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Revision 1.23 by root, Tue Nov 27 08:20:42 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.34 by root, Thu Nov 29 12:21:21 2007 UTC

… …
127.\} 127.\}
128.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C 128.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
129.\" ======================================================================== 129.\" ========================================================================
130.\" 130.\"
131.IX Title ""<STANDARD INPUT>" 1" 131.IX Title ""<STANDARD INPUT>" 1"
132.TH "<STANDARD INPUT>" 1 "2007-11-27" "perl v5.8.8" "User Contributed Perl Documentation" 132.TH "<STANDARD INPUT>" 1 "2007-11-29" "perl v5.8.8" "User Contributed Perl Documentation"
133.SH "NAME" 133.SH "NAME"
134libev \- a high performance full\-featured event loop written in C 134libev \- a high performance full\-featured event loop written in C
135.SH "SYNOPSIS" 135.SH "SYNOPSIS"
136.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" 136.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
137.Vb 1 137.Vb 1
138\& #include <ev.h> 138\& #include <ev.h>
139.Ve 139.Ve
140.SH "EXAMPLE PROGRAM"
141.IX Header "EXAMPLE PROGRAM"
142.Vb 1
143\& #include <ev.h>
144.Ve
145.PP
146.Vb 2
147\& ev_io stdin_watcher;
148\& ev_timer timeout_watcher;
149.Ve
150.PP
151.Vb 8
152\& /* called when data readable on stdin */
153\& static void
154\& stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
155\& {
156\& /* puts ("stdin ready"); */
157\& ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */
158\& ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */
159\& }
160.Ve
161.PP
162.Vb 6
163\& static void
164\& timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
165\& {
166\& /* puts ("timeout"); */
167\& ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */
168\& }
169.Ve
170.PP
171.Vb 4
172\& int
173\& main (void)
174\& {
175\& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
176.Ve
177.PP
178.Vb 3
179\& /* initialise an io watcher, then start it */
180\& ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
181\& ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
182.Ve
183.PP
184.Vb 3
185\& /* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */
186\& ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
187\& ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
188.Ve
189.PP
190.Vb 2
191\& /* loop till timeout or data ready */
192\& ev_loop (loop, 0);
193.Ve
194.PP
195.Vb 2
196\& return 0;
197\& }
198.Ve
140.SH "DESCRIPTION" 199.SH "DESCRIPTION"
141.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" 200.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
142Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a 201Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
143file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage 202file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage
144these event sources and provide your program with events. 203these event sources and provide your program with events.
… …
151watchers\fR, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the 210watchers\fR, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
152details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by \fIstarting\fR the 211details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by \fIstarting\fR the
153watcher. 212watcher.
154.SH "FEATURES" 213.SH "FEATURES"
155.IX Header "FEATURES" 214.IX Header "FEATURES"
156Libev supports select, poll, the linux-specific epoll and the bsd-specific 215Libev supports \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR, the Linux-specific \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR, the
157kqueue mechanisms for file descriptor events, relative timers, absolute 216BSD-specific \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
158timers with customised rescheduling, signal events, process status change 217for file descriptor events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR), the Linux \f(CW\*(C`inotify\*(C'\fR interface
159events (related to \s-1SIGCHLD\s0), and event watchers dealing with the event 218(for \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR), relative timers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR), absolute timers
160loop mechanism itself (idle, prepare and check watchers). It also is quite 219with customised rescheduling (\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR), synchronous signals
161fast (see this benchmark comparing 220(\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR), process status change events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR), and event
162it to libevent for example). 221watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (\f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR,
222\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers) as well as
223file watchers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR) and even limited support for fork events
224(\f(CW\*(C`ev_fork\*(C'\fR).
225.PP
226It also is quite fast (see this
227benchmark comparing it to libevent
228for example).
163.SH "CONVENTIONS" 229.SH "CONVENTIONS"
164.IX Header "CONVENTIONS" 230.IX Header "CONVENTIONS"
165Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration 231Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will
166will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info 232be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about
167about various configuration options please have a look at the file 233various configuration options please have a look at \fB\s-1EMBED\s0\fR section in
168\&\fI\s-1README\s0.embed\fR in the libev distribution. If libev was configured without 234this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event
169support for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial 235loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR
170argument of name \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR (which is always of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR) 236(which is always of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR) will not have this argument.
171will not have this argument.
172.SH "TIME REPRESENTATION" 237.SH "TIME REPRESENTATION"
173.IX Header "TIME REPRESENTATION" 238.IX Header "TIME REPRESENTATION"
174Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the 239Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
175(fractional) number of seconds since the (\s-1POSIX\s0) epoch (somewhere near 240(fractional) number of seconds since the (\s-1POSIX\s0) epoch (somewhere near
176the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is 241the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
… …
201Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch, 266Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
202as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually 267as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
203compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually 268compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
204not a problem. 269not a problem.
205.Sp 270.Sp
206Example: make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong 271Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
207version: 272version.
208.Sp 273.Sp
209.Vb 3 274.Vb 3
210\& assert (("libev version mismatch", 275\& assert (("libev version mismatch",
211\& ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR 276\& ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
212\& && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); 277\& && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
… …
242recommended ones. 307recommended ones.
243.Sp 308.Sp
244See the description of \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info. 309See the description of \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info.
245.IP "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))" 4 310.IP "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))" 4
246.IX Item "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))" 311.IX Item "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))"
247Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar to the 312Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar \- the
248realloc C function, the semantics are identical). It is used to allocate 313semantics is identical \- to the realloc C function). It is used to
249and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory 314allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when
250needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially 315memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some
251destructive action. The default is your system realloc function. 316potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc
317function.
252.Sp 318.Sp
253You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, 319You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
254free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, 320free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
255or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available. 321or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
256.Sp 322.Sp
257Example: replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then 323Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
258retries: better than mine). 324retries).
259.Sp 325.Sp
260.Vb 6 326.Vb 6
261\& static void * 327\& static void *
262\& persistent_realloc (void *ptr, long size) 328\& persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
263\& { 329\& {
264\& for (;;) 330\& for (;;)
265\& { 331\& {
266\& void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size); 332\& void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
267.Ve 333.Ve
… …
289callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no 355callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no
290matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the 356matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
291requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff 357requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
292(such as abort). 358(such as abort).
293.Sp 359.Sp
294Example: do the same thing as libev does internally: 360Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
295.Sp 361.Sp
296.Vb 6 362.Vb 6
297\& static void 363\& static void
298\& fatal_error (const char *msg) 364\& fatal_error (const char *msg)
299\& { 365\& {
… …
448Similar to \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_loop\*(C'\fR, but always creates a new event loop that is 514Similar to \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_loop\*(C'\fR, but always creates a new event loop that is
449always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot 515always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
450handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by 516handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
451undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled). 517undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
452.Sp 518.Sp
453Example: try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. 519Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
454.Sp 520.Sp
455.Vb 3 521.Vb 3
456\& struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV); 522\& struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
457\& if (!epoller) 523\& if (!epoller)
458\& fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); 524\& fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
… …
556\& be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed. 622\& be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
557\& - If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK 623\& - If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
558\& were used, return, otherwise continue with step *. 624\& were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.
559.Ve 625.Ve
560.Sp 626.Sp
561Example: queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding 627Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding
562anymore. 628anymore.
563.Sp 629.Sp
564.Vb 4 630.Vb 4
565\& ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long 631\& ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
566\& ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) 632\& ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
… …
588visible to the libev user and should not keep \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from exiting if 654visible to the libev user and should not keep \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from exiting if
589no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent 655no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
590way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party 656way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
591libraries. Just remember to \fIunref after start\fR and \fIref before stop\fR. 657libraries. Just remember to \fIunref after start\fR and \fIref before stop\fR.
592.Sp 658.Sp
593Example: create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR 659Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR
594running when nothing else is active. 660running when nothing else is active.
595.Sp 661.Sp
596.Vb 4 662.Vb 4
597\& struct dv_signal exitsig; 663\& struct ev_signal exitsig;
598\& ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); 664\& ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
599\& ev_signal_start (myloop, &exitsig); 665\& ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
600\& evf_unref (myloop); 666\& evf_unref (loop);
601.Ve 667.Ve
602.Sp 668.Sp
603Example: for some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again. 669Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
604.Sp 670.Sp
605.Vb 2 671.Vb 2
606\& ev_ref (myloop); 672\& ev_ref (loop);
607\& ev_signal_stop (myloop, &exitsig); 673\& ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
608.Ve 674.Ve
609.SH "ANATOMY OF A WATCHER" 675.SH "ANATOMY OF A WATCHER"
610.IX Header "ANATOMY OF A WATCHER" 676.IX Header "ANATOMY OF A WATCHER"
611A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your 677A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
612interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for \s-1STDIN\s0 to 678interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for \s-1STDIN\s0 to
… …
707\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any 773\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any
708received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as 774received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
709many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account 775many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
710(for example, a \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher might start an idle watcher to keep 776(for example, a \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
711\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from blocking). 777\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from blocking).
778.ie n .IP """EV_EMBED""" 4
779.el .IP "\f(CWEV_EMBED\fR" 4
780.IX Item "EV_EMBED"
781The embedded event loop specified in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watcher needs attention.
782.ie n .IP """EV_FORK""" 4
783.el .IP "\f(CWEV_FORK\fR" 4
784.IX Item "EV_FORK"
785The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
786\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_fork\*(C'\fR).
712.ie n .IP """EV_ERROR""" 4 787.ie n .IP """EV_ERROR""" 4
713.el .IP "\f(CWEV_ERROR\fR" 4 788.el .IP "\f(CWEV_ERROR\fR" 4
714.IX Item "EV_ERROR" 789.IX Item "EV_ERROR"
715An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might 790An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might
716happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev 791happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
… …
783Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding 858Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
784events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher 859events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
785is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but 860is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
786\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to 861\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to
787libev (e.g. you cnanot \f(CW\*(C`free ()\*(C'\fR it). 862libev (e.g. you cnanot \f(CW\*(C`free ()\*(C'\fR it).
788.IP "callback = ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 863.IP "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4
789.IX Item "callback = ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 864.IX Item "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)"
790Returns the callback currently set on the watcher. 865Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
791.IP "ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 866.IP "ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4
792.IX Item "ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 867.IX Item "ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)"
793Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time 868Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
794(modulo threads). 869(modulo threads).
… …
820\& struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_; 895\& struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
821\& ... 896\& ...
822\& } 897\& }
823.Ve 898.Ve
824.PP 899.PP
825More interesting and less C\-conformant ways of catsing your callback type 900More interesting and less C\-conformant ways of casting your callback type
826have been omitted.... 901instead have been omitted.
902.PP
903Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple
904watchers:
905.PP
906.Vb 6
907\& struct my_biggy
908\& {
909\& int some_data;
910\& ev_timer t1;
911\& ev_timer t2;
912\& }
913.Ve
914.PP
915In this case getting the pointer to \f(CW\*(C`my_biggy\*(C'\fR is a bit more complicated,
916you need to use \f(CW\*(C`offsetof\*(C'\fR:
917.PP
918.Vb 1
919\& #include <stddef.h>
920.Ve
921.PP
922.Vb 6
923\& static void
924\& t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
925\& {
926\& struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
927\& (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
928\& }
929.Ve
930.PP
931.Vb 6
932\& static void
933\& t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
934\& {
935\& struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
936\& (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
937\& }
938.Ve
827.SH "WATCHER TYPES" 939.SH "WATCHER TYPES"
828.IX Header "WATCHER TYPES" 940.IX Header "WATCHER TYPES"
829This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat 941This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
830information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros, 942information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros,
831functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained. 943functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.
… …
892The file descriptor being watched. 1004The file descriptor being watched.
893.IP "int events [read\-only]" 4 1005.IP "int events [read\-only]" 4
894.IX Item "int events [read-only]" 1006.IX Item "int events [read-only]"
895The events being watched. 1007The events being watched.
896.PP 1008.PP
897Example: call \f(CW\*(C`stdin_readable_cb\*(C'\fR when \s-1STDIN_FILENO\s0 has become, well 1009Example: Call \f(CW\*(C`stdin_readable_cb\*(C'\fR when \s-1STDIN_FILENO\s0 has become, well
898readable, but only once. Since it is likely line\-buffered, you could 1010readable, but only once. Since it is likely line\-buffered, you could
899attempt to read a whole line in the callback: 1011attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
900.PP 1012.PP
901.Vb 6 1013.Vb 6
902\& static void 1014\& static void
903\& stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) 1015\& stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
904\& { 1016\& {
… …
959.IP "ev_timer_again (loop)" 4 1071.IP "ev_timer_again (loop)" 4
960.IX Item "ev_timer_again (loop)" 1072.IX Item "ev_timer_again (loop)"
961This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is 1073This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
962repeating. The exact semantics are: 1074repeating. The exact semantics are:
963.Sp 1075.Sp
1076If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
1077.Sp
964If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it. 1078If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
965.Sp 1079.Sp
966If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat 1080If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
967value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value. 1081\&\f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value), or reset the running timer to the \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value.
968.Sp 1082.Sp
969This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical 1083This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
970example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called 1084example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle
971idle timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, 1085timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
972say, 60 seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do 1086seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
973this is to configure an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR with \f(CW\*(C`after\*(C'\fR=\f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR=\f(CW60\fR and calling 1087configure an \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR with a \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value of \f(CW60\fR and then call
974\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR each time you successfully read or write some data. If 1088\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR each time you successfully read or write some data. If
975you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the 1089you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
976socket, you can stop the timer, and again will automatically restart it if 1090socket, you can \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_stop\*(C'\fR the timer, and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR will
977need be. 1091automatically restart it if need be.
978.Sp 1092.Sp
979You can also ignore the \f(CW\*(C`after\*(C'\fR value and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_start\*(C'\fR altogether 1093That means you can ignore the \f(CW\*(C`after\*(C'\fR value and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_start\*(C'\fR
980and only ever use the \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value: 1094altogether and only ever use the \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR:
981.Sp 1095.Sp
982.Vb 8 1096.Vb 8
983\& ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.); 1097\& ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
984\& ev_timer_again (loop, timer); 1098\& ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
985\& ... 1099\& ...
… …
988\& ... 1102\& ...
989\& timer->again = 10.; 1103\& timer->again = 10.;
990\& ev_timer_again (loop, timer); 1104\& ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
991.Ve 1105.Ve
992.Sp 1106.Sp
993This is more efficient then stopping/starting the timer eahc time you want 1107This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
994to modify its timeout value. 1108you want to modify its timeout value.
995.IP "ev_tstamp repeat [read\-write]" 4 1109.IP "ev_tstamp repeat [read\-write]" 4
996.IX Item "ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]" 1110.IX Item "ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]"
997The current \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value. Will be used each time the watcher times out 1111The current \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
998or \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR is called and determines the next timeout (if any), 1112or \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
999which is also when any modifications are taken into account. 1113which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
1000.PP 1114.PP
1001Example: create a timer that fires after 60 seconds. 1115Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1002.PP 1116.PP
1003.Vb 5 1117.Vb 5
1004\& static void 1118\& static void
1005\& one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) 1119\& one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
1006\& { 1120\& {
… …
1012\& struct ev_timer mytimer; 1126\& struct ev_timer mytimer;
1013\& ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.); 1127\& ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1014\& ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer); 1128\& ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1015.Ve 1129.Ve
1016.PP 1130.PP
1017Example: create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of 1131Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1018inactivity. 1132inactivity.
1019.PP 1133.PP
1020.Vb 5 1134.Vb 5
1021\& static void 1135\& static void
1022\& timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) 1136\& timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
… …
1147.IX Item "ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]" 1261.IX Item "ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]"
1148The current reschedule callback, or \f(CW0\fR, if this functionality is 1262The current reschedule callback, or \f(CW0\fR, if this functionality is
1149switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when 1263switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1150the periodic timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being called. 1264the periodic timer fires or \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic_again\*(C'\fR is being called.
1151.PP 1265.PP
1152Example: call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the 1266Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1153system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have 1267system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1154potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability. 1268potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.
1155.PP 1269.PP
1156.Vb 5 1270.Vb 5
1157\& static void 1271\& static void
… …
1165\& struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; 1279\& struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1166\& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0); 1280\& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1167\& ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); 1281\& ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1168.Ve 1282.Ve
1169.PP 1283.PP
1170Example: the same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it: 1284Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1171.PP 1285.PP
1172.Vb 1 1286.Vb 1
1173\& #include <math.h> 1287\& #include <math.h>
1174.Ve 1288.Ve
1175.PP 1289.PP
… …
1183.PP 1297.PP
1184.Vb 1 1298.Vb 1
1185\& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb); 1299\& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1186.Ve 1300.Ve
1187.PP 1301.PP
1188Example: call a callback every hour, starting now: 1302Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1189.PP 1303.PP
1190.Vb 4 1304.Vb 4
1191\& struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; 1305\& struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1192\& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 1306\& ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1193\& fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0); 1307\& fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
… …
1244.IP "int rstatus [read\-write]" 4 1358.IP "int rstatus [read\-write]" 4
1245.IX Item "int rstatus [read-write]" 1359.IX Item "int rstatus [read-write]"
1246The process exit/trace status caused by \f(CW\*(C`rpid\*(C'\fR (see your systems 1360The process exit/trace status caused by \f(CW\*(C`rpid\*(C'\fR (see your systems
1247\&\f(CW\*(C`waitpid\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`sys/wait.h\*(C'\fR documentation for details). 1361\&\f(CW\*(C`waitpid\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`sys/wait.h\*(C'\fR documentation for details).
1248.PP 1362.PP
1249Example: try to exit cleanly on \s-1SIGINT\s0 and \s-1SIGTERM\s0. 1363Example: Try to exit cleanly on \s-1SIGINT\s0 and \s-1SIGTERM\s0.
1250.PP 1364.PP
1251.Vb 5 1365.Vb 5
1252\& static void 1366\& static void
1253\& sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents) 1367\& sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
1254\& { 1368\& {
… …
1272not exist\*(R" is a status change like any other. The condition \*(L"path does 1386not exist\*(R" is a status change like any other. The condition \*(L"path does
1273not exist\*(R" is signified by the \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR field being zero (which is 1387not exist\*(R" is signified by the \f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR field being zero (which is
1274otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of 1388otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
1275the stat buffer having unspecified contents. 1389the stat buffer having unspecified contents.
1276.PP 1390.PP
1391The path \fIshould\fR be absolute and \fImust not\fR end in a slash. If it is
1392relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.
1393.PP
1277Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply 1394Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply
1278calls \f(CW\*(C`stat (2)\*(C'\fR regulalry on the path to see if it changed somehow. You 1395calls \f(CW\*(C`stat (2)\*(C'\fR regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You
1279can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify 1396can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify
1280a polling interval of \f(CW0\fR (highly recommended!) then a \fIsuitable, 1397a polling interval of \f(CW0\fR (highly recommended!) then a \fIsuitable,
1281unspecified default\fR value will be used (which you can expect to be around 1398unspecified default\fR value will be used (which you can expect to be around
1282five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also 1399five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also
1283impose a minimum interval which is currently around \f(CW0.1\fR, but thats 1400impose a minimum interval which is currently around \f(CW0.1\fR, but thats
… …
1285.PP 1402.PP
1286This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers, 1403This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1287as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be 1404as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1288resource\-intensive. 1405resource\-intensive.
1289.PP 1406.PP
1290At the time of this writing, no specific \s-1OS\s0 backends are implemented, but 1407At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
1291if demand increases, at least a kqueue and inotify backend will be added. 1408implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
1409reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the
1410semantics of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs
1411to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
1412usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
1413polling.
1292.IP "ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" 4 1414.IP "ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" 4
1293.IX Item "ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" 1415.IX Item "ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)"
1294.PD 0 1416.PD 0
1295.IP "ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" 4 1417.IP "ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" 4
1296.IX Item "ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)" 1418.IX Item "ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)"
… …
1378.IX Item "ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)" 1500.IX Item "ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)"
1379Initialises and configures the idle watcher \- it has no parameters of any 1501Initialises and configures the idle watcher \- it has no parameters of any
1380kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless, 1502kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1381believe me. 1503believe me.
1382.PP 1504.PP
1383Example: dynamically allocate an \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR, start it, and in the 1505Example: Dynamically allocate an \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watcher, start it, and in the
1384callback, free it. Alos, use no error checking, as usual. 1506callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1385.PP 1507.PP
1386.Vb 7 1508.Vb 7
1387\& static void 1509\& static void
1388\& idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents) 1510\& idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
1389\& { 1511\& {
… …
1613similarly to \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)\*(C'\fR, but in the most 1735similarly to \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)\*(C'\fR, but in the most
1614apropriate way for embedded loops. 1736apropriate way for embedded loops.
1615.IP "struct ev_loop *loop [read\-only]" 4 1737.IP "struct ev_loop *loop [read\-only]" 4
1616.IX Item "struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]" 1738.IX Item "struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]"
1617The embedded event loop. 1739The embedded event loop.
1740.ie n .Sh """ev_fork"" \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork"
1741.el .Sh "\f(CWev_fork\fP \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork"
1742.IX Subsection "ev_fork - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork"
1743Fork watchers are called when a \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR was detected (usually because
1744whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
1745\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR). The invocation is done before the
1746event loop blocks next and before \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are being called,
1747and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
1748\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
1749handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
1750.IP "ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)" 4
1751.IX Item "ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)"
1752Initialises and configures the fork watcher \- it has no parameters of any
1753kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_fork_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1754believe me.
1618.SH "OTHER FUNCTIONS" 1755.SH "OTHER FUNCTIONS"
1619.IX Header "OTHER FUNCTIONS" 1756.IX Header "OTHER FUNCTIONS"
1620There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now. 1757There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
1621.IP "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)" 4 1758.IP "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)" 4
1622.IX Item "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)" 1759.IX Item "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)"
… …
1791\& : io (this, &myclass::io_cb), 1928\& : io (this, &myclass::io_cb),
1792\& idle (this, &myclass::idle_cb) 1929\& idle (this, &myclass::idle_cb)
1793\& { 1930\& {
1794\& io.start (fd, ev::READ); 1931\& io.start (fd, ev::READ);
1795\& } 1932\& }
1933.Ve
1934.SH "MACRO MAGIC"
1935.IX Header "MACRO MAGIC"
1936Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is
1937\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR. This option determines wether (most) functions and
1938callbacks have an initial \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR argument.
1939.PP
1940To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
1941following macros are defined:
1942.ie n .IP """EV_A""\fR, \f(CW""EV_A_""" 4
1943.el .IP "\f(CWEV_A\fR, \f(CWEV_A_\fR" 4
1944.IX Item "EV_A, EV_A_"
1945This provides the loop \fIargument\fR for functions, if one is required (\*(L"ev
1946loop argument\*(R"). The \f(CW\*(C`EV_A\*(C'\fR form is used when this is the sole argument,
1947\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_A_\*(C'\fR is used when other arguments are following. Example:
1948.Sp
1949.Vb 3
1950\& ev_unref (EV_A);
1951\& ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
1952\& ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1953.Ve
1954.Sp
1955It assumes the variable \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR is in scope,
1956which is often provided by the following macro.
1957.ie n .IP """EV_P""\fR, \f(CW""EV_P_""" 4
1958.el .IP "\f(CWEV_P\fR, \f(CWEV_P_\fR" 4
1959.IX Item "EV_P, EV_P_"
1960This provides the loop \fIparameter\fR for functions, if one is required (\*(L"ev
1961loop parameter\*(R"). The \f(CW\*(C`EV_P\*(C'\fR form is used when this is the sole parameter,
1962\&\f(CW\*(C`EV_P_\*(C'\fR is used when other parameters are following. Example:
1963.Sp
1964.Vb 2
1965\& // this is how ev_unref is being declared
1966\& static void ev_unref (EV_P);
1967.Ve
1968.Sp
1969.Vb 2
1970\& // this is how you can declare your typical callback
1971\& static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1972.Ve
1973.Sp
1974It declares a parameter \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR, quite
1975suitable for use with \f(CW\*(C`EV_A\*(C'\fR.
1976.ie n .IP """EV_DEFAULT""\fR, \f(CW""EV_DEFAULT_""" 4
1977.el .IP "\f(CWEV_DEFAULT\fR, \f(CWEV_DEFAULT_\fR" 4
1978.IX Item "EV_DEFAULT, EV_DEFAULT_"
1979Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
1980loop, if multiple loops are supported (\*(L"ev loop default\*(R").
1981.PP
1982Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, working regardless of
1983wether multiple loops are supported or not.
1984.PP
1985.Vb 5
1986\& static void
1987\& check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1988\& {
1989\& ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
1990\& }
1991.Ve
1992.PP
1993.Vb 4
1994\& ev_check check;
1995\& ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
1996\& ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
1997\& ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
1796.Ve 1998.Ve
1797.SH "EMBEDDING" 1999.SH "EMBEDDING"
1798.IX Header "EMBEDDING" 2000.IX Header "EMBEDDING"
1799Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host 2001Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
1800applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra 2002applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
… …
1980otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred 2182otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
1981backend for Solaris 10 systems. 2183backend for Solaris 10 systems.
1982.IP "\s-1EV_USE_DEVPOLL\s0" 4 2184.IP "\s-1EV_USE_DEVPOLL\s0" 4
1983.IX Item "EV_USE_DEVPOLL" 2185.IX Item "EV_USE_DEVPOLL"
1984reserved for future expansion, works like the \s-1USE\s0 symbols above. 2186reserved for future expansion, works like the \s-1USE\s0 symbols above.
2187.IP "\s-1EV_USE_INOTIFY\s0" 4
2188.IX Item "EV_USE_INOTIFY"
2189If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2190interface to speed up \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers. Its actual availability will
2191be detected at runtime.
1985.IP "\s-1EV_H\s0" 4 2192.IP "\s-1EV_H\s0" 4
1986.IX Item "EV_H" 2193.IX Item "EV_H"
1987The name of the \fIev.h\fR header file used to include it. The default if 2194The name of the \fIev.h\fR header file used to include it. The default if
1988undefined is \f(CW\*(C`<ev.h>\*(C'\fR in \fIevent.h\fR and \f(CW"ev.h"\fR in \fIev.c\fR. This 2195undefined is \f(CW\*(C`<ev.h>\*(C'\fR in \fIevent.h\fR and \f(CW"ev.h"\fR in \fIev.c\fR. This
1989can be used to virtually rename the \fIev.h\fR header file in case of conflicts. 2196can be used to virtually rename the \fIev.h\fR header file in case of conflicts.
… …
2020defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not. 2227defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not.
2021.IP "\s-1EV_STAT_ENABLE\s0" 4 2228.IP "\s-1EV_STAT_ENABLE\s0" 4
2022.IX Item "EV_STAT_ENABLE" 2229.IX Item "EV_STAT_ENABLE"
2023If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then stat watchers are supported. If 2230If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then stat watchers are supported. If
2024defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not. 2231defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not.
2232.IP "\s-1EV_FORK_ENABLE\s0" 4
2233.IX Item "EV_FORK_ENABLE"
2234If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then fork watchers are supported. If
2235defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then they are not.
2025.IP "\s-1EV_MINIMAL\s0" 4 2236.IP "\s-1EV_MINIMAL\s0" 4
2026.IX Item "EV_MINIMAL" 2237.IX Item "EV_MINIMAL"
2027If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some 2238If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2028speed, define this symbol to \f(CW1\fR. Currently only used for gcc to override 2239speed, define this symbol to \f(CW1\fR. Currently only used for gcc to override
2029some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64. 2240some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.
2241.IP "\s-1EV_PID_HASHSIZE\s0" 4
2242.IX Item "EV_PID_HASHSIZE"
2243\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2244pid. The default size is \f(CW16\fR (or \f(CW1\fR with \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR), usually more
2245than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
2246increase this value (\fImust\fR be a power of two).
2247.IP "\s-1EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE\s0" 4
2248.IX Item "EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE"
2249\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_staz\*(C'\fR watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2250inotify watch id. The default size is \f(CW16\fR (or \f(CW1\fR with \f(CW\*(C`EV_MINIMAL\*(C'\fR),
2251usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR
2252watchers you might want to increase this value (\fImust\fR be a power of
2253two).
2030.IP "\s-1EV_COMMON\s0" 4 2254.IP "\s-1EV_COMMON\s0" 4
2031.IX Item "EV_COMMON" 2255.IX Item "EV_COMMON"
2032By default, all watchers have a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member. By redefining 2256By default, all watchers have a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member. By redefining
2033this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of 2257this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2034members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files, 2258members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
… …
2098.IX Item "Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)" 2322.IX Item "Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)"
2099.IP "Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)" 4 2323.IP "Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)" 4
2100.IX Item "Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)" 2324.IX Item "Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)"
2101.IP "Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)" 4 2325.IP "Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)" 4
2102.IX Item "Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)" 2326.IX Item "Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)"
2103.IP "Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % 16))" 4 2327.IP "Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % \s-1EV_PID_HASHSIZE\s0))" 4
2104.IX Item "Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % 16))" 2328.IX Item "Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))"
2105.IP "Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)" 4 2329.IP "Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)" 4
2106.IX Item "Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)" 2330.IX Item "Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)"
2107.IP "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)" 4 2331.IP "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)" 4
2108.IX Item "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)" 2332.IX Item "Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)"
2109.IP "Activating one watcher: O(1)" 4 2333.IP "Activating one watcher: O(1)" 4

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