[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/libev/ev.3

Comparing libev/ev.3 (file contents):
Revision 1.82 by root, Mon Oct 25 10:50:13 2010 UTC vs.
Revision 1.89 by root, Sat Mar 24 19:38:51 2012 UTC

-.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.22 (Pod::Simple 3.07)
+.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.23 (Pod::Simple 3.14)
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 .IX Title "LIBEV 3"
-.TH LIBEV 3 "2010-10-25" "libev-4.00" "libev - high performance full featured event loop"
+.TH LIBEV 3 "2012-03-23" "libev-4.11" "libev - high performance full featured event loop"
 .\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
 .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
 .if n .ad l
 .nh
 .SH "NAME"
 \&     ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
 \&
 \&     // now wait for events to arrive
 \&     ev_run (loop, 0);
 \&
-\&     // unloop was called, so exit
+\&     // break was called, so exit
 \&     return 0;
 \&   }
 .Ve
 .SH "ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT"
 .IX Header "ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT"
 loop mechanism itself (\f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and
 \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers) as well as file watchers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR) and even
 limited support for fork events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_fork\*(C'\fR).
 .PP
 It also is quite fast (see this
-<benchmark> comparing it to libevent
+benchmark <http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
 for example).
 .SS "\s-1CONVENTIONS\s0"
 .IX Subsection "CONVENTIONS"
 Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
 configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
 .IP "ev_tstamp ev_time ()" 4
 .IX Item "ev_tstamp ev_time ()"
 Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
 \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_now\*(C'\fR function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
 you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
-\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_update_now\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_now\*(C'\fR.
+\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_now_update\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_now\*(C'\fR.
 .IP "ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)"
-Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
+Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked
-either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
+until either it is interrupted or the given time interval has
+passed (approximately \- it might return a bit earlier even if not
+interrupted). Returns immediately if \f(CW\*(C`interval <= 0\*(C'\fR.
+.Sp
-this is a sub-second-resolution \f(CW\*(C`sleep ()\*(C'\fR.
+Basically this is a sub-second-resolution \f(CW\*(C`sleep ()\*(C'\fR.
+.Sp
+The range of the \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR is limited \- libev only guarantees to work
+with sleep times of up to one day (\f(CW\*(C`interval <= 86400\*(C'\fR).
 .IP "int ev_version_major ()" 4
 .IX Item "int ev_version_major ()"
 .PD 0
 .IP "int ev_version_minor ()" 4
 .IX Item "int ev_version_minor ()"
 current system. To find which embeddable backends might be supported on
 the current system, you would need to look at \f(CW\*(C`ev_embeddable_backends ()
 & ev_supported_backends ()\*(C'\fR, likewise for recommended ones.
 .Sp
 See the description of \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info.
-.IP "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [\s-1NOT\s0 \s-1REENTRANT\s0]" 4
+.IP "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))" 4
-.IX Item "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]"
+.IX Item "ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))"
 Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar \- the
 semantics are identical to the \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
 used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
 when memory needs to be allocated (\f(CW\*(C`size != 0\*(C'\fR), the library might abort
 or take some potentially destructive action.
 \&   }
 \&
 \&   ...
 \&   ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
 .Ve
-.IP "ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [\s-1NOT\s0 \s-1REENTRANT\s0]" 4
+.IP "ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg))" 4
-.IX Item "ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]"
+.IX Item "ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg))"
 Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
 as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
 indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
 callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
 matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
 \&   }
 \&
 \&   ...
 \&   ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
 .Ve
+.IP "ev_feed_signal (int signum)" 4
+.IX Item "ev_feed_signal (int signum)"
+This function can be used to \*(L"simulate\*(R" a signal receive. It is completely
+safe to call this function at any time, from any context, including signal
+handlers or random threads.
+.Sp
+Its main use is to customise signal handling in your process, especially
+in the presence of threads. For example, you could block signals
+by default in all threads (and specifying \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK\*(C'\fR when
+creating any loops), and in one thread, use \f(CW\*(C`sigwait\*(C'\fR or any other
+mechanism to wait for signals, then \*(L"deliver\*(R" them to libev by calling
+\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal\*(C'\fR.
 .SH "FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS"
 .IX Header "FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS"
 An event loop is described by a \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR (the \f(CW\*(C`struct\*(C'\fR is
 \&\fInot\fR optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as
 libev 3 had an \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR function colliding with the struct name).
 .IP "struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)" 4
 .IX Item "struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)"
 This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop
 could not be initialised, returns false.
 .Sp
-Note that this function \fIis\fR thread-safe, and one common way to use
+This function is thread-safe, and one common way to use libev with
-libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
+threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the default
-default loop in the \*(L"main\*(R" or \*(L"initial\*(R" thread.
+loop in the \*(L"main\*(R" or \*(L"initial\*(R" thread.
 .Sp
 The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
 backends to use, and is usually specified as \f(CW0\fR (or \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_AUTO\*(C'\fR).
 .Sp
 The following flags are supported:
 environment variable.
 .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY""" 4
 .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_NOINOTIFY\fR" 4
 .IX Item "EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY"
 When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
-\&\fIinotify\fR \s-1API\s0 for it's \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers. Apart from debugging and
+\&\fIinotify\fR \s-1API\s0 for its \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers. Apart from debugging and
 testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
 otherwise each loop using \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers consumes one inotify handle.
 .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_SIGNALFD""" 4
 .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_SIGNALFD\fR" 4
 .IX Item "EVFLAG_SIGNALFD"
 When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
-\&\fIsignalfd\fR \s-1API\s0 for it's \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR (and \f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR) watchers. This \s-1API\s0
+\&\fIsignalfd\fR \s-1API\s0 for its \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR (and \f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR) watchers. This \s-1API\s0
 delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
 it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
 handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
 threads that are not interested in handling them.
 .Sp
 Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
 there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
 example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
+.ie n .IP """EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK""" 4
+.el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_NOSIGMASK\fR" 4
+.IX Item "EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK"
+When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal
+mask. Specifically, this means you have to make sure signals are unblocked
+when you want to receive them.
+.Sp
+This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or
+want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev
+unblocking the signals.
+.Sp
+It's also required by \s-1POSIX\s0 in a threaded program, as libev calls
+\&\f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR, whose behaviour is officially unspecified.
+.Sp
+This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.
 .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_SELECT""  (value 1, portable select backend)" 4
 .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_SELECT\fR  (value 1, portable select backend)" 4
 .IX Item "EVBACKEND_SELECT  (value 1, portable select backend)"
 This is your standard \fIselect\fR\|(2) backend. Not \fIcompletely\fR standard, as
 libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
 .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_EPOLL\fR   (value 4, Linux)" 4
 .IX Item "EVBACKEND_EPOLL   (value 4, Linux)"
 Use the linux-specific \fIepoll\fR\|(7) interface (for both pre\- and post\-2.6.9
 kernels).
 .Sp
-For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
+For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but
-but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
+it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
-like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
+O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest
-epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
+fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
 .Sp
 The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
 of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
 dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
-descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
+descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,
+returning before the timeout value, resulting in additional iterations
+(and only giving 5ms accuracy while select on the same platform gives
-so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however \- if a program forks then
+0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however \- if a program
-\&\fIboth\fR parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
+forks then \fIboth\fR parent and child process have to recreate the epoll
-take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
+set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)
-hard to detect.
+and is of course hard to detect.
 .Sp
-Epoll is also notoriously buggy \- embedding epoll fds \fIshould\fR work, but
+Epoll is also notoriously buggy \- embedding epoll fds \fIshould\fR work,
-of course \fIdoesn't\fR, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
+but of course \fIdoesn't\fR, and epoll just loves to report events for
-\&\fIdifferent\fR file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
+totally \fIdifferent\fR file descriptors (even already closed ones, so
-even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
+one cannot even remove them from the set) than registered in the set
-on \s-1SMP\s0 systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
+(especially on \s-1SMP\s0 systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious
-employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
+notifications by employing an additional generation counter and comparing
-events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last
+that against the events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set
+when required. Epoll also erroneously rounds down timeouts, but gives you
+no way to know when and by how much, so sometimes you have to busy-wait
+because epoll returns immediately despite a nonzero timeout. And last
 not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
 perfectly fine with \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR (files, many character devices...).
+.Sp
+Epoll is truly the train wreck among event poll mechanisms, a frankenpoll,
+cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or interaction with
+others. Oh, the pain, will it ever stop...
 .Sp
 While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
 will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
 incident (because the same \fIfile descriptor\fR could point to a different
 \&\fIfile description\fR now), so its best to avoid that. Also, \f(CW\*(C`dup ()\*(C'\fR'ed
 .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_PORT\fR    (value 32, Solaris 10)" 4
 .IX Item "EVBACKEND_PORT    (value 32, Solaris 10)"
 This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
 it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
 .Sp
-Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
-notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
-blocking when no data (or space) is available.
-.Sp
 While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
 file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
 descriptors a \*(L"slow\*(R" \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR backend
 might perform better.
 .Sp
-On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
+On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to
-notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
-in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
+specification in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat
-OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
+among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed
+hacks).
+.Sp
+On the negative side, the interface is \fIbizarre\fR \- so bizarre that
+even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling
+function sometimes returns events to the caller even though an error
+occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's
+even documented that way) \- deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where you
+absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you have
+to re-arm the watcher.
+.Sp
+Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.
 .Sp
 This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR in the same way as
 \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR.
 .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_ALL""" 4
 .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_ALL\fR" 4
 .IX Item "EVBACKEND_ALL"
 Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
 with \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_AUTO\*(C'\fR). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
 \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE\*(C'\fR.
 .Sp
-It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
+It is definitely not recommended to use this flag, use whatever
+\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_recommended_backends ()\*(C'\fR returns, or simply do not specify a backend
+at all.
+.ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_MASK""" 4
+.el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_MASK\fR" 4
+.IX Item "EVBACKEND_MASK"
+Not a backend at all, but a mask to select all backend bits from a
+\&\f(CW\*(C`flags\*(C'\fR value, in case you want to mask out any backends from a flags
+value (e.g. when modifying the \f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR environment variable).
 .RE
 .RS 4
 .Sp
 If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
 then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
 This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by
 \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by
 \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_loop\*(C'\fR, in which case it is not thread-safe.
 .Sp
 Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop
-except in the rare occasion where you really need to free it's resources.
+except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources.
 If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR
 and \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_destroy\*(C'\fR.
 .IP "ev_loop_fork (loop)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_loop_fork (loop)"
 This function sets a flag that causes subsequent \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR iterations to
 \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR calls \- and is incremented between the
 prepare and check phases.
 .IP "unsigned int ev_depth (loop)" 4
 .IX Item "unsigned int ev_depth (loop)"
 Returns the number of times \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR was entered minus the number of
-times \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.
+times \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR was exited normally, in other words, the recursion depth.
 .Sp
 Outside \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
 \&\f(CW1\fR, unless \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
 in which case it is higher.
 .Sp
-Leaving \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread
+Leaving \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread,
-etc.), doesn't count as \*(L"exit\*(R" \- consider this as a hint to avoid such
+throwing an exception etc.), doesn't count as \*(L"exit\*(R" \- consider this
-ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really convenient.
+as a hint to avoid such ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really
+convenient, in which case it is fully supported.
 .IP "unsigned int ev_backend (loop)" 4
 .IX Item "unsigned int ev_backend (loop)"
 Returns one of the \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_*\*(C'\fR flags indicating the event backend in
 use.
 .IP "ev_tstamp ev_now (loop)" 4
 finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
 that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
 of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
 beauty.
 .Sp
+This function is also \fImostly\fR exception-safe \- you can break out of
+a \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR call by calling \f(CW\*(C`longjmp\*(C'\fR in a callback, throwing a \*(C+
+exception and so on. This does not decrement the \f(CW\*(C`ev_depth\*(C'\fR value, nor
+will it clear any outstanding \f(CW\*(C`EVBREAK_ONE\*(C'\fR breaks.
+.Sp
 A flags value of \f(CW\*(C`EVRUN_NOWAIT\*(C'\fR will look for new events, will handle
 those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
 block your process in case there are no events and will return after one
 iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new
 events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.
 This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
 with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
 own \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR"). However, a pair of \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR/\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers is
 usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
 .Sp
-Here are the gory details of what \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR does:
+Here are the gory details of what \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR does (this is for your
+understanding, not a guarantee that things will work exactly like this in
+future versions):
 .Sp
 .Vb 10
 \&   \- Increment loop depth.
 \&   \- Reset the ev_break status.
 \&   \- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
 .Sp
 .Vb 4
 \&   ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
 \&   ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
 \&   ev_run (my_loop, 0);
-\&   ... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
+\&   ... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah!
 .Ve
 .IP "ev_break (loop, how)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_break (loop, how)"
 Can be used to make a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR return early (but only after it
 has processed all outstanding events). The \f(CW\*(C`how\*(C'\fR argument must be either
 \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBREAK_ONE\*(C'\fR, which will make the innermost \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR call return, or
 \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBREAK_ALL\*(C'\fR, which will make all nested \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR calls return.
 .Sp
-This \*(L"unloop state\*(R" will be cleared when entering \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR again.
+This \*(L"break state\*(R" will be cleared on the next call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR.
 .Sp
-It is safe to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR from outside any \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR calls. ##TODO##
+It is safe to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR from outside any \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR calls, too, in
+which case it will have no effect.
 .IP "ev_ref (loop)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_ref (loop)"
 .PD 0
 .IP "ev_unref (loop)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_unref (loop)"
 .Sp
 .Vb 4
 \&   ev_signal exitsig;
 \&   ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
 \&   ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
-\&   evf_unref (loop);
+\&   ev_unref (loop);
 .Ve
 .Sp
 Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
 .Sp
 .Vb 2
 overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
 .Sp
 By setting a higher \fIio collect interval\fR you allow libev to spend more
 time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
 at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR and
-\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
+\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR) will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
 introduce an additional \f(CW\*(C`ev_sleep ()\*(C'\fR call into most loop iterations. The
 sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
-once per this interval, on average.
+once per this interval, on average (as long as the host time resolution is
+good enough).
 .Sp
 Likewise, by setting a higher \fItimeout collect interval\fR you allow libev
 to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
 latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
 later). \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
 can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
 each call to a libev function.
 .Sp
 However, \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
 to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
-loop via \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`av_async_send\*(C'\fR, another way is to set these
+loop via \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR, another way is to set these
 \&\fIrelease\fR and \fIacquire\fR callbacks on the loop.
 .Sp
 When set, then \f(CW\*(C`release\*(C'\fR will be called just before the thread is
 suspended waiting for new events, and \f(CW\*(C`acquire\*(C'\fR is called just
 afterwards.
 See also the locking example in the \f(CW\*(C`THREADS\*(C'\fR section later in this
 document.
 .IP "ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)"
 .PD 0
-.IP "ev_userdata (loop)" 4
+.IP "void *ev_userdata (loop)" 4
-.IX Item "ev_userdata (loop)"
+.IX Item "void *ev_userdata (loop)"
 .PD
 Set and retrieve a single \f(CW\*(C`void *\*(C'\fR associated with a loop. When
 \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_set_userdata\*(C'\fR has never been called, then \f(CW\*(C`ev_userdata\*(C'\fR returns
-\&\f(CW0.\fR
+\&\f(CW0\fR.
 .Sp
 These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
 and are intended solely for the \f(CW\*(C`invoke_pending_cb\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`release\*(C'\fR and
 \&\f(CW\*(C`acquire\*(C'\fR callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab\-)used for
 any other purpose as well.
 \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_clear_pending\*(C'\fR will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was
 not started in the first place.
 .Sp
 See also \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_fd_event\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal_event\*(C'\fR for related
 functions that do not need a watcher.
-.SS "\s-1ASSOCIATING\s0 \s-1CUSTOM\s0 \s-1DATA\s0 \s-1WITH\s0 A \s-1WATCHER\s0"
-.IX Subsection "ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER"
-Each watcher has, by default, a member \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR that you can change
-and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
-to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
-don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
-member, you can also \*(L"subclass\*(R" the watcher type and provide your own
-data:
 .PP
-.Vb 7
+See also the \*(L"\s-1ASSOCIATING\s0 \s-1CUSTOM\s0 \s-1DATA\s0 \s-1WITH\s0 A \s-1WATCHER\s0\*(R" and \*(L"\s-1BUILDING\s0 \s-1YOUR\s0
-\&   struct my_io
+\&\s-1OWN\s0 \s-1COMPOSITE\s0 \s-1WATCHERS\s0\*(R" idioms.
-\&   {
-\&     ev_io io;
-\&     int otherfd;
-\&     void *somedata;
-\&     struct whatever *mostinteresting;
-\&   };
-\&
-\&   ...
-\&   struct my_io w;
-\&   ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
-.Ve
-.PP
-And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
-can cast it back to your own type:
-.PP
-.Vb 5
-\&   static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
-\&   {
-\&     struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
-\&     ...
-\&   }
-.Ve
-.PP
-More interesting and less C\-conformant ways of casting your callback type
-instead have been omitted.
-.PP
-Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
-embedded watchers:
-.PP
-.Vb 6
-\&   struct my_biggy
-\&   {
-\&     int some_data;
-\&     ev_timer t1;
-\&     ev_timer t2;
-\&   }
-.Ve
-.PP
-In this case getting the pointer to \f(CW\*(C`my_biggy\*(C'\fR is a bit more
-complicated: Either you store the address of your \f(CW\*(C`my_biggy\*(C'\fR struct
-in the \f(CW\*(C`data\*(C'\fR member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
-some pointer arithmetic using \f(CW\*(C`offsetof\*(C'\fR inside your watchers (for real
-programmers):
-.PP
-.Vb 1
-\&   #include <stddef.h>
-\&
-\&   static void
-\&   t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
-\&   {
-\&     struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
-\&       (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
-\&   }
-\&
-\&   static void
-\&   t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
-\&   {
-\&     struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
-\&       (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
-\&   }
-.Ve
 .SS "\s-1WATCHER\s0 \s-1STATES\s0"
 .IX Subsection "WATCHER STATES"
 There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual \-
 active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
 transition between them will be described in more detail \- and while these
 rules might look complicated, they usually do \*(L"the right thing\*(R".
 .IP "initialiased" 4
 .IX Item "initialiased"
-Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be
+Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be
 initialised. This can be done with a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init\*(C'\fR, or calls to
 \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR followed by the watcher-specific \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR function.
 .Sp
-In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use
+In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for
-in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will.
+use in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at
+will \- as long as you either keep the memory contents intact, or call
+\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init\*(C'\fR again.
 .IP "started/running/active" 4
 .IX Item "started/running/active"
 Once a watcher has been started with a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_start\*(C'\fR it becomes
 property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
 this state it cannot be accessed (except in a few documented ways), moved,
 latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
 of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
 freeing it is often a good idea.
 .Sp
 While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
-initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
+initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
-you wish.
+you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init\*(C'\fR
+it again).
 .SS "\s-1WATCHER\s0 \s-1PRIORITY\s0 \s-1MODELS\s0"
 .IX Subsection "WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS"
 Many event loops support \fIwatcher priorities\fR, which are usually small
 integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
 between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
 In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
 fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
 descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
 required if you know what you are doing).
 .PP
-If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
-known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
-\&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR). The same applies to file
-descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
-files) \- libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case.
-.PP
 Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
-receive \*(L"spurious\*(R" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
+receive \*(L"spurious\*(R" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might
 be called with \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR but a subsequent \f(CW\*(C`read\*(C'\fR(2) will actually block
-because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
+because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even
-lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
+with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always
-this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
+use non-blocking I/O: An extra \f(CW\*(C`read\*(C'\fR(2) returning \f(CW\*(C`EAGAIN\*(C'\fR is far
-it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra \f(CW\*(C`read\*(C'\fR(2) returning
-\&\f(CW\*(C`EAGAIN\*(C'\fR is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
+preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
 .PP
 If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
 not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
 re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
-interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already
+interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does
-does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
+this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
 use \f(CW\*(C`SIGALRM\*(C'\fR and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
 indefinitely.
 .PP
 But really, best use non-blocking mode.
 .PP
 .PP
 There is no workaround possible except not registering events
 for potentially \f(CW\*(C`dup ()\*(C'\fR'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
 \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR.
 .PP
+\fIThe special problem of files\fR
+.IX Subsection "The special problem of files"
+.PP
+Many people try to use \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR (or libev) on file descriptors
+representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program
+doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own).
+.PP
+However, this cannot ever work in the \*(L"expected\*(R" way \- you get a readiness
+notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is
+there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you
+always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly
+write) will still block on the disk I/O.
+.PP
+Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character
+devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data
+on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk
+will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you
+wish to read \- you would first have to request some data.
+.PP
+Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification
+mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate \s-1POSIX\s0 behaviour with respect
+to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is
+convenience: sometimes you want to watch \s-1STDIN\s0 or \s-1STDOUT\s0, which is
+usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices
+(for example, \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR on Linux works with \fI/dev/random\fR but not with
+\&\fI/dev/urandom\fR), and even though the file might better be served with
+asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when
+it \*(L"just works\*(R" instead of freezing.
+.PP
+So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use
+libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for \s-1STDIN/STDOUT\s0, or
+when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to
+reuse the same code path.
+.PP
 \fIThe special problem of fork\fR
 .IX Subsection "The special problem of fork"
 .PP
 Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR at all or exhibit
 useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
-it in the child.
+it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the child.
 .PP
-To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
+To support fork in your child processes, you have to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork
-\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork ()\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork ()\*(C'\fR after a fork in the child,
+()\*(C'\fR after a fork in the child, enable \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR, or resort to
-enable \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR, or resort to \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or
+\&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR.
-\&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR.
 .PP
 \fIThe special problem of \s-1SIGPIPE\s0\fR
 .IX Subsection "The special problem of SIGPIPE"
 .PP
 While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about \f(CW\*(C`SIGPIPE\*(C'\fR:
 detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
 monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
 .PP
 The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only \fIafter\fR its timeout has
 passed (not \fIat\fR, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
-might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the
+might introduce a small delay, see \*(L"the special problem of being too
+early\*(R", below). If multiple timers become ready during the same loop
-same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked
+iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked before
-before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is
+ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is no
-no longer true when a callback calls \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR recursively).
+longer true when a callback calls \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR recursively).
 .PP
 \fIBe smart about timeouts\fR
 .IX Subsection "Be smart about timeouts"
 .PP
 Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
 .Sp
 In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR alone,
 but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
 within the callback:
 .Sp
-.Vb 1
+.Vb 3
+\&   ev_tstamp timeout = 60.;
 \&   ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
+\&   ev_timer timer;
 \&
 \&   static void
 \&   callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
 \&   {
-\&     ev_tstamp now     = ev_now (EV_A);
+\&     // calculate when the timeout would happen
-\&     ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
+\&     ev_tstamp after = last_activity \- ev_now (EV_A) + timeout;
 \&
-\&     // if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out
+\&     // if negative, it means we the timeout already occured
-\&     if (timeout < now)
+\&     if (after < 0.)
 \&       {
 \&         // timeout occurred, take action
 \&       }
 \&     else
 \&       {
-\&         // callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re\-arm
+\&         // callback was invoked, but there was some recent
-\&         // the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
+\&         // activity. simply restart the timer to time out
-\&         // guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
+\&         // after "after" seconds, which is the earliest time
-\&         w\->repeat = timeout \- now;
+\&         // the timeout can occur.
+\&         ev_timer_set (w, after, 0.);
-\&         ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
+\&         ev_timer_start (EV_A_ w);
 \&       }
 \&   }
 .Ve
 .Sp
-To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
+To summarise the callback: first calculate in how many seconds the
-as \*(L"60 seconds after the last activity\*(R"), then check if that time has
+timeout will occur (by calculating the absolute time when it would occur,
-been reached, which means something \fIdid\fR, in fact, time out. Otherwise
+\&\f(CW\*(C`last_activity + timeout\*(C'\fR, and subtracting the current time, \f(CW\*(C`ev_now
-the callback was invoked too early (\f(CW\*(C`timeout\*(C'\fR is in the future), so
+(EV_A)\*(C'\fR from that).
-re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
-a timeout then.
 .Sp
-Note how \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR is used, taking advantage of the
+If this value is negative, then we are already past the timeout, i.e. we
-\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_again\*(C'\fR optimisation when the timer is already running.
+timed out, and need to do whatever is needed in this case.
+.Sp
+Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger,
+and simply start the timer with this timeout value.
+.Sp
+In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether
+the timeout cocured. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check
+again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat.
 .Sp
 This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
 minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
 libev to change the timeout.
 .Sp
-To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set \f(CW\*(C`last_activity\*(C'\fR
+To start the machinery, simply initialise the watcher and set
-to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
+\&\f(CW\*(C`last_activity\*(C'\fR to the current time (meaning there was some activity just
-callback, which will \*(L"do the right thing\*(R" and start the timer:
+now), then call the callback, which will \*(L"do the right thing\*(R" and start
+the timer:
 .Sp
 .Vb 3
+\&   last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
-\&   ev_init (timer, callback);
+\&   ev_init (&timer, callback);
-\&   last_activity = ev_now (loop);
+\&   callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
-\&   callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
 .Ve
 .Sp
-And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
+When there is some activity, simply store the current time in
 \&\f(CW\*(C`last_activity\*(C'\fR, no libev calls at all:
 .Sp
-.Vb 1
+.Vb 2
+\&   if (activity detected)
-\&   last_activity = ev_now (loop);
+\&     last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
+.Ve
+.Sp
+When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply
+providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which
+will agaion do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :).
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\&   timeout = new_value;
+\&   ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer);
+\&   callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
 .Ve
 .Sp
 This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
 time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
-.Sp
-Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
-callback :) \- just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
-fix things for you.
 .IP "4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts." 4
 .IX Item "4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts."
 If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
 employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
 do even better:
 Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
 rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
 off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
 overkill :)
 .PP
+\fIThe special problem of being too early\fR
+.IX Subsection "The special problem of being too early"
+.PP
+If you ask a timer to call your callback after three seconds, then
+you expect it to be invoked after three seconds \- but of course, this
+cannot be guaranteed to infinite precision. Less obviously, it cannot be
+guaranteed to any precision by libev \- imagine somebody suspending the
+process with a \s-1STOP\s0 signal for a few hours for example.
+.PP
+So, libev tries to invoke your callback as soon as possible \fIafter\fR the
+delay has occurred, but cannot guarantee this.
+.PP
+A less obvious failure mode is calling your callback too early: many event
+loops compare timestamps with a \*(L"elapsed delay >= requested delay\*(R", but
+this can cause your callback to be invoked much earlier than you would
+expect.
+.PP
+To see why, imagine a system with a clock that only offers full second
+resolution (think windows if you can't come up with a broken enough \s-1OS\s0
+yourself). If you schedule a one-second timer at the time 500.9, then the
+event loop will schedule your timeout to elapse at a system time of 500
+(500.9 truncated to the resolution) + 1, or 501.
+.PP
+If an event library looks at the timeout 0.1s later, it will see \*(L"501 >=
+501\*(R" and invoke the callback 0.1s after it was started, even though a
+one-second delay was requested \- this is being \*(L"too early\*(R", despite best
+intentions.
+.PP
+This is the reason why libev will never invoke the callback if the elapsed
+delay equals the requested delay, but only when the elapsed delay is
+larger than the requested delay. In the example above, libev would only invoke
+the callback at system time 502, or 1.1s after the timer was started.
+.PP
+So, while libev cannot guarantee that your callback will be invoked
+exactly when requested, it \fIcan\fR and \fIdoes\fR guarantee that the requested
+delay has actually elapsed, or in other words, it always errs on the \*(L"too
+late\*(R" side of things.
+.PP
 \fIThe special problem of time updates\fR
 .IX Subsection "The special problem of time updates"
 .PP
-Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
+Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes
-least two system calls): \s-1EV\s0 therefore updates its idea of the current
+at least one system call): \s-1EV\s0 therefore updates its idea of the current
 time only before and after \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR collects new events, which causes a
 growing difference between \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_time ()\*(C'\fR when handling
 lots of events in one iteration.
 .PP
 The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR
 .Ve
 .PP
 If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
 update of the time returned by \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_now_update
 ()\*(C'\fR.
+.PP
+\fIThe special problem of unsynchronised clocks\fR
+.IX Subsection "The special problem of unsynchronised clocks"
+.PP
+Modern systems have a variety of clocks \- libev itself uses the normal
+\&\*(L"wall clock\*(R" clock and, if available, the monotonic clock (to avoid time
+jumps).
+.PP
+Neither of these clocks is synchronised with each other or any other clock
+on the system, so \f(CW\*(C`ev_time ()\*(C'\fR might return a considerably different time
+than \f(CW\*(C`gettimeofday ()\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`time ()\*(C'\fR. On a GNU/Linux system, for example,
+a call to \f(CW\*(C`gettimeofday\*(C'\fR might return a second count that is one higher
+than a directly following call to \f(CW\*(C`time\*(C'\fR.
+.PP
+The moral of this is to only compare libev-related timestamps with
+\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_time ()\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR, at least if you want better precision than
+a second or so.
+.PP
+One more problem arises due to this lack of synchronisation: if libev uses
+the system monotonic clock and you compare timestamps from \f(CW\*(C`ev_time\*(C'\fR
+or \f(CW\*(C`ev_now\*(C'\fR from when you started your timer and when your callback is
+invoked, you will find that sometimes the callback is a bit \*(L"early\*(R".
+.PP
+This is because \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fRs work in real time, not wall clock time, so
+libev makes sure your callback is not invoked before the delay happened,
+\&\fImeasured according to the real time\fR, not the system clock.
+.PP
+If your timeouts are based on a physical timescale (e.g. \*(L"time out this
+connection after 100 seconds\*(R") then this shouldn't bother you as it is
+exactly the right behaviour.
+.PP
+If you want to compare wall clock/system timestamps to your timers, then
+you need to use \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fRs, as these are based on the wall clock
+time, where your comparisons will always generate correct results.
 .PP
 \fIThe special problems of suspended animation\fR
 .IX Subsection "The special problems of suspended animation"
 .PP
 When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
 trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
 keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
 do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
 .IP "ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)"
-This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
+This will act as if the timer timed out, and restarts it again if it is
-repeating. The exact semantics are:
+repeating. It basically works like calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_stop\*(C'\fR, updating the
+timeout to the \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value and calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer_start\*(C'\fR.
 .Sp
+The exact semantics are as in the following rules, all of which will be
+applied to the watcher:
+.RS 4
-If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
+.IP "If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared." 4
-.Sp
+.IX Item "If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared."
+.PD 0
-If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
+.IP "If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out, without invoking it)." 4
-.Sp
+.IX Item "If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out, without invoking it)."
-If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
+.ie n .IP "If the timer is repeating, make the ""repeat"" value the new timeout and start the timer, if necessary." 4
-\&\f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value), or reset the running timer to the \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR value.
+.el .IP "If the timer is repeating, make the \f(CWrepeat\fR value the new timeout and start the timer, if necessary." 4
+.IX Item "If the timer is repeating, make the repeat value the new timeout and start the timer, if necessary."
+.RE
+.RS 4
+.PD
 .Sp
 This sounds a bit complicated, see \*(L"Be smart about timeouts\*(R", above, for a
 usage example.
+.RE
 .IP "ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)"
 Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
 then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's
 the timeout value currently configured.
 .Sp
 Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
 \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
 time where \f(CW\*(C`time = offset (mod interval)\*(C'\fR, regardless of any time jumps.
 .Sp
-For numerical stability it is preferable that the \f(CW\*(C`offset\*(C'\fR value is near
+The \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR \fI\s-1MUST\s0\fR be positive, and for numerical stability, the
-\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
+interval value should be higher than \f(CW\*(C`1/8192\*(C'\fR (which is around 100
-this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
+microseconds) and \f(CW\*(C`offset\*(C'\fR should be higher than \f(CW0\fR and should have
+at most a similar magnitude as the current time (say, within a factor of
+ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, \f(CW0\fR or something between
+\&\f(CW0\fR and \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR, which is also the recommended range.
 .Sp
 Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (\s-1CPU\s0
 speed for example), so if \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR is very small then timing stability
 will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
 millisecond (if the \s-1OS\s0 supports it and the machine is fast enough).
 .ie n .SS """ev_signal"" \- signal me when a signal gets signalled!"
 .el .SS "\f(CWev_signal\fP \- signal me when a signal gets signalled!"
 .IX Subsection "ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled!"
 Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
 signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
-will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
+will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
 normal event processing, like any other event.
 .PP
 If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
 \&\f(CW\*(C`sigaction\*(C'\fR as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
 the signal. You can even use \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR from a signal handler to
 .IX Subsection "The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create"
 .PP
 Both the signal mask (\f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR) and the signal disposition
 (\f(CW\*(C`sigaction\*(C'\fR) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
 stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
-and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.
+and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but
+see \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK\*(C'\fR).
 .PP
 While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
 sets signals to \f(CW\*(C`SIG_IGN\*(C'\fR, so handlers will be reset to \f(CW\*(C`SIG_DFL\*(C'\fR on
 \&\f(CW\*(C`execve\*(C'\fR), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
 certain signals to be blocked.
 \&\fIhas\fR to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.
 .PP
 So I can't stress this enough: \fIIf you do not reset your signal mask when
 you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code\fR. This
 is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
+.PP
+\fIThe special problem of threads signal handling\fR
+.IX Subsection "The special problem of threads signal handling"
+.PP
+\&\s-1POSIX\s0 threads has problematic signal handling semantics, specifically,
+a lot of functionality (sigfd, sigwait etc.) only really works if all
+threads in a process block signals, which is hard to achieve.
+.PP
+When you want to use sigwait (or mix libev signal handling with your own
+for the same signals), you can tackle this problem by globally blocking
+all signals before creating any threads (or creating them with a fully set
+sigprocmask) and also specifying the \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK\*(C'\fR when creating
+loops. Then designate one thread as \*(L"signal receiver thread\*(R" which handles
+these signals. You can pass on any signals that libev might be interested
+in by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal\*(C'\fR.
 .PP
 \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR
 .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members"
 .IP "ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)"
 \&   atexit (program_exits);
 .Ve
 .ie n .SS """ev_async"" \- how to wake up an event loop"
 .el .SS "\f(CWev_async\fP \- how to wake up an event loop"
 .IX Subsection "ev_async - how to wake up an event loop"
-In general, you cannot use an \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR from multiple threads or other
+In general, you cannot use an \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop\*(C'\fR from multiple threads or other
 asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
 loops \- those are of course safe to use in different threads).
 .PP
 Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
 for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR
 it by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR, which is thread\- and signal safe.
 .PP
 This functionality is very similar to \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR watchers, as signals,
 too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
 (i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
-\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async_sent\*(C'\fR calls).
+\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async_sent\*(C'\fR calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind
-.PP
+of \*(L"global async watchers\*(R" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused
-Unlike \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR watchers, \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR works with any event loop, not
+signal, and \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal\*(C'\fR to signal this watcher from another thread,
-just the default loop.
+even without knowing which loop owns the signal.
 .PP
 \fIQueueing\fR
 .IX Subsection "Queueing"
 .PP
 \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
 kind. There is a \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_set\*(C'\fR macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
 trust me.
 .IP "ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)"
 Sends/signals/activates the given \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher, that is, feeds
-an \f(CW\*(C`EV_ASYNC\*(C'\fR event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
+an \f(CW\*(C`EV_ASYNC\*(C'\fR event on the watcher into the event loop, and instantly
+returns.
+.Sp
-\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_event\*(C'\fR, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
+Unlike \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_event\*(C'\fR, this call is safe to do from other threads,
-similar contexts (see the discussion of \f(CW\*(C`EV_ATOMIC_T\*(C'\fR in the embedding
+signal or similar contexts (see the discussion of \f(CW\*(C`EV_ATOMIC_T\*(C'\fR in the
-section below on what exactly this means).
+embedding section below on what exactly this means).
 .Sp
 Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
-compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
+compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at
-is that \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers are level-triggered, set on \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR,
+this is that \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers are level-triggered: they are set on
-reset when the event loop detects that).
+\&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR, reset when the event loop detects that).
 .Sp
-This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop
+This call incurs the overhead of at most one extra system call per event
-iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to
+loop iteration, if the event loop is blocked, and no syscall at all if
-repeated calls to \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR for the same event loop.
+the event loop (or your program) is processing events. That means that
+repeated calls are basically free (there is no need to avoid calls for
+performance reasons) and that the overhead becomes smaller (typically
+zero) under load.
 .IP "bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)" 4
 .IX Item "bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)"
 Returns a non-zero value when \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR has been called on the
 watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
 event loop.
 \&   ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
 .Ve
 .IP "ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)"
 Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
-the given events it.
+the given events.
 .IP "ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)" 4
 .IX Item "ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)"
-Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (\f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR must be the default
+Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal\*(C'\fR,
-loop!).
+which is async-safe.
+.SH "COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)"
+.IX Header "COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)"
+This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately
+obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this
+section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.
+.SS "\s-1ASSOCIATING\s0 \s-1CUSTOM\s0 \s-1DATA\s0 \s-1WITH\s0 A \s-1WATCHER\s0"
+.IX Subsection "ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER"
+Each watcher has, by default, a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member that you can read
+or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
+to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
+don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that
+data member, you can also \*(L"subclass\*(R" the watcher type and provide your own
+data:
+.PP
+.Vb 7
+\&   struct my_io
+\&   {
+\&     ev_io io;
+\&     int otherfd;
+\&     void *somedata;
+\&     struct whatever *mostinteresting;
+\&   };
+\&
+\&   ...
+\&   struct my_io w;
+\&   ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
+.Ve
+.PP
+And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
+can cast it back to your own type:
+.PP
+.Vb 5
+\&   static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
+\&   {
+\&     struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
+\&     ...
+\&   }
+.Ve
+.PP
+More interesting and less C\-conformant ways of casting your callback
+function type instead have been omitted.
+.SS "\s-1BUILDING\s0 \s-1YOUR\s0 \s-1OWN\s0 \s-1COMPOSITE\s0 \s-1WATCHERS\s0"
+.IX Subsection "BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS"
+Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
+embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines
+multiple libev event sources into one \*(L"super-watcher\*(R":
+.PP
+.Vb 6
+\&   struct my_biggy
+\&   {
+\&     int some_data;
+\&     ev_timer t1;
+\&     ev_timer t2;
+\&   }
+.Ve
+.PP
+In this case getting the pointer to \f(CW\*(C`my_biggy\*(C'\fR is a bit more
+complicated: Either you store the address of your \f(CW\*(C`my_biggy\*(C'\fR struct in
+the \f(CW\*(C`data\*(C'\fR member of the watcher (for woozies or \*(C+ coders), or you need
+to use some pointer arithmetic using \f(CW\*(C`offsetof\*(C'\fR inside your watchers (for
+real programmers):
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\&   #include <stddef.h>
+\&
+\&   static void
+\&   t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
+\&   {
+\&     struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
+\&       (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
+\&   }
+\&
+\&   static void
+\&   t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
+\&   {
+\&     struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
+\&       (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
+\&   }
+.Ve
+.SS "\s-1AVOIDING\s0 \s-1FINISHING\s0 \s-1BEFORE\s0 \s-1RETURNING\s0"
+.IX Subsection "AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING"
+Often you have structures like this in event-based programs:
+.PP
+.Vb 4
+\&  callback ()
+\&  {
+\&    free (request);
+\&  }
+\&
+\&  request = start_new_request (..., callback);
+.Ve
+.PP
+The intent is to start some \*(L"lengthy\*(R" operation. The \f(CW\*(C`request\*(C'\fR could be
+used to cancel the operation, or do other things with it.
+.PP
+It's not uncommon to have code paths in \f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR that
+immediately invoke the callback, for example, to report errors. Or you add
+some caching layer that finds that it can skip the lengthy aspects of the
+operation and simply invoke the callback with the result.
+.PP
+The problem here is that this will happen \fIbefore\fR \f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR
+has returned, so \f(CW\*(C`request\*(C'\fR is not set.
+.PP
+Even if you pass the request by some safer means to the callback, you
+might want to do something to the request after starting it, such as
+canceling it, which probably isn't working so well when the callback has
+already been invoked.
+.PP
+A common way around all these issues is to make sure that
+\&\f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR \fIalways\fR returns before the callback is invoked. If
+\&\f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR immediately knows the result, it can artificially
+delay invoking the callback by e.g. using a \f(CW\*(C`prepare\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`idle\*(C'\fR watcher
+for example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher
+and pushing it into the pending queue:
+.PP
+.Vb 2
+\&   ev_set_cb (watcher, callback);
+\&   ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0);
+.Ve
+.PP
+This way, \f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR can safely return before the callback is
+invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much.
+.SS "\s-1MODEL/NESTED\s0 \s-1EVENT\s0 \s-1LOOP\s0 \s-1INVOCATIONS\s0 \s-1AND\s0 \s-1EXIT\s0 \s-1CONDITIONS\s0"
+.IX Subsection "MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS"
+Often (especially in \s-1GUI\s0 toolkits) there are places where you have
+\&\fImodal\fR interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively
+invoking \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR.
+.PP
+This brings the problem of exiting \- a callback might want to finish the
+main \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked \*(L"Quit\*(R", but
+a modal \*(L"Are you sure?\*(R" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one
+and not the main one (e.g. user clocked \*(L"Ok\*(R" in a modal dialog), or some
+other combination: In these cases, \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR will not work alone.
+.PP
+The solution is to maintain \*(L"break this loop\*(R" variable for each \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR
+invocation, and use a loop around \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR until the condition is
+triggered, using \f(CW\*(C`EVRUN_ONCE\*(C'\fR:
+.PP
+.Vb 2
+\&   // main loop
+\&   int exit_main_loop = 0;
+\&
+\&   while (!exit_main_loop)
+\&     ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);
+\&
+\&   // in a modal watcher
+\&   int exit_nested_loop = 0;
+\&
+\&   while (!exit_nested_loop)
+\&     ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);
+.Ve
+.PP
+To exit from any of these loops, just set the corresponding exit variable:
+.PP
+.Vb 2
+\&   // exit modal loop
+\&   exit_nested_loop = 1;
+\&
+\&   // exit main program, after modal loop is finished
+\&   exit_main_loop = 1;
+\&
+\&   // exit both
+\&   exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;
+.Ve
+.SS "\s-1THREAD\s0 \s-1LOCKING\s0 \s-1EXAMPLE\s0"
+.IX Subsection "THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE"
+Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
+thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
+created/added/removed.
+.PP
+For a real-world example, see the \f(CW\*(C`EV::Loop::Async\*(C'\fR perl module,
+which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
+languages).
+.PP
+The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
+variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
+event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
+.PP
+First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
+.PP
+.Vb 6
+\&   typedef struct {
+\&     mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
+\&     ev_async async_w;
+\&     thread_t tid;
+\&     cond_t invoke_cv;
+\&   } userdata;
+\&
+\&   void prepare_loop (EV_P)
+\&   {
+\&      // for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
+\&      static userdata u;
+\&
+\&      ev_async_init (&u\->async_w, async_cb);
+\&      ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u\->async_w);
+\&
+\&      pthread_mutex_init (&u\->lock, 0);
+\&      pthread_cond_init (&u\->invoke_cv, 0);
+\&
+\&      // now associate this with the loop
+\&      ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
+\&      ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
+\&      ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
+\&
+\&      // then create the thread running ev_run
+\&      pthread_create (&u\->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
+\&   }
+.Ve
+.PP
+The callback for the \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
+solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
+that might have been added:
+.PP
+.Vb 5
+\&   static void
+\&   async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
+\&   {
+\&      // just used for the side effects
+\&   }
+.Ve
+.PP
+The \f(CW\*(C`l_release\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`l_acquire\*(C'\fR callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
+protecting the loop data, respectively.
+.PP
+.Vb 6
+\&   static void
+\&   l_release (EV_P)
+\&   {
+\&     userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
+\&     pthread_mutex_unlock (&u\->lock);
+\&   }
+\&
+\&   static void
+\&   l_acquire (EV_P)
+\&   {
+\&     userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
+\&     pthread_mutex_lock (&u\->lock);
+\&   }
+.Ve
+.PP
+The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
+into \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR:
+.PP
+.Vb 4
+\&   void *
+\&   l_run (void *thr_arg)
+\&   {
+\&     struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
+\&
+\&     l_acquire (EV_A);
+\&     pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
+\&     ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
+\&     l_release (EV_A);
+\&
+\&     return 0;
+\&   }
+.Ve
+.PP
+Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the \f(CW\*(C`l_invoke\*(C'\fR callback will
+signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
+writes? \f(CW\*(C`Async::Interrupt\*(C'\fR?) and then waits until all pending watchers
+have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
+and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
+watchers is very beneficial):
+.PP
+.Vb 4
+\&   static void
+\&   l_invoke (EV_P)
+\&   {
+\&     userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
+\&
+\&     while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
+\&       {
+\&         wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
+\&         pthread_cond_wait (&u\->invoke_cv, &u\->lock);
+\&       }
+\&   }
+.Ve
+.PP
+Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
+will grab the lock, call \f(CW\*(C`ev_invoke_pending\*(C'\fR and then signal the loop
+thread to continue:
+.PP
+.Vb 4
+\&   static void
+\&   real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
+\&   {
+\&     userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
+\&
+\&     pthread_mutex_lock (&u\->lock);
+\&     ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
+\&     pthread_cond_signal (&u\->invoke_cv);
+\&     pthread_mutex_unlock (&u\->lock);
+\&   }
+.Ve
+.PP
+Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
+event loop, you will now have to lock:
+.PP
+.Vb 2
+\&   ev_timer timeout_watcher;
+\&   userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
+\&
+\&   ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
+\&
+\&   pthread_mutex_lock (&u\->lock);
+\&   ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
+\&   ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u\->async_w);
+\&   pthread_mutex_unlock (&u\->lock);
+.Ve
+.PP
+Note that sending the \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher is required because otherwise
+an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
+about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
+watchers in the next event loop iteration.
+.SS "\s-1THREADS\s0, \s-1COROUTINES\s0, \s-1CONTINUATIONS\s0, \s-1QUEUES\s0... \s-1INSTEAD\s0 \s-1OF\s0 \s-1CALLBACKS\s0"
+.IX Subsection "THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS"
+While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it
+is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some
+kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that
+doesn't need callbacks anymore.
+.PP
+Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function
+\&\f(CW\*(C`switch_to (coro)\*(C'\fR, that libev runs in a coroutine called \f(CW\*(C`libev_coro\*(C'\fR
+and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a
+global called \f(CW\*(C`current_coro\*(C'\fR. Then you can build your own \*(L"wait for libev
+event\*(R" primitive by changing \f(CW\*(C`EV_CB_DECLARE\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_CB_INVOKE\*(C'\fR (note
+the differing \f(CW\*(C`;\*(C'\fR conventions):
+.PP
+.Vb 2
+\&   #define EV_CB_DECLARE(type)   struct my_coro *cb;
+\&   #define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)\->cb)
+.Ve
+.PP
+That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the
+coroutine to switch to in each watcher, and instead of having libev call
+your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine.
+.PP
+A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called
+\&\f(CW\*(C`wait_for_event\*(C'\fR. (the watcher needs to be started, as always, but it doesn't
+matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this function is
+called):
+.PP
+.Vb 6
+\&   void
+\&   wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w)
+\&   {
+\&     ev_cb_set (w) = current_coro;
+\&     switch_to (libev_coro);
+\&   }
+.Ve
+.PP
+That basically suspends the coroutine inside \f(CW\*(C`wait_for_event\*(C'\fR and
+continues the libev coroutine, which, when appropriate, switches back to
+this or any other coroutine.
+.PP
+You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue \-
+instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of
+switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify
+any waiters.
+.PP
+To embed libev, see \s-1EMBEDDING\s0, but in short, it's easiest to create two
+files, \fImy_ev.h\fR and \fImy_ev.c\fR that include the respective libev files:
+.PP
+.Vb 4
+\&   // my_ev.h
+\&   #define EV_CB_DECLARE(type)   struct my_coro *cb;
+\&   #define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)\->cb);
+\&   #include "../libev/ev.h"
+\&
+\&   // my_ev.c
+\&   #define EV_H "my_ev.h"
+\&   #include "../libev/ev.c"
+.Ve
+.PP
+And then use \fImy_ev.h\fR when you would normally use \fIev.h\fR, and compile
+\&\fImy_ev.c\fR into your project. When properly specifying include paths, you
+can even use \fIev.h\fR as header file name directly.
 .SH "LIBEVENT EMULATION"
 .IX Header "LIBEVENT EMULATION"
 Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
 emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+Only the libevent\-1.4.1\-beta \s-1API\s0 is being emulated.
+.Sp
+This was the newest libevent version available when libev was implemented,
+and is still mostly unchanged in 2010.
 .IP "\(bu" 4
 Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.
 .IP "\(bu" 4
 The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,
 ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.
 Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
 will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
 is an ev_pri field.
 .IP "\(bu" 4
 In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
-first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
+base that registered the signal gets the signals.
 .IP "\(bu" 4
 Other members are not supported.
 .IP "\(bu" 4
 The libev emulation is \fInot\fR \s-1ABI\s0 compatible to libevent, you need
 to use the libev header file and library.
 Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the \*(C+
 classes add (compared to plain C\-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
 that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
 you disable \f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR when embedding libev).
 .PP
-Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
+Currently, functions, static and non-static member functions and classes
-used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
+with \f(CW\*(C`operator ()\*(C'\fR can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy
-need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
+to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If
-types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
+you need support for other types of functors please contact the author
-it).
+(preferably after implementing it).
+.PP
+For all this to work, your \*(C+ compiler either has to use the same calling
+conventions as your C compiler (for static member functions), or you have
+to embed libev and compile libev itself as \*(C+.
 .PP
 Here is a list of things available in the \f(CW\*(C`ev\*(C'\fR namespace:
 .ie n .IP """ev::READ"", ""ev::WRITE"" etc." 4
 .el .IP "\f(CWev::READ\fR, \f(CWev::WRITE\fR etc." 4
 .IX Item "ev::READ, ev::WRITE etc."
 .el .IP "\f(CWev::io\fR, \f(CWev::timer\fR, \f(CWev::periodic\fR, \f(CWev::idle\fR, \f(CWev::sig\fR etc." 4
 .IX Item "ev::io, ev::timer, ev::periodic, ev::idle, ev::sig etc."
 For each \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE\*(C'\fR watcher in \fIev.h\fR there is a corresponding class of
 the same name in the \f(CW\*(C`ev\*(C'\fR namespace, with the exception of \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR
 which is called \f(CW\*(C`ev::sig\*(C'\fR to avoid clashes with the \f(CW\*(C`signal\*(C'\fR macro
-defines by many implementations.
+defined by many implementations.
 .Sp
 All of those classes have these methods:
 .RS 4
 .IP "ev::TYPE::TYPE ()" 4
 .IX Item "ev::TYPE::TYPE ()"
 .PP
 .Vb 5
 \&   class myclass
 \&   {
 \&     ev::io   io  ; void io_cb   (ev::io   &w, int revents);
-\&     ev::io2  io2 ; void io2_cb  (ev::io   &w, int revents);
+\&     ev::io   io2 ; void io2_cb  (ev::io   &w, int revents);
 \&     ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
 \&
 \&     myclass (int fd)
 \&     {
 \&       io  .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb  > (this);
 Roger Pack reports that using the link order \f(CW\*(C`\-lws2_32 \-lmsvcrt\-ruby\-190\*(C'\fR
 makes rev work even on mingw.
 .IP "Haskell" 4
 .IX Item "Haskell"
 A haskell binding to libev is available at
-<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi\-bin/hackage\-scripts/package/hlibev>.
+http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi\-bin/hackage\-scripts/package/hlibev <http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
 .IP "D" 4
 .IX Item "D"
 Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (\fIev.d\fR) for libev, to
-be found at <http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
+be found at <http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>.
 .IP "Ocaml" 4
 .IX Item "Ocaml"
 Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
-<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml\-ev/>.
+http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml\-ev/ <http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
 .IP "Lua" 4
 .IX Item "Lua"
 Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
 time of this writing, only \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR), to be found at
-<http://github.com/brimworks/lua\-ev>.
+http://github.com/brimworks/lua\-ev <http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
 .SH "MACRO MAGIC"
 .IX Header "MACRO MAGIC"
 Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
 of which is \f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR. This option determines whether (most)
 functions and callbacks have an initial \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR argument.
 suitable for use with \f(CW\*(C`EV_A\*(C'\fR.
 .ie n .IP """EV_DEFAULT"", ""EV_DEFAULT_""" 4
 .el .IP "\f(CWEV_DEFAULT\fR, \f(CWEV_DEFAULT_\fR" 4
 .IX Item "EV_DEFAULT, EV_DEFAULT_"
 Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
-loop, if multiple loops are supported (\*(L"ev loop default\*(R").
+loop, if multiple loops are supported (\*(L"ev loop default\*(R"). The default loop
+will be initialised if it isn't already initialised.
+.Sp
+For non-multiplicity builds, these macros do nothing, so you always have
+to initialise the loop somewhere.
 .ie n .IP """EV_DEFAULT_UC"", ""EV_DEFAULT_UC_""" 4
 .el .IP "\f(CWEV_DEFAULT_UC\fR, \f(CWEV_DEFAULT_UC_\fR" 4
 .IX Item "EV_DEFAULT_UC, EV_DEFAULT_UC_"
 Usage identical to \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT_\*(C'\fR, but requires that the
 default loop has been initialised (\f(CW\*(C`UC\*(C'\fR == unchecked). Their behaviour
 supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
 \&\fIevent.h\fR that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
 .Sp
 In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
 configuration, but has to be more conservative.
+.IP "\s-1EV_USE_FLOOR\s0" 4
+.IX Item "EV_USE_FLOOR"
+If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will use the \f(CW\*(C`floor ()\*(C'\fR function for its
+periodic reschedule calculations, otherwise libev will fall back on a
+portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you usually have to
+link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the \f(CW\*(C`floor\*(C'\fR
+function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable
+this.
 .IP "\s-1EV_USE_MONOTONIC\s0" 4
 .IX Item "EV_USE_MONOTONIC"
 If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will try to detect the availability of the
 monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
 use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
 .IX Item "EV_USE_INOTIFY"
 If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
 interface to speed up \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers. Its actual availability will
 be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
 indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
+.IP "\s-1EV_NO_SMP\s0" 4
+.IX Item "EV_NO_SMP"
+If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will assume that memory is always coherent
+between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on
+different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies
+and makes libev faster.
+.IP "\s-1EV_NO_THREADS\s0" 4
+.IX Item "EV_NO_THREADS"
+If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will assume that it will never be called
+from different threads, which is a stronger assumption than \f(CW\*(C`EV_NO_SMP\*(C'\fR,
+above. This reduces dependencies and makes libev faster.
 .IP "\s-1EV_ATOMIC_T\s0" 4
 .IX Item "EV_ATOMIC_T"
 Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing \f(CW0\fR or \f(CW1\fR) whose
-access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
+access is atomic and serialised with respect to other threads or signal
-type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
+contexts. No such type is easily found in the C language, so you can
-that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler \*(L"locking\*(R"
+provide your own type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used
-as well as for signal and thread safety in \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers.
+both for signal handler \*(L"locking\*(R" as well as for signal and thread safety
+in \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers.
 .Sp
 In the absence of this define, libev will use \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t volatile\*(C'\fR
-(from \fIsignal.h\fR), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
+(from \fIsignal.h\fR), which is usually good enough on most platforms,
+although strictly speaking using a type that also implies a memory fence
+is required.
 .IP "\s-1EV_H\s0 (h)" 4
 .IX Item "EV_H (h)"
 The name of the \fIev.h\fR header file used to include it. The default if
 undefined is \f(CW"ev.h"\fR in \fIevent.h\fR, \fIev.c\fR and \fIev++.h\fR. This can be
 used to virtually rename the \fIev.h\fR header file in case of conflicts.
 If undefined or defined to \f(CW1\fR, then all event-loop-specific functions
 will have the \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR as first argument, and you can create
 additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
 for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
 argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
+.Sp
+Note that \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_DEFAULT_\*(C'\fR will no longer provide a
+default loop when multiplicity is switched off \- you always have to
+initialise the loop manually in this case.
 .IP "\s-1EV_MINPRI\s0" 4
 .IX Item "EV_MINPRI"
 .PD 0
 .IP "\s-1EV_MAXPRI\s0" 4
 .IX Item "EV_MAXPRI"
 With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
 when you use \f(CW\*(C`\-Wl,\-\-gc\-sections \-ffunction\-sections\*(C'\fR) functions unused by
 your program might be left out as well \- a binary starting a timer and an
 I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
 .RE
+.IP "\s-1EV_API_STATIC\s0" 4
+.IX Item "EV_API_STATIC"
+If this symbol is defined (by default it is not), then all identifiers
+will have static linkage. This means that libev will not export any
+identifiers, and you cannot link against libev anymore. This can be useful
+when you embed libev, only want to use libev functions in a single file,
+and do not want its identifiers to be visible.
+.Sp
+To use this, define \f(CW\*(C`EV_API_STATIC\*(C'\fR and include \fIev.c\fR in the file that
+wants to use libev.
+.Sp
+This option only works when libev is compiled with a C compiler, as \*(C+
+doesn't support the required declaration syntax.
 .IP "\s-1EV_AVOID_STDIO\s0" 4
 .IX Item "EV_AVOID_STDIO"
 If this is set to \f(CW1\fR at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
 functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
 somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your
 .PP
 .Vb 2
 \&   #include "ev_cpp.h"
 \&   #include "ev.c"
 .Ve
-.SH "INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES"
+.SH "INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT"
-.IX Header "INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES"
+.IX Header "INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT"
 .SS "\s-1THREADS\s0 \s-1AND\s0 \s-1COROUTINES\s0"
 .IX Subsection "THREADS AND COROUTINES"
 \fI\s-1THREADS\s0\fR
 .IX Subsection "THREADS"
 .PP
 An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only
 work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the
 default loop and triggering an \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher from the default loop
 watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
 .PP
-\s-1THREAD\s0 \s-1LOCKING\s0 \s-1EXAMPLE\s0
+See also \*(L"\s-1THREAD\s0 \s-1LOCKING\s0 \s-1EXAMPLE\s0\*(R".
-.IX Subsection "THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE"
-.PP
-Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
-thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
-created/added/removed.
-.PP
-For a real-world example, see the \f(CW\*(C`EV::Loop::Async\*(C'\fR perl module,
-which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
-languages).
-.PP
-The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
-variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
-event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
-.PP
-First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
-.PP
-.Vb 6
-\&   typedef struct {
-\&     mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
-\&     ev_async async_w;
-\&     thread_t tid;
-\&     cond_t invoke_cv;
-\&   } userdata;
-\&
-\&   void prepare_loop (EV_P)
-\&   {
-\&      // for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
-\&      static userdata u;
-\&
-\&      ev_async_init (&u\->async_w, async_cb);
-\&      ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u\->async_w);
-\&
-\&      pthread_mutex_init (&u\->lock, 0);
-\&      pthread_cond_init (&u\->invoke_cv, 0);
-\&
-\&      // now associate this with the loop
-\&      ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
-\&      ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
-\&      ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
-\&
-\&      // then create the thread running ev_loop
-\&      pthread_create (&u\->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
-\&   }
-.Ve
-.PP
-The callback for the \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
-solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
-that might have been added:
-.PP
-.Vb 5
-\&   static void
-\&   async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
-\&   {
-\&      // just used for the side effects
-\&   }
-.Ve
-.PP
-The \f(CW\*(C`l_release\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`l_acquire\*(C'\fR callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
-protecting the loop data, respectively.
-.PP
-.Vb 6
-\&   static void
-\&   l_release (EV_P)
-\&   {
-\&     userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
-\&     pthread_mutex_unlock (&u\->lock);
-\&   }
-\&
-\&   static void
-\&   l_acquire (EV_P)
-\&   {
-\&     userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
-\&     pthread_mutex_lock (&u\->lock);
-\&   }
-.Ve
-.PP
-The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
-into \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR:
-.PP
-.Vb 4
-\&   void *
-\&   l_run (void *thr_arg)
-\&   {
-\&     struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
-\&
-\&     l_acquire (EV_A);
-\&     pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
-\&     ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
-\&     l_release (EV_A);
-\&
-\&     return 0;
-\&   }
-.Ve
-.PP
-Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the \f(CW\*(C`l_invoke\*(C'\fR callback will
-signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
-writes? \f(CW\*(C`Async::Interrupt\*(C'\fR?) and then waits until all pending watchers
-have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
-and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
-watchers is very beneficial):
-.PP
-.Vb 4
-\&   static void
-\&   l_invoke (EV_P)
-\&   {
-\&     userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
-\&
-\&     while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
-\&       {
-\&         wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
-\&         pthread_cond_wait (&u\->invoke_cv, &u\->lock);
-\&       }
-\&   }
-.Ve
-.PP
-Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
-will grab the lock, call \f(CW\*(C`ev_invoke_pending\*(C'\fR and then signal the loop
-thread to continue:
-.PP
-.Vb 4
-\&   static void
-\&   real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
-\&   {
-\&     userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
-\&
-\&     pthread_mutex_lock (&u\->lock);
-\&     ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
-\&     pthread_cond_signal (&u\->invoke_cv);
-\&     pthread_mutex_unlock (&u\->lock);
-\&   }
-.Ve
-.PP
-Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
-event loop, you will now have to lock:
-.PP
-.Vb 2
-\&   ev_timer timeout_watcher;
-\&   userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
-\&
-\&   ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
-\&
-\&   pthread_mutex_lock (&u\->lock);
-\&   ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
-\&   ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u\->async_w);
-\&   pthread_mutex_unlock (&u\->lock);
-.Ve
-.PP
-Note that sending the \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher is required because otherwise
-an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
-about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
-watchers in the next event loop iteration.
 .PP
 \fI\s-1COROUTINES\s0\fR
 .IX Subsection "COROUTINES"
 .PP
 Libev is very accommodating to coroutines (\*(L"cooperative threads\*(R"):
 requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the \s-1POSIX\s0
 model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
 the form of the \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR backend, and only supports socket
 descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
 e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
-as every compielr comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
+as every compiler comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
 environment.
 .PP
 Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
 re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
 then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
 .IX Item "double must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy"
 The type \f(CW\*(C`double\*(C'\fR is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
 have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
 good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
 (the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
-implementations using \s-1IEEE\s0 754, which is basically all existing ones. With
+implementations using \s-1IEEE\s0 754, which is basically all existing ones.
+.Sp
-\&\s-1IEEE\s0 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least 2200.
+With \s-1IEEE\s0 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the
+year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 \- by then, libev
+is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use \f(CW\*(C`long double\*(C'\fR or
+something like that, just kidding).
 .PP
 If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
 .SH "ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES"
 .IX Header "ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES"
 In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
 .IX Item "Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)"
 .IP "Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)" 4
 .IX Item "Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)"
 .PD
 Sending involves a system call \fIiff\fR there were no other \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR
-calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
+calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently
+blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all
-involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
+running async watchers or all signal numbers.
 .SH "PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X"
 .IX Header "PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X"
 The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the \s-1API\s0.
 .PP
 At the moment, the \f(CW\*(C`ev.h\*(C'\fR header file provides compatibility definitions
 .IX Item "real time"
 The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
 .IP "wall-clock time" 4
 .IX Item "wall-clock time"
 The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
-be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your
+be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your
 clock.
 .IP "watcher" 4
 .IX Item "watcher"
 A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
 to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
 .SH "AUTHOR"
 .IX Header "AUTHOR"
 Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael
-Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta.
+Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others.

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Revision 1.89 by root, Sat Mar 24 19:38:51 2012 UTC