is negative, then we are already past the timeout, i.e. we |
|
|
2121 | timed out, and need to do whatever is needed in this case. |
|
|
2122 | .Sp |
|
|
2123 | Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger, |
|
|
2124 | and simply start the timer with this timeout value. |
|
|
2125 | .Sp |
|
|
2126 | In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether |
|
|
2127 | the timeout occurred. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check |
|
|
2128 | again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat. |
|
|
2129 | .Sp |
|
|
2130 | This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds |
|
|
2131 | minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to |
|
|
2132 | libev to change the timeout. |
|
|
2133 | .Sp |
|
|
2134 | To start the machinery, simply initialise the watcher and set |
|
|
2135 | \&\f(CW\*(C`last_activity\*(C'\fR to the current time (meaning there was some activity just |
|
|
2136 | now), then call the callback, which will \*(L"do the right thing\*(R" and start |
|
|
2137 | the timer: |
|
|
2138 | .Sp |
|
|
2139 | .Vb 3 |
|
|
2140 | \& last_activity = ev_now (EV_A); |
|
|
2141 | \& ev_init (&timer, callback); |
|
|
2142 | \& callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0); |
|
|
2143 | .Ve |
|
|
2144 | .Sp |
|
|
2145 | When there is some activity, simply store the current time in |
|
|
2146 | \&\f(CW\*(C`last_activity\*(C'\fR, no libev calls at all: |
|
|
2147 | .Sp |
|
|
2148 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
2149 | \& if (activity detected) |
|
|
2150 | \& last_activity = ev_now (EV_A); |
|
|
2151 | .Ve |
|
|
2152 | .Sp |
|
|
2153 | When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply |
|
|
2154 | providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which |
|
|
2155 | will again do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :). |
|
|
2156 | .Sp |
|
|
2157 | .Vb 3 |
|
|
2158 | \& timeout = new_value; |
|
|
2159 | \& ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer); |
|
|
2160 | \& callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0); |
|
|
2161 | .Ve |
|
|
2162 | .Sp |
|
|
2163 | This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the |
|
|
2164 | time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient. |
|
|
2165 | .IP "4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts." 4 |
|
|
2166 | .IX Item "4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts." |
|
|
2167 | If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all |
|
|
2168 | employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can |
|
|
2169 | do even better: |
|
|
2170 | .Sp |
|
|
2171 | When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout |
|
|
2172 | at the \fIend\fR of the list. |
|
|
2173 | .Sp |
|
|
2174 | Then use an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR to fire when the timeout at the \fIbeginning\fR of |
|
|
2175 | the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3). |
|
|
2176 | .Sp |
|
|
2177 | When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate |
|
|
2178 | the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to |
|
|
2179 | update the \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR if it was taken from the beginning of the list. |
|
|
2180 | .Sp |
|
|
2181 | This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for |
|
|
2182 | starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major |
|
|
2183 | complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout |
|
|
2184 | ensures that the list stays sorted. |
|
|
2185 | .PP |
|
|
2186 | So which method the best? |
|
|
2187 | .PP |
|
|
2188 | Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most |
|
|
2189 | situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases |
|
|
2190 | better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either |
|
|
2191 | one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations. |
|
|
2192 | .PP |
|
|
2193 | Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is |
|
|
2194 | rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays |
|
|
2195 | off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually |
|
|
2196 | overkill :) |
|
|
2197 | .PP |
|
|
2198 | \fIThe special problem of being too early\fR |
|
|
2199 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of being too early" |
|
|
2200 | .PP |
|
|
2201 | If you ask a timer to call your callback after three seconds, then |
|
|
2202 | you expect it to be invoked after three seconds \- but of course, this |
|
|
2203 | cannot be guaranteed to infinite precision. Less obviously, it cannot be |
|
|
2204 | guaranteed to any precision by libev \- imagine somebody suspending the |
|
|
2205 | process with a \s-1STOP\s0 signal for a few hours for example. |
|
|
2206 | .PP |
|
|
2207 | So, libev tries to invoke your callback as soon as possible \fIafter\fR the |
|
|
2208 | delay has occurred, but cannot guarantee this. |
|
|
2209 | .PP |
|
|
2210 | A less obvious failure mode is calling your callback too early: many event |
|
|
2211 | loops compare timestamps with a \*(L"elapsed delay >= requested delay\*(R", but |
|
|
2212 | this can cause your callback to be invoked much earlier than you would |
|
|
2213 | expect. |
|
|
2214 | .PP |
|
|
2215 | To see why, imagine a system with a clock that only offers full second |
|
|
2216 | resolution (think windows if you can't come up with a broken enough \s-1OS\s0 |
|
|
2217 | yourself). If you schedule a one-second timer at the time 500.9, then the |
|
|
2218 | event loop will schedule your timeout to elapse at a system time of 500 |
|
|
2219 | (500.9 truncated to the resolution) + 1, or 501. |
|
|
2220 | .PP |
|
|
2221 | If an event library looks at the timeout 0.1s later, it will see \*(L"501 >= |
|
|
2222 | 501\*(R" and invoke the callback 0.1s after it was started, even though a |
|
|
2223 | one-second delay was requested \- this is being \*(L"too early\*(R", despite best |
|
|
2224 | intentions. |
|
|
2225 | .PP |
|
|
2226 | This is the reason why libev will never invoke the callback if the elapsed |
|
|
2227 | delay equals the requested delay, but only when the elapsed delay is |
|
|
2228 | larger than the requested delay. In the example above, libev would only invoke |
|
|
2229 | the callback at system time 502, or 1.1s after the timer was started. |
|
|
2230 | .PP |
|
|
2231 | So, while libev cannot guarantee that your callback will be invoked |
|
|
2232 | exactly when requested, it \fIcan\fR and \fIdoes\fR guarantee that the requested |
|
|
2233 | delay has actually elapsed, or in other words, it always errs on the \*(L"too |
|
|
2234 | late\*(R" side of things. |
|
|
2235 | .PP |
|
|
2236 | \fIThe special problem of time updates\fR |
|
|
2237 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of time updates" |
|
|
2238 | .PP |
|
|
2239 | Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes |
|
|
2240 | at least one system call): \s-1EV\s0 therefore updates its idea of the current |
|
|
2241 | time only before and after \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR collects new events, which causes a |
|
|
2242 | growing difference between \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_time ()\*(C'\fR when handling |
|
|
2243 | lots of events in one iteration. |
1275 | .PP |
2244 | .PP |
1276 | The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR |
2245 | The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR |
1277 | time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time |
2246 | time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time |
1278 | of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If |
2247 | of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If |
1279 | you suspect event processing to be delayed and you \fIneed\fR to base the timeout |
2248 | you suspect event processing to be delayed and you \fIneed\fR to base the |
1280 | on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this: |
2249 | timeout on the current time, use something like the following to adjust |
|
|
2250 | for it: |
1281 | .PP |
2251 | .PP |
1282 | .Vb 1 |
2252 | .Vb 1 |
1283 | \& ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () \- ev_time (), 0.); |
2253 | \& ev_timer_set (&timer, after + (ev_time () \- ev_now ()), 0.); |
1284 | .Ve |
2254 | .Ve |
1285 | .PP |
2255 | .PP |
1286 | The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed, |
2256 | If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an |
1287 | but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then |
2257 | update of the time returned by \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_now_update |
1288 | order of execution is undefined. |
2258 | ()\*(C'\fR, although that will push the event time of all outstanding events |
|
|
2259 | further into the future. |
|
|
2260 | .PP |
|
|
2261 | \fIThe special problem of unsynchronised clocks\fR |
|
|
2262 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of unsynchronised clocks" |
|
|
2263 | .PP |
|
|
2264 | Modern systems have a variety of clocks \- libev itself uses the normal |
|
|
2265 | \&\*(L"wall clock\*(R" clock and, if available, the monotonic clock (to avoid time |
|
|
2266 | jumps). |
|
|
2267 | .PP |
|
|
2268 | Neither of these clocks is synchronised with each other or any other clock |
|
|
2269 | on the system, so \f(CW\*(C`ev_time ()\*(C'\fR might return a considerably different time |
|
|
2270 | than \f(CW\*(C`gettimeofday ()\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`time ()\*(C'\fR. On a GNU/Linux system, for example, |
|
|
2271 | a call to \f(CW\*(C`gettimeofday\*(C'\fR might return a second count that is one higher |
|
|
2272 | than a directly following call to \f(CW\*(C`time\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
2273 | .PP |
|
|
2274 | The moral of this is to only compare libev-related timestamps with |
|
|
2275 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_time ()\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR, at least if you want better precision than |
|
|
2276 | a second or so. |
|
|
2277 | .PP |
|
|
2278 | One more problem arises due to this lack of synchronisation: if libev uses |
|
|
2279 | the system monotonic clock and you compare timestamps from \f(CW\*(C`ev_time\*(C'\fR |
|
|
2280 | or \f(CW\*(C`ev_now\*(C'\fR from when you started your timer and when your callback is |
|
|
2281 | invoked, you will find that sometimes the callback is a bit \*(L"early\*(R". |
|
|
2282 | .PP |
|
|
2283 | This is because \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fRs work in real time, not wall clock time, so |
|
|
2284 | libev makes sure your callback is not invoked before the delay happened, |
|
|
2285 | \&\fImeasured according to the real time\fR, not the system clock. |
|
|
2286 | .PP |
|
|
2287 | If your timeouts are based on a physical timescale (e.g. \*(L"time out this |
|
|
2288 | connection after 100 seconds\*(R") then this shouldn't bother you as it is |
|
|
2289 | exactly the right behaviour. |
|
|
2290 | .PP |
|
|
2291 | If you want to compare wall clock/system timestamps to your timers, then |
|
|
2292 | you need to use \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fRs, as these are based on the wall clock |
|
|
2293 | time, where your comparisons will always generate correct results. |
|
|
2294 | .PP |
|
|
2295 | \fIThe special problems of suspended animation\fR |
|
|
2296 | .IX Subsection "The special problems of suspended animation" |
|
|
2297 | .PP |
|
|
2298 | When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that |
|
|
2299 | can suspend/hibernate \- what happens to the clocks during such a suspend? |
|
|
2300 | .PP |
|
|
2301 | Some quick tests made with a Linux 2.6.28 indicate that a suspend freezes |
|
|
2302 | all processes, while the clocks (\f(CW\*(C`times\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`CLOCK_MONOTONIC\*(C'\fR) continue |
|
|
2303 | to run until the system is suspended, but they will not advance while the |
|
|
2304 | system is suspended. That means, on resume, it will be as if the program |
|
|
2305 | was frozen for a few seconds, but the suspend time will not be counted |
|
|
2306 | towards \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR when a monotonic clock source is used. The real time |
|
|
2307 | clock advanced as expected, but if it is used as sole clocksource, then a |
|
|
2308 | long suspend would be detected as a time jump by libev, and timers would |
|
|
2309 | be adjusted accordingly. |
|
|
2310 | .PP |
|
|
2311 | I would not be surprised to see different behaviour in different between |
|
|
2312 | operating systems, \s-1OS\s0 versions or even different hardware. |
|
|
2313 | .PP |
|
|
2314 | The other form of suspend (job control, or sending a \s-1SIGSTOP\s0) will see a |
|
|
2315 | time jump in the monotonic clocks and the realtime clock. If the program |
|
|
2316 | is suspended for a very long time, and monotonic clock sources are in use, |
|
|
2317 | then you can expect \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fRs to expire as the full suspension time |
|
|
2318 | will be counted towards the timers. When no monotonic clock source is in |
|
|
2319 | use, then libev will again assume a timejump and adjust accordingly. |
|
|
2320 | .PP |
|
|
2321 | It might be beneficial for this latter case to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_suspend\*(C'\fR |
|
|
2322 | and \f(CW\*(C`ev_resume\*(C'\fR in code that handles \f(CW\*(C`SIGTSTP\*(C'\fR, to at least get |
|
|
2323 | deterministic behaviour in this case (you can do nothing against |
|
|
2324 | \&\f(CW\*(C`SIGSTOP\*(C'\fR). |
1289 | .PP |
2325 | .PP |
1290 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
2326 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
1291 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
2327 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
1292 | .IP "ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" 4 |
2328 | .IP "ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" 4 |
1293 | .IX Item "ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" |
2329 | .IX Item "ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" |
1294 | .PD 0 |
2330 | .PD 0 |
1295 | .IP "ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" 4 |
2331 | .IP "ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" 4 |
1296 | .IX Item "ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" |
2332 | .IX Item "ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" |
1297 | .PD |
2333 | .PD |
1298 | Configure the timer to trigger after \f(CW\*(C`after\*(C'\fR seconds. If \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR is |
2334 | Configure the timer to trigger after \f(CW\*(C`after\*(C'\fR seconds (fractional and |
1299 | \&\f(CW0.\fR, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the |
2335 | negative values are supported). If \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR is \f(CW0.\fR, then it will |
|
|
2336 | automatically be stopped once the timeout is reached. If it is positive, |
1300 | timer will automatically be configured to trigger again \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR seconds |
2337 | then the timer will automatically be configured to trigger again \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR |
1301 | later, again, and again, until stopped manually. |
2338 | seconds later, again, and again, until stopped manually. |
1302 | .Sp |
2339 | .Sp |
1303 | The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you |
2340 | The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if |
1304 | configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at |
2341 | you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally |
1305 | exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with |
2342 | trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot |
1306 | the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the |
2343 | keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to |
1307 | timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration. |
2344 | do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration. |
1308 | .IP "ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)" 4 |
2345 | .IP "ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)" 4 |
1309 | .IX Item "ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)" |
2346 | .IX Item "ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)" |
1310 | This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is |
2347 | This will act as if the timer timed out, and restarts it again if it is |
1311 | repeating. The exact semantics are: |
2348 | repeating. It basically works like calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_stop\*(C'\fR, updating the |
|
|
2349 | timeout to the \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value and calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_start\*(C'\fR. |
1312 | .Sp |
2350 | .Sp |
|
|
2351 | The exact semantics are as in the following rules, all of which will be |
|
|
2352 | applied to the watcher: |
|
|
2353 | .RS 4 |
1313 | If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared. |
2354 | .IP "If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared." 4 |
1314 | .Sp |
2355 | .IX Item "If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared." |
|
|
2356 | .PD 0 |
1315 | If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out). |
2357 | .IP "If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out, without invoking it)." 4 |
|
|
2358 | .IX Item "If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out, without invoking it)." |
|
|
2359 | .ie n .IP "If the timer is repeating, make the ""repeat"" value the new timeout and start the timer, if necessary." 4 |
|
|
2360 | .el .IP "If the timer is repeating, make the \f(CWrepeat\fR value the new timeout and start the timer, if necessary." 4 |
|
|
2361 | .IX Item "If the timer is repeating, make the repeat value the new timeout and start the timer, if necessary." |
|
|
2362 | .RE |
|
|
2363 | .RS 4 |
|
|
2364 | .PD |
1316 | .Sp |
2365 | .Sp |
1317 | If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the |
2366 | This sounds a bit complicated, see \*(L"Be smart about timeouts\*(R", above, for a |
1318 | \&\f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value), or reset the running timer to the \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value. |
2367 | usage example. |
|
|
2368 | .RE |
|
|
2369 | .IP "ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)" 4 |
|
|
2370 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)" |
|
|
2371 | Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active, |
|
|
2372 | then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's |
|
|
2373 | the timeout value currently configured. |
1319 | .Sp |
2374 | .Sp |
1320 | This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical |
2375 | That is, after an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_remaining\*(C'\fR returns |
1321 | example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle |
2376 | \&\f(CW5\fR. When the timer is started and one second passes, \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_remaining\*(C'\fR |
1322 | timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60 |
2377 | will return \f(CW4\fR. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return |
1323 | seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to |
2378 | roughly \f(CW7\fR (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time, |
1324 | configure an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR with a \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value of \f(CW60\fR and then call |
2379 | too), and so on. |
1325 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR each time you successfully read or write some data. If |
|
|
1326 | you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the |
|
|
1327 | socket, you can \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_stop\*(C'\fR the timer, and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR will |
|
|
1328 | automatically restart it if need be. |
|
|
1329 | .Sp |
|
|
1330 | That means you can ignore the \f(CW\*(C`after\*(C'\fR value and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_start\*(C'\fR |
|
|
1331 | altogether and only ever use the \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR: |
|
|
1332 | .Sp |
|
|
1333 | .Vb 8 |
|
|
1334 | \& ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.); |
|
|
1335 | \& ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
|
|
1336 | \& ... |
|
|
1337 | \& timer\->again = 17.; |
|
|
1338 | \& ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
|
|
1339 | \& ... |
|
|
1340 | \& timer\->again = 10.; |
|
|
1341 | \& ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
|
|
1342 | .Ve |
|
|
1343 | .Sp |
|
|
1344 | This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time |
|
|
1345 | you want to modify its timeout value. |
|
|
1346 | .IP "ev_tstamp repeat [read\-write]" 4 |
2380 | .IP "ev_tstamp repeat [read\-write]" 4 |
1347 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]" |
2381 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]" |
1348 | The current \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value. Will be used each time the watcher times out |
2382 | The current \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value. Will be used each time the watcher times out |
1349 | or \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR is called and determines the next timeout (if any), |
2383 | or \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR is called, and determines the next timeout (if any), |
1350 | which is also when any modifications are taken into account. |
2384 | which is also when any modifications are taken into account. |
1351 | .PP |
2385 | .PP |
1352 | \fIExamples\fR |
2386 | \fIExamples\fR |
1353 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
2387 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
1354 | .PP |
2388 | .PP |
1355 | Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds. |
2389 | Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds. |
1356 | .PP |
2390 | .PP |
1357 | .Vb 5 |
2391 | .Vb 5 |
1358 | \& static void |
2392 | \& static void |
1359 | \& one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
2393 | \& one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1360 | \& { |
2394 | \& { |
1361 | \& .. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here |
2395 | \& .. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here |
1362 | \& } |
2396 | \& } |
1363 | \& |
2397 | \& |
1364 | \& struct ev_timer mytimer; |
2398 | \& ev_timer mytimer; |
1365 | \& ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.); |
2399 | \& ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.); |
1366 | \& ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer); |
2400 | \& ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer); |
1367 | .Ve |
2401 | .Ve |
1368 | .PP |
2402 | .PP |
1369 | Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of |
2403 | Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of |
1370 | inactivity. |
2404 | inactivity. |
1371 | .PP |
2405 | .PP |
1372 | .Vb 5 |
2406 | .Vb 5 |
1373 | \& static void |
2407 | \& static void |
1374 | \& timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
2408 | \& timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1375 | \& { |
2409 | \& { |
1376 | \& .. ten seconds without any activity |
2410 | \& .. ten seconds without any activity |
1377 | \& } |
2411 | \& } |
1378 | \& |
2412 | \& |
1379 | \& struct ev_timer mytimer; |
2413 | \& ev_timer mytimer; |
1380 | \& ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */ |
2414 | \& ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */ |
1381 | \& ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */ |
2415 | \& ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */ |
1382 | \& ev_loop (loop, 0); |
2416 | \& ev_run (loop, 0); |
1383 | \& |
2417 | \& |
1384 | \& // and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity": |
2418 | \& // and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity": |
1385 | \& // reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds |
2419 | \& // reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds |
1386 | \& ev_timer_again (&mytimer); |
2420 | \& ev_timer_again (&mytimer); |
1387 | .Ve |
2421 | .Ve |
1388 | .ie n .Sh """ev_periodic"" \- to cron or not to cron?" |
2422 | .ie n .SS """ev_periodic"" \- to cron or not to cron?" |
1389 | .el .Sh "\f(CWev_periodic\fP \- to cron or not to cron?" |
2423 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_periodic\fP \- to cron or not to cron?" |
1390 | .IX Subsection "ev_periodic - to cron or not to cron?" |
2424 | .IX Subsection "ev_periodic - to cron or not to cron?" |
1391 | Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile |
2425 | Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile |
1392 | (and unfortunately a bit complex). |
2426 | (and unfortunately a bit complex). |
1393 | .PP |
2427 | .PP |
1394 | Unlike \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR's, they are not based on real time (or relative time) |
2428 | Unlike \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or |
1395 | but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher |
2429 | relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time |
1396 | to trigger \*(L"at\*(R" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a |
2430 | (absolute time, the thing you can read on your calendar or clock). The |
1397 | periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_now () |
2431 | difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real |
1398 | + 10.\*(C'\fR) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will |
2432 | time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your |
1399 | take a year to trigger the event (unlike an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR, which would trigger |
2433 | wrist-watch). |
1400 | roughly 10 seconds later). |
|
|
1401 | .PP |
2434 | .PP |
1402 | They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as |
2435 | You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point |
1403 | triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated, |
2436 | in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger \*(L"in 10 |
1404 | rules. |
2437 | seconds\*(R" (by specifying e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_now () + 10.\*(C'\fR, that is, an absolute time |
|
|
2438 | not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous |
|
|
2439 | year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an |
|
|
2440 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting |
|
|
2441 | it, as it uses a relative timeout). |
1405 | .PP |
2442 | .PP |
|
|
2443 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex |
|
|
2444 | timers, such as triggering an event on each \*(L"midnight, local time\*(R", or |
|
|
2445 | other complicated rules. This cannot easily be done with \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR |
|
|
2446 | watchers, as those cannot react to time jumps. |
|
|
2447 | .PP |
1406 | As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the |
2448 | As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the |
1407 | time (\f(CW\*(C`at\*(C'\fR) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready |
2449 | point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple |
1408 | during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined. |
2450 | timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with |
|
|
2451 | earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values |
|
|
2452 | (but this is no longer true when a callback calls \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR recursively). |
1409 | .PP |
2453 | .PP |
1410 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
2454 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
1411 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
2455 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
1412 | .IP "ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)" 4 |
2456 | .IP "ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)" 4 |
1413 | .IX Item "ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)" |
2457 | .IX Item "ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)" |
1414 | .PD 0 |
2458 | .PD 0 |
1415 | .IP "ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)" 4 |
2459 | .IP "ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)" 4 |
1416 | .IX Item "ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)" |
2460 | .IX Item "ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)" |
1417 | .PD |
2461 | .PD |
1418 | Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of |
2462 | Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of |
1419 | operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex: |
2463 | operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex: |
1420 | .RS 4 |
2464 | .RS 4 |
1421 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
2465 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
1422 | absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0) |
2466 | absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0) |
1423 | .Sp |
2467 | .Sp |
1424 | In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time |
2468 | In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock |
1425 | \&\f(CW\*(C`at\*(C'\fR and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs, |
2469 | time \f(CW\*(C`offset\*(C'\fR has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a |
1426 | that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the |
2470 | time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it |
1427 | system time reaches or surpasses this time. |
2471 | will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses |
|
|
2472 | this point in time. |
1428 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
2473 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
1429 | repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0) |
2474 | repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0) |
1430 | .Sp |
2475 | .Sp |
1431 | In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next |
2476 | In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next |
1432 | \&\f(CW\*(C`at + N * interval\*(C'\fR time (for some integer N, which can also be negative) |
2477 | \&\f(CW\*(C`offset + N * interval\*(C'\fR time (for some integer N, which can also be |
1433 | and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. |
2478 | negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The \f(CW\*(C`offset\*(C'\fR |
|
|
2479 | argument is merely an offset into the \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR periods. |
1434 | .Sp |
2480 | .Sp |
1435 | This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system |
2481 | This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the |
1436 | time: |
2482 | system clock, for example, here is an \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR that triggers each |
|
|
2483 | hour, on the hour (with respect to \s-1UTC\s0): |
1437 | .Sp |
2484 | .Sp |
1438 | .Vb 1 |
2485 | .Vb 1 |
1439 | \& ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0); |
2486 | \& ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0); |
1440 | .Ve |
2487 | .Ve |
1441 | .Sp |
2488 | .Sp |
1442 | This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers, |
2489 | This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers, |
1443 | but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a |
2490 | but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a |
1444 | full hour (\s-1UTC\s0), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible |
2491 | full hour (\s-1UTC\s0), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible |
1445 | by 3600. |
2492 | by 3600. |
1446 | .Sp |
2493 | .Sp |
1447 | Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that |
2494 | Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that |
1448 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible |
2495 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible |
1449 | time where \f(CW\*(C`time = at (mod interval)\*(C'\fR, regardless of any time jumps. |
2496 | time where \f(CW\*(C`time = offset (mod interval)\*(C'\fR, regardless of any time jumps. |
1450 | .Sp |
2497 | .Sp |
1451 | For numerical stability it is preferable that the \f(CW\*(C`at\*(C'\fR value is near |
2498 | The \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR \fI\s-1MUST\s0\fR be positive, and for numerical stability, the |
1452 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR (the current time), but there is no range requirement for |
2499 | interval value should be higher than \f(CW\*(C`1/8192\*(C'\fR (which is around 100 |
1453 | this value. |
2500 | microseconds) and \f(CW\*(C`offset\*(C'\fR should be higher than \f(CW0\fR and should have |
|
|
2501 | at most a similar magnitude as the current time (say, within a factor of |
|
|
2502 | ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, \f(CW0\fR or something between |
|
|
2503 | \&\f(CW0\fR and \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR, which is also the recommended range. |
|
|
2504 | .Sp |
|
|
2505 | Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (\s-1CPU\s0 |
|
|
2506 | speed for example), so if \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR is very small then timing stability |
|
|
2507 | will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one |
|
|
2508 | millisecond (if the \s-1OS\s0 supports it and the machine is fast enough). |
1454 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
2509 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
1455 | manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback) |
2510 | manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback) |
1456 | .Sp |
2511 | .Sp |
1457 | In this mode the values for \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`at\*(C'\fR are both being |
2512 | In this mode the values for \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`offset\*(C'\fR are both being |
1458 | ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the |
2513 | ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the |
1459 | reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the |
2514 | reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the |
1460 | current time as second argument. |
2515 | current time as second argument. |
1461 | .Sp |
2516 | .Sp |
1462 | \&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback \s-1MUST\s0 \s-1NOT\s0 stop or destroy any periodic watcher, |
2517 | \&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback \s-1MUST NOT\s0 stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever, |
1463 | ever, or make any event loop modifications\fR. If you need to stop it, |
2518 | or make \s-1ANY\s0 other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly |
1464 | return \f(CW\*(C`now + 1e30\*(C'\fR (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by |
2519 | allowed by documentation here\fR. |
|
|
2520 | .Sp |
|
|
2521 | If you need to stop it, return \f(CW\*(C`now + 1e30\*(C'\fR (or so, fudge fudge) and stop |
1465 | starting an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher, which is legal). |
2522 | it afterwards (e.g. by starting an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher, which is the |
|
|
2523 | only event loop modification you are allowed to do). |
1466 | .Sp |
2524 | .Sp |
1467 | Its prototype is \f(CW\*(C`ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, |
2525 | The callback prototype is \f(CW\*(C`ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic |
1468 | ev_tstamp now)\*(C'\fR, e.g.: |
2526 | *w, ev_tstamp now)\*(C'\fR, e.g.: |
1469 | .Sp |
2527 | .Sp |
1470 | .Vb 4 |
2528 | .Vb 5 |
|
|
2529 | \& static ev_tstamp |
1471 | \& static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
2530 | \& my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
1472 | \& { |
2531 | \& { |
1473 | \& return now + 60.; |
2532 | \& return now + 60.; |
1474 | \& } |
2533 | \& } |
1475 | .Ve |
2534 | .Ve |
1476 | .Sp |
2535 | .Sp |
1477 | It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value |
2536 | It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value |
1478 | (that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It |
2537 | (that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It |
1479 | will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but |
2538 | will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but |
1480 | might be called at other times, too. |
2539 | might be called at other times, too. |
1481 | .Sp |
2540 | .Sp |
1482 | \&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback must always return a time that is later than the |
2541 | \&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback must always return a time that is higher than or |
1483 | passed \f(CI\*(C`now\*(C'\fI value\fR. Not even \f(CW\*(C`now\*(C'\fR itself will do, it \fImust\fR be larger. |
2542 | equal to the passed \f(CI\*(C`now\*(C'\fI value\fR. |
1484 | .Sp |
2543 | .Sp |
1485 | This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that |
2544 | This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that |
1486 | triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the |
2545 | triggers on \*(L"next midnight, local time\*(R". To do this, you would calculate |
1487 | next midnight after \f(CW\*(C`now\*(C'\fR and return the timestamp value for this. How |
2546 | the next midnight after \f(CW\*(C`now\*(C'\fR and return the timestamp value for |
1488 | you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main |
2547 | this. Here is a (completely untested, no error checking) example on how to |
1489 | reason I omitted it as an example). |
2548 | do this: |
|
|
2549 | .Sp |
|
|
2550 | .Vb 1 |
|
|
2551 | \& #include <time.h> |
|
|
2552 | \& |
|
|
2553 | \& static ev_tstamp |
|
|
2554 | \& my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
|
|
2555 | \& { |
|
|
2556 | \& time_t tnow = (time_t)now; |
|
|
2557 | \& struct tm tm; |
|
|
2558 | \& localtime_r (&tnow, &tm); |
|
|
2559 | \& |
|
|
2560 | \& tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0; // midnight current day |
|
|
2561 | \& ++tm.tm_mday; // midnight next day |
|
|
2562 | \& |
|
|
2563 | \& return mktime (&tm); |
|
|
2564 | \& } |
|
|
2565 | .Ve |
|
|
2566 | .Sp |
|
|
2567 | Note: this code might run into trouble on days that have more then two |
|
|
2568 | midnights (beginning and end). |
1490 | .RE |
2569 | .RE |
1491 | .RS 4 |
2570 | .RS 4 |
1492 | .RE |
2571 | .RE |
1493 | .IP "ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)" 4 |
2572 | .IP "ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)" 4 |
1494 | .IX Item "ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)" |
2573 | .IX Item "ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)" |
1495 | Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful |
2574 | Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful |
1496 | when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return |
2575 | when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return |
1497 | a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like |
2576 | a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like |
1498 | program when the crontabs have changed). |
2577 | program when the crontabs have changed). |
|
|
2578 | .IP "ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)" 4 |
|
|
2579 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)" |
|
|
2580 | When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed |
|
|
2581 | to trigger next. This is not the same as the \f(CW\*(C`offset\*(C'\fR argument to |
|
|
2582 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_set\*(C'\fR, but indeed works even in interval and manual |
|
|
2583 | rescheduling modes. |
1499 | .IP "ev_tstamp offset [read\-write]" 4 |
2584 | .IP "ev_tstamp offset [read\-write]" 4 |
1500 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp offset [read-write]" |
2585 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp offset [read-write]" |
1501 | When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the |
2586 | When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the |
1502 | absolute point in time (the \f(CW\*(C`at\*(C'\fR value passed to \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_set\*(C'\fR). |
2587 | absolute point in time (the \f(CW\*(C`offset\*(C'\fR value passed to \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_set\*(C'\fR, |
|
|
2588 | although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability). |
1503 | .Sp |
2589 | .Sp |
1504 | Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic |
2590 | Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic |
1505 | timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being called. |
2591 | timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being called. |
1506 | .IP "ev_tstamp interval [read\-write]" 4 |
2592 | .IP "ev_tstamp interval [read\-write]" 4 |
1507 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp interval [read-write]" |
2593 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp interval [read-write]" |
1508 | The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only |
2594 | The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only |
1509 | take effect when the periodic timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being |
2595 | take effect when the periodic timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being |
1510 | called. |
2596 | called. |
1511 | .IP "ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read\-write]" 4 |
2597 | .IP "ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read\-write]" 4 |
1512 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]" |
2598 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]" |
1513 | The current reschedule callback, or \f(CW0\fR, if this functionality is |
2599 | The current reschedule callback, or \f(CW0\fR, if this functionality is |
1514 | switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when |
2600 | switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when |
1515 | the periodic timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being called. |
2601 | the periodic timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being called. |
1516 | .IP "ev_tstamp at [read\-only]" 4 |
|
|
1517 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp at [read-only]" |
|
|
1518 | When active, contains the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to |
|
|
1519 | trigger next. |
|
|
1520 | .PP |
2602 | .PP |
1521 | \fIExamples\fR |
2603 | \fIExamples\fR |
1522 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
2604 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
1523 | .PP |
2605 | .PP |
1524 | Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the |
2606 | Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the |
1525 | system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have |
2607 | system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have |
1526 | potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability. |
2608 | potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability. |
1527 | .PP |
2609 | .PP |
1528 | .Vb 5 |
2610 | .Vb 5 |
1529 | \& static void |
2611 | \& static void |
1530 | \& clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
2612 | \& clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_periodic *w, int revents) |
1531 | \& { |
2613 | \& { |
1532 | \& ... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows) |
2614 | \& ... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows) |
1533 | \& } |
2615 | \& } |
1534 | \& |
2616 | \& |
1535 | \& struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
2617 | \& ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
1536 | \& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0); |
2618 | \& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0); |
1537 | \& ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
2619 | \& ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
1538 | .Ve |
2620 | .Ve |
1539 | .PP |
2621 | .PP |
1540 | Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it: |
2622 | Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it: |
1541 | .PP |
2623 | .PP |
1542 | .Vb 1 |
2624 | .Vb 1 |
1543 | \& #include <math.h> |
2625 | \& #include <math.h> |
1544 | \& |
2626 | \& |
1545 | \& static ev_tstamp |
2627 | \& static ev_tstamp |
1546 | \& my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
2628 | \& my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
1547 | \& { |
2629 | \& { |
1548 | \& return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.; |
2630 | \& return now + (3600. \- fmod (now, 3600.)); |
1549 | \& } |
2631 | \& } |
1550 | \& |
2632 | \& |
1551 | \& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb); |
2633 | \& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb); |
1552 | .Ve |
2634 | .Ve |
1553 | .PP |
2635 | .PP |
1554 | Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now: |
2636 | Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now: |
1555 | .PP |
2637 | .PP |
1556 | .Vb 4 |
2638 | .Vb 4 |
1557 | \& struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
2639 | \& ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
1558 | \& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, |
2640 | \& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, |
1559 | \& fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0); |
2641 | \& fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0); |
1560 | \& ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
2642 | \& ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
1561 | .Ve |
2643 | .Ve |
1562 | .ie n .Sh """ev_signal"" \- signal me when a signal gets signalled!" |
2644 | .ie n .SS """ev_signal"" \- signal me when a signal gets signalled!" |
1563 | .el .Sh "\f(CWev_signal\fP \- signal me when a signal gets signalled!" |
2645 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_signal\fP \- signal me when a signal gets signalled!" |
1564 | .IX Subsection "ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled!" |
2646 | .IX Subsection "ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled!" |
1565 | Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific |
2647 | Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific |
1566 | signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev |
2648 | signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev |
1567 | will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the |
2649 | will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the |
1568 | normal event processing, like any other event. |
2650 | normal event processing, like any other event. |
1569 | .PP |
2651 | .PP |
|
|
2652 | If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use |
|
|
2653 | \&\f(CW\*(C`sigaction\*(C'\fR as you would do without libev and forget about sharing |
|
|
2654 | the signal. You can even use \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR from a signal handler to |
|
|
2655 | synchronously wake up an event loop. |
|
|
2656 | .PP |
1570 | You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the |
2657 | You can configure as many watchers as you like for the same signal, but |
1571 | first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher |
2658 | only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for \f(CW\*(C`SIGINT\*(C'\fR in your |
1572 | with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long |
2659 | default loop and for \f(CW\*(C`SIGIO\*(C'\fR in another loop, but you cannot watch for |
1573 | as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal |
2660 | \&\f(CW\*(C`SIGINT\*(C'\fR in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At |
1574 | watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to |
2661 | the moment, \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR is permanently tied to the default loop. |
1575 | \&\s-1SIG_DFL\s0 (regardless of what it was set to before). |
2662 | .PP |
|
|
2663 | Only after the first watcher for a signal is started will libev actually |
|
|
2664 | register something with the kernel. It thus coexists with your own signal |
|
|
2665 | handlers as long as you don't register any with libev for the same signal. |
1576 | .PP |
2666 | .PP |
1577 | If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with |
2667 | If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with |
1578 | \&\f(CW\*(C`SA_RESTART\*(C'\fR behaviour enabled, so syscalls should not be unduly |
2668 | \&\f(CW\*(C`SA_RESTART\*(C'\fR (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should |
1579 | interrupted. If you have a problem with syscalls getting interrupted by |
2669 | not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting |
1580 | signals you can block all signals in an \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher and unblock |
2670 | interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher |
1581 | them in an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher. |
2671 | and unblock them in an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher. |
|
|
2672 | .PP |
|
|
2673 | \fIThe special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create\fR |
|
|
2674 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create" |
|
|
2675 | .PP |
|
|
2676 | Both the signal mask (\f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR) and the signal disposition |
|
|
2677 | (\f(CW\*(C`sigaction\*(C'\fR) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after |
|
|
2678 | stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal, |
|
|
2679 | and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but |
|
|
2680 | see \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK\*(C'\fR). |
|
|
2681 | .PP |
|
|
2682 | While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never |
|
|
2683 | sets signals to \f(CW\*(C`SIG_IGN\*(C'\fR, so handlers will be reset to \f(CW\*(C`SIG_DFL\*(C'\fR on |
|
|
2684 | \&\f(CW\*(C`execve\*(C'\fR), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect |
|
|
2685 | certain signals to be blocked. |
|
|
2686 | .PP |
|
|
2687 | This means that before calling \f(CW\*(C`exec\*(C'\fR (from the child) you should reset |
|
|
2688 | the signal mask to whatever \*(L"default\*(R" you expect (all clear is a good |
|
|
2689 | choice usually). |
|
|
2690 | .PP |
|
|
2691 | The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is |
|
|
2692 | to install a fork handler with \f(CW\*(C`pthread_atfork\*(C'\fR that resets it. That will |
|
|
2693 | catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well. |
|
|
2694 | .PP |
|
|
2695 | In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely |
|
|
2696 | unless you use the \f(CW\*(C`signalfd\*(C'\fR \s-1API\s0 (\f(CW\*(C`EV_SIGNALFD\*(C'\fR). While this reduces |
|
|
2697 | the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev |
|
|
2698 | \&\fIhas\fR to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily. |
|
|
2699 | .PP |
|
|
2700 | So I can't stress this enough: \fIIf you do not reset your signal mask when |
|
|
2701 | you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code\fR. This |
|
|
2702 | is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries. |
|
|
2703 | .PP |
|
|
2704 | \fIThe special problem of threads signal handling\fR |
|
|
2705 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of threads signal handling" |
|
|
2706 | .PP |
|
|
2707 | \&\s-1POSIX\s0 threads has problematic signal handling semantics, specifically, |
|
|
2708 | a lot of functionality (sigfd, sigwait etc.) only really works if all |
|
|
2709 | threads in a process block signals, which is hard to achieve. |
|
|
2710 | .PP |
|
|
2711 | When you want to use sigwait (or mix libev signal handling with your own |
|
|
2712 | for the same signals), you can tackle this problem by globally blocking |
|
|
2713 | all signals before creating any threads (or creating them with a fully set |
|
|
2714 | sigprocmask) and also specifying the \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK\*(C'\fR when creating |
|
|
2715 | loops. Then designate one thread as \*(L"signal receiver thread\*(R" which handles |
|
|
2716 | these signals. You can pass on any signals that libev might be interested |
|
|
2717 | in by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal\*(C'\fR. |
1582 | .PP |
2718 | .PP |
1583 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
2719 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
1584 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
2720 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
1585 | .IP "ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)" 4 |
2721 | .IP "ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)" 4 |
1586 | .IX Item "ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)" |
2722 | .IX Item "ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)" |
… | |
… | |
1595 | The signal the watcher watches out for. |
2731 | The signal the watcher watches out for. |
1596 | .PP |
2732 | .PP |
1597 | \fIExamples\fR |
2733 | \fIExamples\fR |
1598 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
2734 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
1599 | .PP |
2735 | .PP |
1600 | Example: Try to exit cleanly on \s-1SIGINT\s0 and \s-1SIGTERM\s0. |
2736 | Example: Try to exit cleanly on \s-1SIGINT.\s0 |
1601 | .PP |
2737 | .PP |
1602 | .Vb 5 |
2738 | .Vb 5 |
1603 | \& static void |
2739 | \& static void |
1604 | \& sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents) |
2740 | \& sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents) |
1605 | \& { |
2741 | \& { |
1606 | \& ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
2742 | \& ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL); |
1607 | \& } |
2743 | \& } |
1608 | \& |
2744 | \& |
1609 | \& struct ev_signal signal_watcher; |
2745 | \& ev_signal signal_watcher; |
1610 | \& ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT); |
2746 | \& ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT); |
1611 | \& ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb); |
2747 | \& ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher); |
1612 | .Ve |
2748 | .Ve |
1613 | .ie n .Sh """ev_child"" \- watch out for process status changes" |
2749 | .ie n .SS """ev_child"" \- watch out for process status changes" |
1614 | .el .Sh "\f(CWev_child\fP \- watch out for process status changes" |
2750 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_child\fP \- watch out for process status changes" |
1615 | .IX Subsection "ev_child - watch out for process status changes" |
2751 | .IX Subsection "ev_child - watch out for process status changes" |
1616 | Child watchers trigger when your process receives a \s-1SIGCHLD\s0 in response to |
2752 | Child watchers trigger when your process receives a \s-1SIGCHLD\s0 in response to |
1617 | some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies). It |
2753 | some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or |
1618 | is permissible to install a child watcher \fIafter\fR the child has been |
2754 | exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher \fIafter\fR the child |
1619 | forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event |
2755 | has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long |
1620 | loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher). |
2756 | as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e., |
|
|
2757 | forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine, |
|
|
2758 | but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or |
|
|
2759 | in the next callback invocation is not. |
1621 | .PP |
2760 | .PP |
1622 | Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore |
2761 | Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore |
1623 | you can only rgeister child watchers in the default event loop. |
2762 | you can only register child watchers in the default event loop. |
|
|
2763 | .PP |
|
|
2764 | Due to some design glitches inside libev, child watchers will always be |
|
|
2765 | handled at maximum priority (their priority is set to \f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR by |
|
|
2766 | libev) |
1624 | .PP |
2767 | .PP |
1625 | \fIProcess Interaction\fR |
2768 | \fIProcess Interaction\fR |
1626 | .IX Subsection "Process Interaction" |
2769 | .IX Subsection "Process Interaction" |
1627 | .PP |
2770 | .PP |
1628 | Libev grabs \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR as soon as the default event loop is |
2771 | Libev grabs \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR as soon as the default event loop is |
1629 | initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if |
2772 | initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if the |
1630 | the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurance |
2773 | first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence |
1631 | of \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done |
2774 | of \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done |
1632 | synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all |
2775 | synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all |
1633 | children, even ones not watched. |
2776 | children, even ones not watched. |
1634 | .PP |
2777 | .PP |
1635 | \fIOverriding the Built-In Processing\fR |
2778 | \fIOverriding the Built-In Processing\fR |
… | |
… | |
1640 | handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for |
2783 | handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for |
1641 | \&\f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR after initialising the default loop, and making sure the |
2784 | \&\f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR after initialising the default loop, and making sure the |
1642 | default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an |
2785 | default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an |
1643 | event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for |
2786 | event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for |
1644 | that, so other libev users can use \f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watchers freely. |
2787 | that, so other libev users can use \f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watchers freely. |
|
|
2788 | .PP |
|
|
2789 | \fIStopping the Child Watcher\fR |
|
|
2790 | .IX Subsection "Stopping the Child Watcher" |
|
|
2791 | .PP |
|
|
2792 | Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the |
|
|
2793 | child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the |
|
|
2794 | callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically |
|
|
2795 | when a child exit is detected (calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_child_stop\*(C'\fR twice is not a |
|
|
2796 | problem). |
1645 | .PP |
2797 | .PP |
1646 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
2798 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
1647 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
2799 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
1648 | .IP "ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)" 4 |
2800 | .IP "ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)" 4 |
1649 | .IX Item "ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)" |
2801 | .IX Item "ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)" |
… | |
… | |
1675 | .PP |
2827 | .PP |
1676 | Example: \f(CW\*(C`fork()\*(C'\fR a new process and install a child handler to wait for |
2828 | Example: \f(CW\*(C`fork()\*(C'\fR a new process and install a child handler to wait for |
1677 | its completion. |
2829 | its completion. |
1678 | .PP |
2830 | .PP |
1679 | .Vb 1 |
2831 | .Vb 1 |
1680 | \& ev_child cw; |
2832 | \& ev_child cw; |
1681 | \& |
2833 | \& |
1682 | \& static void |
2834 | \& static void |
1683 | \& child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents) |
2835 | \& child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents) |
1684 | \& { |
2836 | \& { |
1685 | \& ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w); |
2837 | \& ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w); |
1686 | \& printf ("process %d exited with status %x\en", w\->rpid, w\->rstatus); |
2838 | \& printf ("process %d exited with status %x\en", w\->rpid, w\->rstatus); |
1687 | \& } |
2839 | \& } |
1688 | \& |
2840 | \& |
1689 | \& pid_t pid = fork (); |
2841 | \& pid_t pid = fork (); |
1690 | \& |
2842 | \& |
1691 | \& if (pid < 0) |
2843 | \& if (pid < 0) |
1692 | \& // error |
2844 | \& // error |
1693 | \& else if (pid == 0) |
2845 | \& else if (pid == 0) |
1694 | \& { |
2846 | \& { |
1695 | \& // the forked child executes here |
2847 | \& // the forked child executes here |
1696 | \& exit (1); |
2848 | \& exit (1); |
1697 | \& } |
2849 | \& } |
1698 | \& else |
2850 | \& else |
1699 | \& { |
2851 | \& { |
1700 | \& ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0); |
2852 | \& ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0); |
1701 | \& ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw); |
2853 | \& ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw); |
1702 | \& } |
2854 | \& } |
1703 | .Ve |
2855 | .Ve |
1704 | .ie n .Sh """ev_stat"" \- did the file attributes just change?" |
2856 | .ie n .SS """ev_stat"" \- did the file attributes just change?" |
1705 | .el .Sh "\f(CWev_stat\fP \- did the file attributes just change?" |
2857 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_stat\fP \- did the file attributes just change?" |
1706 | .IX Subsection "ev_stat - did the file attributes just change?" |
2858 | .IX Subsection "ev_stat - did the file attributes just change?" |
1707 | This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls |
2859 | This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls |
1708 | \&\f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR regularly (or when the \s-1OS\s0 says it changed) and sees if it changed |
2860 | \&\f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR on that path in regular intervals (or when the \s-1OS\s0 says it changed) |
1709 | compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did. |
2861 | and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback |
|
|
2862 | if it did. Starting the watcher \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR's the file, so only changes that |
|
|
2863 | happen after the watcher has been started will be reported. |
1710 | .PP |
2864 | .PP |
1711 | The path does not need to exist: changing from \*(L"path exists\*(R" to \*(L"path does |
2865 | The path does not need to exist: changing from \*(L"path exists\*(R" to \*(L"path does |
1712 | not exist\*(R" is a status change like any other. The condition \*(L"path does |
2866 | not exist\*(R" is a status change like any other. The condition \*(L"path does not |
1713 | not exist\*(R" is signified by the \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR field being zero (which is |
2867 | exist\*(R" (or more correctly \*(L"path cannot be stat'ed\*(R") is signified by the |
1714 | otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of |
2868 | \&\f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at |
1715 | the stat buffer having unspecified contents. |
2869 | least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified |
|
|
2870 | contents. |
1716 | .PP |
2871 | .PP |
1717 | The path \fIshould\fR be absolute and \fImust not\fR end in a slash. If it is |
2872 | The path \fImust not\fR end in a slash or contain special components such as |
|
|
2873 | \&\f(CW\*(C`.\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`..\*(C'\fR. The path \fIshould\fR be absolute: If it is relative and |
1718 | relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined. |
2874 | your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined. |
1719 | .PP |
2875 | .PP |
1720 | Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply |
2876 | Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the |
1721 | calls \f(CW\*(C`stat (2)\*(C'\fR regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You |
2877 | portable implementation simply calls \f(CWstat(2)\fR regularly on the path |
1722 | can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify |
2878 | to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling |
1723 | a polling interval of \f(CW0\fR (highly recommended!) then a \fIsuitable, |
2879 | interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of \f(CW0\fR (highly |
1724 | unspecified default\fR value will be used (which you can expect to be around |
2880 | recommended!) then a \fIsuitable, unspecified default\fR value will be used |
1725 | five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also |
2881 | (which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might |
1726 | impose a minimum interval which is currently around \f(CW0.1\fR, but thats |
2882 | change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is |
1727 | usually overkill. |
2883 | currently around \f(CW0.1\fR, but that's usually overkill. |
1728 | .PP |
2884 | .PP |
1729 | This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers, |
2885 | This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers, |
1730 | as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be |
2886 | as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be |
1731 | resource-intensive. |
2887 | resource-intensive. |
1732 | .PP |
2888 | .PP |
1733 | At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is |
2889 | At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented |
1734 | implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the |
2890 | is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an |
1735 | reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the |
2891 | exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of |
1736 | semantics of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs |
2892 | implementing \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR semantics with kqueue, except as a hint). |
1737 | to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are |
|
|
1738 | usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no |
|
|
1739 | polling. |
|
|
1740 | .PP |
2893 | .PP |
1741 | \fIInotify\fR |
2894 | \fI\s-1ABI\s0 Issues (Largefile Support)\fR |
|
|
2895 | .IX Subsection "ABI Issues (Largefile Support)" |
|
|
2896 | .PP |
|
|
2897 | Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default |
|
|
2898 | compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file |
|
|
2899 | support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat |
|
|
2900 | structure. When using the library from programs that change the \s-1ABI\s0 to |
|
|
2901 | use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to |
|
|
2902 | compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is |
|
|
2903 | obviously the case with any flags that change the \s-1ABI,\s0 but the problem is |
|
|
2904 | most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support. |
|
|
2905 | .PP |
|
|
2906 | The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large |
|
|
2907 | file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not |
|
|
2908 | optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has |
|
|
2909 | to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the |
|
|
2910 | default compilation environment. |
|
|
2911 | .PP |
|
|
2912 | \fIInotify and Kqueue\fR |
1742 | .IX Subsection "Inotify" |
2913 | .IX Subsection "Inotify and Kqueue" |
1743 | .PP |
2914 | .PP |
1744 | When \f(CW\*(C`inotify (7)\*(C'\fR support has been compiled into libev (generally only |
2915 | When \f(CW\*(C`inotify (7)\*(C'\fR support has been compiled into libev and present at |
1745 | available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up |
2916 | runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The |
1746 | change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily |
2917 | inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR |
1747 | when the first \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watcher is being started. |
2918 | watcher is being started. |
1748 | .PP |
2919 | .PP |
1749 | Inotify presense does not change the semantics of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers |
2920 | Inotify presence does not change the semantics of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers |
1750 | except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid |
2921 | except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid |
1751 | making regular \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR calls. Even in the presense of inotify support |
2922 | making regular \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR calls. Even in the presence of inotify support |
1752 | there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR polling. |
2923 | there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR polling, |
|
|
2924 | but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too |
|
|
2925 | many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on |
|
|
2926 | a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and |
|
|
2927 | xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling. |
1753 | .PP |
2928 | .PP |
1754 | (There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to |
2929 | There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to |
1755 | implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file |
2930 | implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file |
1756 | descriptor open on the object at all times). |
2931 | descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks |
|
|
2932 | etc. is difficult. |
|
|
2933 | .PP |
|
|
2934 | \fI\f(CI\*(C`stat ()\*(C'\fI is a synchronous operation\fR |
|
|
2935 | .IX Subsection "stat () is a synchronous operation" |
|
|
2936 | .PP |
|
|
2937 | Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking |
|
|
2938 | the process. The exception are \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers \- those call \f(CW\*(C`stat |
|
|
2939 | ()\*(C'\fR, which is a synchronous operation. |
|
|
2940 | .PP |
|
|
2941 | For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very |
|
|
2942 | busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast, |
|
|
2943 | as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the |
|
|
2944 | watcher). |
|
|
2945 | .PP |
|
|
2946 | For networked file systems, calling \f(CW\*(C`stat ()\*(C'\fR can block an indefinite |
|
|
2947 | time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call |
|
|
2948 | often takes multiple milliseconds. |
|
|
2949 | .PP |
|
|
2950 | Therefore, it is best to avoid using \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers on networked |
|
|
2951 | paths, although this is fully supported by libev. |
1757 | .PP |
2952 | .PP |
1758 | \fIThe special problem of stat time resolution\fR |
2953 | \fIThe special problem of stat time resolution\fR |
1759 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of stat time resolution" |
2954 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of stat time resolution" |
1760 | .PP |
2955 | .PP |
1761 | The \f(CW\*(C`stat ()\*(C'\fR syscall only supports full-second resolution portably, and |
2956 | The \f(CW\*(C`stat ()\*(C'\fR system call only supports full-second resolution portably, |
1762 | even on systems where the resolution is higher, many filesystems still |
2957 | and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems |
1763 | only support whole seconds. |
2958 | still only support whole seconds. |
1764 | .PP |
2959 | .PP |
1765 | That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you might |
2960 | That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can |
1766 | miss updates: on the first update, \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR detects a change and calls |
2961 | easily miss updates: on the first update, \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR detects a change and |
1767 | your callback, which does something. When there is another update within |
2962 | calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update |
1768 | the same second, \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR will be unable to detect it. |
2963 | within the same second, \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR will be unable to detect unless the |
|
|
2964 | stat data does change in other ways (e.g. file size). |
1769 | .PP |
2965 | .PP |
1770 | The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for a second (or till |
2966 | The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more |
1771 | the next second boundary), using a roughly one-second delay \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR |
2967 | than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using |
1772 | (\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.01); ev_timer_again (loop, w)\*(C'\fR). The \f(CW.01\fR |
2968 | a roughly one-second-delay \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR (e.g. \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02); |
1773 | is added to work around small timing inconsistencies of some operating |
2969 | ev_timer_again (loop, w)\*(C'\fR). |
1774 | systems. |
2970 | .PP |
|
|
2971 | The \f(CW.02\fR offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies |
|
|
2972 | of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time |
|
|
2973 | might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to |
|
|
2974 | \&\f(CW\*(C`gettimeofday\*(C'\fR might return a timestamp with a full second later than |
|
|
2975 | a subsequent \f(CW\*(C`time\*(C'\fR call \- if the equivalent of \f(CW\*(C`time ()\*(C'\fR is used to |
|
|
2976 | update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses |
|
|
2977 | the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute |
|
|
2978 | the timer callback). |
1775 | .PP |
2979 | .PP |
1776 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
2980 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
1777 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
2981 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
1778 | .IP "ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" 4 |
2982 | .IP "ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" 4 |
1779 | .IX Item "ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" |
2983 | .IX Item "ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" |
… | |
… | |
1785 | \&\f(CW\*(C`path\*(C'\fR. The \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to |
2989 | \&\f(CW\*(C`path\*(C'\fR. The \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to |
1786 | be detected and should normally be specified as \f(CW0\fR to let libev choose |
2990 | be detected and should normally be specified as \f(CW0\fR to let libev choose |
1787 | a suitable value. The memory pointed to by \f(CW\*(C`path\*(C'\fR must point to the same |
2991 | a suitable value. The memory pointed to by \f(CW\*(C`path\*(C'\fR must point to the same |
1788 | path for as long as the watcher is active. |
2992 | path for as long as the watcher is active. |
1789 | .Sp |
2993 | .Sp |
1790 | The callback will be receive \f(CW\*(C`EV_STAT\*(C'\fR when a change was detected, |
2994 | The callback will receive an \f(CW\*(C`EV_STAT\*(C'\fR event when a change was detected, |
1791 | relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the |
2995 | relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the |
1792 | last change was detected). |
2996 | last change was detected). |
1793 | .IP "ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)" 4 |
2997 | .IP "ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)" 4 |
1794 | .IX Item "ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)" |
2998 | .IX Item "ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)" |
1795 | Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the |
2999 | Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the |
1796 | watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid |
3000 | watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid |
1797 | detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be |
3001 | detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not |
1798 | useful simply to find out the new values. |
3002 | the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the |
|
|
3003 | new values. |
1799 | .IP "ev_statdata attr [read\-only]" 4 |
3004 | .IP "ev_statdata attr [read\-only]" 4 |
1800 | .IX Item "ev_statdata attr [read-only]" |
3005 | .IX Item "ev_statdata attr [read-only]" |
1801 | The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of |
3006 | The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is |
1802 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_statdata\*(C'\fR, this is usually the (or one of the) \f(CW\*(C`struct stat\*(C'\fR types |
3007 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_statdata\*(C'\fR, this is usually the (or one of the) \f(CW\*(C`struct stat\*(C'\fR types |
|
|
3008 | suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised |
1803 | suitable for your system. If the \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR member is \f(CW0\fR, then there |
3009 | members to be present. If the \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR member is \f(CW0\fR, then there was |
1804 | was some error while \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fRing the file. |
3010 | some error while \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fRing the file. |
1805 | .IP "ev_statdata prev [read\-only]" 4 |
3011 | .IP "ev_statdata prev [read\-only]" 4 |
1806 | .IX Item "ev_statdata prev [read-only]" |
3012 | .IX Item "ev_statdata prev [read-only]" |
1807 | The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever |
3013 | The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever |
1808 | \&\f(CW\*(C`prev\*(C'\fR != \f(CW\*(C`attr\*(C'\fR. |
3014 | \&\f(CW\*(C`prev\*(C'\fR != \f(CW\*(C`attr\*(C'\fR, or, more precisely, one or more of these members |
|
|
3015 | differ: \f(CW\*(C`st_dev\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_ino\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_mode\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_uid\*(C'\fR, |
|
|
3016 | \&\f(CW\*(C`st_gid\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_rdev\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_size\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_atime\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_mtime\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`st_ctime\*(C'\fR. |
1809 | .IP "ev_tstamp interval [read\-only]" 4 |
3017 | .IP "ev_tstamp interval [read\-only]" 4 |
1810 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp interval [read-only]" |
3018 | .IX Item "ev_tstamp interval [read-only]" |
1811 | The specified interval. |
3019 | The specified interval. |
1812 | .IP "const char *path [read\-only]" 4 |
3020 | .IP "const char *path [read\-only]" 4 |
1813 | .IX Item "const char *path [read-only]" |
3021 | .IX Item "const char *path [read-only]" |
1814 | The filesystem path that is being watched. |
3022 | The file system path that is being watched. |
1815 | .PP |
3023 | .PP |
1816 | \fIExamples\fR |
3024 | \fIExamples\fR |
1817 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
3025 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
1818 | .PP |
3026 | .PP |
1819 | Example: Watch \f(CW\*(C`/etc/passwd\*(C'\fR for attribute changes. |
3027 | Example: Watch \f(CW\*(C`/etc/passwd\*(C'\fR for attribute changes. |
1820 | .PP |
3028 | .PP |
1821 | .Vb 10 |
3029 | .Vb 10 |
1822 | \& static void |
3030 | \& static void |
1823 | \& passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents) |
3031 | \& passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents) |
1824 | \& { |
3032 | \& { |
1825 | \& /* /etc/passwd changed in some way */ |
3033 | \& /* /etc/passwd changed in some way */ |
1826 | \& if (w\->attr.st_nlink) |
3034 | \& if (w\->attr.st_nlink) |
1827 | \& { |
3035 | \& { |
1828 | \& printf ("passwd current size %ld\en", (long)w\->attr.st_size); |
3036 | \& printf ("passwd current size %ld\en", (long)w\->attr.st_size); |
1829 | \& printf ("passwd current atime %ld\en", (long)w\->attr.st_mtime); |
3037 | \& printf ("passwd current atime %ld\en", (long)w\->attr.st_mtime); |
1830 | \& printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\en", (long)w\->attr.st_mtime); |
3038 | \& printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\en", (long)w\->attr.st_mtime); |
1831 | \& } |
3039 | \& } |
1832 | \& else |
3040 | \& else |
1833 | \& /* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */ |
3041 | \& /* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */ |
1834 | \& puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. " |
3042 | \& puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. " |
1835 | \& "if this is windows, they already arrived\en"); |
3043 | \& "if this is windows, they already arrived\en"); |
1836 | \& } |
3044 | \& } |
1837 | \& |
3045 | \& |
1838 | \& ... |
3046 | \& ... |
1839 | \& ev_stat passwd; |
3047 | \& ev_stat passwd; |
1840 | \& |
3048 | \& |
1841 | \& ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.); |
3049 | \& ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.); |
1842 | \& ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd); |
3050 | \& ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd); |
1843 | .Ve |
3051 | .Ve |
1844 | .PP |
3052 | .PP |
1845 | Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not |
3053 | Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not |
1846 | miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so |
3054 | miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so |
1847 | one might do the work both on \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR callback invocation \fIand\fR on |
3055 | one might do the work both on \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR callback invocation \fIand\fR on |
1848 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR callback invocation). |
3056 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR callback invocation). |
1849 | .PP |
3057 | .PP |
1850 | .Vb 2 |
3058 | .Vb 2 |
1851 | \& static ev_stat passwd; |
3059 | \& static ev_stat passwd; |
1852 | \& static ev_timer timer; |
3060 | \& static ev_timer timer; |
1853 | \& |
3061 | \& |
1854 | \& static void |
3062 | \& static void |
1855 | \& timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
3063 | \& timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1856 | \& { |
3064 | \& { |
1857 | \& ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w); |
3065 | \& ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w); |
1858 | \& |
3066 | \& |
1859 | \& /* now it\*(Aqs one second after the most recent passwd change */ |
3067 | \& /* now it\*(Aqs one second after the most recent passwd change */ |
1860 | \& } |
3068 | \& } |
1861 | \& |
3069 | \& |
1862 | \& static void |
3070 | \& static void |
1863 | \& stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents) |
3071 | \& stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents) |
1864 | \& { |
3072 | \& { |
1865 | \& /* reset the one\-second timer */ |
3073 | \& /* reset the one\-second timer */ |
1866 | \& ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer); |
3074 | \& ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer); |
1867 | \& } |
3075 | \& } |
1868 | \& |
3076 | \& |
1869 | \& ... |
3077 | \& ... |
1870 | \& ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.); |
3078 | \& ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.); |
1871 | \& ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd); |
3079 | \& ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd); |
1872 | \& ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.01); |
3080 | \& ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02); |
1873 | .Ve |
3081 | .Ve |
1874 | .ie n .Sh """ev_idle"" \- when you've got nothing better to do..." |
3082 | .ie n .SS """ev_idle"" \- when you've got nothing better to do..." |
1875 | .el .Sh "\f(CWev_idle\fP \- when you've got nothing better to do..." |
3083 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_idle\fP \- when you've got nothing better to do..." |
1876 | .IX Subsection "ev_idle - when you've got nothing better to do..." |
3084 | .IX Subsection "ev_idle - when you've got nothing better to do..." |
1877 | Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher |
3085 | Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher |
1878 | priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not |
3086 | priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count |
1879 | count). |
3087 | as receiving \*(L"events\*(R"). |
1880 | .PP |
3088 | .PP |
1881 | That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts |
3089 | That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts |
1882 | (or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be |
3090 | (or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be |
1883 | triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers |
3091 | triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers |
1884 | are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop |
3092 | are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop |
… | |
… | |
1891 | Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful |
3099 | Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful |
1892 | effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do |
3100 | effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do |
1893 | \&\*(L"pseudo-background processing\*(R", or delay processing stuff to after the |
3101 | \&\*(L"pseudo-background processing\*(R", or delay processing stuff to after the |
1894 | event loop has handled all outstanding events. |
3102 | event loop has handled all outstanding events. |
1895 | .PP |
3103 | .PP |
|
|
3104 | \fIAbusing an \f(CI\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fI watcher for its side-effect\fR |
|
|
3105 | .IX Subsection "Abusing an ev_idle watcher for its side-effect" |
|
|
3106 | .PP |
|
|
3107 | As long as there is at least one active idle watcher, libev will never |
|
|
3108 | sleep unnecessarily. Or in other words, it will loop as fast as possible. |
|
|
3109 | For this to work, the idle watcher doesn't need to be invoked at all \- the |
|
|
3110 | lowest priority will do. |
|
|
3111 | .PP |
|
|
3112 | This mode of operation can be useful together with an \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher, |
|
|
3113 | to do something on each event loop iteration \- for example to balance load |
|
|
3114 | between different connections. |
|
|
3115 | .PP |
|
|
3116 | See \*(L"Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect\*(R" for a longer |
|
|
3117 | example. |
|
|
3118 | .PP |
1896 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
3119 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
1897 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
3120 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
1898 | .IP "ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)" 4 |
3121 | .IP "ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)" 4 |
1899 | .IX Item "ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)" |
3122 | .IX Item "ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)" |
1900 | Initialises and configures the idle watcher \- it has no parameters of any |
3123 | Initialises and configures the idle watcher \- it has no parameters of any |
1901 | kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
3124 | kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
1902 | believe me. |
3125 | believe me. |
1903 | .PP |
3126 | .PP |
1904 | \fIExamples\fR |
3127 | \fIExamples\fR |
1905 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
3128 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
1906 | .PP |
3129 | .PP |
1907 | Example: Dynamically allocate an \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watcher, start it, and in the |
3130 | Example: Dynamically allocate an \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watcher, start it, and in the |
1908 | callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual. |
3131 | callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual. |
1909 | .PP |
3132 | .PP |
1910 | .Vb 7 |
3133 | .Vb 5 |
1911 | \& static void |
3134 | \& static void |
1912 | \& idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents) |
3135 | \& idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents) |
1913 | \& { |
3136 | \& { |
|
|
3137 | \& // stop the watcher |
|
|
3138 | \& ev_idle_stop (loop, w); |
|
|
3139 | \& |
|
|
3140 | \& // now we can free it |
1914 | \& free (w); |
3141 | \& free (w); |
|
|
3142 | \& |
1915 | \& // now do something you wanted to do when the program has |
3143 | \& // now do something you wanted to do when the program has |
1916 | \& // no longer anything immediate to do. |
3144 | \& // no longer anything immediate to do. |
1917 | \& } |
3145 | \& } |
1918 | \& |
3146 | \& |
1919 | \& struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle)); |
3147 | \& ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle)); |
1920 | \& ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb); |
3148 | \& ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb); |
1921 | \& ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb); |
3149 | \& ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher); |
1922 | .Ve |
3150 | .Ve |
1923 | .ie n .Sh """ev_prepare""\fP and \f(CW""ev_check"" \- customise your event loop!" |
3151 | .ie n .SS """ev_prepare"" and ""ev_check"" \- customise your event loop!" |
1924 | .el .Sh "\f(CWev_prepare\fP and \f(CWev_check\fP \- customise your event loop!" |
3152 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_prepare\fP and \f(CWev_check\fP \- customise your event loop!" |
1925 | .IX Subsection "ev_prepare and ev_check - customise your event loop!" |
3153 | .IX Subsection "ev_prepare and ev_check - customise your event loop!" |
1926 | Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem: |
3154 | Prepare and check watchers are often (but not always) used in pairs: |
1927 | prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers |
3155 | prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers |
1928 | afterwards. |
3156 | afterwards. |
1929 | .PP |
3157 | .PP |
1930 | You \fImust not\fR call \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR or similar functions that enter |
3158 | You \fImust not\fR call \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR (or similar functions that enter the |
1931 | the current event loop from either \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR |
3159 | current event loop) or \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR from either \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR or |
1932 | watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The |
3160 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, |
1933 | rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in |
3161 | however. The rationale behind this is that you do not need to check |
1934 | those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR, blocking, |
3162 | for recursion in those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be |
1935 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be |
3163 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR, blocking, \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR so if you have one watcher of each |
1936 | called in pairs bracketing the blocking call. |
3164 | kind they will always be called in pairs bracketing the blocking call. |
1937 | .PP |
3165 | .PP |
1938 | Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and |
3166 | Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and |
1939 | their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track |
3167 | their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track |
1940 | variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a |
3168 | variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a |
1941 | coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if |
3169 | coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if |
1942 | you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example, |
3170 | you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example, |
1943 | in X programs you might want to do an \f(CW\*(C`XFlush ()\*(C'\fR in an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR |
3171 | in X programs you might want to do an \f(CW\*(C`XFlush ()\*(C'\fR in an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR |
1944 | watcher). |
3172 | watcher). |
1945 | .PP |
3173 | .PP |
1946 | This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need |
3174 | This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors |
1947 | to be watched by the other library, registering \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watchers for |
3175 | need to be watched by the other library, registering \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watchers |
1948 | them and starting an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watcher for any timeouts (many libraries |
3176 | for them and starting an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watcher for any timeouts (many |
1949 | provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for |
3177 | libraries provide exactly this functionality). Then, in the check watcher, |
1950 | any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers |
3178 | you check for any events that occurred (by checking the pending status |
1951 | and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer |
3179 | of all watchers and stopping them) and call back into the library. The |
1952 | callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless, |
3180 | I/O and timer callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid |
1953 | because you never know, you know?). |
3181 | nevertheless, because you never know, you know?). |
1954 | .PP |
3182 | .PP |
1955 | As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate |
3183 | As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate |
1956 | coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines |
3184 | coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines |
1957 | during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines |
3185 | during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines |
1958 | are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines |
3186 | are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines |
1959 | with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine |
3187 | with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine |
1960 | of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event |
3188 | of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event |
1961 | loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping |
3189 | loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping |
1962 | low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks). |
3190 | low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks). |
1963 | .PP |
3191 | .PP |
1964 | It is recommended to give \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers highest (\f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR) |
3192 | When used for this purpose, it is recommended to give \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers |
1965 | priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers |
3193 | highest (\f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR) priority, to ensure that they are being run before |
|
|
3194 | any other watchers after the poll (this doesn't matter for \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR |
|
|
3195 | watchers). |
|
|
3196 | .PP |
1966 | after the poll. Also, \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers (and \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers, |
3197 | Also, \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers (and \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers, too) should not |
1967 | too) should not activate (\*(L"feed\*(R") events into libev. While libev fully |
3198 | activate (\*(L"feed\*(R") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they |
1968 | supports this, they will be called before other \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers |
3199 | might get executed before other \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers did their job. As |
1969 | did their job. As \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are often used to embed other |
3200 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event |
1970 | (non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable |
3201 | loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their |
1971 | state until their \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher ran (always remind yourself to |
3202 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with |
1972 | coexist peacefully with others). |
3203 | others). |
|
|
3204 | .PP |
|
|
3205 | \fIAbusing an \f(CI\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fI watcher for its side-effect\fR |
|
|
3206 | .IX Subsection "Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect" |
|
|
3207 | .PP |
|
|
3208 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR (and less often also \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR) watchers can also be |
|
|
3209 | useful because they are called once per event loop iteration. For |
|
|
3210 | example, if you want to handle a large number of connections fairly, you |
|
|
3211 | normally only do a bit of work for each active connection, and if there |
|
|
3212 | is more work to do, you wait for the next event loop iteration, so other |
|
|
3213 | connections have a chance of making progress. |
|
|
3214 | .PP |
|
|
3215 | Using an \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher is almost enough: it will be called on the |
|
|
3216 | next event loop iteration. However, that isn't as soon as possible \- |
|
|
3217 | without external events, your \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher will not be invoked. |
|
|
3218 | .PP |
|
|
3219 | This is where \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watchers come in handy \- all you need is a |
|
|
3220 | single global idle watcher that is active as long as you have one active |
|
|
3221 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher. The \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watcher makes sure the event loop |
|
|
3222 | will not sleep, and the \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher makes sure a callback gets |
|
|
3223 | invoked. Neither watcher alone can do that. |
1973 | .PP |
3224 | .PP |
1974 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
3225 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
1975 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
3226 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
1976 | .IP "ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)" 4 |
3227 | .IP "ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)" 4 |
1977 | .IX Item "ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)" |
3228 | .IX Item "ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)" |
… | |
… | |
1979 | .IP "ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)" 4 |
3230 | .IP "ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)" 4 |
1980 | .IX Item "ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)" |
3231 | .IX Item "ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)" |
1981 | .PD |
3232 | .PD |
1982 | Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher \- they have no |
3233 | Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher \- they have no |
1983 | parameters of any kind. There are \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare_set\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_check_set\*(C'\fR |
3234 | parameters of any kind. There are \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare_set\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_check_set\*(C'\fR |
1984 | macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless. |
3235 | macros, but using them is utterly, utterly, utterly and completely |
|
|
3236 | pointless. |
1985 | .PP |
3237 | .PP |
1986 | \fIExamples\fR |
3238 | \fIExamples\fR |
1987 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
3239 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
1988 | .PP |
3240 | .PP |
1989 | There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules |
3241 | There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules |
1990 | into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev |
3242 | into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev |
1991 | (there is a Perl module named \f(CW\*(C`EV::ADNS\*(C'\fR that does this, which you could |
3243 | (there is a Perl module named \f(CW\*(C`EV::ADNS\*(C'\fR that does this, which you could |
1992 | use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named \f(CW\*(C`EV::Glib\*(C'\fR |
3244 | use as a working example. Another Perl module named \f(CW\*(C`EV::Glib\*(C'\fR embeds a |
1993 | embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, \f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR embeds \s-1EV\s0 |
3245 | Glib main context into libev, and finally, \f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR embeds \s-1EV\s0 into the |
1994 | into the Glib event loop). |
3246 | Glib event loop). |
1995 | .PP |
3247 | .PP |
1996 | Method 1: Add \s-1IO\s0 watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, |
3248 | Method 1: Add \s-1IO\s0 watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, |
1997 | and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows |
3249 | and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows |
1998 | is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low |
3250 | is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low |
1999 | priority for the check watcher or use \f(CW\*(C`ev_clear_pending\*(C'\fR explicitly, as |
3251 | priority for the check watcher or use \f(CW\*(C`ev_clear_pending\*(C'\fR explicitly, as |
2000 | the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet. |
3252 | the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet. |
2001 | .PP |
3253 | .PP |
2002 | .Vb 2 |
3254 | .Vb 2 |
2003 | \& static ev_io iow [nfd]; |
3255 | \& static ev_io iow [nfd]; |
2004 | \& static ev_timer tw; |
3256 | \& static ev_timer tw; |
2005 | \& |
3257 | \& |
2006 | \& static void |
3258 | \& static void |
2007 | \& io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
3259 | \& io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
2008 | \& { |
3260 | \& { |
2009 | \& } |
3261 | \& } |
2010 | \& |
3262 | \& |
2011 | \& // create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking |
3263 | \& // create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking |
2012 | \& static void |
3264 | \& static void |
2013 | \& adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents) |
3265 | \& adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents) |
2014 | \& { |
3266 | \& { |
2015 | \& int timeout = 3600000; |
3267 | \& int timeout = 3600000; |
2016 | \& struct pollfd fds [nfd]; |
3268 | \& struct pollfd fds [nfd]; |
2017 | \& // actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc. |
3269 | \& // actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc. |
2018 | \& adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ())); |
3270 | \& adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ())); |
2019 | \& |
3271 | \& |
2020 | \& /* the callback is illegal, but won\*(Aqt be called as we stop during check */ |
3272 | \& /* the callback is illegal, but won\*(Aqt be called as we stop during check */ |
2021 | \& ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e\-3); |
3273 | \& ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e\-3, 0.); |
2022 | \& ev_timer_start (loop, &tw); |
3274 | \& ev_timer_start (loop, &tw); |
2023 | \& |
3275 | \& |
2024 | \& // create one ev_io per pollfd |
3276 | \& // create one ev_io per pollfd |
2025 | \& for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i) |
3277 | \& for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i) |
2026 | \& { |
3278 | \& { |
2027 | \& ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd, |
3279 | \& ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd, |
2028 | \& ((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0) |
3280 | \& ((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0) |
2029 | \& | (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0))); |
3281 | \& | (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0))); |
2030 | \& |
3282 | \& |
2031 | \& fds [i].revents = 0; |
3283 | \& fds [i].revents = 0; |
2032 | \& ev_io_start (loop, iow + i); |
3284 | \& ev_io_start (loop, iow + i); |
2033 | \& } |
3285 | \& } |
2034 | \& } |
3286 | \& } |
2035 | \& |
3287 | \& |
2036 | \& // stop all watchers after blocking |
3288 | \& // stop all watchers after blocking |
2037 | \& static void |
3289 | \& static void |
2038 | \& adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents) |
3290 | \& adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents) |
2039 | \& { |
3291 | \& { |
2040 | \& ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw); |
3292 | \& ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw); |
2041 | \& |
3293 | \& |
2042 | \& for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i) |
3294 | \& for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i) |
2043 | \& { |
3295 | \& { |
2044 | \& // set the relevant poll flags |
3296 | \& // set the relevant poll flags |
2045 | \& // could also call adns_processreadable etc. here |
3297 | \& // could also call adns_processreadable etc. here |
2046 | \& struct pollfd *fd = fds + i; |
3298 | \& struct pollfd *fd = fds + i; |
2047 | \& int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i); |
3299 | \& int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i); |
2048 | \& if (revents & EV_READ ) fd\->revents |= fd\->events & POLLIN; |
3300 | \& if (revents & EV_READ ) fd\->revents |= fd\->events & POLLIN; |
2049 | \& if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd\->revents |= fd\->events & POLLOUT; |
3301 | \& if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd\->revents |= fd\->events & POLLOUT; |
2050 | \& |
3302 | \& |
2051 | \& // now stop the watcher |
3303 | \& // now stop the watcher |
2052 | \& ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i); |
3304 | \& ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i); |
2053 | \& } |
3305 | \& } |
2054 | \& |
3306 | \& |
2055 | \& adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop)); |
3307 | \& adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop)); |
2056 | \& } |
3308 | \& } |
2057 | .Ve |
3309 | .Ve |
2058 | .PP |
3310 | .PP |
2059 | Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run \f(CW\*(C`adns_afterpoll\*(C'\fR |
3311 | Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run \f(CW\*(C`adns_afterpoll\*(C'\fR |
2060 | in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher. |
3312 | in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher. |
2061 | .PP |
3313 | .PP |
2062 | Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event |
3314 | Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event |
2063 | notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher |
3315 | notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher |
2064 | callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher. |
3316 | callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher. |
2065 | .PP |
3317 | .PP |
2066 | .Vb 5 |
3318 | .Vb 5 |
2067 | \& static void |
3319 | \& static void |
2068 | \& timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
3320 | \& timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
2069 | \& { |
3321 | \& { |
2070 | \& adns_state ads = (adns_state)w\->data; |
3322 | \& adns_state ads = (adns_state)w\->data; |
2071 | \& update_now (EV_A); |
3323 | \& update_now (EV_A); |
2072 | \& |
3324 | \& |
2073 | \& adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now); |
3325 | \& adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now); |
2074 | \& } |
3326 | \& } |
2075 | \& |
3327 | \& |
2076 | \& static void |
3328 | \& static void |
2077 | \& io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents) |
3329 | \& io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents) |
2078 | \& { |
3330 | \& { |
2079 | \& adns_state ads = (adns_state)w\->data; |
3331 | \& adns_state ads = (adns_state)w\->data; |
2080 | \& update_now (EV_A); |
3332 | \& update_now (EV_A); |
2081 | \& |
3333 | \& |
2082 | \& if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w\->fd, &tv_now); |
3334 | \& if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w\->fd, &tv_now); |
2083 | \& if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w\->fd, &tv_now); |
3335 | \& if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w\->fd, &tv_now); |
2084 | \& } |
3336 | \& } |
2085 | \& |
3337 | \& |
2086 | \& // do not ever call adns_afterpoll |
3338 | \& // do not ever call adns_afterpoll |
2087 | .Ve |
3339 | .Ve |
2088 | .PP |
3340 | .PP |
2089 | Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you |
3341 | Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you |
2090 | want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override |
3342 | want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can |
2091 | their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main |
3343 | override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the |
2092 | loop is now no longer controllable by \s-1EV\s0. The \f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR module does |
3344 | main loop is now no longer controllable by \s-1EV.\s0 The \f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR module uses |
2093 | this. |
3345 | this approach, effectively embedding \s-1EV\s0 as a client into the horrible |
|
|
3346 | libglib event loop. |
2094 | .PP |
3347 | .PP |
2095 | .Vb 4 |
3348 | .Vb 4 |
2096 | \& static gint |
3349 | \& static gint |
2097 | \& event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout) |
3350 | \& event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout) |
2098 | \& { |
3351 | \& { |
2099 | \& int got_events = 0; |
3352 | \& int got_events = 0; |
2100 | \& |
3353 | \& |
2101 | \& for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n) |
3354 | \& for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n) |
2102 | \& // create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events |
3355 | \& // create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events |
2103 | \& |
3356 | \& |
2104 | \& if (timeout >= 0) |
3357 | \& if (timeout >= 0) |
2105 | \& // create/start timer |
3358 | \& // create/start timer |
2106 | \& |
3359 | \& |
2107 | \& // poll |
3360 | \& // poll |
2108 | \& ev_loop (EV_A_ 0); |
3361 | \& ev_run (EV_A_ 0); |
2109 | \& |
3362 | \& |
2110 | \& // stop timer again |
3363 | \& // stop timer again |
2111 | \& if (timeout >= 0) |
3364 | \& if (timeout >= 0) |
2112 | \& ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to); |
3365 | \& ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to); |
2113 | \& |
3366 | \& |
2114 | \& // stop io watchers again \- their callbacks should have set |
3367 | \& // stop io watchers again \- their callbacks should have set |
2115 | \& for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n) |
3368 | \& for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n) |
2116 | \& ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]); |
3369 | \& ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]); |
2117 | \& |
3370 | \& |
2118 | \& return got_events; |
3371 | \& return got_events; |
2119 | \& } |
3372 | \& } |
2120 | .Ve |
3373 | .Ve |
2121 | .ie n .Sh """ev_embed"" \- when one backend isn't enough..." |
3374 | .ie n .SS """ev_embed"" \- when one backend isn't enough..." |
2122 | .el .Sh "\f(CWev_embed\fP \- when one backend isn't enough..." |
3375 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_embed\fP \- when one backend isn't enough..." |
2123 | .IX Subsection "ev_embed - when one backend isn't enough..." |
3376 | .IX Subsection "ev_embed - when one backend isn't enough..." |
2124 | This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop |
3377 | This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop |
2125 | into another (currently only \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR events are supported in the embedded |
3378 | into another (currently only \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR events are supported in the embedded |
2126 | loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect |
3379 | loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect |
2127 | fashion and must not be used). |
3380 | fashion and must not be used). |
… | |
… | |
2130 | prioritise I/O. |
3383 | prioritise I/O. |
2131 | .PP |
3384 | .PP |
2132 | As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support |
3385 | As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support |
2133 | sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you |
3386 | sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you |
2134 | still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales |
3387 | still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales |
2135 | so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it |
3388 | so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed |
2136 | into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will |
3389 | it into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation |
2137 | be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but |
3390 | will be a bit slower because first libev has to call \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR and then |
2138 | at least you can use both at what they are best. |
3391 | \&\f(CW\*(C`kevent\*(C'\fR, but at least you can use both mechanisms for what they are |
|
|
3392 | best: \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR for scalable sockets and \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR if you want it to work :) |
2139 | .PP |
3393 | .PP |
2140 | As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have |
3394 | As for prioritising I/O: under rare circumstances you have the case where |
2141 | to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even |
3395 | some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), |
2142 | priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case |
3396 | and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In |
2143 | you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in |
3397 | this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all |
2144 | a second one, and embed the second one in the first. |
3398 | the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first. |
2145 | .PP |
3399 | .PP |
2146 | As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time |
3400 | As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every |
2147 | there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then |
3401 | time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback |
2148 | call \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)\*(C'\fR to make a single sweep and invoke |
3402 | must then call \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)\*(C'\fR to make a single |
2149 | their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded |
3403 | sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the |
2150 | loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback |
3404 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_embed_sweep\*(C'\fR function directly, it could also start an idle watcher |
2151 | to \f(CW0\fR, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the |
3405 | to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example). |
2152 | embedded loop sweep. |
|
|
2153 | .PP |
3406 | .PP |
2154 | As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The |
3407 | You can also set the callback to \f(CW0\fR, in which case the embed watcher |
2155 | callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can |
3408 | will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary. |
2156 | set the callback to \f(CW0\fR to avoid having to specify one if you are not |
|
|
2157 | interested in that. |
|
|
2158 | .PP |
3409 | .PP |
2159 | Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking: |
3410 | Fork detection will be handled transparently while the \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watcher |
2160 | when you fork, you not only have to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR on both loops, |
3411 | is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the |
2161 | but you will also have to stop and restart any \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers |
3412 | embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling |
2162 | yourself. |
3413 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR on the embedded loop. |
2163 | .PP |
3414 | .PP |
2164 | Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by |
3415 | Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by |
2165 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_embeddable_backends\*(C'\fR are, which, unfortunately, does not include any |
3416 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_embeddable_backends\*(C'\fR are, which, unfortunately, does not include any |
2166 | portable one. |
3417 | portable one. |
2167 | .PP |
3418 | .PP |
2168 | So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared |
3419 | So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared |
2169 | that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around |
3420 | that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around |
2170 | this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to |
3421 | this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to |
2171 | create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything. |
3422 | create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything. |
|
|
3423 | .PP |
|
|
3424 | \fI\f(CI\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fI and fork\fR |
|
|
3425 | .IX Subsection "ev_embed and fork" |
|
|
3426 | .PP |
|
|
3427 | While the \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watcher is running, forks in the embedding loop will |
|
|
3428 | automatically be applied to the embedded loop as well, so no special |
|
|
3429 | fork handling is required in that case. When the watcher is not running, |
|
|
3430 | however, it is still the task of the libev user to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork ()\*(C'\fR |
|
|
3431 | as applicable. |
2172 | .PP |
3432 | .PP |
2173 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
3433 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
2174 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
3434 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
2175 | .IP "ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" 4 |
3435 | .IP "ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" 4 |
2176 | .IX Item "ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" |
3436 | .IX Item "ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" |
2177 | .PD 0 |
3437 | .PD 0 |
2178 | .IP "ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" 4 |
3438 | .IP "ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" 4 |
2179 | .IX Item "ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" |
3439 | .IX Item "ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" |
2180 | .PD |
3440 | .PD |
2181 | Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be |
3441 | Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be |
2182 | embeddable. If the callback is \f(CW0\fR, then \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed_sweep\*(C'\fR will be |
3442 | embeddable. If the callback is \f(CW0\fR, then \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed_sweep\*(C'\fR will be |
2183 | invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback |
3443 | invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback |
2184 | to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done, |
3444 | to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done, |
2185 | if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher). |
3445 | if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher). |
2186 | .IP "ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)" 4 |
3446 | .IP "ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)" 4 |
2187 | .IX Item "ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)" |
3447 | .IX Item "ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)" |
2188 | Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works |
3448 | Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works |
2189 | similarly to \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)\*(C'\fR, but in the most |
3449 | similarly to \f(CW\*(C`ev_run (embedded_loop, EVRUN_NOWAIT)\*(C'\fR, but in the most |
2190 | apropriate way for embedded loops. |
3450 | appropriate way for embedded loops. |
2191 | .IP "struct ev_loop *other [read\-only]" 4 |
3451 | .IP "struct ev_loop *other [read\-only]" 4 |
2192 | .IX Item "struct ev_loop *other [read-only]" |
3452 | .IX Item "struct ev_loop *other [read-only]" |
2193 | The embedded event loop. |
3453 | The embedded event loop. |
2194 | .PP |
3454 | .PP |
2195 | \fIExamples\fR |
3455 | \fIExamples\fR |
2196 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
3456 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
2197 | .PP |
3457 | .PP |
2198 | Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default |
3458 | Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default |
2199 | event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default |
3459 | event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default |
2200 | loop is stored in \f(CW\*(C`loop_hi\*(C'\fR, while the mebeddable loop is stored in |
3460 | loop is stored in \f(CW\*(C`loop_hi\*(C'\fR, while the embeddable loop is stored in |
2201 | \&\f(CW\*(C`loop_lo\*(C'\fR (which is \f(CW\*(C`loop_hi\*(C'\fR in the acse no embeddable loop can be |
3461 | \&\f(CW\*(C`loop_lo\*(C'\fR (which is \f(CW\*(C`loop_hi\*(C'\fR in the case no embeddable loop can be |
2202 | used). |
3462 | used). |
2203 | .PP |
3463 | .PP |
2204 | .Vb 3 |
3464 | .Vb 3 |
2205 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0); |
3465 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0); |
2206 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0; |
3466 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0; |
2207 | \& struct ev_embed embed; |
3467 | \& ev_embed embed; |
2208 | \& |
3468 | \& |
2209 | \& // see if there is a chance of getting one that works |
3469 | \& // see if there is a chance of getting one that works |
2210 | \& // (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection) |
3470 | \& // (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection) |
2211 | \& loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends () |
3471 | \& loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends () |
2212 | \& ? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()) |
3472 | \& ? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()) |
2213 | \& : 0; |
3473 | \& : 0; |
2214 | \& |
3474 | \& |
2215 | \& // if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi |
3475 | \& // if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi |
2216 | \& if (loop_lo) |
3476 | \& if (loop_lo) |
2217 | \& { |
3477 | \& { |
2218 | \& ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo); |
3478 | \& ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo); |
2219 | \& ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed); |
3479 | \& ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed); |
2220 | \& } |
3480 | \& } |
2221 | \& else |
3481 | \& else |
2222 | \& loop_lo = loop_hi; |
3482 | \& loop_lo = loop_hi; |
2223 | .Ve |
3483 | .Ve |
2224 | .PP |
3484 | .PP |
2225 | Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create |
3485 | Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create |
2226 | a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any |
3486 | a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any |
2227 | kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket\-only event loop in |
3487 | kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket\-only event loop in |
2228 | \&\f(CW\*(C`loop_socket\*(C'\fR. (One might optionally use \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_NOENV\*(C'\fR, too). |
3488 | \&\f(CW\*(C`loop_socket\*(C'\fR. (One might optionally use \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_NOENV\*(C'\fR, too). |
2229 | .PP |
3489 | .PP |
2230 | .Vb 3 |
3490 | .Vb 3 |
2231 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
3491 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
2232 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0; |
3492 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0; |
2233 | \& struct ev_embed embed; |
3493 | \& ev_embed embed; |
2234 | \& |
3494 | \& |
2235 | \& if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE) |
3495 | \& if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE) |
2236 | \& if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)) |
3496 | \& if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)) |
2237 | \& { |
3497 | \& { |
2238 | \& ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket); |
3498 | \& ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket); |
2239 | \& ev_embed_start (loop, &embed); |
3499 | \& ev_embed_start (loop, &embed); |
2240 | \& } |
3500 | \& } |
2241 | \& |
3501 | \& |
2242 | \& if (!loop_socket) |
3502 | \& if (!loop_socket) |
2243 | \& loop_socket = loop; |
3503 | \& loop_socket = loop; |
2244 | \& |
3504 | \& |
2245 | \& // now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else |
3505 | \& // now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else |
2246 | .Ve |
3506 | .Ve |
2247 | .ie n .Sh """ev_fork"" \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
3507 | .ie n .SS """ev_fork"" \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
2248 | .el .Sh "\f(CWev_fork\fP \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
3508 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_fork\fP \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
2249 | .IX Subsection "ev_fork - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
3509 | .IX Subsection "ev_fork - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
2250 | Fork watchers are called when a \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR was detected (usually because |
3510 | Fork watchers are called when a \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR was detected (usually because |
2251 | whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling |
3511 | whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling |
2252 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR). The invocation is done before the |
3512 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR). The invocation is done before the event loop blocks next |
2253 | event loop blocks next and before \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are being called, |
3513 | and before \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are being called, and only in the child |
2254 | and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling |
3514 | after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR cheats |
2255 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork |
3515 | and calls it in the wrong process, the fork handlers will be invoked, too, |
2256 | handlers will be invoked, too, of course. |
3516 | of course. |
|
|
3517 | .PP |
|
|
3518 | \fIThe special problem of life after fork \- how is it possible?\fR |
|
|
3519 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?" |
|
|
3520 | .PP |
|
|
3521 | Most uses of \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR consist of forking, then some simple calls to set |
|
|
3522 | up/change the process environment, followed by a call to \f(CW\*(C`exec()\*(C'\fR. This |
|
|
3523 | sequence should be handled by libev without any problems. |
|
|
3524 | .PP |
|
|
3525 | This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling |
|
|
3526 | in the child, or both parent in child, in effect \*(L"continuing\*(R" after the |
|
|
3527 | fork. |
|
|
3528 | .PP |
|
|
3529 | The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect |
|
|
3530 | forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected |
|
|
3531 | when \fIeither\fR the parent \fIor\fR the child process continues. |
|
|
3532 | .PP |
|
|
3533 | When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the |
|
|
3534 | wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is |
|
|
3535 | supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other |
|
|
3536 | process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers. |
|
|
3537 | .PP |
|
|
3538 | The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to |
|
|
3539 | simply create a new event loop, which of course will be \*(L"empty\*(R", and |
|
|
3540 | use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more |
|
|
3541 | memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the |
|
|
3542 | disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support |
|
|
3543 | signal watchers). |
|
|
3544 | .PP |
|
|
3545 | When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for |
|
|
3546 | other reasons, then in the process that wants to start \*(L"fresh\*(R", call |
|
|
3547 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT)\*(C'\fR followed by \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_loop (...)\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
3548 | Destroying the default loop will \*(L"orphan\*(R" (not stop) all registered |
|
|
3549 | watchers, so you have to be careful not to execute code that modifies |
|
|
3550 | those watchers. Note also that in that case, you have to re-register any |
|
|
3551 | signal watchers. |
2257 | .PP |
3552 | .PP |
2258 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
3553 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
2259 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
3554 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
2260 | .IP "ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)" 4 |
3555 | .IP "ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback)" 4 |
2261 | .IX Item "ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)" |
3556 | .IX Item "ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback)" |
2262 | Initialises and configures the fork watcher \- it has no parameters of any |
3557 | Initialises and configures the fork watcher \- it has no parameters of any |
2263 | kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_fork_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
3558 | kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_fork_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
2264 | believe me. |
3559 | really. |
|
|
3560 | .ie n .SS """ev_cleanup"" \- even the best things end" |
|
|
3561 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_cleanup\fP \- even the best things end" |
|
|
3562 | .IX Subsection "ev_cleanup - even the best things end" |
|
|
3563 | Cleanup watchers are called just before the event loop is being destroyed |
|
|
3564 | by a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_destroy\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
3565 | .PP |
|
|
3566 | While there is no guarantee that the event loop gets destroyed, cleanup |
|
|
3567 | watchers provide a convenient method to install cleanup hooks for your |
|
|
3568 | program, worker threads and so on \- you just to make sure to destroy the |
|
|
3569 | loop when you want them to be invoked. |
|
|
3570 | .PP |
|
|
3571 | Cleanup watchers are invoked in the same way as any other watcher. Unlike |
|
|
3572 | all other watchers, they do not keep a reference to the event loop (which |
|
|
3573 | makes a lot of sense if you think about it). Like all other watchers, you |
|
|
3574 | can call libev functions in the callback, except \f(CW\*(C`ev_cleanup_start\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
3575 | .PP |
|
|
3576 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
|
|
3577 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
|
|
3578 | .IP "ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback)" 4 |
|
|
3579 | .IX Item "ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback)" |
|
|
3580 | Initialises and configures the cleanup watcher \- it has no parameters of |
|
|
3581 | any kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_cleanup_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly |
|
|
3582 | pointless, I assure you. |
|
|
3583 | .PP |
|
|
3584 | Example: Register an atexit handler to destroy the default loop, so any |
|
|
3585 | cleanup functions are called. |
|
|
3586 | .PP |
|
|
3587 | .Vb 5 |
|
|
3588 | \& static void |
|
|
3589 | \& program_exits (void) |
|
|
3590 | \& { |
|
|
3591 | \& ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC); |
|
|
3592 | \& } |
|
|
3593 | \& |
|
|
3594 | \& ... |
|
|
3595 | \& atexit (program_exits); |
|
|
3596 | .Ve |
2265 | .ie n .Sh """ev_async"" \- how to wake up another event loop" |
3597 | .ie n .SS """ev_async"" \- how to wake up an event loop" |
2266 | .el .Sh "\f(CWev_async\fP \- how to wake up another event loop" |
3598 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_async\fP \- how to wake up an event loop" |
2267 | .IX Subsection "ev_async - how to wake up another event loop" |
3599 | .IX Subsection "ev_async - how to wake up an event loop" |
2268 | In general, you cannot use an \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from multiple threads or other |
3600 | In general, you cannot use an \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from multiple threads or other |
2269 | asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event |
3601 | asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event |
2270 | loops \- those are of course safe to use in different threads). |
3602 | loops \- those are of course safe to use in different threads). |
2271 | .PP |
3603 | .PP |
2272 | Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not |
3604 | Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control, |
2273 | control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what |
3605 | for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR |
2274 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers do: as long as the \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher is active, you |
3606 | watchers do: as long as the \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher is active, you can signal |
2275 | can signal it by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR, which is thread\- and signal |
3607 | it by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR, which is thread\- and signal safe. |
2276 | safe. |
|
|
2277 | .PP |
3608 | .PP |
2278 | This functionality is very similar to \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR watchers, as signals, |
3609 | This functionality is very similar to \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR watchers, as signals, |
2279 | too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed |
3610 | too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed |
2280 | (i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of |
3611 | (i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of |
2281 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async_sent\*(C'\fR calls). |
3612 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind |
2282 | .PP |
3613 | of \*(L"global async watchers\*(R" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused |
2283 | Unlike \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR watchers, \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR works with any event loop, not |
3614 | signal, and \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal\*(C'\fR to signal this watcher from another thread, |
2284 | just the default loop. |
3615 | even without knowing which loop owns the signal. |
2285 | .PP |
3616 | .PP |
2286 | \fIQueueing\fR |
3617 | \fIQueueing\fR |
2287 | .IX Subsection "Queueing" |
3618 | .IX Subsection "Queueing" |
2288 | .PP |
3619 | .PP |
2289 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason |
3620 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason |
2290 | is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a |
3621 | is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a |
2291 | multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't |
3622 | multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't |
2292 | need elaborate support such as pthreads. |
3623 | need elaborate support such as pthreads or unportable memory access |
|
|
3624 | semantics. |
2293 | .PP |
3625 | .PP |
2294 | That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own |
3626 | That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own |
2295 | queue. But at least I can tell you would implement locking around your |
3627 | queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your |
2296 | queue: |
3628 | queue: |
2297 | .IP "queueing from a signal handler context" 4 |
3629 | .IP "queueing from a signal handler context" 4 |
2298 | .IX Item "queueing from a signal handler context" |
3630 | .IX Item "queueing from a signal handler context" |
2299 | To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal |
3631 | To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal |
2300 | handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for |
3632 | handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is |
2301 | some fictitiuous \s-1SIGUSR1\s0 handler: |
3633 | an example that does that for some fictitious \s-1SIGUSR1\s0 handler: |
2302 | .Sp |
3634 | .Sp |
2303 | .Vb 1 |
3635 | .Vb 1 |
2304 | \& static ev_async mysig; |
3636 | \& static ev_async mysig; |
2305 | \& |
3637 | \& |
2306 | \& static void |
3638 | \& static void |
… | |
… | |
2370 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
3702 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
2371 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
3703 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
2372 | .IP "ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)" 4 |
3704 | .IP "ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)" 4 |
2373 | .IX Item "ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)" |
3705 | .IX Item "ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)" |
2374 | Initialises and configures the async watcher \- it has no parameters of any |
3706 | Initialises and configures the async watcher \- it has no parameters of any |
2375 | kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_asynd_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
3707 | kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
2376 | believe me. |
3708 | trust me. |
2377 | .IP "ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)" 4 |
3709 | .IP "ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)" 4 |
2378 | .IX Item "ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)" |
3710 | .IX Item "ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)" |
2379 | Sends/signals/activates the given \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher, that is, feeds |
3711 | Sends/signals/activates the given \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher, that is, feeds |
2380 | an \f(CW\*(C`EV_ASYNC\*(C'\fR event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike |
3712 | an \f(CW\*(C`EV_ASYNC\*(C'\fR event on the watcher into the event loop, and instantly |
|
|
3713 | returns. |
|
|
3714 | .Sp |
2381 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_event\*(C'\fR, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or |
3715 | Unlike \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_event\*(C'\fR, this call is safe to do from other threads, |
2382 | similar contexts (see the dicusssion of \f(CW\*(C`EV_ATOMIC_T\*(C'\fR in the embedding |
3716 | signal or similar contexts (see the discussion of \f(CW\*(C`EV_ATOMIC_T\*(C'\fR in the |
2383 | section below on what exactly this means). |
3717 | embedding section below on what exactly this means). |
2384 | .Sp |
3718 | .Sp |
2385 | This call incurs the overhead of a syscall only once per loop iteration, |
3719 | Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get |
2386 | so while the overhead might be noticable, it doesn't apply to repeated |
3720 | compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at |
2387 | calls to \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR. |
3721 | this is that \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers are level-triggered: they are set on |
|
|
3722 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR, reset when the event loop detects that). |
|
|
3723 | .Sp |
|
|
3724 | This call incurs the overhead of at most one extra system call per event |
|
|
3725 | loop iteration, if the event loop is blocked, and no syscall at all if |
|
|
3726 | the event loop (or your program) is processing events. That means that |
|
|
3727 | repeated calls are basically free (there is no need to avoid calls for |
|
|
3728 | performance reasons) and that the overhead becomes smaller (typically |
|
|
3729 | zero) under load. |
|
|
3730 | .IP "bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)" 4 |
|
|
3731 | .IX Item "bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)" |
|
|
3732 | Returns a non-zero value when \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR has been called on the |
|
|
3733 | watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the |
|
|
3734 | event loop. |
|
|
3735 | .Sp |
|
|
3736 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When |
|
|
3737 | the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active, |
|
|
3738 | it will reset the flag again. \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_pending\*(C'\fR can be used to very |
|
|
3739 | quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea. |
|
|
3740 | .Sp |
|
|
3741 | Not that this does \fInot\fR check whether the watcher itself is pending, |
|
|
3742 | only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there |
|
|
3743 | is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async |
|
|
3744 | notification, and the callback being invoked. |
2388 | .SH "OTHER FUNCTIONS" |
3745 | .SH "OTHER FUNCTIONS" |
2389 | .IX Header "OTHER FUNCTIONS" |
3746 | .IX Header "OTHER FUNCTIONS" |
2390 | There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now. |
3747 | There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now. |
2391 | .IP "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)" 4 |
3748 | .IP "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback, arg)" 4 |
2392 | .IX Item "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)" |
3749 | .IX Item "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback, arg)" |
2393 | This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your |
3750 | This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your |
2394 | callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both |
3751 | callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both |
2395 | watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd |
3752 | watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd |
2396 | or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or |
3753 | or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or |
2397 | more watchers yourself. |
3754 | more watchers yourself. |
2398 | .Sp |
3755 | .Sp |
2399 | If \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events |
3756 | If \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and the |
2400 | is being ignored. Otherwise, an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher for the given \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR and |
3757 | \&\f(CW\*(C`events\*(C'\fR argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher for |
2401 | \&\f(CW\*(C`events\*(C'\fR set will be craeted and started. |
3758 | the given \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`events\*(C'\fR set will be created and started. |
2402 | .Sp |
3759 | .Sp |
2403 | If \f(CW\*(C`timeout\*(C'\fR is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be |
3760 | If \f(CW\*(C`timeout\*(C'\fR is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be |
2404 | started. Otherwise an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watcher with after = \f(CW\*(C`timeout\*(C'\fR (and |
3761 | started. Otherwise an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watcher with after = \f(CW\*(C`timeout\*(C'\fR (and |
2405 | repeat = 0) will be started. While \f(CW0\fR is a valid timeout, it is of |
3762 | repeat = 0) will be started. \f(CW0\fR is a valid timeout. |
2406 | dubious value. |
|
|
2407 | .Sp |
3763 | .Sp |
2408 | The callback has the type \f(CW\*(C`void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)\*(C'\fR and gets |
3764 | The callback has the type \f(CW\*(C`void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)\*(C'\fR and is |
2409 | passed an \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR set like normal event callbacks (a combination of |
3765 | passed an \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR set like normal event callbacks (a combination of |
2410 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_ERROR\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EV_TIMEOUT\*(C'\fR) and the \f(CW\*(C`arg\*(C'\fR |
3766 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_ERROR\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EV_TIMER\*(C'\fR) and the \f(CW\*(C`arg\*(C'\fR |
2411 | value passed to \f(CW\*(C`ev_once\*(C'\fR: |
3767 | value passed to \f(CW\*(C`ev_once\*(C'\fR. Note that it is possible to receive \fIboth\fR |
|
|
3768 | a timeout and an io event at the same time \- you probably should give io |
|
|
3769 | events precedence. |
|
|
3770 | .Sp |
|
|
3771 | Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on \s-1STDIN_FILENO.\s0 |
2412 | .Sp |
3772 | .Sp |
2413 | .Vb 7 |
3773 | .Vb 7 |
2414 | \& static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg) |
3774 | \& static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg) |
|
|
3775 | \& { |
|
|
3776 | \& if (revents & EV_READ) |
|
|
3777 | \& /* stdin might have data for us, joy! */; |
|
|
3778 | \& else if (revents & EV_TIMER) |
|
|
3779 | \& /* doh, nothing entered */; |
|
|
3780 | \& } |
|
|
3781 | \& |
|
|
3782 | \& ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0); |
|
|
3783 | .Ve |
|
|
3784 | .IP "ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)" 4 |
|
|
3785 | .IX Item "ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)" |
|
|
3786 | Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected |
|
|
3787 | the given events. |
|
|
3788 | .IP "ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)" 4 |
|
|
3789 | .IX Item "ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)" |
|
|
3790 | Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal\*(C'\fR, |
|
|
3791 | which is async-safe. |
|
|
3792 | .SH "COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)" |
|
|
3793 | .IX Header "COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)" |
|
|
3794 | This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately |
|
|
3795 | obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this |
|
|
3796 | section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else. |
|
|
3797 | .SS "\s-1ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER\s0" |
|
|
3798 | .IX Subsection "ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER" |
|
|
3799 | Each watcher has, by default, a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member that you can read |
|
|
3800 | or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used |
|
|
3801 | to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and |
|
|
3802 | don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that |
|
|
3803 | data member, you can also \*(L"subclass\*(R" the watcher type and provide your own |
|
|
3804 | data: |
|
|
3805 | .PP |
|
|
3806 | .Vb 7 |
|
|
3807 | \& struct my_io |
|
|
3808 | \& { |
|
|
3809 | \& ev_io io; |
|
|
3810 | \& int otherfd; |
|
|
3811 | \& void *somedata; |
|
|
3812 | \& struct whatever *mostinteresting; |
|
|
3813 | \& }; |
|
|
3814 | \& |
|
|
3815 | \& ... |
|
|
3816 | \& struct my_io w; |
|
|
3817 | \& ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ); |
|
|
3818 | .Ve |
|
|
3819 | .PP |
|
|
3820 | And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you |
|
|
3821 | can cast it back to your own type: |
|
|
3822 | .PP |
|
|
3823 | .Vb 5 |
|
|
3824 | \& static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents) |
|
|
3825 | \& { |
|
|
3826 | \& struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_; |
|
|
3827 | \& ... |
|
|
3828 | \& } |
|
|
3829 | .Ve |
|
|
3830 | .PP |
|
|
3831 | More interesting and less C\-conformant ways of casting your callback |
|
|
3832 | function type instead have been omitted. |
|
|
3833 | .SS "\s-1BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS\s0" |
|
|
3834 | .IX Subsection "BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS" |
|
|
3835 | Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple |
|
|
3836 | embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines |
|
|
3837 | multiple libev event sources into one \*(L"super-watcher\*(R": |
|
|
3838 | .PP |
|
|
3839 | .Vb 6 |
|
|
3840 | \& struct my_biggy |
|
|
3841 | \& { |
|
|
3842 | \& int some_data; |
|
|
3843 | \& ev_timer t1; |
|
|
3844 | \& ev_timer t2; |
|
|
3845 | \& } |
|
|
3846 | .Ve |
|
|
3847 | .PP |
|
|
3848 | In this case getting the pointer to \f(CW\*(C`my_biggy\*(C'\fR is a bit more |
|
|
3849 | complicated: Either you store the address of your \f(CW\*(C`my_biggy\*(C'\fR struct in |
|
|
3850 | the \f(CW\*(C`data\*(C'\fR member of the watcher (for woozies or \*(C+ coders), or you need |
|
|
3851 | to use some pointer arithmetic using \f(CW\*(C`offsetof\*(C'\fR inside your watchers (for |
|
|
3852 | real programmers): |
|
|
3853 | .PP |
|
|
3854 | .Vb 1 |
|
|
3855 | \& #include <stddef.h> |
|
|
3856 | \& |
|
|
3857 | \& static void |
|
|
3858 | \& t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
|
|
3859 | \& { |
|
|
3860 | \& struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *) |
|
|
3861 | \& (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1)); |
|
|
3862 | \& } |
|
|
3863 | \& |
|
|
3864 | \& static void |
|
|
3865 | \& t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
|
|
3866 | \& { |
|
|
3867 | \& struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *) |
|
|
3868 | \& (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2)); |
|
|
3869 | \& } |
|
|
3870 | .Ve |
|
|
3871 | .SS "\s-1AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING\s0" |
|
|
3872 | .IX Subsection "AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING" |
|
|
3873 | Often you have structures like this in event-based programs: |
|
|
3874 | .PP |
|
|
3875 | .Vb 4 |
|
|
3876 | \& callback () |
2415 | \& { |
3877 | \& { |
2416 | \& if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT) |
3878 | \& free (request); |
2417 | \& /* doh, nothing entered */; |
|
|
2418 | \& else if (revents & EV_READ) |
|
|
2419 | \& /* stdin might have data for us, joy! */; |
|
|
2420 | \& } |
3879 | \& } |
2421 | \& |
3880 | \& |
2422 | \& ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0); |
3881 | \& request = start_new_request (..., callback); |
2423 | .Ve |
3882 | .Ve |
2424 | .IP "ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)" 4 |
3883 | .PP |
2425 | .IX Item "ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)" |
3884 | The intent is to start some \*(L"lengthy\*(R" operation. The \f(CW\*(C`request\*(C'\fR could be |
2426 | Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event |
3885 | used to cancel the operation, or do other things with it. |
2427 | had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an |
3886 | .PP |
2428 | initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). |
3887 | It's not uncommon to have code paths in \f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR that |
2429 | .IP "ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)" 4 |
3888 | immediately invoke the callback, for example, to report errors. Or you add |
2430 | .IX Item "ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)" |
3889 | some caching layer that finds that it can skip the lengthy aspects of the |
2431 | Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected |
3890 | operation and simply invoke the callback with the result. |
2432 | the given events it. |
3891 | .PP |
2433 | .IP "ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)" 4 |
3892 | The problem here is that this will happen \fIbefore\fR \f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR |
2434 | .IX Item "ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)" |
3893 | has returned, so \f(CW\*(C`request\*(C'\fR is not set. |
2435 | Feed an event as if the given signal occured (\f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR must be the default |
3894 | .PP |
2436 | loop!). |
3895 | Even if you pass the request by some safer means to the callback, you |
|
|
3896 | might want to do something to the request after starting it, such as |
|
|
3897 | canceling it, which probably isn't working so well when the callback has |
|
|
3898 | already been invoked. |
|
|
3899 | .PP |
|
|
3900 | A common way around all these issues is to make sure that |
|
|
3901 | \&\f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR \fIalways\fR returns before the callback is invoked. If |
|
|
3902 | \&\f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR immediately knows the result, it can artificially |
|
|
3903 | delay invoking the callback by using a \f(CW\*(C`prepare\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`idle\*(C'\fR watcher for |
|
|
3904 | example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher and |
|
|
3905 | pushing it into the pending queue: |
|
|
3906 | .PP |
|
|
3907 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
3908 | \& ev_set_cb (watcher, callback); |
|
|
3909 | \& ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0); |
|
|
3910 | .Ve |
|
|
3911 | .PP |
|
|
3912 | This way, \f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR can safely return before the callback is |
|
|
3913 | invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much. |
|
|
3914 | .SS "\s-1MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS\s0" |
|
|
3915 | .IX Subsection "MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS" |
|
|
3916 | Often (especially in \s-1GUI\s0 toolkits) there are places where you have |
|
|
3917 | \&\fImodal\fR interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively |
|
|
3918 | invoking \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
3919 | .PP |
|
|
3920 | This brings the problem of exiting \- a callback might want to finish the |
|
|
3921 | main \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked \*(L"Quit\*(R", but |
|
|
3922 | a modal \*(L"Are you sure?\*(R" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one |
|
|
3923 | and not the main one (e.g. user clocked \*(L"Ok\*(R" in a modal dialog), or some |
|
|
3924 | other combination: In these cases, a simple \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR will not work. |
|
|
3925 | .PP |
|
|
3926 | The solution is to maintain \*(L"break this loop\*(R" variable for each \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR |
|
|
3927 | invocation, and use a loop around \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR until the condition is |
|
|
3928 | triggered, using \f(CW\*(C`EVRUN_ONCE\*(C'\fR: |
|
|
3929 | .PP |
|
|
3930 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
3931 | \& // main loop |
|
|
3932 | \& int exit_main_loop = 0; |
|
|
3933 | \& |
|
|
3934 | \& while (!exit_main_loop) |
|
|
3935 | \& ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE); |
|
|
3936 | \& |
|
|
3937 | \& // in a modal watcher |
|
|
3938 | \& int exit_nested_loop = 0; |
|
|
3939 | \& |
|
|
3940 | \& while (!exit_nested_loop) |
|
|
3941 | \& ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE); |
|
|
3942 | .Ve |
|
|
3943 | .PP |
|
|
3944 | To exit from any of these loops, just set the corresponding exit variable: |
|
|
3945 | .PP |
|
|
3946 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
3947 | \& // exit modal loop |
|
|
3948 | \& exit_nested_loop = 1; |
|
|
3949 | \& |
|
|
3950 | \& // exit main program, after modal loop is finished |
|
|
3951 | \& exit_main_loop = 1; |
|
|
3952 | \& |
|
|
3953 | \& // exit both |
|
|
3954 | \& exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1; |
|
|
3955 | .Ve |
|
|
3956 | .SS "\s-1THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE\s0" |
|
|
3957 | .IX Subsection "THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE" |
|
|
3958 | Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different |
|
|
3959 | thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are |
|
|
3960 | created/added/removed. |
|
|
3961 | .PP |
|
|
3962 | For a real-world example, see the \f(CW\*(C`EV::Loop::Async\*(C'\fR perl module, |
|
|
3963 | which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level |
|
|
3964 | languages). |
|
|
3965 | .PP |
|
|
3966 | The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition |
|
|
3967 | variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the |
|
|
3968 | event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread. |
|
|
3969 | .PP |
|
|
3970 | First, you need to associate some data with the event loop: |
|
|
3971 | .PP |
|
|
3972 | .Vb 6 |
|
|
3973 | \& typedef struct { |
|
|
3974 | \& mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */ |
|
|
3975 | \& ev_async async_w; |
|
|
3976 | \& thread_t tid; |
|
|
3977 | \& cond_t invoke_cv; |
|
|
3978 | \& } userdata; |
|
|
3979 | \& |
|
|
3980 | \& void prepare_loop (EV_P) |
|
|
3981 | \& { |
|
|
3982 | \& // for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct. |
|
|
3983 | \& static userdata u; |
|
|
3984 | \& |
|
|
3985 | \& ev_async_init (&u\->async_w, async_cb); |
|
|
3986 | \& ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u\->async_w); |
|
|
3987 | \& |
|
|
3988 | \& pthread_mutex_init (&u\->lock, 0); |
|
|
3989 | \& pthread_cond_init (&u\->invoke_cv, 0); |
|
|
3990 | \& |
|
|
3991 | \& // now associate this with the loop |
|
|
3992 | \& ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u); |
|
|
3993 | \& ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke); |
|
|
3994 | \& ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire); |
|
|
3995 | \& |
|
|
3996 | \& // then create the thread running ev_run |
|
|
3997 | \& pthread_create (&u\->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A); |
|
|
3998 | \& } |
|
|
3999 | .Ve |
|
|
4000 | .PP |
|
|
4001 | The callback for the \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher does nothing: the watcher is used |
|
|
4002 | solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers |
|
|
4003 | that might have been added: |
|
|
4004 | .PP |
|
|
4005 | .Vb 5 |
|
|
4006 | \& static void |
|
|
4007 | \& async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents) |
|
|
4008 | \& { |
|
|
4009 | \& // just used for the side effects |
|
|
4010 | \& } |
|
|
4011 | .Ve |
|
|
4012 | .PP |
|
|
4013 | The \f(CW\*(C`l_release\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`l_acquire\*(C'\fR callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex |
|
|
4014 | protecting the loop data, respectively. |
|
|
4015 | .PP |
|
|
4016 | .Vb 6 |
|
|
4017 | \& static void |
|
|
4018 | \& l_release (EV_P) |
|
|
4019 | \& { |
|
|
4020 | \& userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4021 | \& pthread_mutex_unlock (&u\->lock); |
|
|
4022 | \& } |
|
|
4023 | \& |
|
|
4024 | \& static void |
|
|
4025 | \& l_acquire (EV_P) |
|
|
4026 | \& { |
|
|
4027 | \& userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4028 | \& pthread_mutex_lock (&u\->lock); |
|
|
4029 | \& } |
|
|
4030 | .Ve |
|
|
4031 | .PP |
|
|
4032 | The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight |
|
|
4033 | into \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR: |
|
|
4034 | .PP |
|
|
4035 | .Vb 4 |
|
|
4036 | \& void * |
|
|
4037 | \& l_run (void *thr_arg) |
|
|
4038 | \& { |
|
|
4039 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg; |
|
|
4040 | \& |
|
|
4041 | \& l_acquire (EV_A); |
|
|
4042 | \& pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0); |
|
|
4043 | \& ev_run (EV_A_ 0); |
|
|
4044 | \& l_release (EV_A); |
|
|
4045 | \& |
|
|
4046 | \& return 0; |
|
|
4047 | \& } |
|
|
4048 | .Ve |
|
|
4049 | .PP |
|
|
4050 | Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the \f(CW\*(C`l_invoke\*(C'\fR callback will |
|
|
4051 | signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe |
|
|
4052 | writes? \f(CW\*(C`Async::Interrupt\*(C'\fR?) and then waits until all pending watchers |
|
|
4053 | have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible |
|
|
4054 | and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending |
|
|
4055 | watchers is very beneficial): |
|
|
4056 | .PP |
|
|
4057 | .Vb 4 |
|
|
4058 | \& static void |
|
|
4059 | \& l_invoke (EV_P) |
|
|
4060 | \& { |
|
|
4061 | \& userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4062 | \& |
|
|
4063 | \& while (ev_pending_count (EV_A)) |
|
|
4064 | \& { |
|
|
4065 | \& wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way (); |
|
|
4066 | \& pthread_cond_wait (&u\->invoke_cv, &u\->lock); |
|
|
4067 | \& } |
|
|
4068 | \& } |
|
|
4069 | .Ve |
|
|
4070 | .PP |
|
|
4071 | Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it |
|
|
4072 | will grab the lock, call \f(CW\*(C`ev_invoke_pending\*(C'\fR and then signal the loop |
|
|
4073 | thread to continue: |
|
|
4074 | .PP |
|
|
4075 | .Vb 4 |
|
|
4076 | \& static void |
|
|
4077 | \& real_invoke_pending (EV_P) |
|
|
4078 | \& { |
|
|
4079 | \& userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4080 | \& |
|
|
4081 | \& pthread_mutex_lock (&u\->lock); |
|
|
4082 | \& ev_invoke_pending (EV_A); |
|
|
4083 | \& pthread_cond_signal (&u\->invoke_cv); |
|
|
4084 | \& pthread_mutex_unlock (&u\->lock); |
|
|
4085 | \& } |
|
|
4086 | .Ve |
|
|
4087 | .PP |
|
|
4088 | Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an |
|
|
4089 | event loop, you will now have to lock: |
|
|
4090 | .PP |
|
|
4091 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
4092 | \& ev_timer timeout_watcher; |
|
|
4093 | \& userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4094 | \& |
|
|
4095 | \& ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); |
|
|
4096 | \& |
|
|
4097 | \& pthread_mutex_lock (&u\->lock); |
|
|
4098 | \& ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher); |
|
|
4099 | \& ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u\->async_w); |
|
|
4100 | \& pthread_mutex_unlock (&u\->lock); |
|
|
4101 | .Ve |
|
|
4102 | .PP |
|
|
4103 | Note that sending the \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher is required because otherwise |
|
|
4104 | an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge |
|
|
4105 | about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new |
|
|
4106 | watchers in the next event loop iteration. |
|
|
4107 | .SS "\s-1THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS\s0" |
|
|
4108 | .IX Subsection "THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS" |
|
|
4109 | While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it |
|
|
4110 | is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some |
|
|
4111 | kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that |
|
|
4112 | doesn't need callbacks anymore. |
|
|
4113 | .PP |
|
|
4114 | Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function |
|
|
4115 | \&\f(CW\*(C`switch_to (coro)\*(C'\fR, that libev runs in a coroutine called \f(CW\*(C`libev_coro\*(C'\fR |
|
|
4116 | and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a |
|
|
4117 | global called \f(CW\*(C`current_coro\*(C'\fR. Then you can build your own \*(L"wait for libev |
|
|
4118 | event\*(R" primitive by changing \f(CW\*(C`EV_CB_DECLARE\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_CB_INVOKE\*(C'\fR (note |
|
|
4119 | the differing \f(CW\*(C`;\*(C'\fR conventions): |
|
|
4120 | .PP |
|
|
4121 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
4122 | \& #define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb; |
|
|
4123 | \& #define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)\->cb) |
|
|
4124 | .Ve |
|
|
4125 | .PP |
|
|
4126 | That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the |
|
|
4127 | coroutine to switch to in each watcher, and instead of having libev call |
|
|
4128 | your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine. |
|
|
4129 | .PP |
|
|
4130 | A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called |
|
|
4131 | \&\f(CW\*(C`wait_for_event\*(C'\fR. (the watcher needs to be started, as always, but it doesn't |
|
|
4132 | matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this function is |
|
|
4133 | called): |
|
|
4134 | .PP |
|
|
4135 | .Vb 6 |
|
|
4136 | \& void |
|
|
4137 | \& wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w) |
|
|
4138 | \& { |
|
|
4139 | \& ev_set_cb (w, current_coro); |
|
|
4140 | \& switch_to (libev_coro); |
|
|
4141 | \& } |
|
|
4142 | .Ve |
|
|
4143 | .PP |
|
|
4144 | That basically suspends the coroutine inside \f(CW\*(C`wait_for_event\*(C'\fR and |
|
|
4145 | continues the libev coroutine, which, when appropriate, switches back to |
|
|
4146 | this or any other coroutine. |
|
|
4147 | .PP |
|
|
4148 | You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue \- |
|
|
4149 | instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of |
|
|
4150 | switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify |
|
|
4151 | any waiters. |
|
|
4152 | .PP |
|
|
4153 | To embed libev, see \*(L"\s-1EMBEDDING\*(R"\s0, but in short, it's easiest to create two |
|
|
4154 | files, \fImy_ev.h\fR and \fImy_ev.c\fR that include the respective libev files: |
|
|
4155 | .PP |
|
|
4156 | .Vb 4 |
|
|
4157 | \& // my_ev.h |
|
|
4158 | \& #define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb; |
|
|
4159 | \& #define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)\->cb) |
|
|
4160 | \& #include "../libev/ev.h" |
|
|
4161 | \& |
|
|
4162 | \& // my_ev.c |
|
|
4163 | \& #define EV_H "my_ev.h" |
|
|
4164 | \& #include "../libev/ev.c" |
|
|
4165 | .Ve |
|
|
4166 | .PP |
|
|
4167 | And then use \fImy_ev.h\fR when you would normally use \fIev.h\fR, and compile |
|
|
4168 | \&\fImy_ev.c\fR into your project. When properly specifying include paths, you |
|
|
4169 | can even use \fIev.h\fR as header file name directly. |
2437 | .SH "LIBEVENT EMULATION" |
4170 | .SH "LIBEVENT EMULATION" |
2438 | .IX Header "LIBEVENT EMULATION" |
4171 | .IX Header "LIBEVENT EMULATION" |
2439 | Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot |
4172 | Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot |
2440 | emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints: |
4173 | emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints: |
|
|
4174 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
|
|
4175 | Only the libevent\-1.4.1\-beta \s-1API\s0 is being emulated. |
|
|
4176 | .Sp |
|
|
4177 | This was the newest libevent version available when libev was implemented, |
|
|
4178 | and is still mostly unchanged in 2010. |
2441 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
4179 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
2442 | Use it by including <event.h>, as usual. |
4180 | Use it by including <event.h>, as usual. |
2443 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
4181 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
2444 | The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback, |
4182 | The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback, |
2445 | ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events. |
4183 | ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events. |
… | |
… | |
2450 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
4188 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
2451 | Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities |
4189 | Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities |
2452 | will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there |
4190 | will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there |
2453 | is an ev_pri field. |
4191 | is an ev_pri field. |
2454 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
4192 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
|
|
4193 | In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the |
|
|
4194 | base that registered the signal gets the signals. |
|
|
4195 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
2455 | Other members are not supported. |
4196 | Other members are not supported. |
2456 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
4197 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
2457 | The libev emulation is \fInot\fR \s-1ABI\s0 compatible to libevent, you need |
4198 | The libev emulation is \fInot\fR \s-1ABI\s0 compatible to libevent, you need |
2458 | to use the libev header file and library. |
4199 | to use the libev header file and library. |
2459 | .SH "\*(C+ SUPPORT" |
4200 | .SH "\*(C+ SUPPORT" |
2460 | .IX Header " SUPPORT" |
4201 | .IX Header " SUPPORT" |
|
|
4202 | .SS "C \s-1API\s0" |
|
|
4203 | .IX Subsection "C API" |
|
|
4204 | The normal C \s-1API\s0 should work fine when used from \*(C+: both ev.h and the |
|
|
4205 | libev sources can be compiled as \*(C+. Therefore, code that uses the C \s-1API\s0 |
|
|
4206 | will work fine. |
|
|
4207 | .PP |
|
|
4208 | Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed |
|
|
4209 | to libev: exceptions may be thrown only from watcher callbacks, all other |
|
|
4210 | callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and periodic reschedule |
|
|
4211 | callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a \f(CW\*(C`noexcept\*(C'\fR |
|
|
4212 | specification. If you have code that needs to be compiled as both C and |
|
|
4213 | \&\*(C+ you can use the \f(CW\*(C`EV_NOEXCEPT\*(C'\fR macro for this: |
|
|
4214 | .PP |
|
|
4215 | .Vb 6 |
|
|
4216 | \& static void |
|
|
4217 | \& fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_NOEXCEPT |
|
|
4218 | \& { |
|
|
4219 | \& perror (msg); |
|
|
4220 | \& abort (); |
|
|
4221 | \& } |
|
|
4222 | \& |
|
|
4223 | \& ... |
|
|
4224 | \& ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error); |
|
|
4225 | .Ve |
|
|
4226 | .PP |
|
|
4227 | The only \s-1API\s0 functions that can currently throw exceptions are \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR, |
|
|
4228 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_invoke\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_invoke_pending\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_destroy\*(C'\fR (the latter |
|
|
4229 | because it runs cleanup watchers). |
|
|
4230 | .PP |
|
|
4231 | Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself |
|
|
4232 | is compiled with a \*(C+ compiler or your C and \*(C+ environments allow |
|
|
4233 | throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do). |
|
|
4234 | .SS "\*(C+ \s-1API\s0" |
|
|
4235 | .IX Subsection " API" |
2461 | Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for \*(C+ that mainly allow |
4236 | Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for \*(C+ that mainly allow |
2462 | you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change |
4237 | you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change |
2463 | the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects. |
4238 | the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects. |
2464 | .PP |
4239 | .PP |
2465 | To use it, |
4240 | To use it, |
2466 | .PP |
4241 | .PP |
2467 | .Vb 1 |
4242 | .Vb 1 |
2468 | \& #include <ev++.h> |
4243 | \& #include <ev++.h> |
2469 | .Ve |
4244 | .Ve |
2470 | .PP |
4245 | .PP |
2471 | This automatically includes \fIev.h\fR and puts all of its definitions (many |
4246 | This automatically includes \fIev.h\fR and puts all of its definitions (many |
2472 | of them macros) into the global namespace. All \*(C+ specific things are |
4247 | of them macros) into the global namespace. All \*(C+ specific things are |
2473 | put into the \f(CW\*(C`ev\*(C'\fR namespace. It should support all the same embedding |
4248 | put into the \f(CW\*(C`ev\*(C'\fR namespace. It should support all the same embedding |
… | |
… | |
2476 | Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the \*(C+ |
4251 | Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the \*(C+ |
2477 | classes add (compared to plain C\-style watchers) is the event loop pointer |
4252 | classes add (compared to plain C\-style watchers) is the event loop pointer |
2478 | that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if |
4253 | that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if |
2479 | you disable \f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR when embedding libev). |
4254 | you disable \f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR when embedding libev). |
2480 | .PP |
4255 | .PP |
2481 | Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be |
4256 | Currently, functions, static and non-static member functions and classes |
2482 | used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only |
4257 | with \f(CW\*(C`operator ()\*(C'\fR can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy |
2483 | need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other |
4258 | to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If |
2484 | types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing |
4259 | you need support for other types of functors please contact the author |
2485 | it). |
4260 | (preferably after implementing it). |
|
|
4261 | .PP |
|
|
4262 | For all this to work, your \*(C+ compiler either has to use the same calling |
|
|
4263 | conventions as your C compiler (for static member functions), or you have |
|
|
4264 | to embed libev and compile libev itself as \*(C+. |
2486 | .PP |
4265 | .PP |
2487 | Here is a list of things available in the \f(CW\*(C`ev\*(C'\fR namespace: |
4266 | Here is a list of things available in the \f(CW\*(C`ev\*(C'\fR namespace: |
2488 | .ie n .IP """ev::READ""\fR, \f(CW""ev::WRITE"" etc." 4 |
4267 | .ie n .IP """ev::READ"", ""ev::WRITE"" etc." 4 |
2489 | .el .IP "\f(CWev::READ\fR, \f(CWev::WRITE\fR etc." 4 |
4268 | .el .IP "\f(CWev::READ\fR, \f(CWev::WRITE\fR etc." 4 |
2490 | .IX Item "ev::READ, ev::WRITE etc." |
4269 | .IX Item "ev::READ, ev::WRITE etc." |
2491 | These are just enum values with the same values as the \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR etc. |
4270 | These are just enum values with the same values as the \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR etc. |
2492 | macros from \fIev.h\fR. |
4271 | macros from \fIev.h\fR. |
2493 | .ie n .IP """ev::tstamp""\fR, \f(CW""ev::now""" 4 |
4272 | .ie n .IP """ev::tstamp"", ""ev::now""" 4 |
2494 | .el .IP "\f(CWev::tstamp\fR, \f(CWev::now\fR" 4 |
4273 | .el .IP "\f(CWev::tstamp\fR, \f(CWev::now\fR" 4 |
2495 | .IX Item "ev::tstamp, ev::now" |
4274 | .IX Item "ev::tstamp, ev::now" |
2496 | Aliases to the same types/functions as with the \f(CW\*(C`ev_\*(C'\fR prefix. |
4275 | Aliases to the same types/functions as with the \f(CW\*(C`ev_\*(C'\fR prefix. |
2497 | .ie n .IP """ev::io""\fR, \f(CW""ev::timer""\fR, \f(CW""ev::periodic""\fR, \f(CW""ev::idle""\fR, \f(CW""ev::sig"" etc." 4 |
4276 | .ie n .IP """ev::io"", ""ev::timer"", ""ev::periodic"", ""ev::idle"", ""ev::sig"" etc." 4 |
2498 | .el .IP "\f(CWev::io\fR, \f(CWev::timer\fR, \f(CWev::periodic\fR, \f(CWev::idle\fR, \f(CWev::sig\fR etc." 4 |
4277 | .el .IP "\f(CWev::io\fR, \f(CWev::timer\fR, \f(CWev::periodic\fR, \f(CWev::idle\fR, \f(CWev::sig\fR etc." 4 |
2499 | .IX Item "ev::io, ev::timer, ev::periodic, ev::idle, ev::sig etc." |
4278 | .IX Item "ev::io, ev::timer, ev::periodic, ev::idle, ev::sig etc." |
2500 | For each \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE\*(C'\fR watcher in \fIev.h\fR there is a corresponding class of |
4279 | For each \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE\*(C'\fR watcher in \fIev.h\fR there is a corresponding class of |
2501 | the same name in the \f(CW\*(C`ev\*(C'\fR namespace, with the exception of \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR |
4280 | the same name in the \f(CW\*(C`ev\*(C'\fR namespace, with the exception of \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR |
2502 | which is called \f(CW\*(C`ev::sig\*(C'\fR to avoid clashes with the \f(CW\*(C`signal\*(C'\fR macro |
4281 | which is called \f(CW\*(C`ev::sig\*(C'\fR to avoid clashes with the \f(CW\*(C`signal\*(C'\fR macro |
2503 | defines by many implementations. |
4282 | defined by many implementations. |
2504 | .Sp |
4283 | .Sp |
2505 | All of those classes have these methods: |
4284 | All of those classes have these methods: |
2506 | .RS 4 |
4285 | .RS 4 |
2507 | .IP "ev::TYPE::TYPE ()" 4 |
4286 | .IP "ev::TYPE::TYPE ()" 4 |
2508 | .IX Item "ev::TYPE::TYPE ()" |
4287 | .IX Item "ev::TYPE::TYPE ()" |
2509 | .PD 0 |
4288 | .PD 0 |
2510 | .IP "ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)" 4 |
4289 | .IP "ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop)" 4 |
2511 | .IX Item "ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)" |
4290 | .IX Item "ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop)" |
2512 | .IP "ev::TYPE::~TYPE" 4 |
4291 | .IP "ev::TYPE::~TYPE" 4 |
2513 | .IX Item "ev::TYPE::~TYPE" |
4292 | .IX Item "ev::TYPE::~TYPE" |
2514 | .PD |
4293 | .PD |
2515 | The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher |
4294 | The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher |
2516 | with. If it is omitted, it will use \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR. |
4295 | with. If it is omitted, it will use \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR. |
… | |
… | |
2539 | thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback. |
4318 | thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback. |
2540 | .Sp |
4319 | .Sp |
2541 | Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation |
4320 | Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation |
2542 | .Sp |
4321 | .Sp |
2543 | .Vb 4 |
4322 | .Vb 4 |
2544 | \& struct myclass |
4323 | \& struct myclass |
2545 | \& { |
4324 | \& { |
2546 | \& void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { } |
4325 | \& void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { } |
2547 | \& } |
4326 | \& } |
2548 | \& |
4327 | \& |
2549 | \& myclass obj; |
4328 | \& myclass obj; |
2550 | \& ev::io iow; |
4329 | \& ev::io iow; |
2551 | \& iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj); |
4330 | \& iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj); |
|
|
4331 | .Ve |
|
|
4332 | .IP "w\->set (object *)" 4 |
|
|
4333 | .IX Item "w->set (object *)" |
|
|
4334 | This is a variation of a method callback \- leaving out the method to call |
|
|
4335 | will default the method to \f(CW\*(C`operator ()\*(C'\fR, which makes it possible to use |
|
|
4336 | functor objects without having to manually specify the \f(CW\*(C`operator ()\*(C'\fR all |
|
|
4337 | the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument |
|
|
4338 | list. |
|
|
4339 | .Sp |
|
|
4340 | The \f(CW\*(C`operator ()\*(C'\fR method prototype must be \f(CW\*(C`void operator ()(watcher &w, |
|
|
4341 | int revents)\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
4342 | .Sp |
|
|
4343 | See the method\-\f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR above for more details. |
|
|
4344 | .Sp |
|
|
4345 | Example: use a functor object as callback. |
|
|
4346 | .Sp |
|
|
4347 | .Vb 7 |
|
|
4348 | \& struct myfunctor |
|
|
4349 | \& { |
|
|
4350 | \& void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents) |
|
|
4351 | \& { |
|
|
4352 | \& ... |
|
|
4353 | \& } |
|
|
4354 | \& } |
|
|
4355 | \& |
|
|
4356 | \& myfunctor f; |
|
|
4357 | \& |
|
|
4358 | \& ev::io w; |
|
|
4359 | \& w.set (&f); |
2552 | .Ve |
4360 | .Ve |
2553 | .IP "w\->set<function> (void *data = 0)" 4 |
4361 | .IP "w\->set<function> (void *data = 0)" 4 |
2554 | .IX Item "w->set<function> (void *data = 0)" |
4362 | .IX Item "w->set<function> (void *data = 0)" |
2555 | Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as |
4363 | Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as |
2556 | callback. The optional \f(CW\*(C`data\*(C'\fR argument will be stored in the watcher's |
4364 | callback. The optional \f(CW\*(C`data\*(C'\fR argument will be stored in the watcher's |
… | |
… | |
2558 | .Sp |
4366 | .Sp |
2559 | The prototype of the \f(CW\*(C`function\*(C'\fR must be \f(CW\*(C`void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)\*(C'\fR. |
4367 | The prototype of the \f(CW\*(C`function\*(C'\fR must be \f(CW\*(C`void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)\*(C'\fR. |
2560 | .Sp |
4368 | .Sp |
2561 | See the method\-\f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR above for more details. |
4369 | See the method\-\f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR above for more details. |
2562 | .Sp |
4370 | .Sp |
2563 | Example: |
4371 | Example: Use a plain function as callback. |
2564 | .Sp |
4372 | .Sp |
2565 | .Vb 2 |
4373 | .Vb 2 |
2566 | \& static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { } |
4374 | \& static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { } |
2567 | \& iow.set <io_cb> (); |
4375 | \& iow.set <io_cb> (); |
2568 | .Ve |
4376 | .Ve |
2569 | .IP "w\->set (struct ev_loop *)" 4 |
4377 | .IP "w\->set (loop)" 4 |
2570 | .IX Item "w->set (struct ev_loop *)" |
4378 | .IX Item "w->set (loop)" |
2571 | Associates a different \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop\*(C'\fR with this watcher. You can only |
4379 | Associates a different \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop\*(C'\fR with this watcher. You can only |
2572 | do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either). |
4380 | do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either). |
2573 | .IP "w\->set ([args])" 4 |
4381 | .IP "w\->set ([arguments])" 4 |
2574 | .IX Item "w->set ([args])" |
4382 | .IX Item "w->set ([arguments])" |
2575 | Basically the same as \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR, with the same args. Must be |
4383 | Basically the same as \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR (except for \f(CW\*(C`ev::embed\*(C'\fR watchers>), |
|
|
4384 | with the same arguments. Either this method or a suitable start method |
2576 | called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets |
4385 | must be called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher |
2577 | automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this |
4386 | gets automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this |
2578 | method. |
4387 | method. |
|
|
4388 | .Sp |
|
|
4389 | For \f(CW\*(C`ev::embed\*(C'\fR watchers this method is called \f(CW\*(C`set_embed\*(C'\fR, to avoid |
|
|
4390 | clashing with the \f(CW\*(C`set (loop)\*(C'\fR method. |
2579 | .IP "w\->start ()" 4 |
4391 | .IP "w\->start ()" 4 |
2580 | .IX Item "w->start ()" |
4392 | .IX Item "w->start ()" |
2581 | Starts the watcher. Note that there is no \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR argument, as the |
4393 | Starts the watcher. Note that there is no \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR argument, as the |
2582 | constructor already stores the event loop. |
4394 | constructor already stores the event loop. |
|
|
4395 | .IP "w\->start ([arguments])" 4 |
|
|
4396 | .IX Item "w->start ([arguments])" |
|
|
4397 | Instead of calling \f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`start\*(C'\fR methods separately, it is often |
|
|
4398 | convenient to wrap them in one call. Uses the same type of arguments as |
|
|
4399 | the configure \f(CW\*(C`set\*(C'\fR method of the watcher. |
2583 | .IP "w\->stop ()" 4 |
4400 | .IP "w\->stop ()" 4 |
2584 | .IX Item "w->stop ()" |
4401 | .IX Item "w->stop ()" |
2585 | Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR argument. |
4402 | Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR argument. |
2586 | .ie n .IP "w\->again () (""ev::timer""\fR, \f(CW""ev::periodic"" only)" 4 |
4403 | .ie n .IP "w\->again () (""ev::timer"", ""ev::periodic"" only)" 4 |
2587 | .el .IP "w\->again () (\f(CWev::timer\fR, \f(CWev::periodic\fR only)" 4 |
4404 | .el .IP "w\->again () (\f(CWev::timer\fR, \f(CWev::periodic\fR only)" 4 |
2588 | .IX Item "w->again () (ev::timer, ev::periodic only)" |
4405 | .IX Item "w->again () (ev::timer, ev::periodic only)" |
2589 | For \f(CW\*(C`ev::timer\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev::periodic\*(C'\fR, this invokes the corresponding |
4406 | For \f(CW\*(C`ev::timer\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev::periodic\*(C'\fR, this invokes the corresponding |
2590 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_again\*(C'\fR function. |
4407 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_again\*(C'\fR function. |
2591 | .ie n .IP "w\->sweep () (""ev::embed"" only)" 4 |
4408 | .ie n .IP "w\->sweep () (""ev::embed"" only)" 4 |
… | |
… | |
2598 | Invokes \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat_stat\*(C'\fR. |
4415 | Invokes \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat_stat\*(C'\fR. |
2599 | .RE |
4416 | .RE |
2600 | .RS 4 |
4417 | .RS 4 |
2601 | .RE |
4418 | .RE |
2602 | .PP |
4419 | .PP |
2603 | Example: Define a class with an \s-1IO\s0 and idle watcher, start one of them in |
4420 | Example: Define a class with two I/O and idle watchers, start the I/O |
2604 | the constructor. |
4421 | watchers in the constructor. |
2605 | .PP |
4422 | .PP |
2606 | .Vb 4 |
4423 | .Vb 5 |
2607 | \& class myclass |
4424 | \& class myclass |
2608 | \& { |
4425 | \& { |
2609 | \& ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents); |
4426 | \& ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents); |
|
|
4427 | \& ev::io io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents); |
2610 | \& ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents); |
4428 | \& ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents); |
2611 | \& |
4429 | \& |
2612 | \& myclass (int fd) |
4430 | \& myclass (int fd) |
2613 | \& { |
4431 | \& { |
2614 | \& io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this); |
4432 | \& io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this); |
|
|
4433 | \& io2 .set <myclass, &myclass::io2_cb > (this); |
2615 | \& idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this); |
4434 | \& idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this); |
2616 | \& |
4435 | \& |
2617 | \& io.start (fd, ev::READ); |
4436 | \& io.set (fd, ev::WRITE); // configure the watcher |
|
|
4437 | \& io.start (); // start it whenever convenient |
|
|
4438 | \& |
|
|
4439 | \& io2.start (fd, ev::READ); // set + start in one call |
2618 | \& } |
4440 | \& } |
2619 | \& }; |
4441 | \& }; |
2620 | .Ve |
4442 | .Ve |
|
|
4443 | .SH "OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS" |
|
|
4444 | .IX Header "OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS" |
|
|
4445 | Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a |
|
|
4446 | number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know |
|
|
4447 | any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop |
|
|
4448 | me a note. |
|
|
4449 | .IP "Perl" 4 |
|
|
4450 | .IX Item "Perl" |
|
|
4451 | The \s-1EV\s0 module implements the full libev \s-1API\s0 and is actually used to test |
|
|
4452 | libev. \s-1EV\s0 is developed together with libev. Apart from the \s-1EV\s0 core module, |
|
|
4453 | there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces |
|
|
4454 | to \f(CW\*(C`libadns\*(C'\fR (\f(CW\*(C`EV::ADNS\*(C'\fR, but \f(CW\*(C`AnyEvent::DNS\*(C'\fR is preferred nowadays), |
|
|
4455 | \&\f(CW\*(C`Net::SNMP\*(C'\fR (\f(CW\*(C`Net::SNMP::EV\*(C'\fR) and the \f(CW\*(C`libglib\*(C'\fR event core (\f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR |
|
|
4456 | and \f(CW\*(C`EV::Glib\*(C'\fR). |
|
|
4457 | .Sp |
|
|
4458 | It can be found and installed via \s-1CPAN,\s0 its homepage is at |
|
|
4459 | <http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>. |
|
|
4460 | .IP "Python" 4 |
|
|
4461 | .IX Item "Python" |
|
|
4462 | Python bindings can be found at <http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It |
|
|
4463 | seems to be quite complete and well-documented. |
|
|
4464 | .IP "Ruby" 4 |
|
|
4465 | .IX Item "Ruby" |
|
|
4466 | Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset |
|
|
4467 | of the libev \s-1API\s0 and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous \s-1DNS\s0 and |
|
|
4468 | more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at |
|
|
4469 | <http://rev.rubyforge.org/>. |
|
|
4470 | .Sp |
|
|
4471 | Roger Pack reports that using the link order \f(CW\*(C`\-lws2_32 \-lmsvcrt\-ruby\-190\*(C'\fR |
|
|
4472 | makes rev work even on mingw. |
|
|
4473 | .IP "Haskell" 4 |
|
|
4474 | .IX Item "Haskell" |
|
|
4475 | A haskell binding to libev is available at |
|
|
4476 | <http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi\-bin/hackage\-scripts/package/hlibev>. |
|
|
4477 | .IP "D" 4 |
|
|
4478 | .IX Item "D" |
|
|
4479 | Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (\fIev.d\fR) for libev, to |
|
|
4480 | be found at <http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>. |
|
|
4481 | .IP "Ocaml" 4 |
|
|
4482 | .IX Item "Ocaml" |
|
|
4483 | Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at |
|
|
4484 | <http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml\-ev/>. |
|
|
4485 | .IP "Lua" 4 |
|
|
4486 | .IX Item "Lua" |
|
|
4487 | Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the |
|
|
4488 | time of this writing, only \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR), to be found at |
|
|
4489 | <http://github.com/brimworks/lua\-ev>. |
|
|
4490 | .IP "Javascript" 4 |
|
|
4491 | .IX Item "Javascript" |
|
|
4492 | Node.js (<http://nodejs.org>) uses libev as the underlying event library. |
|
|
4493 | .IP "Others" 4 |
|
|
4494 | .IX Item "Others" |
|
|
4495 | There are others, and I stopped counting. |
2621 | .SH "MACRO MAGIC" |
4496 | .SH "MACRO MAGIC" |
2622 | .IX Header "MACRO MAGIC" |
4497 | .IX Header "MACRO MAGIC" |
2623 | Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamantal |
4498 | Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental |
2624 | of which is \f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR. This option determines whether (most) |
4499 | of which is \f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR. This option determines whether (most) |
2625 | functions and callbacks have an initial \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR argument. |
4500 | functions and callbacks have an initial \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR argument. |
2626 | .PP |
4501 | .PP |
2627 | To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the |
4502 | To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the |
2628 | following macros are defined: |
4503 | following macros are defined: |
2629 | .ie n .IP """EV_A""\fR, \f(CW""EV_A_""" 4 |
4504 | .ie n .IP """EV_A"", ""EV_A_""" 4 |
2630 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_A\fR, \f(CWEV_A_\fR" 4 |
4505 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_A\fR, \f(CWEV_A_\fR" 4 |
2631 | .IX Item "EV_A, EV_A_" |
4506 | .IX Item "EV_A, EV_A_" |
2632 | This provides the loop \fIargument\fR for functions, if one is required (\*(L"ev |
4507 | This provides the loop \fIargument\fR for functions, if one is required (\*(L"ev |
2633 | loop argument\*(R"). The \f(CW\*(C`EV_A\*(C'\fR form is used when this is the sole argument, |
4508 | loop argument\*(R"). The \f(CW\*(C`EV_A\*(C'\fR form is used when this is the sole argument, |
2634 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_A_\*(C'\fR is used when other arguments are following. Example: |
4509 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_A_\*(C'\fR is used when other arguments are following. Example: |
2635 | .Sp |
4510 | .Sp |
2636 | .Vb 3 |
4511 | .Vb 3 |
2637 | \& ev_unref (EV_A); |
4512 | \& ev_unref (EV_A); |
2638 | \& ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher); |
4513 | \& ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher); |
2639 | \& ev_loop (EV_A_ 0); |
4514 | \& ev_run (EV_A_ 0); |
2640 | .Ve |
4515 | .Ve |
2641 | .Sp |
4516 | .Sp |
2642 | It assumes the variable \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR is in scope, |
4517 | It assumes the variable \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR is in scope, |
2643 | which is often provided by the following macro. |
4518 | which is often provided by the following macro. |
2644 | .ie n .IP """EV_P""\fR, \f(CW""EV_P_""" 4 |
4519 | .ie n .IP """EV_P"", ""EV_P_""" 4 |
2645 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_P\fR, \f(CWEV_P_\fR" 4 |
4520 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_P\fR, \f(CWEV_P_\fR" 4 |
2646 | .IX Item "EV_P, EV_P_" |
4521 | .IX Item "EV_P, EV_P_" |
2647 | This provides the loop \fIparameter\fR for functions, if one is required (\*(L"ev |
4522 | This provides the loop \fIparameter\fR for functions, if one is required (\*(L"ev |
2648 | loop parameter\*(R"). The \f(CW\*(C`EV_P\*(C'\fR form is used when this is the sole parameter, |
4523 | loop parameter\*(R"). The \f(CW\*(C`EV_P\*(C'\fR form is used when this is the sole parameter, |
2649 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_P_\*(C'\fR is used when other parameters are following. Example: |
4524 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_P_\*(C'\fR is used when other parameters are following. Example: |
2650 | .Sp |
4525 | .Sp |
2651 | .Vb 2 |
4526 | .Vb 2 |
2652 | \& // this is how ev_unref is being declared |
4527 | \& // this is how ev_unref is being declared |
2653 | \& static void ev_unref (EV_P); |
4528 | \& static void ev_unref (EV_P); |
2654 | \& |
4529 | \& |
2655 | \& // this is how you can declare your typical callback |
4530 | \& // this is how you can declare your typical callback |
2656 | \& static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
4531 | \& static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
2657 | .Ve |
4532 | .Ve |
2658 | .Sp |
4533 | .Sp |
2659 | It declares a parameter \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR, quite |
4534 | It declares a parameter \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR, quite |
2660 | suitable for use with \f(CW\*(C`EV_A\*(C'\fR. |
4535 | suitable for use with \f(CW\*(C`EV_A\*(C'\fR. |
2661 | .ie n .IP """EV_DEFAULT""\fR, \f(CW""EV_DEFAULT_""" 4 |
4536 | .ie n .IP """EV_DEFAULT"", ""EV_DEFAULT_""" 4 |
2662 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_DEFAULT\fR, \f(CWEV_DEFAULT_\fR" 4 |
4537 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_DEFAULT\fR, \f(CWEV_DEFAULT_\fR" 4 |
2663 | .IX Item "EV_DEFAULT, EV_DEFAULT_" |
4538 | .IX Item "EV_DEFAULT, EV_DEFAULT_" |
2664 | Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default |
4539 | Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default |
2665 | loop, if multiple loops are supported (\*(L"ev loop default\*(R"). |
4540 | loop, if multiple loops are supported (\*(L"ev loop default\*(R"). The default loop |
|
|
4541 | will be initialised if it isn't already initialised. |
|
|
4542 | .Sp |
|
|
4543 | For non-multiplicity builds, these macros do nothing, so you always have |
|
|
4544 | to initialise the loop somewhere. |
|
|
4545 | .ie n .IP """EV_DEFAULT_UC"", ""EV_DEFAULT_UC_""" 4 |
|
|
4546 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_DEFAULT_UC\fR, \f(CWEV_DEFAULT_UC_\fR" 4 |
|
|
4547 | .IX Item "EV_DEFAULT_UC, EV_DEFAULT_UC_" |
|
|
4548 | Usage identical to \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT_\*(C'\fR, but requires that the |
|
|
4549 | default loop has been initialised (\f(CW\*(C`UC\*(C'\fR == unchecked). Their behaviour |
|
|
4550 | is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous |
|
|
4551 | execution of \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT_\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_init (...)\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
4552 | .Sp |
|
|
4553 | It is often prudent to use \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR when initialising the first |
|
|
4554 | watcher in a function but use \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT_UC\*(C'\fR afterwards. |
2666 | .PP |
4555 | .PP |
2667 | Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above |
4556 | Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above |
2668 | macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported |
4557 | macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported |
2669 | or not. |
4558 | or not. |
2670 | .PP |
4559 | .PP |
2671 | .Vb 5 |
4560 | .Vb 5 |
2672 | \& static void |
4561 | \& static void |
2673 | \& check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
4562 | \& check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
2674 | \& { |
4563 | \& { |
2675 | \& ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w); |
4564 | \& ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w); |
2676 | \& } |
4565 | \& } |
2677 | \& |
4566 | \& |
2678 | \& ev_check check; |
4567 | \& ev_check check; |
2679 | \& ev_check_init (&check, check_cb); |
4568 | \& ev_check_init (&check, check_cb); |
2680 | \& ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check); |
4569 | \& ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check); |
2681 | \& ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0); |
4570 | \& ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ 0); |
2682 | .Ve |
4571 | .Ve |
2683 | .SH "EMBEDDING" |
4572 | .SH "EMBEDDING" |
2684 | .IX Header "EMBEDDING" |
4573 | .IX Header "EMBEDDING" |
2685 | Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host |
4574 | Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host |
2686 | applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra |
4575 | applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra |
… | |
… | |
2689 | .PP |
4578 | .PP |
2690 | The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your |
4579 | The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your |
2691 | source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so |
4580 | source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so |
2692 | you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of |
4581 | you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of |
2693 | libev somewhere in your source tree). |
4582 | libev somewhere in your source tree). |
2694 | .Sh "\s-1FILESETS\s0" |
4583 | .SS "\s-1FILESETS\s0" |
2695 | .IX Subsection "FILESETS" |
4584 | .IX Subsection "FILESETS" |
2696 | Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files |
4585 | Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files |
2697 | in your app. |
4586 | in your application. |
2698 | .PP |
4587 | .PP |
2699 | \fI\s-1CORE\s0 \s-1EVENT\s0 \s-1LOOP\s0\fR |
4588 | \fI\s-1CORE EVENT LOOP\s0\fR |
2700 | .IX Subsection "CORE EVENT LOOP" |
4589 | .IX Subsection "CORE EVENT LOOP" |
2701 | .PP |
4590 | .PP |
2702 | To include only the libev core (all the \f(CW\*(C`ev_*\*(C'\fR functions), with manual |
4591 | To include only the libev core (all the \f(CW\*(C`ev_*\*(C'\fR functions), with manual |
2703 | configuration (no autoconf): |
4592 | configuration (no autoconf): |
2704 | .PP |
4593 | .PP |
2705 | .Vb 2 |
4594 | .Vb 2 |
2706 | \& #define EV_STANDALONE 1 |
4595 | \& #define EV_STANDALONE 1 |
2707 | \& #include "ev.c" |
4596 | \& #include "ev.c" |
2708 | .Ve |
4597 | .Ve |
2709 | .PP |
4598 | .PP |
2710 | This will automatically include \fIev.h\fR, too, and should be done in a |
4599 | This will automatically include \fIev.h\fR, too, and should be done in a |
2711 | single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use |
4600 | single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use |
2712 | it, do the same for \fIev.h\fR in all files wishing to use this \s-1API\s0 (best |
4601 | it, do the same for \fIev.h\fR in all files wishing to use this \s-1API\s0 (best |
2713 | done by writing a wrapper around \fIev.h\fR that you can include instead and |
4602 | done by writing a wrapper around \fIev.h\fR that you can include instead and |
2714 | where you can put other configuration options): |
4603 | where you can put other configuration options): |
2715 | .PP |
4604 | .PP |
2716 | .Vb 2 |
4605 | .Vb 2 |
2717 | \& #define EV_STANDALONE 1 |
4606 | \& #define EV_STANDALONE 1 |
2718 | \& #include "ev.h" |
4607 | \& #include "ev.h" |
2719 | .Ve |
4608 | .Ve |
2720 | .PP |
4609 | .PP |
2721 | Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a \*(C+ |
4610 | Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a \*(C+ |
2722 | compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated |
4611 | compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated |
2723 | as a bug). |
4612 | as a bug). |
2724 | .PP |
4613 | .PP |
2725 | You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory |
4614 | You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory |
2726 | in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using \-Ilibev): |
4615 | in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using \-Ilibev): |
2727 | .PP |
4616 | .PP |
2728 | .Vb 4 |
4617 | .Vb 4 |
2729 | \& ev.h |
4618 | \& ev.h |
2730 | \& ev.c |
4619 | \& ev.c |
2731 | \& ev_vars.h |
4620 | \& ev_vars.h |
2732 | \& ev_wrap.h |
4621 | \& ev_wrap.h |
2733 | \& |
4622 | \& |
2734 | \& ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only |
4623 | \& ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only |
2735 | \& |
4624 | \& |
2736 | \& ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default) |
4625 | \& ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled |
2737 | \& ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
4626 | \& ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled |
2738 | \& ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
4627 | \& ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled |
|
|
4628 | \& ev_linuxaio.c only when the linux aio backend is enabled |
2739 | \& ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
4629 | \& ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled |
2740 | \& ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
4630 | \& ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled |
2741 | .Ve |
4631 | .Ve |
2742 | .PP |
4632 | .PP |
2743 | \&\fIev.c\fR includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need |
4633 | \&\fIev.c\fR includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need |
2744 | to compile this single file. |
4634 | to compile this single file. |
2745 | .PP |
4635 | .PP |
2746 | \fI\s-1LIBEVENT\s0 \s-1COMPATIBILITY\s0 \s-1API\s0\fR |
4636 | \fI\s-1LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API\s0\fR |
2747 | .IX Subsection "LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API" |
4637 | .IX Subsection "LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API" |
2748 | .PP |
4638 | .PP |
2749 | To include the libevent compatibility \s-1API\s0, also include: |
4639 | To include the libevent compatibility \s-1API,\s0 also include: |
2750 | .PP |
4640 | .PP |
2751 | .Vb 1 |
4641 | .Vb 1 |
2752 | \& #include "event.c" |
4642 | \& #include "event.c" |
2753 | .Ve |
4643 | .Ve |
2754 | .PP |
4644 | .PP |
2755 | in the file including \fIev.c\fR, and: |
4645 | in the file including \fIev.c\fR, and: |
2756 | .PP |
4646 | .PP |
2757 | .Vb 1 |
4647 | .Vb 1 |
2758 | \& #include "event.h" |
4648 | \& #include "event.h" |
2759 | .Ve |
4649 | .Ve |
2760 | .PP |
4650 | .PP |
2761 | in the files that want to use the libevent \s-1API\s0. This also includes \fIev.h\fR. |
4651 | in the files that want to use the libevent \s-1API.\s0 This also includes \fIev.h\fR. |
2762 | .PP |
4652 | .PP |
2763 | You need the following additional files for this: |
4653 | You need the following additional files for this: |
2764 | .PP |
4654 | .PP |
2765 | .Vb 2 |
4655 | .Vb 2 |
2766 | \& event.h |
4656 | \& event.h |
2767 | \& event.c |
4657 | \& event.c |
2768 | .Ve |
4658 | .Ve |
2769 | .PP |
4659 | .PP |
2770 | \fI\s-1AUTOCONF\s0 \s-1SUPPORT\s0\fR |
4660 | \fI\s-1AUTOCONF SUPPORT\s0\fR |
2771 | .IX Subsection "AUTOCONF SUPPORT" |
4661 | .IX Subsection "AUTOCONF SUPPORT" |
2772 | .PP |
4662 | .PP |
2773 | Instead of using \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE=1\*(C'\fR and providing your config in |
4663 | Instead of using \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE=1\*(C'\fR and providing your configuration in |
2774 | whatever way you want, you can also \f(CW\*(C`m4_include([libev.m4])\*(C'\fR in your |
4664 | whatever way you want, you can also \f(CW\*(C`m4_include([libev.m4])\*(C'\fR in your |
2775 | \&\fIconfigure.ac\fR and leave \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE\*(C'\fR undefined. \fIev.c\fR will then |
4665 | \&\fIconfigure.ac\fR and leave \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE\*(C'\fR undefined. \fIev.c\fR will then |
2776 | include \fIconfig.h\fR and configure itself accordingly. |
4666 | include \fIconfig.h\fR and configure itself accordingly. |
2777 | .PP |
4667 | .PP |
2778 | For this of course you need the m4 file: |
4668 | For this of course you need the m4 file: |
2779 | .PP |
4669 | .PP |
2780 | .Vb 1 |
4670 | .Vb 1 |
2781 | \& libev.m4 |
4671 | \& libev.m4 |
2782 | .Ve |
4672 | .Ve |
2783 | .Sh "\s-1PREPROCESSOR\s0 \s-1SYMBOLS/MACROS\s0" |
4673 | .SS "\s-1PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS\s0" |
2784 | .IX Subsection "PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS" |
4674 | .IX Subsection "PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS" |
2785 | Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define |
4675 | Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to |
2786 | before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity |
4676 | define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in |
2787 | and only include the select backend. |
4677 | the absence of autoconf is documented for every option. |
|
|
4678 | .PP |
|
|
4679 | Symbols marked with \*(L"(h)\*(R" do not change the \s-1ABI,\s0 and can have different |
|
|
4680 | values when compiling libev vs. including \fIev.h\fR, so it is permissible |
|
|
4681 | to redefine them before including \fIev.h\fR without breaking compatibility |
|
|
4682 | to a compiled library. All other symbols change the \s-1ABI,\s0 which means all |
|
|
4683 | users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible |
|
|
4684 | settings. |
|
|
4685 | .IP "\s-1EV_COMPAT3\s0 (h)" 4 |
|
|
4686 | .IX Item "EV_COMPAT3 (h)" |
|
|
4687 | Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this |
|
|
4688 | release of libev comes with wrappers for the functions and symbols that |
|
|
4689 | have been renamed between libev version 3 and 4. |
|
|
4690 | .Sp |
|
|
4691 | You can disable these wrappers (to test compatibility with future |
|
|
4692 | versions) by defining \f(CW\*(C`EV_COMPAT3\*(C'\fR to \f(CW0\fR when compiling your |
|
|
4693 | sources. This has the additional advantage that you can drop the \f(CW\*(C`struct\*(C'\fR |
|
|
4694 | from \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop\*(C'\fR declarations, as libev will provide an \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR |
|
|
4695 | typedef in that case. |
|
|
4696 | .Sp |
|
|
4697 | In some future version, the default for \f(CW\*(C`EV_COMPAT3\*(C'\fR will become \f(CW0\fR, |
|
|
4698 | and in some even more future version the compatibility code will be |
|
|
4699 | removed completely. |
2788 | .IP "\s-1EV_STANDALONE\s0" 4 |
4700 | .IP "\s-1EV_STANDALONE\s0 (h)" 4 |
2789 | .IX Item "EV_STANDALONE" |
4701 | .IX Item "EV_STANDALONE (h)" |
2790 | Must always be \f(CW1\fR if you do not use autoconf configuration, which |
4702 | Must always be \f(CW1\fR if you do not use autoconf configuration, which |
2791 | keeps libev from including \fIconfig.h\fR, and it also defines dummy |
4703 | keeps libev from including \fIconfig.h\fR, and it also defines dummy |
2792 | implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not |
4704 | implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not |
2793 | supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in |
4705 | supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in |
2794 | \&\fIevent.h\fR that are not directly supported by the libev core alone. |
4706 | \&\fIevent.h\fR that are not directly supported by the libev core alone. |
|
|
4707 | .Sp |
|
|
4708 | In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the |
|
|
4709 | configuration, but has to be more conservative. |
|
|
4710 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_FLOOR\s0" 4 |
|
|
4711 | .IX Item "EV_USE_FLOOR" |
|
|
4712 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will use the \f(CW\*(C`floor ()\*(C'\fR function for its |
|
|
4713 | periodic reschedule calculations, otherwise libev will fall back on a |
|
|
4714 | portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you usually have to |
|
|
4715 | link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the \f(CW\*(C`floor\*(C'\fR |
|
|
4716 | function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable |
|
|
4717 | this. |
2795 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_MONOTONIC\s0" 4 |
4718 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_MONOTONIC\s0" 4 |
2796 | .IX Item "EV_USE_MONOTONIC" |
4719 | .IX Item "EV_USE_MONOTONIC" |
2797 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will try to detect the availability of the |
4720 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will try to detect the availability of the |
2798 | monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use |
4721 | monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no |
2799 | of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you |
4722 | use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, |
2800 | usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when |
4723 | you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it |
2801 | the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have |
4724 | when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have |
2802 | to make sure you link against any libraries where the \f(CW\*(C`clock_gettime\*(C'\fR |
4725 | to make sure you link against any libraries where the \f(CW\*(C`clock_gettime\*(C'\fR |
2803 | function is hiding in (often \fI\-lrt\fR). |
4726 | function is hiding in (often \fI\-lrt\fR). See also \f(CW\*(C`EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL\*(C'\fR. |
2804 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_REALTIME\s0" 4 |
4727 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_REALTIME\s0" 4 |
2805 | .IX Item "EV_USE_REALTIME" |
4728 | .IX Item "EV_USE_REALTIME" |
2806 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will try to detect the availability of the |
4729 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will try to detect the availability of the |
2807 | realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at |
4730 | real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability |
2808 | runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will |
4731 | at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock |
2809 | be attempted. This effectively replaces \f(CW\*(C`gettimeofday\*(C'\fR by \f(CW\*(C`clock_get |
4732 | option will be attempted. This effectively replaces \f(CW\*(C`gettimeofday\*(C'\fR |
2810 | (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)\*(C'\fR and will not normally affect correctness. See the |
4733 | by \f(CW\*(C`clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)\*(C'\fR and will not normally affect |
2811 | note about libraries in the description of \f(CW\*(C`EV_USE_MONOTONIC\*(C'\fR, though. |
4734 | correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of |
|
|
4735 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_USE_MONOTONIC\*(C'\fR, though. Defaults to the opposite value of |
|
|
4736 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
4737 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL\s0" 4 |
|
|
4738 | .IX Item "EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL" |
|
|
4739 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead |
|
|
4740 | of calling the system-provided \f(CW\*(C`clock_gettime\*(C'\fR function. This option |
|
|
4741 | exists because on GNU/Linux, \f(CW\*(C`clock_gettime\*(C'\fR is in \f(CW\*(C`librt\*(C'\fR, but \f(CW\*(C`librt\*(C'\fR |
|
|
4742 | unconditionally pulls in \f(CW\*(C`libpthread\*(C'\fR, slowing down single-threaded |
|
|
4743 | programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in |
|
|
4744 | theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids |
|
|
4745 | the pthread dependency. Defaults to \f(CW1\fR on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or |
|
|
4746 | higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for \f(CW\*(C`\-lrt\*(C'\fR). |
2812 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_NANOSLEEP\s0" 4 |
4747 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_NANOSLEEP\s0" 4 |
2813 | .IX Item "EV_USE_NANOSLEEP" |
4748 | .IX Item "EV_USE_NANOSLEEP" |
2814 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will assume that \f(CW\*(C`nanosleep ()\*(C'\fR is available |
4749 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will assume that \f(CW\*(C`nanosleep ()\*(C'\fR is available |
2815 | and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use \f(CW\*(C`select ()\*(C'\fR. |
4750 | and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use \f(CW\*(C`select ()\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
4751 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_EVENTFD\s0" 4 |
|
|
4752 | .IX Item "EV_USE_EVENTFD" |
|
|
4753 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then libev will assume that \f(CW\*(C`eventfd ()\*(C'\fR is |
|
|
4754 | available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve |
|
|
4755 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR performance and reduce resource consumption. |
|
|
4756 | If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc |
|
|
4757 | 2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled. |
2816 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_SELECT\s0" 4 |
4758 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_SELECT\s0" 4 |
2817 | .IX Item "EV_USE_SELECT" |
4759 | .IX Item "EV_USE_SELECT" |
2818 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the |
4760 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the |
2819 | \&\f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no |
4761 | \&\f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no |
2820 | other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend |
4762 | other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend |
2821 | will not be compiled in. |
4763 | will not be compiled in. |
2822 | .IP "\s-1EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET\s0" 4 |
4764 | .IP "\s-1EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET\s0" 4 |
2823 | .IX Item "EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET" |
4765 | .IX Item "EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET" |
2824 | If defined to \f(CW1\fR, then the select backend will use the system \f(CW\*(C`fd_set\*(C'\fR |
4766 | If defined to \f(CW1\fR, then the select backend will use the system \f(CW\*(C`fd_set\*(C'\fR |
2825 | structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing |
4767 | structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing |
2826 | \&\f(CW\*(C`NFDBITS\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`fd_mask\*(C'\fR definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on |
4768 | \&\f(CW\*(C`NFDBITS\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`fd_mask\*(C'\fR definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout |
2827 | exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some |
4769 | on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to |
2828 | low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only |
4770 | some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket |
2829 | allows 64 sockets). The \f(CW\*(C`FD_SETSIZE\*(C'\fR macro, set before compilation, might |
4771 | only allows 64 sockets). The \f(CW\*(C`FD_SETSIZE\*(C'\fR macro, set before compilation, |
2830 | influence the size of the \f(CW\*(C`fd_set\*(C'\fR used. |
4772 | configures the maximum size of the \f(CW\*(C`fd_set\*(C'\fR. |
2831 | .IP "\s-1EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET\s0" 4 |
4773 | .IP "\s-1EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET\s0" 4 |
2832 | .IX Item "EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET" |
4774 | .IX Item "EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET" |
2833 | When defined to \f(CW1\fR, the select backend will assume that |
4775 | When defined to \f(CW1\fR, the select backend will assume that |
2834 | select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but |
4776 | select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but |
2835 | wants osf handles on win32 (this is the case when the select to |
4777 | wants osf handles on win32 (this is the case when the select to |
2836 | be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call |
4778 | be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call |
2837 | \&\f(CW\*(C`_get_osfhandle\*(C'\fR on the fd to convert it to an \s-1OS\s0 handle. Otherwise, |
4779 | \&\f(CW\*(C`_get_osfhandle\*(C'\fR on the fd to convert it to an \s-1OS\s0 handle. Otherwise, |
2838 | it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even |
4780 | it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even |
2839 | on win32. Should not be defined on non\-win32 platforms. |
4781 | on win32. Should not be defined on non\-win32 platforms. |
2840 | .IP "\s-1EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE\s0" 4 |
4782 | .IP "\s-1EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE\s0(fd)" 4 |
2841 | .IX Item "EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE" |
4783 | .IX Item "EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE(fd)" |
2842 | If \f(CW\*(C`EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET\*(C'\fR is enabled, then libev needs a way to map |
4784 | If \f(CW\*(C`EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET\*(C'\fR is enabled, then libev needs a way to map |
2843 | file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the |
4785 | file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the |
2844 | default), then libev will call \f(CW\*(C`_get_osfhandle\*(C'\fR, which is usually |
4786 | default), then libev will call \f(CW\*(C`_get_osfhandle\*(C'\fR, which is usually |
2845 | correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management, |
4787 | correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management, |
2846 | in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles. |
4788 | in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles. |
|
|
4789 | .IP "\s-1EV_WIN32_HANDLE_TO_FD\s0(handle)" 4 |
|
|
4790 | .IX Item "EV_WIN32_HANDLE_TO_FD(handle)" |
|
|
4791 | If \f(CW\*(C`EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET\*(C'\fR then libev maps handles to file descriptors |
|
|
4792 | using the standard \f(CW\*(C`_open_osfhandle\*(C'\fR function. For programs implementing |
|
|
4793 | their own fd to handle mapping, overwriting this function makes it easier |
|
|
4794 | to do so. This can be done by defining this macro to an appropriate value. |
|
|
4795 | .IP "\s-1EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD\s0(fd)" 4 |
|
|
4796 | .IX Item "EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd)" |
|
|
4797 | If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this |
|
|
4798 | macro can be used to override the \f(CW\*(C`close\*(C'\fR function, useful to unregister |
|
|
4799 | file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close |
|
|
4800 | the underlying \s-1OS\s0 handle. |
|
|
4801 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_WSASOCKET\s0" 4 |
|
|
4802 | .IX Item "EV_USE_WSASOCKET" |
|
|
4803 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will use \f(CW\*(C`WSASocket\*(C'\fR to create its internal |
|
|
4804 | communication socket, which works better in some environments. Otherwise, |
|
|
4805 | the normal \f(CW\*(C`socket\*(C'\fR function will be used, which works better in other |
|
|
4806 | environments. |
2847 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_POLL\s0" 4 |
4807 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_POLL\s0" 4 |
2848 | .IX Item "EV_USE_POLL" |
4808 | .IX Item "EV_USE_POLL" |
2849 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR(2) |
4809 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR(2) |
2850 | backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non\-win32 platforms. It |
4810 | backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non\-win32 platforms. It |
2851 | takes precedence over select. |
4811 | takes precedence over select. |
2852 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_EPOLL\s0" 4 |
4812 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_EPOLL\s0" 4 |
2853 | .IX Item "EV_USE_EPOLL" |
4813 | .IX Item "EV_USE_EPOLL" |
2854 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux |
4814 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux |
2855 | \&\f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime, |
4815 | \&\f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime, |
2856 | otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the |
4816 | otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred |
2857 | preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems. |
4817 | backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the |
|
|
4818 | headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled. |
|
|
4819 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_LINUXAIO\s0" 4 |
|
|
4820 | .IX Item "EV_USE_LINUXAIO" |
|
|
4821 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux |
|
|
4822 | aio backend. Due to it's currenbt limitations it has to be requested |
|
|
4823 | explicitly. If undefined, it will be enabled on linux, otherwise |
|
|
4824 | disabled. |
2858 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_KQUEUE\s0" 4 |
4825 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_KQUEUE\s0" 4 |
2859 | .IX Item "EV_USE_KQUEUE" |
4826 | .IX Item "EV_USE_KQUEUE" |
2860 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the \s-1BSD\s0 style |
4827 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the \s-1BSD\s0 style |
2861 | \&\f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime, |
4828 | \&\f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime, |
2862 | otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred |
4829 | otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred |
… | |
… | |
2872 | 10 port style backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime, |
4839 | 10 port style backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime, |
2873 | otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred |
4840 | otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred |
2874 | backend for Solaris 10 systems. |
4841 | backend for Solaris 10 systems. |
2875 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_DEVPOLL\s0" 4 |
4842 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_DEVPOLL\s0" 4 |
2876 | .IX Item "EV_USE_DEVPOLL" |
4843 | .IX Item "EV_USE_DEVPOLL" |
2877 | reserved for future expansion, works like the \s-1USE\s0 symbols above. |
4844 | Reserved for future expansion, works like the \s-1USE\s0 symbols above. |
2878 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_INOTIFY\s0" 4 |
4845 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_INOTIFY\s0" 4 |
2879 | .IX Item "EV_USE_INOTIFY" |
4846 | .IX Item "EV_USE_INOTIFY" |
2880 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify |
4847 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify |
2881 | interface to speed up \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers. Its actual availability will |
4848 | interface to speed up \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers. Its actual availability will |
2882 | be detected at runtime. |
4849 | be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers |
|
|
4850 | indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled. |
|
|
4851 | .IP "\s-1EV_NO_SMP\s0" 4 |
|
|
4852 | .IX Item "EV_NO_SMP" |
|
|
4853 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will assume that memory is always coherent |
|
|
4854 | between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on |
|
|
4855 | different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies |
|
|
4856 | and makes libev faster. |
|
|
4857 | .IP "\s-1EV_NO_THREADS\s0" 4 |
|
|
4858 | .IX Item "EV_NO_THREADS" |
|
|
4859 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will assume that it will never be called from |
|
|
4860 | different threads (that includes signal handlers), which is a stronger |
|
|
4861 | assumption than \f(CW\*(C`EV_NO_SMP\*(C'\fR, above. This reduces dependencies and makes |
|
|
4862 | libev faster. |
2883 | .IP "\s-1EV_ATOMIC_T\s0" 4 |
4863 | .IP "\s-1EV_ATOMIC_T\s0" 4 |
2884 | .IX Item "EV_ATOMIC_T" |
4864 | .IX Item "EV_ATOMIC_T" |
2885 | Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing \f(CW0\fR or \f(CW1\fR) whose |
4865 | Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing \f(CW0\fR or \f(CW1\fR) whose |
2886 | access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such |
4866 | access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No |
2887 | type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type |
4867 | such type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own |
2888 | that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler \*(L"locking\*(R" |
4868 | type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal |
2889 | as well as for signal and thread safety in \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers. |
4869 | handler \*(L"locking\*(R" as well as for signal and thread safety in \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR |
|
|
4870 | watchers. |
2890 | .Sp |
4871 | .Sp |
2891 | In the absense of this define, libev will use \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t volatile\*(C'\fR |
4872 | In the absence of this define, libev will use \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t volatile\*(C'\fR |
2892 | (from \fIsignal.h\fR), which is usually good enough on most platforms. |
4873 | (from \fIsignal.h\fR), which is usually good enough on most platforms. |
2893 | .IP "\s-1EV_H\s0" 4 |
4874 | .IP "\s-1EV_H\s0 (h)" 4 |
2894 | .IX Item "EV_H" |
4875 | .IX Item "EV_H (h)" |
2895 | The name of the \fIev.h\fR header file used to include it. The default if |
4876 | The name of the \fIev.h\fR header file used to include it. The default if |
2896 | undefined is \f(CW"ev.h"\fR in \fIevent.h\fR, \fIev.c\fR and \fIev++.h\fR. This can be |
4877 | undefined is \f(CW"ev.h"\fR in \fIevent.h\fR, \fIev.c\fR and \fIev++.h\fR. This can be |
2897 | used to virtually rename the \fIev.h\fR header file in case of conflicts. |
4878 | used to virtually rename the \fIev.h\fR header file in case of conflicts. |
2898 | .IP "\s-1EV_CONFIG_H\s0" 4 |
4879 | .IP "\s-1EV_CONFIG_H\s0 (h)" 4 |
2899 | .IX Item "EV_CONFIG_H" |
4880 | .IX Item "EV_CONFIG_H (h)" |
2900 | If \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE\*(C'\fR isn't \f(CW1\fR, this variable can be used to override |
4881 | If \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE\*(C'\fR isn't \f(CW1\fR, this variable can be used to override |
2901 | \&\fIev.c\fR's idea of where to find the \fIconfig.h\fR file, similarly to |
4882 | \&\fIev.c\fR's idea of where to find the \fIconfig.h\fR file, similarly to |
2902 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_H\*(C'\fR, above. |
4883 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_H\*(C'\fR, above. |
2903 | .IP "\s-1EV_EVENT_H\s0" 4 |
4884 | .IP "\s-1EV_EVENT_H\s0 (h)" 4 |
2904 | .IX Item "EV_EVENT_H" |
4885 | .IX Item "EV_EVENT_H (h)" |
2905 | Similarly to \f(CW\*(C`EV_H\*(C'\fR, this macro can be used to override \fIevent.c\fR's idea |
4886 | Similarly to \f(CW\*(C`EV_H\*(C'\fR, this macro can be used to override \fIevent.c\fR's idea |
2906 | of how the \fIevent.h\fR header can be found, the default is \f(CW"event.h"\fR. |
4887 | of how the \fIevent.h\fR header can be found, the default is \f(CW"event.h"\fR. |
2907 | .IP "\s-1EV_PROTOTYPES\s0" 4 |
4888 | .IP "\s-1EV_PROTOTYPES\s0 (h)" 4 |
2908 | .IX Item "EV_PROTOTYPES" |
4889 | .IX Item "EV_PROTOTYPES (h)" |
2909 | If defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then \fIev.h\fR will not define any function |
4890 | If defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then \fIev.h\fR will not define any function |
2910 | prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is |
4891 | prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is |
2911 | occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions |
4892 | occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions |
2912 | around libev functions. |
4893 | around libev functions. |
2913 | .IP "\s-1EV_MULTIPLICITY\s0" 4 |
4894 | .IP "\s-1EV_MULTIPLICITY\s0" 4 |
… | |
… | |
2915 | If undefined or defined to \f(CW1\fR, then all event-loop-specific functions |
4896 | If undefined or defined to \f(CW1\fR, then all event-loop-specific functions |
2916 | will have the \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR as first argument, and you can create |
4897 | will have the \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR as first argument, and you can create |
2917 | additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support |
4898 | additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support |
2918 | for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer |
4899 | for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer |
2919 | argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop. |
4900 | argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop. |
|
|
4901 | .Sp |
|
|
4902 | Note that \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT_\*(C'\fR will no longer provide a |
|
|
4903 | default loop when multiplicity is switched off \- you always have to |
|
|
4904 | initialise the loop manually in this case. |
2920 | .IP "\s-1EV_MINPRI\s0" 4 |
4905 | .IP "\s-1EV_MINPRI\s0" 4 |
2921 | .IX Item "EV_MINPRI" |
4906 | .IX Item "EV_MINPRI" |
2922 | .PD 0 |
4907 | .PD 0 |
2923 | .IP "\s-1EV_MAXPRI\s0" 4 |
4908 | .IP "\s-1EV_MAXPRI\s0" 4 |
2924 | .IX Item "EV_MAXPRI" |
4909 | .IX Item "EV_MAXPRI" |
… | |
… | |
2931 | When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search |
4916 | When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search |
2932 | all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space |
4917 | all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space |
2933 | and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (\-2 .. +2) is usually |
4918 | and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (\-2 .. +2) is usually |
2934 | fine. |
4919 | fine. |
2935 | .Sp |
4920 | .Sp |
2936 | If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to |
4921 | If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these |
2937 | \&\f(CW0\fR will save some memory and cpu. |
4922 | both to \f(CW0\fR will save some memory and \s-1CPU.\s0 |
2938 | .IP "\s-1EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE\s0" 4 |
4923 | .IP "\s-1EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE, EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE, EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.\s0" 4 |
2939 | .IX Item "EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE" |
4924 | .IX Item "EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE, EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE, EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE." |
2940 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then periodic timers are supported. If |
4925 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR (and the platform supports it), then |
2941 | defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of |
4926 | the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then it |
2942 | code. |
4927 | is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code size. |
2943 | .IP "\s-1EV_IDLE_ENABLE\s0" 4 |
|
|
2944 | .IX Item "EV_IDLE_ENABLE" |
|
|
2945 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then idle watchers are supported. If |
|
|
2946 | defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of |
|
|
2947 | code. |
|
|
2948 | .IP "\s-1EV_EMBED_ENABLE\s0" 4 |
|
|
2949 | .IX Item "EV_EMBED_ENABLE" |
|
|
2950 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then embed watchers are supported. If |
|
|
2951 | defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not. |
|
|
2952 | .IP "\s-1EV_STAT_ENABLE\s0" 4 |
4928 | .IP "\s-1EV_FEATURES\s0" 4 |
2953 | .IX Item "EV_STAT_ENABLE" |
4929 | .IX Item "EV_FEATURES" |
2954 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then stat watchers are supported. If |
|
|
2955 | defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not. |
|
|
2956 | .IP "\s-1EV_FORK_ENABLE\s0" 4 |
|
|
2957 | .IX Item "EV_FORK_ENABLE" |
|
|
2958 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then fork watchers are supported. If |
|
|
2959 | defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not. |
|
|
2960 | .IP "\s-1EV_ASYNC_ENABLE\s0" 4 |
|
|
2961 | .IX Item "EV_ASYNC_ENABLE" |
|
|
2962 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then async watchers are supported. If |
|
|
2963 | defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not. |
|
|
2964 | .IP "\s-1EV_MINIMAL\s0" 4 |
|
|
2965 | .IX Item "EV_MINIMAL" |
|
|
2966 | If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some |
4930 | If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some |
2967 | speed, define this symbol to \f(CW1\fR. Currently only used for gcc to override |
4931 | speed (but with the full \s-1API\s0), you can define this symbol to request |
2968 | some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64. |
4932 | certain subsets of functionality. The default is to enable all features |
|
|
4933 | that can be enabled on the platform. |
|
|
4934 | .Sp |
|
|
4935 | A typical way to use this symbol is to define it to \f(CW0\fR (or to a bitset |
|
|
4936 | with some broad features you want) and then selectively re-enable |
|
|
4937 | additional parts you want, for example if you want everything minimal, |
|
|
4938 | but multiple event loop support, async and child watchers and the poll |
|
|
4939 | backend, use this: |
|
|
4940 | .Sp |
|
|
4941 | .Vb 5 |
|
|
4942 | \& #define EV_FEATURES 0 |
|
|
4943 | \& #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 1 |
|
|
4944 | \& #define EV_USE_POLL 1 |
|
|
4945 | \& #define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4946 | \& #define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4947 | .Ve |
|
|
4948 | .Sp |
|
|
4949 | The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following |
|
|
4950 | values (by default, all of these are enabled): |
|
|
4951 | .RS 4 |
|
|
4952 | .ie n .IP "1 \- faster/larger code" 4 |
|
|
4953 | .el .IP "\f(CW1\fR \- faster/larger code" 4 |
|
|
4954 | .IX Item "1 - faster/larger code" |
|
|
4955 | Use larger code to speed up some operations. |
|
|
4956 | .Sp |
|
|
4957 | Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the |
|
|
4958 | code size by roughly 30% on amd64). |
|
|
4959 | .Sp |
|
|
4960 | When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as \f(CW\*(C`\-Os\*(C'\fR with |
|
|
4961 | gcc is recommended, as well as \f(CW\*(C`\-DNDEBUG\*(C'\fR, as libev contains a number of |
|
|
4962 | assertions. |
|
|
4963 | .Sp |
|
|
4964 | The default is off when \f(CW\*(C`_\|_OPTIMIZE_SIZE_\|_\*(C'\fR is defined by your compiler |
|
|
4965 | (e.g. gcc with \f(CW\*(C`\-Os\*(C'\fR). |
|
|
4966 | .ie n .IP "2 \- faster/larger data structures" 4 |
|
|
4967 | .el .IP "\f(CW2\fR \- faster/larger data structures" 4 |
|
|
4968 | .IX Item "2 - faster/larger data structures" |
|
|
4969 | Replaces the small 2\-heap for timer management by a faster 4\-heap, larger |
|
|
4970 | hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size |
|
|
4971 | and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at |
|
|
4972 | runtime. |
|
|
4973 | .Sp |
|
|
4974 | The default is off when \f(CW\*(C`_\|_OPTIMIZE_SIZE_\|_\*(C'\fR is defined by your compiler |
|
|
4975 | (e.g. gcc with \f(CW\*(C`\-Os\*(C'\fR). |
|
|
4976 | .ie n .IP "4 \- full \s-1API\s0 configuration" 4 |
|
|
4977 | .el .IP "\f(CW4\fR \- full \s-1API\s0 configuration" 4 |
|
|
4978 | .IX Item "4 - full API configuration" |
|
|
4979 | This enables priorities (sets \f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR=2 and \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINPRI\*(C'\fR=\-2), and |
|
|
4980 | enables multiplicity (\f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR=1). |
|
|
4981 | .ie n .IP "8 \- full \s-1API\s0" 4 |
|
|
4982 | .el .IP "\f(CW8\fR \- full \s-1API\s0" 4 |
|
|
4983 | .IX Item "8 - full API" |
|
|
4984 | This enables a lot of the \*(L"lesser used\*(R" \s-1API\s0 functions. See \f(CW\*(C`ev.h\*(C'\fR for |
|
|
4985 | details on which parts of the \s-1API\s0 are still available without this |
|
|
4986 | feature, and do not complain if this subset changes over time. |
|
|
4987 | .ie n .IP "16 \- enable all optional watcher types" 4 |
|
|
4988 | .el .IP "\f(CW16\fR \- enable all optional watcher types" 4 |
|
|
4989 | .IX Item "16 - enable all optional watcher types" |
|
|
4990 | Enables all optional watcher types. If you want to selectively enable |
|
|
4991 | only some watcher types other than I/O and timers (e.g. prepare, |
|
|
4992 | embed, async, child...) you can enable them manually by defining |
|
|
4993 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_watchertype_ENABLE\*(C'\fR to \f(CW1\fR instead. |
|
|
4994 | .ie n .IP "32 \- enable all backends" 4 |
|
|
4995 | .el .IP "\f(CW32\fR \- enable all backends" 4 |
|
|
4996 | .IX Item "32 - enable all backends" |
|
|
4997 | This enables all backends \- without this feature, you need to enable at |
|
|
4998 | least one backend manually (\f(CW\*(C`EV_USE_SELECT\*(C'\fR is a good choice). |
|
|
4999 | .ie n .IP "64 \- enable OS-specific ""helper"" APIs" 4 |
|
|
5000 | .el .IP "\f(CW64\fR \- enable OS-specific ``helper'' APIs" 4 |
|
|
5001 | .IX Item "64 - enable OS-specific helper APIs" |
|
|
5002 | Enable inotify, eventfd, signalfd and similar OS-specific helper APIs by |
|
|
5003 | default. |
|
|
5004 | .RE |
|
|
5005 | .RS 4 |
|
|
5006 | .Sp |
|
|
5007 | Compiling with \f(CW\*(C`gcc \-Os \-DEV_STANDALONE \-DEV_USE_EPOLL=1 \-DEV_FEATURES=0\*(C'\fR |
|
|
5008 | reduces the compiled size of libev from 24.7Kb code/2.8Kb data to 6.5Kb |
|
|
5009 | code/0.3Kb data on my GNU/Linux amd64 system, while still giving you I/O |
|
|
5010 | watchers, timers and monotonic clock support. |
|
|
5011 | .Sp |
|
|
5012 | With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough |
|
|
5013 | when you use \f(CW\*(C`\-Wl,\-\-gc\-sections \-ffunction\-sections\*(C'\fR) functions unused by |
|
|
5014 | your program might be left out as well \- a binary starting a timer and an |
|
|
5015 | I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb. |
|
|
5016 | .RE |
|
|
5017 | .IP "\s-1EV_API_STATIC\s0" 4 |
|
|
5018 | .IX Item "EV_API_STATIC" |
|
|
5019 | If this symbol is defined (by default it is not), then all identifiers |
|
|
5020 | will have static linkage. This means that libev will not export any |
|
|
5021 | identifiers, and you cannot link against libev anymore. This can be useful |
|
|
5022 | when you embed libev, only want to use libev functions in a single file, |
|
|
5023 | and do not want its identifiers to be visible. |
|
|
5024 | .Sp |
|
|
5025 | To use this, define \f(CW\*(C`EV_API_STATIC\*(C'\fR and include \fIev.c\fR in the file that |
|
|
5026 | wants to use libev. |
|
|
5027 | .Sp |
|
|
5028 | This option only works when libev is compiled with a C compiler, as \*(C+ |
|
|
5029 | doesn't support the required declaration syntax. |
|
|
5030 | .IP "\s-1EV_AVOID_STDIO\s0" 4 |
|
|
5031 | .IX Item "EV_AVOID_STDIO" |
|
|
5032 | If this is set to \f(CW1\fR at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio |
|
|
5033 | functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size |
|
|
5034 | somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your |
|
|
5035 | libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite |
|
|
5036 | big. |
|
|
5037 | .Sp |
|
|
5038 | Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is |
|
|
5039 | enabled. |
|
|
5040 | .IP "\s-1EV_NSIG\s0" 4 |
|
|
5041 | .IX Item "EV_NSIG" |
|
|
5042 | The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of |
|
|
5043 | signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals |
|
|
5044 | automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be |
|
|
5045 | specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (\f(CW32\fR should be |
|
|
5046 | good for about any system in existence) can save some memory, as libev |
|
|
5047 | statically allocates some 12\-24 bytes per signal number. |
2969 | .IP "\s-1EV_PID_HASHSIZE\s0" 4 |
5048 | .IP "\s-1EV_PID_HASHSIZE\s0" 4 |
2970 | .IX Item "EV_PID_HASHSIZE" |
5049 | .IX Item "EV_PID_HASHSIZE" |
2971 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
5050 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
2972 | pid. The default size is \f(CW16\fR (or \f(CW1\fR with \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR), usually more |
5051 | pid. The default size is \f(CW16\fR (or \f(CW1\fR with \f(CW\*(C`EV_FEATURES\*(C'\fR disabled), |
2973 | than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to |
5052 | usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you |
2974 | increase this value (\fImust\fR be a power of two). |
5053 | might want to increase this value (\fImust\fR be a power of two). |
2975 | .IP "\s-1EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE\s0" 4 |
5054 | .IP "\s-1EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE\s0" 4 |
2976 | .IX Item "EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE" |
5055 | .IX Item "EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE" |
2977 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
5056 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
2978 | inotify watch id. The default size is \f(CW16\fR (or \f(CW1\fR with \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR), |
5057 | inotify watch id. The default size is \f(CW16\fR (or \f(CW1\fR with \f(CW\*(C`EV_FEATURES\*(C'\fR |
2979 | usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR |
5058 | disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of |
2980 | watchers you might want to increase this value (\fImust\fR be a power of |
5059 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers you might want to increase this value (\fImust\fR be a |
2981 | two). |
5060 | power of two). |
|
|
5061 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_4HEAP\s0" 4 |
|
|
5062 | .IX Item "EV_USE_4HEAP" |
|
|
5063 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
|
|
5064 | timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4\-heap when this symbol is defined |
|
|
5065 | to \f(CW1\fR. The 4\-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably |
|
|
5066 | faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers. |
|
|
5067 | .Sp |
|
|
5068 | The default is \f(CW1\fR, unless \f(CW\*(C`EV_FEATURES\*(C'\fR overrides it, in which case it |
|
|
5069 | will be \f(CW0\fR. |
|
|
5070 | .IP "\s-1EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT\s0" 4 |
|
|
5071 | .IX Item "EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT" |
|
|
5072 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
|
|
5073 | timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (\fIat\fR) within |
|
|
5074 | the heap structure (selected by defining \f(CW\*(C`EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT\*(C'\fR to \f(CW1\fR), |
|
|
5075 | which uses 8\-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code, |
|
|
5076 | but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance |
|
|
5077 | noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers. |
|
|
5078 | .Sp |
|
|
5079 | The default is \f(CW1\fR, unless \f(CW\*(C`EV_FEATURES\*(C'\fR overrides it, in which case it |
|
|
5080 | will be \f(CW0\fR. |
|
|
5081 | .IP "\s-1EV_VERIFY\s0" 4 |
|
|
5082 | .IX Item "EV_VERIFY" |
|
|
5083 | Controls how much internal verification (see \f(CW\*(C`ev_verify ()\*(C'\fR) will |
|
|
5084 | be done: If set to \f(CW0\fR, no internal verification code will be compiled |
|
|
5085 | in. If set to \f(CW1\fR, then verification code will be compiled in, but not |
|
|
5086 | called. If set to \f(CW2\fR, then the internal verification code will be |
|
|
5087 | called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to \f(CW3\fR, then the |
|
|
5088 | verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down |
|
|
5089 | libev considerably. |
|
|
5090 | .Sp |
|
|
5091 | Verification errors are reported via C's \f(CW\*(C`assert\*(C'\fR mechanism, so if you |
|
|
5092 | disable that (e.g. by defining \f(CW\*(C`NDEBUG\*(C'\fR) then no errors will be reported. |
|
|
5093 | .Sp |
|
|
5094 | The default is \f(CW1\fR, unless \f(CW\*(C`EV_FEATURES\*(C'\fR overrides it, in which case it |
|
|
5095 | will be \f(CW0\fR. |
2982 | .IP "\s-1EV_COMMON\s0" 4 |
5096 | .IP "\s-1EV_COMMON\s0" 4 |
2983 | .IX Item "EV_COMMON" |
5097 | .IX Item "EV_COMMON" |
2984 | By default, all watchers have a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member. By redefining |
5098 | By default, all watchers have a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member. By redefining |
2985 | this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of |
5099 | this macro to something else you can include more and other types of |
2986 | members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files, |
5100 | members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files, |
2987 | though, and it must be identical each time. |
5101 | though, and it must be identical each time. |
2988 | .Sp |
5102 | .Sp |
2989 | For example, the perl \s-1EV\s0 module uses something like this: |
5103 | For example, the perl \s-1EV\s0 module uses something like this: |
2990 | .Sp |
5104 | .Sp |
2991 | .Vb 3 |
5105 | .Vb 3 |
2992 | \& #define EV_COMMON \e |
5106 | \& #define EV_COMMON \e |
2993 | \& SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \e |
5107 | \& SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \e |
2994 | \& SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */ |
5108 | \& SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */ |
2995 | .Ve |
5109 | .Ve |
2996 | .IP "\s-1EV_CB_DECLARE\s0 (type)" 4 |
5110 | .IP "\s-1EV_CB_DECLARE\s0 (type)" 4 |
2997 | .IX Item "EV_CB_DECLARE (type)" |
5111 | .IX Item "EV_CB_DECLARE (type)" |
2998 | .PD 0 |
5112 | .PD 0 |
2999 | .IP "\s-1EV_CB_INVOKE\s0 (watcher, revents)" 4 |
5113 | .IP "\s-1EV_CB_INVOKE\s0 (watcher, revents)" 4 |
… | |
… | |
3005 | and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member |
5119 | and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member |
3006 | definition and a statement, respectively. See the \fIev.h\fR header file for |
5120 | definition and a statement, respectively. See the \fIev.h\fR header file for |
3007 | their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to |
5121 | their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to |
3008 | avoid the \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR as first argument in all cases, or to use |
5122 | avoid the \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR as first argument in all cases, or to use |
3009 | method calls instead of plain function calls in \*(C+. |
5123 | method calls instead of plain function calls in \*(C+. |
3010 | .Sh "\s-1EXPORTED\s0 \s-1API\s0 \s-1SYMBOLS\s0" |
5124 | .SS "\s-1EXPORTED API SYMBOLS\s0" |
3011 | .IX Subsection "EXPORTED API SYMBOLS" |
5125 | .IX Subsection "EXPORTED API SYMBOLS" |
3012 | If you need to re-export the \s-1API\s0 (e.g. via a dll) and you need a list of |
5126 | If you need to re-export the \s-1API\s0 (e.g. via a \s-1DLL\s0) and you need a list of |
3013 | exported symbols, you can use the provided \fISymbol.*\fR files which list |
5127 | exported symbols, you can use the provided \fISymbol.*\fR files which list |
3014 | all public symbols, one per line: |
5128 | all public symbols, one per line: |
3015 | .PP |
5129 | .PP |
3016 | .Vb 2 |
5130 | .Vb 2 |
3017 | \& Symbols.ev for libev proper |
5131 | \& Symbols.ev for libev proper |
3018 | \& Symbols.event for the libevent emulation |
5132 | \& Symbols.event for the libevent emulation |
3019 | .Ve |
5133 | .Ve |
3020 | .PP |
5134 | .PP |
3021 | This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with |
5135 | This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with |
3022 | multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in |
5136 | multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in |
3023 | itself, but sometimes it is inconvinient to avoid this). |
5137 | itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this). |
3024 | .PP |
5138 | .PP |
3025 | A sed command like this will create wrapper \f(CW\*(C`#define\*(C'\fR's that you need to |
5139 | A sed command like this will create wrapper \f(CW\*(C`#define\*(C'\fR's that you need to |
3026 | include before including \fIev.h\fR: |
5140 | include before including \fIev.h\fR: |
3027 | .PP |
5141 | .PP |
3028 | .Vb 1 |
5142 | .Vb 1 |
… | |
… | |
3035 | \& #define ev_backend myprefix_ev_backend |
5149 | \& #define ev_backend myprefix_ev_backend |
3036 | \& #define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start |
5150 | \& #define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start |
3037 | \& #define ev_check_stop myprefix_ev_check_stop |
5151 | \& #define ev_check_stop myprefix_ev_check_stop |
3038 | \& ... |
5152 | \& ... |
3039 | .Ve |
5153 | .Ve |
3040 | .Sh "\s-1EXAMPLES\s0" |
5154 | .SS "\s-1EXAMPLES\s0" |
3041 | .IX Subsection "EXAMPLES" |
5155 | .IX Subsection "EXAMPLES" |
3042 | For a real-world example of a program the includes libev |
5156 | For a real-world example of a program the includes libev |
3043 | verbatim, you can have a look at the \s-1EV\s0 perl module |
5157 | verbatim, you can have a look at the \s-1EV\s0 perl module |
3044 | (<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html>). It has the libev files in |
5158 | (<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html>). It has the libev files in |
3045 | the \fIlibev/\fR subdirectory and includes them in the \fI\s-1EV/EVAPI\s0.h\fR (public |
5159 | the \fIlibev/\fR subdirectory and includes them in the \fI\s-1EV/EVAPI\s0.h\fR (public |
… | |
… | |
3048 | file. |
5162 | file. |
3049 | .PP |
5163 | .PP |
3050 | The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a \fIev_cpp.h\fR header file |
5164 | The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a \fIev_cpp.h\fR header file |
3051 | that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices: |
5165 | that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices: |
3052 | .PP |
5166 | .PP |
3053 | .Vb 9 |
5167 | .Vb 8 |
3054 | \& #define EV_MINIMAL 1 |
5168 | \& #define EV_FEATURES 8 |
3055 | \& #define EV_USE_POLL 0 |
5169 | \& #define EV_USE_SELECT 1 |
3056 | \& #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0 |
|
|
3057 | \& #define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0 |
5170 | \& #define EV_PREPARE_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
5171 | \& #define EV_IDLE_ENABLE 1 |
3058 | \& #define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0 |
5172 | \& #define EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE 1 |
3059 | \& #define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0 |
5173 | \& #define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
5174 | \& #define EV_USE_STDEXCEPT 0 |
3060 | \& #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h> |
5175 | \& #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h> |
3061 | \& #define EV_MINPRI 0 |
|
|
3062 | \& #define EV_MAXPRI 0 |
|
|
3063 | \& |
5176 | \& |
3064 | \& #include "ev++.h" |
5177 | \& #include "ev++.h" |
3065 | .Ve |
5178 | .Ve |
3066 | .PP |
5179 | .PP |
3067 | And a \fIev_cpp.C\fR implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled: |
5180 | And a \fIev_cpp.C\fR implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled: |
3068 | .PP |
5181 | .PP |
3069 | .Vb 2 |
5182 | .Vb 2 |
3070 | \& #include "ev_cpp.h" |
5183 | \& #include "ev_cpp.h" |
3071 | \& #include "ev.c" |
5184 | \& #include "ev.c" |
3072 | .Ve |
5185 | .Ve |
|
|
5186 | .SH "INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT" |
|
|
5187 | .IX Header "INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT" |
|
|
5188 | .SS "\s-1THREADS AND COROUTINES\s0" |
|
|
5189 | .IX Subsection "THREADS AND COROUTINES" |
|
|
5190 | \fI\s-1THREADS\s0\fR |
|
|
5191 | .IX Subsection "THREADS" |
|
|
5192 | .PP |
|
|
5193 | All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly |
|
|
5194 | documented otherwise, but libev implements no locking itself. This means |
|
|
5195 | that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as there |
|
|
5196 | are no concurrent calls into any libev function with the same loop |
|
|
5197 | parameter (\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_*\*(C'\fR calls have an implicit default loop parameter, |
|
|
5198 | of course): libev guarantees that different event loops share no data |
|
|
5199 | structures that need any locking. |
|
|
5200 | .PP |
|
|
5201 | Or to put it differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done |
|
|
5202 | concurrently from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter |
|
|
5203 | must be done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as |
|
|
5204 | only one thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using |
|
|
5205 | a mutex per loop). |
|
|
5206 | .PP |
|
|
5207 | Specifically to support threads (and signal handlers), libev implements |
|
|
5208 | so-called \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers, which allow some limited form of |
|
|
5209 | concurrency on the same event loop, namely waking it up \*(L"from the |
|
|
5210 | outside\*(R". |
|
|
5211 | .PP |
|
|
5212 | If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops |
|
|
5213 | without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot |
|
|
5214 | help you, but here is some generic advice: |
|
|
5215 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
|
|
5216 | most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop |
|
|
5217 | in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop. |
|
|
5218 | .Sp |
|
|
5219 | This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev |
|
|
5220 | themselves and don't care/know about threading. |
|
|
5221 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
|
|
5222 | one loop per thread is usually a good model. |
|
|
5223 | .Sp |
|
|
5224 | Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model |
|
|
5225 | exists, but it is always a good start. |
|
|
5226 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
|
|
5227 | other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one |
|
|
5228 | loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion. |
|
|
5229 | .Sp |
|
|
5230 | Choosing a model is hard \- look around, learn, know that usually you can do |
|
|
5231 | better than you currently do :\-) |
|
|
5232 | .IP "\(bu" 4 |
|
|
5233 | often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the |
|
|
5234 | event loop. |
|
|
5235 | .Sp |
|
|
5236 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers can be used to wake them up from other threads safely |
|
|
5237 | (or from signal contexts...). |
|
|
5238 | .Sp |
|
|
5239 | An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only |
|
|
5240 | work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the |
|
|
5241 | default loop and triggering an \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher from the default loop |
|
|
5242 | watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal. |
|
|
5243 | .PP |
|
|
5244 | See also \*(L"\s-1THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE\*(R"\s0. |
|
|
5245 | .PP |
|
|
5246 | \fI\s-1COROUTINES\s0\fR |
|
|
5247 | .IX Subsection "COROUTINES" |
|
|
5248 | .PP |
|
|
5249 | Libev is very accommodating to coroutines (\*(L"cooperative threads\*(R"): |
|
|
5250 | libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different |
|
|
5251 | coroutines (e.g. you can call \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR on the same loop from two |
|
|
5252 | different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running |
|
|
5253 | the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is |
|
|
5254 | that you must not do this from \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR reschedule callbacks. |
|
|
5255 | .PP |
|
|
5256 | Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside |
|
|
5257 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as |
|
|
5258 | they do not call any callbacks. |
|
|
5259 | .SS "\s-1COMPILER WARNINGS\s0" |
|
|
5260 | .IX Subsection "COMPILER WARNINGS" |
|
|
5261 | Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a |
|
|
5262 | lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently |
|
|
5263 | scared by this. |
|
|
5264 | .PP |
|
|
5265 | However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler |
|
|
5266 | has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding |
|
|
5267 | warning options. \*(L"Warn-free\*(R" code therefore cannot be a goal except when |
|
|
5268 | targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version. |
|
|
5269 | .PP |
|
|
5270 | Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate |
|
|
5271 | workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less |
|
|
5272 | maintainable. |
|
|
5273 | .PP |
|
|
5274 | And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply |
|
|
5275 | wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message |
|
|
5276 | seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some |
|
|
5277 | warnings that resulted in an extreme number of false positives. These have |
|
|
5278 | been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with |
|
|
5279 | such buggy versions. |
|
|
5280 | .PP |
|
|
5281 | While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible, |
|
|
5282 | \&\*(L"warn-free\*(R" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev |
|
|
5283 | with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with |
|
|
5284 | them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that: |
|
|
5285 | warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs. |
|
|
5286 | .SS "\s-1VALGRIND\s0" |
|
|
5287 | .IX Subsection "VALGRIND" |
|
|
5288 | Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is |
|
|
5289 | highly useful. Unfortunately, valgrind reports are very hard to interpret. |
|
|
5290 | .PP |
|
|
5291 | If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.) |
|
|
5292 | in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like: |
|
|
5293 | .PP |
|
|
5294 | .Vb 3 |
|
|
5295 | \& ==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks. |
|
|
5296 | \& ==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks. |
|
|
5297 | \& ==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks. |
|
|
5298 | .Ve |
|
|
5299 | .PP |
|
|
5300 | Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables |
|
|
5301 | is not a memleak \- the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak. |
|
|
5302 | .PP |
|
|
5303 | Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs |
|
|
5304 | as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend, |
|
|
5305 | although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be |
|
|
5306 | confused. |
|
|
5307 | .PP |
|
|
5308 | Keep in mind that valgrind is a very good tool, but only a tool. Don't |
|
|
5309 | make it into some kind of religion. |
|
|
5310 | .PP |
|
|
5311 | If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list |
|
|
5312 | with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this |
|
|
5313 | is a bug in libev (best check the archives, too :). However, don't be |
|
|
5314 | annoyed when you get a brisk \*(L"this is no bug\*(R" answer and take the chance |
|
|
5315 | of learning how to interpret valgrind properly. |
|
|
5316 | .PP |
|
|
5317 | If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project |
|
|
5318 | I suggest using suppression lists. |
|
|
5319 | .SH "PORTABILITY NOTES" |
|
|
5320 | .IX Header "PORTABILITY NOTES" |
|
|
5321 | .SS "\s-1GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS\s0" |
|
|
5322 | .IX Subsection "GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS" |
|
|
5323 | GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file |
|
|
5324 | interfaces but \fIdisables\fR them by default. |
|
|
5325 | .PP |
|
|
5326 | That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support |
|
|
5327 | files larger than 2GiB or so, which mainly affects \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers. |
|
|
5328 | .PP |
|
|
5329 | Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue |
|
|
5330 | by enabling the large file \s-1API,\s0 which makes them incompatible with the |
|
|
5331 | standard libev compiled for their system. |
|
|
5332 | .PP |
|
|
5333 | Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file \s-1API\s0 itself as this would |
|
|
5334 | suddenly make it incompatible to the default compile time environment, |
|
|
5335 | i.e. all programs not using special compile switches. |
|
|
5336 | .SS "\s-1OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS\s0" |
|
|
5337 | .IX Subsection "OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS" |
|
|
5338 | The whole thing is a bug if you ask me \- basically any system interface |
|
|
5339 | you touch is broken, whether it is locales, poll, kqueue or even the |
|
|
5340 | OpenGL drivers. |
|
|
5341 | .PP |
|
|
5342 | \fI\f(CI\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fI is buggy\fR |
|
|
5343 | .IX Subsection "kqueue is buggy" |
|
|
5344 | .PP |
|
|
5345 | The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions \- most versions support |
|
|
5346 | only sockets, many support pipes. |
|
|
5347 | .PP |
|
|
5348 | Libev tries to work around this by not using \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR by default on this |
|
|
5349 | rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating a |
|
|
5350 | loop \- embedding a socket-only kqueue loop into a select-based one is |
|
|
5351 | probably going to work well. |
|
|
5352 | .PP |
|
|
5353 | \fI\f(CI\*(C`poll\*(C'\fI is buggy\fR |
|
|
5354 | .IX Subsection "poll is buggy" |
|
|
5355 | .PP |
|
|
5356 | Instead of fixing \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR, Apple replaced their (working) \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR |
|
|
5357 | implementation by something calling \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR internally around the 10.5.6 |
|
|
5358 | release, so now \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR \fIand\fR \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR are broken. |
|
|
5359 | .PP |
|
|
5360 | Libev tries to work around this by not using \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR by default on |
|
|
5361 | this rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating |
|
|
5362 | a loop. |
|
|
5363 | .PP |
|
|
5364 | \fI\f(CI\*(C`select\*(C'\fI is buggy\fR |
|
|
5365 | .IX Subsection "select is buggy" |
|
|
5366 | .PP |
|
|
5367 | All that's left is \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this |
|
|
5368 | one up as well: On \s-1OS/X,\s0 \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR actively limits the number of file |
|
|
5369 | descriptors you can pass in to 1024 \- your program suddenly crashes when |
|
|
5370 | you use more. |
|
|
5371 | .PP |
|
|
5372 | There is an undocumented \*(L"workaround\*(R" for this \- defining |
|
|
5373 | \&\f(CW\*(C`_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT\*(C'\fR, which libev tries to use, so select \fIshould\fR |
|
|
5374 | work on \s-1OS/X.\s0 |
|
|
5375 | .SS "\s-1SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS\s0" |
|
|
5376 | .IX Subsection "SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS" |
|
|
5377 | \fI\f(CI\*(C`errno\*(C'\fI reentrancy\fR |
|
|
5378 | .IX Subsection "errno reentrancy" |
|
|
5379 | .PP |
|
|
5380 | The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so |
|
|
5381 | thread-unsafe that you can't even use components/libraries compiled |
|
|
5382 | without \f(CW\*(C`\-D_REENTRANT\*(C'\fR in a threaded program, which, of course, isn't |
|
|
5383 | defined by default. A valid, if stupid, implementation choice. |
|
|
5384 | .PP |
|
|
5385 | If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure |
|
|
5386 | it's compiled with \f(CW\*(C`_REENTRANT\*(C'\fR defined. |
|
|
5387 | .PP |
|
|
5388 | \fIEvent port backend\fR |
|
|
5389 | .IX Subsection "Event port backend" |
|
|
5390 | .PP |
|
|
5391 | The scalable event interface for Solaris is called \*(L"event |
|
|
5392 | ports\*(R". Unfortunately, this mechanism is very buggy in all major |
|
|
5393 | releases. If you run into high \s-1CPU\s0 usage, your program freezes or you get |
|
|
5394 | a large number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have all the relevant |
|
|
5395 | and latest kernel patches applied. No, I don't know which ones, but there |
|
|
5396 | are multiple ones to apply, and afterwards, event ports actually work |
|
|
5397 | great. |
|
|
5398 | .PP |
|
|
5399 | If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting |
|
|
5400 | the environment variable \f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS=3\*(C'\fR to only allow \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR and |
|
|
5401 | \&\f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR backends. |
|
|
5402 | .SS "\s-1AIX POLL BUG\s0" |
|
|
5403 | .IX Subsection "AIX POLL BUG" |
|
|
5404 | \&\s-1AIX\s0 unfortunately has a broken \f(CW\*(C`poll.h\*(C'\fR header. Libev works around |
|
|
5405 | this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even |
|
|
5406 | compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR works fine |
|
|
5407 | with large bitsets on \s-1AIX,\s0 and \s-1AIX\s0 is dead anyway. |
|
|
5408 | .SS "\s-1WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS\s0" |
|
|
5409 | .IX Subsection "WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS" |
|
|
5410 | \fIGeneral issues\fR |
|
|
5411 | .IX Subsection "General issues" |
|
|
5412 | .PP |
|
|
5413 | Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. \s-1POSIX\s0) that libev |
|
|
5414 | requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the \s-1POSIX\s0 |
|
|
5415 | model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in |
|
|
5416 | the form of the \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR backend, and only supports socket |
|
|
5417 | descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using |
|
|
5418 | e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers, |
|
|
5419 | as every compiler comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible |
|
|
5420 | environment. |
|
|
5421 | .PP |
|
|
5422 | Lifting these limitations would basically require the full |
|
|
5423 | re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing, |
|
|
5424 | then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note |
|
|
5425 | also that glib is the slowest event library known to man). |
|
|
5426 | .PP |
|
|
5427 | There is no supported compilation method available on windows except |
|
|
5428 | embedding it into other applications. |
|
|
5429 | .PP |
|
|
5430 | Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft \- libev |
|
|
5431 | tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work. |
|
|
5432 | .PP |
|
|
5433 | Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't |
|
|
5434 | accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will |
|
|
5435 | either accept everything or return \f(CW\*(C`ENOBUFS\*(C'\fR if the buffer is too large, |
|
|
5436 | so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a |
|
|
5437 | megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory |
|
|
5438 | available). |
|
|
5439 | .PP |
|
|
5440 | Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and |
|
|
5441 | the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets |
|
|
5442 | is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use |
|
|
5443 | more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally |
|
|
5444 | different implementation for windows, as libev offers the \s-1POSIX\s0 readiness |
|
|
5445 | notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows |
|
|
5446 | (due to Microsoft monopoly games). |
|
|
5447 | .PP |
|
|
5448 | A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding |
|
|
5449 | section for details) and use the following \fIevwrap.h\fR header file instead |
|
|
5450 | of \fIev.h\fR: |
|
|
5451 | .PP |
|
|
5452 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
5453 | \& #define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */ |
|
|
5454 | \& #define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */ |
|
|
5455 | \& |
|
|
5456 | \& #include "ev.h" |
|
|
5457 | .Ve |
|
|
5458 | .PP |
|
|
5459 | And compile the following \fIevwrap.c\fR file into your project (make sure |
|
|
5460 | you do \fInot\fR compile the \fIev.c\fR or any other embedded source files!): |
|
|
5461 | .PP |
|
|
5462 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
5463 | \& #include "evwrap.h" |
|
|
5464 | \& #include "ev.c" |
|
|
5465 | .Ve |
|
|
5466 | .PP |
|
|
5467 | \fIThe winsocket \f(CI\*(C`select\*(C'\fI function\fR |
|
|
5468 | .IX Subsection "The winsocket select function" |
|
|
5469 | .PP |
|
|
5470 | The winsocket \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR function doesn't follow \s-1POSIX\s0 in that it |
|
|
5471 | requires socket \fIhandles\fR and not socket \fIfile descriptors\fR (it is |
|
|
5472 | also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also |
|
|
5473 | requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft |
|
|
5474 | C runtime provides the function \f(CW\*(C`_open_osfhandle\*(C'\fR for this). See the |
|
|
5475 | discussion of the \f(CW\*(C`EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET\*(C'\fR and |
|
|
5476 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE\*(C'\fR preprocessor symbols for more info. |
|
|
5477 | .PP |
|
|
5478 | The configuration for a \*(L"naked\*(R" win32 using the Microsoft runtime |
|
|
5479 | libraries and raw winsocket select is: |
|
|
5480 | .PP |
|
|
5481 | .Vb 2 |
|
|
5482 | \& #define EV_USE_SELECT 1 |
|
|
5483 | \& #define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */ |
|
|
5484 | .Ve |
|
|
5485 | .PP |
|
|
5486 | Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a |
|
|
5487 | complexity in the O(nX) range when using win32. |
|
|
5488 | .PP |
|
|
5489 | \fILimited number of file descriptors\fR |
|
|
5490 | .IX Subsection "Limited number of file descriptors" |
|
|
5491 | .PP |
|
|
5492 | Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. |
|
|
5493 | .PP |
|
|
5494 | Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum |
|
|
5495 | of \f(CW64\fR handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels |
|
|
5496 | can only wait for \f(CW64\fR things at the same time internally; Microsoft |
|
|
5497 | recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the |
|
|
5498 | previous thread in each. Sounds great!). |
|
|
5499 | .PP |
|
|
5500 | Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define \f(CW\*(C`FD_SETSIZE\*(C'\fR |
|
|
5501 | to some high number (e.g. \f(CW2048\fR) before compiling the winsocket select |
|
|
5502 | call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many |
|
|
5503 | other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows). |
|
|
5504 | .PP |
|
|
5505 | Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime |
|
|
5506 | libraries, which by default is \f(CW64\fR (there must be a hidden \fI64\fR |
|
|
5507 | fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this |
|
|
5508 | by calling \f(CW\*(C`_setmaxstdio\*(C'\fR, which can increase this limit to \f(CW2048\fR |
|
|
5509 | (another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft |
|
|
5510 | runtime libraries. This might get you to about \f(CW512\fR or \f(CW2048\fR sockets |
|
|
5511 | (depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, |
|
|
5512 | you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but |
|
|
5513 | the cost of calling select (O(nX)) will likely make this unworkable. |
|
|
5514 | .SS "\s-1PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS\s0" |
|
|
5515 | .IX Subsection "PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS" |
|
|
5516 | In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the |
|
|
5517 | backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions: |
|
|
5518 | .ie n .IP """void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)"" must have compatible calling conventions regardless of ""ev_watcher_type *""." 4 |
|
|
5519 | .el .IP "\f(CWvoid (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)\fR must have compatible calling conventions regardless of \f(CWev_watcher_type *\fR." 4 |
|
|
5520 | .IX Item "void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents) must have compatible calling conventions regardless of ev_watcher_type *." |
|
|
5521 | Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal |
|
|
5522 | structure (guaranteed by \s-1POSIX\s0 but not by \s-1ISO C\s0 for example), but it also |
|
|
5523 | assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher |
|
|
5524 | callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev |
|
|
5525 | calls them using an \f(CW\*(C`ev_watcher *\*(C'\fR internally. |
|
|
5526 | .IP "null pointers and integer zero are represented by 0 bytes" 4 |
|
|
5527 | .IX Item "null pointers and integer zero are represented by 0 bytes" |
|
|
5528 | Libev uses \f(CW\*(C`memset\*(C'\fR to initialise structs and arrays to \f(CW0\fR bytes, and |
|
|
5529 | relies on this setting pointers and integers to null. |
|
|
5530 | .IP "pointer accesses must be thread-atomic" 4 |
|
|
5531 | .IX Item "pointer accesses must be thread-atomic" |
|
|
5532 | Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and |
|
|
5533 | writable in one piece \- this is the case on all current architectures. |
|
|
5534 | .ie n .IP """sig_atomic_t volatile"" must be thread-atomic as well" 4 |
|
|
5535 | .el .IP "\f(CWsig_atomic_t volatile\fR must be thread-atomic as well" 4 |
|
|
5536 | .IX Item "sig_atomic_t volatile must be thread-atomic as well" |
|
|
5537 | The type \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t volatile\*(C'\fR (or whatever is defined as |
|
|
5538 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_ATOMIC_T\*(C'\fR) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different |
|
|
5539 | threads. This is not part of the specification for \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t\*(C'\fR, but is |
|
|
5540 | believed to be sufficiently portable. |
|
|
5541 | .ie n .IP """sigprocmask"" must work in a threaded environment" 4 |
|
|
5542 | .el .IP "\f(CWsigprocmask\fR must work in a threaded environment" 4 |
|
|
5543 | .IX Item "sigprocmask must work in a threaded environment" |
|
|
5544 | Libev uses \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR to temporarily block signals. This is not |
|
|
5545 | allowed in a threaded program (\f(CW\*(C`pthread_sigmask\*(C'\fR has to be used). Typical |
|
|
5546 | pthread implementations will either allow \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR in the \*(L"main |
|
|
5547 | thread\*(R" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would |
|
|
5548 | be compatible with libev. Interaction between \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR and |
|
|
5549 | \&\f(CW\*(C`pthread_sigmask\*(C'\fR could complicate things, however. |
|
|
5550 | .Sp |
|
|
5551 | The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads |
|
|
5552 | except the initial one, and run the signal handling loop in the initial |
|
|
5553 | thread as well. |
|
|
5554 | .ie n .IP """long"" must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" 4 |
|
|
5555 | .el .IP "\f(CWlong\fR must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" 4 |
|
|
5556 | .IX Item "long must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" |
|
|
5557 | To improve portability and simplify its \s-1API,\s0 libev uses \f(CW\*(C`long\*(C'\fR internally |
|
|
5558 | instead of \f(CW\*(C`size_t\*(C'\fR when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX |
|
|
5559 | systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at |
|
|
5560 | least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of |
|
|
5561 | watchers. |
|
|
5562 | .ie n .IP """double"" must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" 4 |
|
|
5563 | .el .IP "\f(CWdouble\fR must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" 4 |
|
|
5564 | .IX Item "double must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" |
|
|
5565 | The type \f(CW\*(C`double\*(C'\fR is used to represent timestamps. It is required to |
|
|
5566 | have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is |
|
|
5567 | good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy |
|
|
5568 | (the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by |
|
|
5569 | implementations using \s-1IEEE 754,\s0 which is basically all existing ones. |
|
|
5570 | .Sp |
|
|
5571 | With \s-1IEEE 754\s0 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the |
|
|
5572 | year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 \- by then, libev |
|
|
5573 | is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use \f(CW\*(C`long double\*(C'\fR or |
|
|
5574 | something like that, just kidding). |
|
|
5575 | .PP |
|
|
5576 | If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note. |
3073 | .SH "COMPLEXITIES" |
5577 | .SH "ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES" |
3074 | .IX Header "COMPLEXITIES" |
5578 | .IX Header "ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES" |
3075 | In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside |
5579 | In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside |
3076 | libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the |
5580 | libev will be documented. For complexity discussions about backends see |
3077 | documentation for \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_init\*(C'\fR. |
5581 | the documentation for \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_init\*(C'\fR. |
3078 | .PP |
5582 | .PP |
3079 | All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be |
5583 | All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be |
3080 | extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this |
5584 | extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this |
3081 | happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might |
5585 | happens asymptotically rarer with higher number of elements, so O(1) might |
3082 | mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average |
5586 | mean that libev does a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on |
3083 | it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time. |
5587 | average it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time. |
3084 | .IP "Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)" 4 |
5588 | .IP "Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)" 4 |
3085 | .IX Item "Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)" |
5589 | .IX Item "Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)" |
3086 | This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and |
5590 | This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and |
3087 | there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will |
5591 | there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that, then inserting will |
3088 | have to skip roughly seven (\f(CW\*(C`ld 100\*(C'\fR) of these watchers. |
5592 | have to skip roughly seven (\f(CW\*(C`ld 100\*(C'\fR) of these watchers. |
3089 | .IP "Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)" 4 |
5593 | .IP "Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)" 4 |
3090 | .IX Item "Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)" |
5594 | .IX Item "Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)" |
3091 | That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them |
5595 | That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them, |
3092 | as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for. |
5596 | as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for. |
3093 | .IP "Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)" 4 |
5597 | .IP "Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)" 4 |
3094 | .IX Item "Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)" |
5598 | .IX Item "Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)" |
3095 | These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list. |
5599 | These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list. |
3096 | .IP "Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)" 4 |
5600 | .IP "Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)" 4 |
3097 | .IX Item "Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)" |
5601 | .IX Item "Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)" |
3098 | .PD 0 |
5602 | .PD 0 |
3099 | .IP "Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % \s-1EV_PID_HASHSIZE\s0))" 4 |
5603 | .IP "Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % \s-1EV_PID_HASHSIZE\s0))" 4 |
3100 | .IX Item "Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))" |
5604 | .IX Item "Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))" |
3101 | .PD |
5605 | .PD |
3102 | These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the |
5606 | These watchers are stored in lists, so they need to be walked to find the |
3103 | correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually |
5607 | correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually |
3104 | have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal). |
5608 | have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal: one is typical, two |
|
|
5609 | is rare). |
3105 | .IP "Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)" 4 |
5610 | .IP "Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)" 4 |
3106 | .IX Item "Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)" |
5611 | .IX Item "Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)" |
3107 | By virtue of using a binary heap, the next timer is always found at the |
5612 | By virtue of using a binary or 4\-heap, the next timer is always found at a |
3108 | beginning of the storage array. |
5613 | fixed position in the storage array. |
3109 | .IP "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)" 4 |
5614 | .IP "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)" 4 |
3110 | .IX Item "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)" |
5615 | .IX Item "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)" |
3111 | A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires |
5616 | A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires |
3112 | libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending |
5617 | libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending |
3113 | on backend and wether \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR was used). |
5618 | on backend and whether \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR was used). |
3114 | .IP "Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)" 4 |
5619 | .IP "Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)" 4 |
3115 | .IX Item "Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)" |
5620 | .IX Item "Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)" |
3116 | .PD 0 |
5621 | .PD 0 |
3117 | .IP "Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)" 4 |
5622 | .IP "Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)" 4 |
3118 | .IX Item "Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)" |
5623 | .IX Item "Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)" |
3119 | .PD |
5624 | .PD |
3120 | Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each |
5625 | Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each |
3121 | priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to |
5626 | priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to |
3122 | linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating |
5627 | linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating |
3123 | watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. priority handling. |
5628 | watchers becomes O(1) with respect to priority handling. |
3124 | .IP "Sending an ev_async: O(1)" 4 |
5629 | .IP "Sending an ev_async: O(1)" 4 |
3125 | .IX Item "Sending an ev_async: O(1)" |
5630 | .IX Item "Sending an ev_async: O(1)" |
3126 | .PD 0 |
5631 | .PD 0 |
3127 | .IP "Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)" 4 |
5632 | .IP "Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)" 4 |
3128 | .IX Item "Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)" |
5633 | .IX Item "Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)" |
3129 | .IP "Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)" 4 |
5634 | .IP "Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)" 4 |
3130 | .IX Item "Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)" |
5635 | .IX Item "Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)" |
3131 | .PD |
5636 | .PD |
3132 | Sending involves a syscall \fIiff\fR there were no other \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR |
5637 | Sending involves a system call \fIiff\fR there were no other \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR |
3133 | calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events |
5638 | calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently |
|
|
5639 | blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all |
3134 | involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers. |
5640 | running async watchers or all signal numbers. |
3135 | .SH "Win32 platform limitations and workarounds" |
5641 | .SH "PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X" |
3136 | .IX Header "Win32 platform limitations and workarounds" |
5642 | .IX Header "PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X" |
3137 | Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. \s-1POSIX\s0) that libev |
5643 | The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the \s-1API.\s0 |
3138 | requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the \s-1POSIX\s0 |
|
|
3139 | model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in |
|
|
3140 | the form of the \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR backend, and only supports socket |
|
|
3141 | descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using |
|
|
3142 | e.g. cygwin. |
|
|
3143 | .PP |
5644 | .PP |
3144 | There is no supported compilation method available on windows except |
5645 | At the moment, the \f(CW\*(C`ev.h\*(C'\fR header file provides compatibility definitions |
3145 | embedding it into other applications. |
5646 | for all changes, so most programs should still compile. The compatibility |
3146 | .PP |
5647 | layer might be removed in later versions of libev, so better update to the |
3147 | Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and the |
5648 | new \s-1API\s0 early than late. |
3148 | abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets is not |
5649 | .ie n .IP """EV_COMPAT3"" backwards compatibility mechanism" 4 |
3149 | recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use more than |
5650 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_COMPAT3\fR backwards compatibility mechanism" 4 |
3150 | a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally different |
5651 | .IX Item "EV_COMPAT3 backwards compatibility mechanism" |
3151 | implementation for windows, as libev offers the \s-1POSIX\s0 model, which cannot |
5652 | The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by |
3152 | be implemented efficiently on windows (microsoft monopoly games). |
5653 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_COMPAT3\*(C'\fR. See \*(L"\s-1PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS\*(R"\s0 in the \*(L"\s-1EMBEDDING\*(R"\s0 |
3153 | .IP "The winsocket select function" 4 |
5654 | section. |
3154 | .IX Item "The winsocket select function" |
5655 | .ie n .IP """ev_default_destroy"" and ""ev_default_fork"" have been removed" 4 |
3155 | The winsocket \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR function doesn't follow \s-1POSIX\s0 in that it requires |
5656 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_default_destroy\fR and \f(CWev_default_fork\fR have been removed" 4 |
3156 | socket \fIhandles\fR and not socket \fIfile descriptors\fR. This makes select |
5657 | .IX Item "ev_default_destroy and ev_default_fork have been removed" |
3157 | very inefficient, and also requires a mapping from file descriptors |
5658 | These calls can be replaced easily by their \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_xxx\*(C'\fR counterparts: |
3158 | to socket handles. See the discussion of the \f(CW\*(C`EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET\*(C'\fR, |
|
|
3159 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE\*(C'\fR preprocessor |
|
|
3160 | symbols for more info. |
|
|
3161 | .Sp |
|
|
3162 | The configuration for a \*(L"naked\*(R" win32 using the microsoft runtime |
|
|
3163 | libraries and raw winsocket select is: |
|
|
3164 | .Sp |
5659 | .Sp |
3165 | .Vb 2 |
5660 | .Vb 2 |
3166 | \& #define EV_USE_SELECT 1 |
5661 | \& ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC); |
3167 | \& #define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */ |
5662 | \& ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT); |
3168 | .Ve |
5663 | .Ve |
|
|
5664 | .IP "function/symbol renames" 4 |
|
|
5665 | .IX Item "function/symbol renames" |
|
|
5666 | A number of functions and symbols have been renamed: |
3169 | .Sp |
5667 | .Sp |
3170 | Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a |
5668 | .Vb 3 |
3171 | complexity in the O(nA\*^X) range when using win32. |
5669 | \& ev_loop => ev_run |
3172 | .IP "Limited number of file descriptors" 4 |
5670 | \& EVLOOP_NONBLOCK => EVRUN_NOWAIT |
3173 | .IX Item "Limited number of file descriptors" |
5671 | \& EVLOOP_ONESHOT => EVRUN_ONCE |
3174 | Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. Early versions |
5672 | \& |
3175 | of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a max. of \f(CW64\fR handles |
5673 | \& ev_unloop => ev_break |
3176 | (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels can only wait for |
5674 | \& EVUNLOOP_CANCEL => EVBREAK_CANCEL |
3177 | \&\f(CW64\fR things at the same time internally; microsoft recommends spawning a |
5675 | \& EVUNLOOP_ONE => EVBREAK_ONE |
3178 | chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the previous thread in each). |
5676 | \& EVUNLOOP_ALL => EVBREAK_ALL |
|
|
5677 | \& |
|
|
5678 | \& EV_TIMEOUT => EV_TIMER |
|
|
5679 | \& |
|
|
5680 | \& ev_loop_count => ev_iteration |
|
|
5681 | \& ev_loop_depth => ev_depth |
|
|
5682 | \& ev_loop_verify => ev_verify |
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|
5683 | .Ve |
3179 | .Sp |
5684 | .Sp |
3180 | Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define \f(CW\*(C`FD_SETSIZE\*(C'\fR |
5685 | Most functions working on \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop\*(C'\fR objects don't have an |
3181 | to some high number (e.g. \f(CW2048\fR) before compiling the winsocket select |
5686 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_\*(C'\fR prefix, so it was removed; \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_unloop\*(C'\fR and |
3182 | call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own |
5687 | associated constants have been renamed to not collide with the \f(CW\*(C`struct |
3183 | select emulation on windows). |
5688 | ev_loop\*(C'\fR anymore and \f(CW\*(C`EV_TIMER\*(C'\fR now follows the same naming scheme |
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5689 | as all other watcher types. Note that \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR is still called |
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5690 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR because it would otherwise clash with the \f(CW\*(C`ev_fork\*(C'\fR |
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5691 | typedef. |
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5692 | .ie n .IP """EV_MINIMAL"" mechanism replaced by ""EV_FEATURES""" 4 |
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5693 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_MINIMAL\fR mechanism replaced by \f(CWEV_FEATURES\fR" 4 |
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5694 | .IX Item "EV_MINIMAL mechanism replaced by EV_FEATURES" |
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5695 | The preprocessor symbol \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR has been replaced by a different |
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5696 | mechanism, \f(CW\*(C`EV_FEATURES\*(C'\fR. Programs using \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR usually compile |
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5697 | and work, but the library code will of course be larger. |
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5698 | .SH "GLOSSARY" |
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5699 | .IX Header "GLOSSARY" |
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5700 | .IP "active" 4 |
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|
5701 | .IX Item "active" |
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5702 | A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped. |
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5703 | See \*(L"\s-1WATCHER STATES\*(R"\s0 for details. |
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5704 | .IP "application" 4 |
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5705 | .IX Item "application" |
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5706 | In this document, an application is whatever is using libev. |
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5707 | .IP "backend" 4 |
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|
5708 | .IX Item "backend" |
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|
5709 | The part of the code dealing with the operating system interfaces. |
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5710 | .IP "callback" 4 |
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|
5711 | .IX Item "callback" |
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|
5712 | The address of a function that is called when some event has been |
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|
5713 | detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that |
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5714 | received the event, and the actual event bitset. |
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5715 | .IP "callback/watcher invocation" 4 |
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5716 | .IX Item "callback/watcher invocation" |
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|
5717 | The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher. |
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5718 | .IP "event" 4 |
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|
5719 | .IX Item "event" |
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|
5720 | A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available |
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|
5721 | for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having |
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|
5722 | any other events happening anymore. |
3184 | .Sp |
5723 | .Sp |
3185 | Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the microsoft runtime |
5724 | In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR or |
3186 | libraries, which by default is \f(CW64\fR (there must be a hidden \fI64\fR fetish |
5725 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_TIMER\*(C'\fR). |
3187 | or something like this inside microsoft). You can increase this by calling |
5726 | .IP "event library" 4 |
3188 | \&\f(CW\*(C`_setmaxstdio\*(C'\fR, which can increase this limit to \f(CW2048\fR (another |
5727 | .IX Item "event library" |
3189 | arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the microsoft runtime |
5728 | A software package implementing an event model and loop. |
3190 | libraries. |
5729 | .IP "event loop" 4 |
3191 | .Sp |
5730 | .IX Item "event loop" |
3192 | This might get you to about \f(CW512\fR or \f(CW2048\fR sockets (depending on |
5731 | An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them |
3193 | windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to |
5732 | into callback invocations. |
3194 | wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of |
5733 | .IP "event model" 4 |
3195 | calling select (O(nA\*^X)) will likely make this unworkable. |
5734 | .IX Item "event model" |
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|
5735 | The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes |
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5736 | watchers and events. |
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|
5737 | .IP "pending" 4 |
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|
5738 | .IX Item "pending" |
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|
5739 | A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been |
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|
5740 | detected. See \*(L"\s-1WATCHER STATES\*(R"\s0 for details. |
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5741 | .IP "real time" 4 |
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|
5742 | .IX Item "real time" |
|
|
5743 | The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :) |
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|
5744 | .IP "wall-clock time" 4 |
|
|
5745 | .IX Item "wall-clock time" |
|
|
5746 | The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually |
|
|
5747 | be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your |
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|
5748 | clock. |
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5749 | .IP "watcher" 4 |
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|
5750 | .IX Item "watcher" |
|
|
5751 | A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need |
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|
5752 | to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events. |
3196 | .SH "AUTHOR" |
5753 | .SH "AUTHOR" |
3197 | .IX Header "AUTHOR" |
5754 | .IX Header "AUTHOR" |
3198 | Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>. |
5755 | Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael |
3199 | .SH "POD ERRORS" |
5756 | Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others. |
3200 | .IX Header "POD ERRORS" |
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|
3201 | Hey! \fBThe above document had some coding errors, which are explained below:\fR |
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3202 | .IP "Around line 2916:" 4 |
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3203 | .IX Item "Around line 2916:" |
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|
3204 | You forgot a '=back' before '=head2' |
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