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124 | .\" ======================================================================== |
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126 | .IX Title "LIBEV 3" |
135 | .IX Title "LIBEV 3" |
127 | .TH LIBEV 3 "2012-04-19" "libev-4.11" "libev - high performance full featured event loop" |
136 | .TH LIBEV 3 "2020-01-22" "libev-4.31" "libev - high performance full featured event loop" |
128 | .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes |
137 | .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes |
129 | .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. |
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130 | .if n .ad l |
139 | .if n .ad l |
131 | .nh |
140 | .nh |
132 | .SH "NAME" |
141 | .SH "NAME" |
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134 | .SH "SYNOPSIS" |
143 | .SH "SYNOPSIS" |
135 | .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" |
144 | .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" |
136 | .Vb 1 |
145 | .Vb 1 |
137 | \& #include <ev.h> |
146 | \& #include <ev.h> |
138 | .Ve |
147 | .Ve |
139 | .SS "\s-1EXAMPLE\s0 \s-1PROGRAM\s0" |
148 | .SS "\s-1EXAMPLE PROGRAM\s0" |
140 | .IX Subsection "EXAMPLE PROGRAM" |
149 | .IX Subsection "EXAMPLE PROGRAM" |
141 | .Vb 2 |
150 | .Vb 2 |
142 | \& // a single header file is required |
151 | \& // a single header file is required |
143 | \& #include <ev.h> |
152 | \& #include <ev.h> |
144 | \& |
153 | \& |
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212 | throughout this document. |
221 | throughout this document. |
213 | .SH "WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY" |
222 | .SH "WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY" |
214 | .IX Header "WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY" |
223 | .IX Header "WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY" |
215 | This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes |
224 | This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes |
216 | it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest |
225 | it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest |
217 | reading \*(L"\s-1ANATOMY\s0 \s-1OF\s0 A \s-1WATCHER\s0\*(R", then the \*(L"\s-1EXAMPLE\s0 \s-1PROGRAM\s0\*(R" above and |
226 | reading \*(L"\s-1ANATOMY OF A WATCHER\*(R"\s0, then the \*(L"\s-1EXAMPLE PROGRAM\*(R"\s0 above and |
218 | look up the missing functions in \*(L"\s-1GLOBAL\s0 \s-1FUNCTIONS\s0\*(R" and the \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR and |
227 | look up the missing functions in \*(L"\s-1GLOBAL FUNCTIONS\*(R"\s0 and the \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR and |
219 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR sections in \*(L"\s-1WATCHER\s0 \s-1TYPES\s0\*(R". |
228 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR sections in \*(L"\s-1WATCHER TYPES\*(R"\s0. |
220 | .SH "ABOUT LIBEV" |
229 | .SH "ABOUT LIBEV" |
221 | .IX Header "ABOUT LIBEV" |
230 | .IX Header "ABOUT LIBEV" |
222 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
231 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
223 | file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage |
232 | file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage |
224 | these event sources and provide your program with events. |
233 | these event sources and provide your program with events. |
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231 | watchers\fR, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the |
240 | watchers\fR, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the |
232 | details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by \fIstarting\fR the |
241 | details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by \fIstarting\fR the |
233 | watcher. |
242 | watcher. |
234 | .SS "\s-1FEATURES\s0" |
243 | .SS "\s-1FEATURES\s0" |
235 | .IX Subsection "FEATURES" |
244 | .IX Subsection "FEATURES" |
236 | Libev supports \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR, the Linux-specific \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR, the |
245 | Libev supports \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR, the Linux-specific aio and \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR |
237 | BSD-specific \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms |
246 | interfaces, the BSD-specific \f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR and the Solaris-specific event port |
238 | for file descriptor events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR), the Linux \f(CW\*(C`inotify\*(C'\fR interface |
247 | mechanisms for file descriptor events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR), the Linux \f(CW\*(C`inotify\*(C'\fR |
239 | (for \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner |
248 | interface (for \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner |
240 | inter-thread wakeup (\f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR)/signal handling (\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR)) relative |
249 | inter-thread wakeup (\f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR)/signal handling (\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR)) relative |
241 | timers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR), absolute timers with customised rescheduling |
250 | timers (\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR), absolute timers with customised rescheduling |
242 | (\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR), synchronous signals (\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR), process status |
251 | (\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR), synchronous signals (\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR), process status |
243 | change events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR), and event watchers dealing with the event |
252 | change events (\f(CW\*(C`ev_child\*(C'\fR), and event watchers dealing with the event |
244 | loop mechanism itself (\f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and |
253 | loop mechanism itself (\f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR and |
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255 | more info about various configuration options please have a look at |
264 | more info about various configuration options please have a look at |
256 | \&\fB\s-1EMBED\s0\fR section in this manual. If libev was configured without support |
265 | \&\fB\s-1EMBED\s0\fR section in this manual. If libev was configured without support |
257 | for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of |
266 | for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of |
258 | name \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR (which is always of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR) will not have |
267 | name \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR (which is always of type \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR) will not have |
259 | this argument. |
268 | this argument. |
260 | .SS "\s-1TIME\s0 \s-1REPRESENTATION\s0" |
269 | .SS "\s-1TIME REPRESENTATION\s0" |
261 | .IX Subsection "TIME REPRESENTATION" |
270 | .IX Subsection "TIME REPRESENTATION" |
262 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing |
271 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing |
263 | the (fractional) number of seconds since the (\s-1POSIX\s0) epoch (in practice |
272 | the (fractional) number of seconds since the (\s-1POSIX\s0) epoch (in practice |
264 | somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't |
273 | somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't |
265 | ask). This type is called \f(CW\*(C`ev_tstamp\*(C'\fR, which is what you should use |
274 | ask). This type is called \f(CW\*(C`ev_tstamp\*(C'\fR, which is what you should use |
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282 | When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then |
291 | When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then |
283 | it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the \f(CW\*(C`assert\*(C'\fR mechanism, |
292 | it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the \f(CW\*(C`assert\*(C'\fR mechanism, |
284 | so \f(CW\*(C`NDEBUG\*(C'\fR will disable this checking): these are programming errors in |
293 | so \f(CW\*(C`NDEBUG\*(C'\fR will disable this checking): these are programming errors in |
285 | the libev caller and need to be fixed there. |
294 | the libev caller and need to be fixed there. |
286 | .PP |
295 | .PP |
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296 | Via the \f(CW\*(C`EV_FREQUENT\*(C'\fR macro you can compile in and/or enable extensive |
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297 | consistency checking code inside libev that can be used to check for |
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298 | internal inconsistencies, suually caused by application bugs. |
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299 | .PP |
287 | Libev also has a few internal error-checking \f(CW\*(C`assert\*(C'\fRions, and also has |
300 | Libev also has a few internal error-checking \f(CW\*(C`assert\*(C'\fRions. These do not |
288 | extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal |
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289 | circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse. |
301 | trigger under normal circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev |
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302 | or worse. |
290 | .SH "GLOBAL FUNCTIONS" |
303 | .SH "GLOBAL FUNCTIONS" |
291 | .IX Header "GLOBAL FUNCTIONS" |
304 | .IX Header "GLOBAL FUNCTIONS" |
292 | These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the |
305 | These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the |
293 | library in any way. |
306 | library in any way. |
294 | .IP "ev_tstamp ev_time ()" 4 |
307 | .IP "ev_tstamp ev_time ()" 4 |
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383 | .Sp |
396 | .Sp |
384 | You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, |
397 | You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, |
385 | free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, |
398 | free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, |
386 | or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available. |
399 | or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available. |
387 | .Sp |
400 | .Sp |
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401 | Example: The following is the \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR function that libev itself uses |
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402 | which should work with \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`free\*(C'\fR functions of all kinds and |
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403 | is probably a good basis for your own implementation. |
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404 | .Sp |
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405 | .Vb 5 |
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406 | \& static void * |
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407 | \& ev_realloc_emul (void *ptr, long size) EV_NOEXCEPT |
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408 | \& { |
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409 | \& if (size) |
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410 | \& return realloc (ptr, size); |
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411 | \& |
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412 | \& free (ptr); |
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413 | \& return 0; |
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414 | \& } |
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415 | .Ve |
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416 | .Sp |
388 | Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then |
417 | Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then |
389 | retries (example requires a standards-compliant \f(CW\*(C`realloc\*(C'\fR). |
418 | retries. |
390 | .Sp |
419 | .Sp |
391 | .Vb 6 |
420 | .Vb 8 |
392 | \& static void * |
421 | \& static void * |
393 | \& persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size) |
422 | \& persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size) |
394 | \& { |
423 | \& { |
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424 | \& if (!size) |
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425 | \& { |
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426 | \& free (ptr); |
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427 | \& return 0; |
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428 | \& } |
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429 | \& |
395 | \& for (;;) |
430 | \& for (;;) |
396 | \& { |
431 | \& { |
397 | \& void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size); |
432 | \& void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size); |
398 | \& |
433 | \& |
399 | \& if (newptr) |
434 | \& if (newptr) |
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514 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_NOENV" |
549 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_NOENV" |
515 | If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid |
550 | If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid |
516 | or setgid) then libev will \fInot\fR look at the environment variable |
551 | or setgid) then libev will \fInot\fR look at the environment variable |
517 | \&\f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will |
552 | \&\f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will |
518 | override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is |
553 | override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is |
519 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work |
554 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, to work |
520 | around bugs. |
555 | around bugs, or to make libev threadsafe (accessing environment variables |
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556 | cannot be done in a threadsafe way, but usually it works if no other |
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557 | thread modifies them). |
521 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_FORKCHECK""" 4 |
558 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_FORKCHECK""" 4 |
522 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_FORKCHECK\fR" 4 |
559 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_FORKCHECK\fR" 4 |
523 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_FORKCHECK" |
560 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_FORKCHECK" |
524 | Instead of calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR manually after a fork, you can also |
561 | Instead of calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR manually after a fork, you can also |
525 | make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag. |
562 | make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag. |
526 | .Sp |
563 | .Sp |
527 | This works by calling \f(CW\*(C`getpid ()\*(C'\fR on every iteration of the loop, |
564 | This works by calling \f(CW\*(C`getpid ()\*(C'\fR on every iteration of the loop, |
528 | and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop |
565 | and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop |
529 | iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my |
566 | iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my |
530 | GNU/Linux system for example, \f(CW\*(C`getpid\*(C'\fR is actually a simple 5\-insn sequence |
567 | GNU/Linux system for example, \f(CW\*(C`getpid\*(C'\fR is actually a simple 5\-insn |
531 | without a system call and thus \fIvery\fR fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has |
568 | sequence without a system call and thus \fIvery\fR fast, but my GNU/Linux |
532 | \&\f(CW\*(C`pthread_atfork\*(C'\fR which is even faster). |
569 | system also has \f(CW\*(C`pthread_atfork\*(C'\fR which is even faster). (Update: glibc |
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570 | versions 2.25 apparently removed the \f(CW\*(C`getpid\*(C'\fR optimisation again). |
533 | .Sp |
571 | .Sp |
534 | The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and |
572 | The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and |
535 | forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this |
573 | forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking, although you still |
536 | flag. |
574 | have to ignore \f(CW\*(C`SIGPIPE\*(C'\fR) when you use this flag. |
537 | .Sp |
575 | .Sp |
538 | This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the \f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR |
576 | This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the \f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS\*(C'\fR |
539 | environment variable. |
577 | environment variable. |
540 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY""" 4 |
578 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY""" 4 |
541 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_NOINOTIFY\fR" 4 |
579 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_NOINOTIFY\fR" 4 |
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568 | want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev |
606 | want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev |
569 | unblocking the signals. |
607 | unblocking the signals. |
570 | .Sp |
608 | .Sp |
571 | It's also required by \s-1POSIX\s0 in a threaded program, as libev calls |
609 | It's also required by \s-1POSIX\s0 in a threaded program, as libev calls |
572 | \&\f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR, whose behaviour is officially unspecified. |
610 | \&\f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR, whose behaviour is officially unspecified. |
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611 | .ie n .IP """EVFLAG_NOTIMERFD""" 4 |
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612 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVFLAG_NOTIMERFD\fR" 4 |
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613 | .IX Item "EVFLAG_NOTIMERFD" |
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614 | When this flag is specified, the libev will avoid using a \f(CW\*(C`timerfd\*(C'\fR to |
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615 | detect time jumps. It will still be able to detect time jumps, but takes |
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616 | longer and has a lower accuracy in doing so, but saves a file descriptor |
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617 | per loop. |
573 | .Sp |
618 | .Sp |
574 | This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev. |
619 | The current implementation only tries to use a \f(CW\*(C`timerfd\*(C'\fR when the first |
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620 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR watcher is started and falls back on other methods if it |
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621 | cannot be created, but this behaviour might change in the future. |
575 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_SELECT"" (value 1, portable select backend)" 4 |
622 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_SELECT"" (value 1, portable select backend)" 4 |
576 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_SELECT\fR (value 1, portable select backend)" 4 |
623 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_SELECT\fR (value 1, portable select backend)" 4 |
577 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_SELECT (value 1, portable select backend)" |
624 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_SELECT (value 1, portable select backend)" |
578 | This is your standard \fIselect\fR\|(2) backend. Not \fIcompletely\fR standard, as |
625 | This is your standard \fBselect\fR\|(2) backend. Not \fIcompletely\fR standard, as |
579 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
626 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
580 | but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when |
627 | but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when |
581 | using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its |
628 | using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its |
582 | usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds. |
629 | usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds. |
583 | .Sp |
630 | .Sp |
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591 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR to the \f(CW\*(C`readfds\*(C'\fR set and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR to the |
638 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR to the \f(CW\*(C`readfds\*(C'\fR set and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR to the |
592 | \&\f(CW\*(C`writefds\*(C'\fR set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the |
639 | \&\f(CW\*(C`writefds\*(C'\fR set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the |
593 | \&\f(CW\*(C`exceptfds\*(C'\fR set on that platform). |
640 | \&\f(CW\*(C`exceptfds\*(C'\fR set on that platform). |
594 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_POLL"" (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4 |
641 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_POLL"" (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4 |
595 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_POLL\fR (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4 |
642 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_POLL\fR (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" 4 |
596 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_POLL (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" |
643 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_POLL (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)" |
597 | And this is your standard \fIpoll\fR\|(2) backend. It's more complicated |
644 | And this is your standard \fBpoll\fR\|(2) backend. It's more complicated |
598 | than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial |
645 | than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial |
599 | limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down |
646 | limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down |
600 | considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, |
647 | considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, |
601 | i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR, above, for |
648 | i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR, above, for |
602 | performance tips. |
649 | performance tips. |
603 | .Sp |
650 | .Sp |
604 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP\*(C'\fR, and |
651 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP\*(C'\fR, and |
605 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP\*(C'\fR. |
652 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP\*(C'\fR. |
606 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_EPOLL"" (value 4, Linux)" 4 |
653 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_EPOLL"" (value 4, Linux)" 4 |
607 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_EPOLL\fR (value 4, Linux)" 4 |
654 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_EPOLL\fR (value 4, Linux)" 4 |
608 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_EPOLL (value 4, Linux)" |
655 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_EPOLL (value 4, Linux)" |
609 | Use the linux-specific \fIepoll\fR\|(7) interface (for both pre\- and post\-2.6.9 |
656 | Use the Linux-specific \fBepoll\fR\|(7) interface (for both pre\- and post\-2.6.9 |
610 | kernels). |
657 | kernels). |
611 | .Sp |
658 | .Sp |
612 | For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but |
659 | For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but |
613 | it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like |
660 | it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like |
614 | O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest |
661 | O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest |
… | |
… | |
660 | All this means that, in practice, \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR can be as fast or |
707 | All this means that, in practice, \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR can be as fast or |
661 | faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on |
708 | faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on |
662 | the usage. So sad. |
709 | the usage. So sad. |
663 | .Sp |
710 | .Sp |
664 | While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in |
711 | While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in |
665 | all kernel versions tested so far. |
712 | a lot of kernel revisions, but probably(!) works in current versions. |
|
|
713 | .Sp |
|
|
714 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR in the same way as |
|
|
715 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
716 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO"" (value 64, Linux)" 4 |
|
|
717 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_LINUXAIO\fR (value 64, Linux)" 4 |
|
|
718 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO (value 64, Linux)" |
|
|
719 | Use the Linux-specific Linux \s-1AIO\s0 (\fInot\fR \f(CWaio(7)\fR but \f(CWio_submit(2)\fR) event interface available in post\-4.18 kernels (but libev |
|
|
720 | only tries to use it in 4.19+). |
|
|
721 | .Sp |
|
|
722 | This is another Linux train wreck of an event interface. |
|
|
723 | .Sp |
|
|
724 | If this backend works for you (as of this writing, it was very |
|
|
725 | experimental), it is the best event interface available on Linux and might |
|
|
726 | be well worth enabling it \- if it isn't available in your kernel this will |
|
|
727 | be detected and this backend will be skipped. |
|
|
728 | .Sp |
|
|
729 | This backend can batch oneshot requests and supports a user-space ring |
|
|
730 | buffer to receive events. It also doesn't suffer from most of the design |
|
|
731 | problems of epoll (such as not being able to remove event sources from |
|
|
732 | the epoll set), and generally sounds too good to be true. Because, this |
|
|
733 | being the Linux kernel, of course it suffers from a whole new set of |
|
|
734 | limitations, forcing you to fall back to epoll, inheriting all its design |
|
|
735 | issues. |
|
|
736 | .Sp |
|
|
737 | For one, it is not easily embeddable (but probably could be done using |
|
|
738 | an event fd at some extra overhead). It also is subject to a system wide |
|
|
739 | limit that can be configured in \fI/proc/sys/fs/aio\-max\-nr\fR. If no \s-1AIO\s0 |
|
|
740 | requests are left, this backend will be skipped during initialisation, and |
|
|
741 | will switch to epoll when the loop is active. |
|
|
742 | .Sp |
|
|
743 | Most problematic in practice, however, is that not all file descriptors |
|
|
744 | work with it. For example, in Linux 5.1, \s-1TCP\s0 sockets, pipes, event fds, |
|
|
745 | files, \fI/dev/null\fR and many others are supported, but ttys do not work |
|
|
746 | properly (a known bug that the kernel developers don't care about, see |
|
|
747 | <https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/1047453/>), so this is not |
|
|
748 | (yet?) a generic event polling interface. |
|
|
749 | .Sp |
|
|
750 | Overall, it seems the Linux developers just don't want it to have a |
|
|
751 | generic event handling mechanism other than \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
752 | .Sp |
|
|
753 | To work around all these problem, the current version of libev uses its |
|
|
754 | epoll backend as a fallback for file descriptor types that do not work. Or |
|
|
755 | falls back completely to epoll if the kernel acts up. |
666 | .Sp |
756 | .Sp |
667 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR in the same way as |
757 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR in the same way as |
668 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
758 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
669 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_KQUEUE"" (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4 |
759 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_KQUEUE"" (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4 |
670 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_KQUEUE\fR (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4 |
760 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_KQUEUE\fR (value 8, most \s-1BSD\s0 clones)" 4 |
671 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_KQUEUE (value 8, most BSD clones)" |
761 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_KQUEUE (value 8, most BSD clones)" |
672 | Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it |
762 | Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time this backend was |
673 | was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably |
763 | implemented, it was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't |
674 | with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course |
764 | work reliably with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, |
675 | it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness |
765 | where of course it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose |
676 | is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed |
766 | brokenness is by design, these kqueue bugs can be (and mostly have been) |
677 | without \s-1API\s0 changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being |
767 | fixed without \s-1API\s0 changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not |
678 | \&\*(L"auto-detected\*(R" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using |
768 | being \*(L"auto-detected\*(R" on all platforms unless you explicitly specify it |
679 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_KQUEUE\*(C'\fR) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (\-enough) |
769 | in the flags (i.e. using \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_KQUEUE\*(C'\fR) or libev was compiled on a |
680 | system like NetBSD. |
770 | known-to-be-good (\-enough) system like NetBSD. |
681 | .Sp |
771 | .Sp |
682 | You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it |
772 | You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it |
683 | only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on |
773 | only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on |
684 | the target platform). See \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info. |
774 | the target platform). See \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watchers for more info. |
685 | .Sp |
775 | .Sp |
686 | It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the |
776 | It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the |
687 | kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of |
777 | kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of |
688 | course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never |
778 | course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never |
689 | cause an extra system call as with \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_EPOLL\*(C'\fR, it still adds up to |
779 | cause an extra system call as with \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_EPOLL\*(C'\fR, it still adds up to |
690 | two event changes per incident. Support for \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR is very bad (you |
780 | two event changes per incident. Support for \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR is very bad (you |
691 | might have to leak fd's on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it |
781 | might have to leak fds on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it |
692 | drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases |
782 | drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases. |
693 | .Sp |
783 | .Sp |
694 | This backend usually performs well under most conditions. |
784 | This backend usually performs well under most conditions. |
695 | .Sp |
785 | .Sp |
696 | While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work |
786 | While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work |
697 | everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken |
787 | everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken |
698 | almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets |
788 | almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets |
699 | (for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop |
789 | (for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop |
700 | (e.g. \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR (but \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR is of course |
790 | (e.g. \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR (but \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR is of course |
701 | also broken on \s-1OS\s0 X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets. |
791 | also broken on \s-1OS X\s0)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets. |
702 | .Sp |
792 | .Sp |
703 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR into an \f(CW\*(C`EVFILT_READ\*(C'\fR kevent with |
793 | This backend maps \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR into an \f(CW\*(C`EVFILT_READ\*(C'\fR kevent with |
704 | \&\f(CW\*(C`NOTE_EOF\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR into an \f(CW\*(C`EVFILT_WRITE\*(C'\fR kevent with |
794 | \&\f(CW\*(C`NOTE_EOF\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR into an \f(CW\*(C`EVFILT_WRITE\*(C'\fR kevent with |
705 | \&\f(CW\*(C`NOTE_EOF\*(C'\fR. |
795 | \&\f(CW\*(C`NOTE_EOF\*(C'\fR. |
706 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL"" (value 16, Solaris 8)" 4 |
796 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL"" (value 16, Solaris 8)" 4 |
… | |
… | |
710 | implementation). According to reports, \f(CW\*(C`/dev/poll\*(C'\fR only supports sockets |
800 | implementation). According to reports, \f(CW\*(C`/dev/poll\*(C'\fR only supports sockets |
711 | and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend |
801 | and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend |
712 | immensely. |
802 | immensely. |
713 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_PORT"" (value 32, Solaris 10)" 4 |
803 | .ie n .IP """EVBACKEND_PORT"" (value 32, Solaris 10)" 4 |
714 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_PORT\fR (value 32, Solaris 10)" 4 |
804 | .el .IP "\f(CWEVBACKEND_PORT\fR (value 32, Solaris 10)" 4 |
715 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_PORT (value 32, Solaris 10)" |
805 | .IX Item "EVBACKEND_PORT (value 32, Solaris 10)" |
716 | This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris, |
806 | This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris, |
717 | it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)). |
807 | it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)). |
718 | .Sp |
808 | .Sp |
719 | While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active |
809 | While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active |
720 | file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file |
810 | file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file |
… | |
… | |
774 | used if available. |
864 | used if available. |
775 | .Sp |
865 | .Sp |
776 | .Vb 1 |
866 | .Vb 1 |
777 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE); |
867 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE); |
778 | .Ve |
868 | .Ve |
|
|
869 | .Sp |
|
|
870 | Example: Similarly, on linux, you mgiht want to take advantage of the |
|
|
871 | linux aio backend if possible, but fall back to something else if that |
|
|
872 | isn't available. |
|
|
873 | .Sp |
|
|
874 | .Vb 1 |
|
|
875 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO); |
|
|
876 | .Ve |
779 | .RE |
877 | .RE |
780 | .IP "ev_loop_destroy (loop)" 4 |
878 | .IP "ev_loop_destroy (loop)" 4 |
781 | .IX Item "ev_loop_destroy (loop)" |
879 | .IX Item "ev_loop_destroy (loop)" |
782 | Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state |
880 | Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state |
783 | etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal |
881 | etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal |
… | |
… | |
799 | except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources. |
897 | except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources. |
800 | If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR |
898 | If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_new\*(C'\fR |
801 | and \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_destroy\*(C'\fR. |
899 | and \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_destroy\*(C'\fR. |
802 | .IP "ev_loop_fork (loop)" 4 |
900 | .IP "ev_loop_fork (loop)" 4 |
803 | .IX Item "ev_loop_fork (loop)" |
901 | .IX Item "ev_loop_fork (loop)" |
804 | This function sets a flag that causes subsequent \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR iterations to |
902 | This function sets a flag that causes subsequent \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR iterations |
805 | reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the |
903 | to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite |
806 | name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in |
904 | the name, you can call it anytime you are allowed to start or stop |
807 | the child process. You \fImust\fR call it (or use \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR) in the |
905 | watchers (except inside an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR callback), but it makes most |
808 | child before resuming or calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR. |
906 | sense after forking, in the child process. You \fImust\fR call it (or use |
|
|
907 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR) in the child before resuming or calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR. |
809 | .Sp |
908 | .Sp |
|
|
909 | In addition, if you want to reuse a loop (via this function or |
|
|
910 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR), you \fIalso\fR have to ignore \f(CW\*(C`SIGPIPE\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
911 | .Sp |
810 | Again, you \fIhave\fR to call it on \fIany\fR loop that you want to re-use after |
912 | Again, you \fIhave\fR to call it on \fIany\fR loop that you want to re-use after |
811 | a fork, \fIeven if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent\fR. This is |
913 | a fork, \fIeven if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent\fR. This is |
812 | because some kernel interfaces *cough* \fIkqueue\fR *cough* do funny things |
914 | because some kernel interfaces *cough* \fIkqueue\fR *cough* do funny things |
813 | during fork. |
915 | during fork. |
814 | .Sp |
916 | .Sp |
815 | On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child |
917 | On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child |
… | |
… | |
1299 | .PD 0 |
1401 | .PD 0 |
1300 | .ie n .IP """EV_CHECK""" 4 |
1402 | .ie n .IP """EV_CHECK""" 4 |
1301 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_CHECK\fR" 4 |
1403 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_CHECK\fR" 4 |
1302 | .IX Item "EV_CHECK" |
1404 | .IX Item "EV_CHECK" |
1303 | .PD |
1405 | .PD |
1304 | All \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers are invoked just \fIbefore\fR \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR starts |
1406 | All \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers are invoked just \fIbefore\fR \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR starts to |
1305 | to gather new events, and all \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are invoked just after |
1407 | gather new events, and all \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are queued (not invoked) |
1306 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any |
1408 | just after \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR has gathered them, but before it queues any callbacks |
|
|
1409 | for any received events. That means \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers are the last |
|
|
1410 | watchers invoked before the event loop sleeps or polls for new events, and |
|
|
1411 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers will be invoked before any other watchers of the same |
|
|
1412 | or lower priority within an event loop iteration. |
|
|
1413 | .Sp |
1307 | received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as |
1414 | Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as many watchers as |
1308 | many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account |
1415 | they want, and all of them will be taken into account (for example, a |
1309 | (for example, a \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher might start an idle watcher to keep |
1416 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher might start an idle watcher to keep \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR from |
1310 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR from blocking). |
1417 | blocking). |
1311 | .ie n .IP """EV_EMBED""" 4 |
1418 | .ie n .IP """EV_EMBED""" 4 |
1312 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_EMBED\fR" 4 |
1419 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_EMBED\fR" 4 |
1313 | .IX Item "EV_EMBED" |
1420 | .IX Item "EV_EMBED" |
1314 | The embedded event loop specified in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watcher needs attention. |
1421 | The embedded event loop specified in the \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed\*(C'\fR watcher needs attention. |
1315 | .ie n .IP """EV_FORK""" 4 |
1422 | .ie n .IP """EV_FORK""" 4 |
… | |
… | |
1344 | bug in your program. |
1451 | bug in your program. |
1345 | .Sp |
1452 | .Sp |
1346 | Libev will usually signal a few \*(L"dummy\*(R" events together with an error, for |
1453 | Libev will usually signal a few \*(L"dummy\*(R" events together with an error, for |
1347 | example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your |
1454 | example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your |
1348 | callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with |
1455 | callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with |
1349 | the error from \fIread()\fR or \fIwrite()\fR. This will not work in multi-threaded |
1456 | the error from \fBread()\fR or \fBwrite()\fR. This will not work in multi-threaded |
1350 | programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another |
1457 | programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another |
1351 | thing, so beware. |
1458 | thing, so beware. |
1352 | .SS "\s-1GENERIC\s0 \s-1WATCHER\s0 \s-1FUNCTIONS\s0" |
1459 | .SS "\s-1GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS\s0" |
1353 | .IX Subsection "GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS" |
1460 | .IX Subsection "GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS" |
1354 | .ie n .IP """ev_init"" (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
1461 | .ie n .IP """ev_init"" (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
1355 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_init\fR (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
1462 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_init\fR (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
1356 | .IX Item "ev_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" |
1463 | .IX Item "ev_init (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" |
1357 | This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents |
1464 | This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents |
… | |
… | |
1436 | make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot \f(CW\*(C`free ()\*(C'\fR |
1543 | make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot \f(CW\*(C`free ()\*(C'\fR |
1437 | it). |
1544 | it). |
1438 | .IP "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1545 | .IP "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" 4 |
1439 | .IX Item "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1546 | .IX Item "callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)" |
1440 | Returns the callback currently set on the watcher. |
1547 | Returns the callback currently set on the watcher. |
1441 | .IP "ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
1548 | .IP "ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" 4 |
1442 | .IX Item "ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" |
1549 | .IX Item "ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)" |
1443 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
1550 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
1444 | (modulo threads). |
1551 | (modulo threads). |
1445 | .IP "ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)" 4 |
1552 | .IP "ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)" 4 |
1446 | .IX Item "ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)" |
1553 | .IX Item "ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)" |
1447 | .PD 0 |
1554 | .PD 0 |
… | |
… | |
1465 | or might not have been clamped to the valid range. |
1572 | or might not have been clamped to the valid range. |
1466 | .Sp |
1573 | .Sp |
1467 | The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is |
1574 | The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is |
1468 | always \f(CW0\fR, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :). |
1575 | always \f(CW0\fR, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :). |
1469 | .Sp |
1576 | .Sp |
1470 | See \*(L"\s-1WATCHER\s0 \s-1PRIORITY\s0 \s-1MODELS\s0\*(R", below, for a more thorough treatment of |
1577 | See \*(L"\s-1WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS\*(R"\s0, below, for a more thorough treatment of |
1471 | priorities. |
1578 | priorities. |
1472 | .IP "ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)" 4 |
1579 | .IP "ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)" 4 |
1473 | .IX Item "ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)" |
1580 | .IX Item "ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)" |
1474 | Invoke the \f(CW\*(C`watcher\*(C'\fR with the given \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR. Neither |
1581 | Invoke the \f(CW\*(C`watcher\*(C'\fR with the given \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR. Neither |
1475 | \&\f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR nor \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR need to be valid as long as the watcher callback |
1582 | \&\f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR nor \f(CW\*(C`revents\*(C'\fR need to be valid as long as the watcher callback |
… | |
… | |
1495 | not started in the first place. |
1602 | not started in the first place. |
1496 | .Sp |
1603 | .Sp |
1497 | See also \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_fd_event\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal_event\*(C'\fR for related |
1604 | See also \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_fd_event\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal_event\*(C'\fR for related |
1498 | functions that do not need a watcher. |
1605 | functions that do not need a watcher. |
1499 | .PP |
1606 | .PP |
1500 | See also the \*(L"\s-1ASSOCIATING\s0 \s-1CUSTOM\s0 \s-1DATA\s0 \s-1WITH\s0 A \s-1WATCHER\s0\*(R" and \*(L"\s-1BUILDING\s0 \s-1YOUR\s0 |
1607 | See also the \*(L"\s-1ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER\*(R"\s0 and \*(L"\s-1BUILDING YOUR |
1501 | \&\s-1OWN\s0 \s-1COMPOSITE\s0 \s-1WATCHERS\s0\*(R" idioms. |
1608 | OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS\*(R"\s0 idioms. |
1502 | .SS "\s-1WATCHER\s0 \s-1STATES\s0" |
1609 | .SS "\s-1WATCHER STATES\s0" |
1503 | .IX Subsection "WATCHER STATES" |
1610 | .IX Subsection "WATCHER STATES" |
1504 | There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual \- |
1611 | There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual \- |
1505 | active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to |
1612 | active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to |
1506 | transition between them will be described in more detail \- and while these |
1613 | transition between them will be described in more detail \- and while these |
1507 | rules might look complicated, they usually do \*(L"the right thing\*(R". |
1614 | rules might look complicated, they usually do \*(L"the right thing\*(R". |
1508 | .IP "initialiased" 4 |
1615 | .IP "initialised" 4 |
1509 | .IX Item "initialiased" |
1616 | .IX Item "initialised" |
1510 | Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be |
1617 | Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be |
1511 | initialised. This can be done with a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init\*(C'\fR, or calls to |
1618 | initialised. This can be done with a call to \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init\*(C'\fR, or calls to |
1512 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR followed by the watcher-specific \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR function. |
1619 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_init\*(C'\fR followed by the watcher-specific \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR function. |
1513 | .Sp |
1620 | .Sp |
1514 | In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for |
1621 | In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for |
… | |
… | |
1550 | .Sp |
1657 | .Sp |
1551 | While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the |
1658 | While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the |
1552 | initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way |
1659 | initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way |
1553 | you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init\*(C'\fR |
1660 | you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_init\*(C'\fR |
1554 | it again). |
1661 | it again). |
1555 | .SS "\s-1WATCHER\s0 \s-1PRIORITY\s0 \s-1MODELS\s0" |
1662 | .SS "\s-1WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS\s0" |
1556 | .IX Subsection "WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS" |
1663 | .IX Subsection "WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS" |
1557 | Many event loops support \fIwatcher priorities\fR, which are usually small |
1664 | Many event loops support \fIwatcher priorities\fR, which are usually small |
1558 | integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation |
1665 | integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation |
1559 | between watchers in some way, all else being equal. |
1666 | between watchers in some way, all else being equal. |
1560 | .PP |
1667 | .PP |
1561 | In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using \f(CW\*(C`ev_set_priority\*(C'\fR. See its |
1668 | In libev, watcher priorities can be set using \f(CW\*(C`ev_set_priority\*(C'\fR. See its |
1562 | description for the more technical details such as the actual priority |
1669 | description for the more technical details such as the actual priority |
1563 | range. |
1670 | range. |
1564 | .PP |
1671 | .PP |
1565 | There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted |
1672 | There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted |
1566 | by event loops: |
1673 | by event loops: |
… | |
… | |
1660 | .IX Header "WATCHER TYPES" |
1767 | .IX Header "WATCHER TYPES" |
1661 | This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat |
1768 | This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat |
1662 | information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros, |
1769 | information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros, |
1663 | functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained. |
1770 | functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained. |
1664 | .PP |
1771 | .PP |
1665 | Members are additionally marked with either \fI[read\-only]\fR, meaning that, |
1772 | Most members are additionally marked with either \fI[read\-only]\fR, meaning |
1666 | while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect some |
1773 | that, while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect |
1667 | sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while the |
1774 | some sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while |
1668 | watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or \fI[read\-write]\fR, which |
1775 | the watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or \fI[read\-write]\fR, which |
1669 | means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher |
1776 | means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher |
1670 | is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something |
1777 | is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something |
1671 | sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will |
1778 | sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will |
1672 | not crash or malfunction in any way. |
1779 | not crash or malfunction in any way. |
|
|
1780 | .PP |
|
|
1781 | In any case, the documentation for each member will explain what the |
|
|
1782 | effects are, and if there are any additional access restrictions. |
1673 | .ie n .SS """ev_io"" \- is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1783 | .ie n .SS """ev_io"" \- is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1674 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_io\fP \- is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1784 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_io\fP \- is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1675 | .IX Subsection "ev_io - is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1785 | .IX Subsection "ev_io - is this file descriptor readable or writable?" |
1676 | I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable |
1786 | I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable |
1677 | in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading |
1787 | in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading |
… | |
… | |
1705 | But really, best use non-blocking mode. |
1815 | But really, best use non-blocking mode. |
1706 | .PP |
1816 | .PP |
1707 | \fIThe special problem of disappearing file descriptors\fR |
1817 | \fIThe special problem of disappearing file descriptors\fR |
1708 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of disappearing file descriptors" |
1818 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of disappearing file descriptors" |
1709 | .PP |
1819 | .PP |
1710 | Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file |
1820 | Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll, linuxaio) need to be told about closing |
1711 | descriptor (either due to calling \f(CW\*(C`close\*(C'\fR explicitly or any other means, |
1821 | a file descriptor (either due to calling \f(CW\*(C`close\*(C'\fR explicitly or any other |
1712 | such as \f(CW\*(C`dup2\*(C'\fR). The reason is that you register interest in some file |
1822 | means, such as \f(CW\*(C`dup2\*(C'\fR). The reason is that you register interest in some |
1713 | descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop |
1823 | file descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently |
1714 | this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is |
1824 | drop this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then |
1715 | registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in |
1825 | is registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, |
1716 | fact, a different file descriptor. |
1826 | in fact, a different file descriptor. |
1717 | .PP |
1827 | .PP |
1718 | To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows |
1828 | To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows |
1719 | the following policy: Each time \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR is being called, libev |
1829 | the following policy: Each time \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR is being called, libev |
1720 | will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise |
1830 | will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise |
1721 | it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that |
1831 | it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that |
… | |
… | |
1758 | wish to read \- you would first have to request some data. |
1868 | wish to read \- you would first have to request some data. |
1759 | .PP |
1869 | .PP |
1760 | Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification |
1870 | Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification |
1761 | mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate \s-1POSIX\s0 behaviour with respect |
1871 | mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate \s-1POSIX\s0 behaviour with respect |
1762 | to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is |
1872 | to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is |
1763 | convenience: sometimes you want to watch \s-1STDIN\s0 or \s-1STDOUT\s0, which is |
1873 | convenience: sometimes you want to watch \s-1STDIN\s0 or \s-1STDOUT,\s0 which is |
1764 | usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices |
1874 | usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices |
1765 | (for example, \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR on Linux works with \fI/dev/random\fR but not with |
1875 | (for example, \f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR on Linux works with \fI/dev/random\fR but not with |
1766 | \&\fI/dev/urandom\fR), and even though the file might better be served with |
1876 | \&\fI/dev/urandom\fR), and even though the file might better be served with |
1767 | asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when |
1877 | asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when |
1768 | it \*(L"just works\*(R" instead of freezing. |
1878 | it \*(L"just works\*(R" instead of freezing. |
1769 | .PP |
1879 | .PP |
1770 | So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use |
1880 | So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use |
1771 | libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for \s-1STDIN/STDOUT\s0, or |
1881 | libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for \s-1STDIN/STDOUT,\s0 or |
1772 | when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to |
1882 | when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to |
1773 | reuse the same code path. |
1883 | reuse the same code path. |
1774 | .PP |
1884 | .PP |
1775 | \fIThe special problem of fork\fR |
1885 | \fIThe special problem of fork\fR |
1776 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of fork" |
1886 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of fork" |
1777 | .PP |
1887 | .PP |
1778 | Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR at all or exhibit |
1888 | Some backends (epoll, kqueue, linuxaio, iouring) do not support \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR |
1779 | useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about |
1889 | at all or exhibit useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs |
1780 | it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the child. |
1890 | to be told about it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the |
|
|
1891 | child. |
1781 | .PP |
1892 | .PP |
1782 | To support fork in your child processes, you have to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork |
1893 | To support fork in your child processes, you have to call \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork |
1783 | ()\*(C'\fR after a fork in the child, enable \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR, or resort to |
1894 | ()\*(C'\fR after a fork in the child, enable \f(CW\*(C`EVFLAG_FORKCHECK\*(C'\fR, or resort to |
1784 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
1895 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_SELECT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EVBACKEND_POLL\*(C'\fR. |
1785 | .PP |
1896 | .PP |
1786 | \fIThe special problem of \s-1SIGPIPE\s0\fR |
1897 | \fIThe special problem of \s-1SIGPIPE\s0\fR |
1787 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of SIGPIPE" |
1898 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of SIGPIPE" |
1788 | .PP |
1899 | .PP |
1789 | While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about \f(CW\*(C`SIGPIPE\*(C'\fR: |
1900 | While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about \f(CW\*(C`SIGPIPE\*(C'\fR: |
1790 | when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets |
1901 | when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets |
1791 | sent a \s-1SIGPIPE\s0, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs |
1902 | sent a \s-1SIGPIPE,\s0 which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs |
1792 | this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable. |
1903 | this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable. |
1793 | .PP |
1904 | .PP |
1794 | So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you |
1905 | So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you |
1795 | ignore \s-1SIGPIPE\s0 (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon |
1906 | ignore \s-1SIGPIPE\s0 (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon |
1796 | somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue). |
1907 | somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue). |
1797 | .PP |
1908 | .PP |
1798 | \fIThe special problem of \fIaccept()\fIing when you can't\fR |
1909 | \fIThe special problem of \f(BIaccept()\fIing when you can't\fR |
1799 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of accept()ing when you can't" |
1910 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of accept()ing when you can't" |
1800 | .PP |
1911 | .PP |
1801 | Many implementations of the \s-1POSIX\s0 \f(CW\*(C`accept\*(C'\fR function (for example, |
1912 | Many implementations of the \s-1POSIX\s0 \f(CW\*(C`accept\*(C'\fR function (for example, |
1802 | found in post\-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a |
1913 | found in post\-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a |
1803 | connection from the pending queue in all error cases. |
1914 | connection from the pending queue in all error cases. |
… | |
… | |
1844 | .IX Item "ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)" |
1955 | .IX Item "ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)" |
1845 | .PD |
1956 | .PD |
1846 | Configures an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher. The \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR is the file descriptor to |
1957 | Configures an \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR watcher. The \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR is the file descriptor to |
1847 | receive events for and \f(CW\*(C`events\*(C'\fR is either \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR or |
1958 | receive events for and \f(CW\*(C`events\*(C'\fR is either \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR or |
1848 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_READ | EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR, to express the desire to receive the given events. |
1959 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_READ | EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR, to express the desire to receive the given events. |
|
|
1960 | .IP "ev_io_modify (ev_io *, int events)" 4 |
|
|
1961 | .IX Item "ev_io_modify (ev_io *, int events)" |
|
|
1962 | Similar to \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR, but only changes the event mask. Using this might |
|
|
1963 | be faster with some backends, as libev can assume that the \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR still |
|
|
1964 | refers to the same underlying file description, something it cannot do |
|
|
1965 | when using \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR. |
1849 | .IP "int fd [read\-only]" 4 |
1966 | .IP "int fd [no\-modify]" 4 |
1850 | .IX Item "int fd [read-only]" |
1967 | .IX Item "int fd [no-modify]" |
1851 | The file descriptor being watched. |
1968 | The file descriptor being watched. While it can be read at any time, you |
|
|
1969 | must not modify this member even when the watcher is stopped \- always use |
|
|
1970 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR for that. |
1852 | .IP "int events [read\-only]" 4 |
1971 | .IP "int events [no\-modify]" 4 |
1853 | .IX Item "int events [read-only]" |
1972 | .IX Item "int events [no-modify]" |
1854 | The events being watched. |
1973 | The set of events being watched, among other flags. This field is a |
|
|
1974 | bit set \- to test for \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR, use \f(CW\*(C`w\->events & EV_READ\*(C'\fR, and |
|
|
1975 | similarly for \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR. |
|
|
1976 | .Sp |
|
|
1977 | As with \f(CW\*(C`fd\*(C'\fR, you must not modify this member even when the watcher is |
|
|
1978 | stopped, always use \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_set\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_io_modify\*(C'\fR for that. |
1855 | .PP |
1979 | .PP |
1856 | \fIExamples\fR |
1980 | \fIExamples\fR |
1857 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
1981 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
1858 | .PP |
1982 | .PP |
1859 | Example: Call \f(CW\*(C`stdin_readable_cb\*(C'\fR when \s-1STDIN_FILENO\s0 has become, well |
1983 | Example: Call \f(CW\*(C`stdin_readable_cb\*(C'\fR when \s-1STDIN_FILENO\s0 has become, well |
… | |
… | |
1994 | \& callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
2118 | \& callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1995 | \& { |
2119 | \& { |
1996 | \& // calculate when the timeout would happen |
2120 | \& // calculate when the timeout would happen |
1997 | \& ev_tstamp after = last_activity \- ev_now (EV_A) + timeout; |
2121 | \& ev_tstamp after = last_activity \- ev_now (EV_A) + timeout; |
1998 | \& |
2122 | \& |
1999 | \& // if negative, it means we the timeout already occured |
2123 | \& // if negative, it means we the timeout already occurred |
2000 | \& if (after < 0.) |
2124 | \& if (after < 0.) |
2001 | \& { |
2125 | \& { |
2002 | \& // timeout occurred, take action |
2126 | \& // timeout occurred, take action |
2003 | \& } |
2127 | \& } |
2004 | \& else |
2128 | \& else |
… | |
… | |
2023 | .Sp |
2147 | .Sp |
2024 | Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger, |
2148 | Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger, |
2025 | and simply start the timer with this timeout value. |
2149 | and simply start the timer with this timeout value. |
2026 | .Sp |
2150 | .Sp |
2027 | In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether |
2151 | In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether |
2028 | the timeout cocured. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check |
2152 | the timeout occurred. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check |
2029 | again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat. |
2153 | again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat. |
2030 | .Sp |
2154 | .Sp |
2031 | This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds |
2155 | This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds |
2032 | minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to |
2156 | minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to |
2033 | libev to change the timeout. |
2157 | libev to change the timeout. |
… | |
… | |
2051 | \& last_activity = ev_now (EV_A); |
2175 | \& last_activity = ev_now (EV_A); |
2052 | .Ve |
2176 | .Ve |
2053 | .Sp |
2177 | .Sp |
2054 | When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply |
2178 | When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply |
2055 | providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which |
2179 | providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which |
2056 | will agaion do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :). |
2180 | will again do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :). |
2057 | .Sp |
2181 | .Sp |
2058 | .Vb 3 |
2182 | .Vb 3 |
2059 | \& timeout = new_value; |
2183 | \& timeout = new_value; |
2060 | \& ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer); |
2184 | \& ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer); |
2061 | \& callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0); |
2185 | \& callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0); |
… | |
… | |
2145 | .PP |
2269 | .PP |
2146 | The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR |
2270 | The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR |
2147 | time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time |
2271 | time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time |
2148 | of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If |
2272 | of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If |
2149 | you suspect event processing to be delayed and you \fIneed\fR to base the |
2273 | you suspect event processing to be delayed and you \fIneed\fR to base the |
2150 | timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this: |
2274 | timeout on the current time, use something like the following to adjust |
|
|
2275 | for it: |
2151 | .PP |
2276 | .PP |
2152 | .Vb 1 |
2277 | .Vb 1 |
2153 | \& ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () \- ev_time (), 0.); |
2278 | \& ev_timer_set (&timer, after + (ev_time () \- ev_now ()), 0.); |
2154 | .Ve |
2279 | .Ve |
2155 | .PP |
2280 | .PP |
2156 | If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an |
2281 | If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an |
2157 | update of the time returned by \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_now_update |
2282 | update of the time returned by \f(CW\*(C`ev_now ()\*(C'\fR by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_now_update |
2158 | ()\*(C'\fR. |
2283 | ()\*(C'\fR, although that will push the event time of all outstanding events |
|
|
2284 | further into the future. |
2159 | .PP |
2285 | .PP |
2160 | \fIThe special problem of unsynchronised clocks\fR |
2286 | \fIThe special problem of unsynchronised clocks\fR |
2161 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of unsynchronised clocks" |
2287 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of unsynchronised clocks" |
2162 | .PP |
2288 | .PP |
2163 | Modern systems have a variety of clocks \- libev itself uses the normal |
2289 | Modern systems have a variety of clocks \- libev itself uses the normal |
… | |
… | |
2228 | .IX Item "ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" |
2354 | .IX Item "ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" |
2229 | .PD 0 |
2355 | .PD 0 |
2230 | .IP "ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" 4 |
2356 | .IP "ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" 4 |
2231 | .IX Item "ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" |
2357 | .IX Item "ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)" |
2232 | .PD |
2358 | .PD |
2233 | Configure the timer to trigger after \f(CW\*(C`after\*(C'\fR seconds. If \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR |
2359 | Configure the timer to trigger after \f(CW\*(C`after\*(C'\fR seconds (fractional and |
2234 | is \f(CW0.\fR, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is |
2360 | negative values are supported). If \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR is \f(CW0.\fR, then it will |
2235 | reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be |
2361 | automatically be stopped once the timeout is reached. If it is positive, |
2236 | configured to trigger again \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR seconds later, again, and again, |
2362 | then the timer will automatically be configured to trigger again \f(CW\*(C`repeat\*(C'\fR |
2237 | until stopped manually. |
2363 | seconds later, again, and again, until stopped manually. |
2238 | .Sp |
2364 | .Sp |
2239 | The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if |
2365 | The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if |
2240 | you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally |
2366 | you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally |
2241 | trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot |
2367 | trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot |
2242 | keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to |
2368 | keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to |
… | |
… | |
2324 | Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile |
2450 | Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile |
2325 | (and unfortunately a bit complex). |
2451 | (and unfortunately a bit complex). |
2326 | .PP |
2452 | .PP |
2327 | Unlike \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or |
2453 | Unlike \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or |
2328 | relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time |
2454 | relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time |
2329 | (absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The |
2455 | (absolute time, the thing you can read on your calendar or clock). The |
2330 | difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real |
2456 | difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real |
2331 | time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your |
2457 | time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your |
2332 | wrist-watch). |
2458 | wrist-watch). |
2333 | .PP |
2459 | .PP |
2334 | You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point |
2460 | You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point |
… | |
… | |
2339 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting |
2465 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting |
2340 | it, as it uses a relative timeout). |
2466 | it, as it uses a relative timeout). |
2341 | .PP |
2467 | .PP |
2342 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex |
2468 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex |
2343 | timers, such as triggering an event on each \*(L"midnight, local time\*(R", or |
2469 | timers, such as triggering an event on each \*(L"midnight, local time\*(R", or |
2344 | other complicated rules. This cannot be done with \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR watchers, as |
2470 | other complicated rules. This cannot easily be done with \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR |
2345 | those cannot react to time jumps. |
2471 | watchers, as those cannot react to time jumps. |
2346 | .PP |
2472 | .PP |
2347 | As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the |
2473 | As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the |
2348 | point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple |
2474 | point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple |
2349 | timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with |
2475 | timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with |
2350 | earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values |
2476 | earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values |
… | |
… | |
2411 | In this mode the values for \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`offset\*(C'\fR are both being |
2537 | In this mode the values for \f(CW\*(C`interval\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`offset\*(C'\fR are both being |
2412 | ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the |
2538 | ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the |
2413 | reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the |
2539 | reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the |
2414 | current time as second argument. |
2540 | current time as second argument. |
2415 | .Sp |
2541 | .Sp |
2416 | \&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback \s-1MUST\s0 \s-1NOT\s0 stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever, |
2542 | \&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback \s-1MUST NOT\s0 stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever, |
2417 | or make \s-1ANY\s0 other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly |
2543 | or make \s-1ANY\s0 other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly |
2418 | allowed by documentation here\fR. |
2544 | allowed by documentation here\fR. |
2419 | .Sp |
2545 | .Sp |
2420 | If you need to stop it, return \f(CW\*(C`now + 1e30\*(C'\fR (or so, fudge fudge) and stop |
2546 | If you need to stop it, return \f(CW\*(C`now + 1e30\*(C'\fR (or so, fudge fudge) and stop |
2421 | it afterwards (e.g. by starting an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher, which is the |
2547 | it afterwards (e.g. by starting an \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watcher, which is the |
… | |
… | |
2439 | .Sp |
2565 | .Sp |
2440 | \&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback must always return a time that is higher than or |
2566 | \&\s-1NOTE:\s0 \fIThis callback must always return a time that is higher than or |
2441 | equal to the passed \f(CI\*(C`now\*(C'\fI value\fR. |
2567 | equal to the passed \f(CI\*(C`now\*(C'\fI value\fR. |
2442 | .Sp |
2568 | .Sp |
2443 | This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that |
2569 | This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that |
2444 | triggers on \*(L"next midnight, local time\*(R". To do this, you would calculate the |
2570 | triggers on \*(L"next midnight, local time\*(R". To do this, you would calculate |
2445 | next midnight after \f(CW\*(C`now\*(C'\fR and return the timestamp value for this. How |
2571 | the next midnight after \f(CW\*(C`now\*(C'\fR and return the timestamp value for |
2446 | you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main |
2572 | this. Here is a (completely untested, no error checking) example on how to |
2447 | reason I omitted it as an example). |
2573 | do this: |
|
|
2574 | .Sp |
|
|
2575 | .Vb 1 |
|
|
2576 | \& #include <time.h> |
|
|
2577 | \& |
|
|
2578 | \& static ev_tstamp |
|
|
2579 | \& my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
|
|
2580 | \& { |
|
|
2581 | \& time_t tnow = (time_t)now; |
|
|
2582 | \& struct tm tm; |
|
|
2583 | \& localtime_r (&tnow, &tm); |
|
|
2584 | \& |
|
|
2585 | \& tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0; // midnight current day |
|
|
2586 | \& ++tm.tm_mday; // midnight next day |
|
|
2587 | \& |
|
|
2588 | \& return mktime (&tm); |
|
|
2589 | \& } |
|
|
2590 | .Ve |
|
|
2591 | .Sp |
|
|
2592 | Note: this code might run into trouble on days that have more then two |
|
|
2593 | midnights (beginning and end). |
2448 | .RE |
2594 | .RE |
2449 | .RS 4 |
2595 | .RS 4 |
2450 | .RE |
2596 | .RE |
2451 | .IP "ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)" 4 |
2597 | .IP "ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)" 4 |
2452 | .IX Item "ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)" |
2598 | .IX Item "ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)" |
… | |
… | |
2537 | only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for \f(CW\*(C`SIGINT\*(C'\fR in your |
2683 | only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for \f(CW\*(C`SIGINT\*(C'\fR in your |
2538 | default loop and for \f(CW\*(C`SIGIO\*(C'\fR in another loop, but you cannot watch for |
2684 | default loop and for \f(CW\*(C`SIGIO\*(C'\fR in another loop, but you cannot watch for |
2539 | \&\f(CW\*(C`SIGINT\*(C'\fR in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At |
2685 | \&\f(CW\*(C`SIGINT\*(C'\fR in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At |
2540 | the moment, \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR is permanently tied to the default loop. |
2686 | the moment, \f(CW\*(C`SIGCHLD\*(C'\fR is permanently tied to the default loop. |
2541 | .PP |
2687 | .PP |
2542 | When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something |
2688 | Only after the first watcher for a signal is started will libev actually |
2543 | with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as |
2689 | register something with the kernel. It thus coexists with your own signal |
2544 | you don't register any with libev for the same signal). |
2690 | handlers as long as you don't register any with libev for the same signal. |
2545 | .PP |
2691 | .PP |
2546 | If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with |
2692 | If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with |
2547 | \&\f(CW\*(C`SA_RESTART\*(C'\fR (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should |
2693 | \&\f(CW\*(C`SA_RESTART\*(C'\fR (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should |
2548 | not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting |
2694 | not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting |
2549 | interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher |
2695 | interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher |
… | |
… | |
2610 | The signal the watcher watches out for. |
2756 | The signal the watcher watches out for. |
2611 | .PP |
2757 | .PP |
2612 | \fIExamples\fR |
2758 | \fIExamples\fR |
2613 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
2759 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
2614 | .PP |
2760 | .PP |
2615 | Example: Try to exit cleanly on \s-1SIGINT\s0. |
2761 | Example: Try to exit cleanly on \s-1SIGINT.\s0 |
2616 | .PP |
2762 | .PP |
2617 | .Vb 5 |
2763 | .Vb 5 |
2618 | \& static void |
2764 | \& static void |
2619 | \& sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents) |
2765 | \& sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents) |
2620 | \& { |
2766 | \& { |
… | |
… | |
2735 | .ie n .SS """ev_stat"" \- did the file attributes just change?" |
2881 | .ie n .SS """ev_stat"" \- did the file attributes just change?" |
2736 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_stat\fP \- did the file attributes just change?" |
2882 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_stat\fP \- did the file attributes just change?" |
2737 | .IX Subsection "ev_stat - did the file attributes just change?" |
2883 | .IX Subsection "ev_stat - did the file attributes just change?" |
2738 | This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls |
2884 | This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls |
2739 | \&\f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR on that path in regular intervals (or when the \s-1OS\s0 says it changed) |
2885 | \&\f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR on that path in regular intervals (or when the \s-1OS\s0 says it changed) |
2740 | and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if |
2886 | and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback |
2741 | it did. |
2887 | if it did. Starting the watcher \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR's the file, so only changes that |
|
|
2888 | happen after the watcher has been started will be reported. |
2742 | .PP |
2889 | .PP |
2743 | The path does not need to exist: changing from \*(L"path exists\*(R" to \*(L"path does |
2890 | The path does not need to exist: changing from \*(L"path exists\*(R" to \*(L"path does |
2744 | not exist\*(R" is a status change like any other. The condition \*(L"path does not |
2891 | not exist\*(R" is a status change like any other. The condition \*(L"path does not |
2745 | exist\*(R" (or more correctly \*(L"path cannot be stat'ed\*(R") is signified by the |
2892 | exist\*(R" (or more correctly \*(L"path cannot be stat'ed\*(R") is signified by the |
2746 | \&\f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at |
2893 | \&\f(CW\*(C`st_nlink\*(C'\fR field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at |
… | |
… | |
2776 | compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file |
2923 | compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file |
2777 | support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat |
2924 | support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat |
2778 | structure. When using the library from programs that change the \s-1ABI\s0 to |
2925 | structure. When using the library from programs that change the \s-1ABI\s0 to |
2779 | use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to |
2926 | use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to |
2780 | compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is |
2927 | compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is |
2781 | obviously the case with any flags that change the \s-1ABI\s0, but the problem is |
2928 | obviously the case with any flags that change the \s-1ABI,\s0 but the problem is |
2782 | most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support. |
2929 | most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support. |
2783 | .PP |
2930 | .PP |
2784 | The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large |
2931 | The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large |
2785 | file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not |
2932 | file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not |
2786 | optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has |
2933 | optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has |
… | |
… | |
2977 | Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful |
3124 | Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful |
2978 | effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do |
3125 | effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do |
2979 | \&\*(L"pseudo-background processing\*(R", or delay processing stuff to after the |
3126 | \&\*(L"pseudo-background processing\*(R", or delay processing stuff to after the |
2980 | event loop has handled all outstanding events. |
3127 | event loop has handled all outstanding events. |
2981 | .PP |
3128 | .PP |
|
|
3129 | \fIAbusing an \f(CI\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fI watcher for its side-effect\fR |
|
|
3130 | .IX Subsection "Abusing an ev_idle watcher for its side-effect" |
|
|
3131 | .PP |
|
|
3132 | As long as there is at least one active idle watcher, libev will never |
|
|
3133 | sleep unnecessarily. Or in other words, it will loop as fast as possible. |
|
|
3134 | For this to work, the idle watcher doesn't need to be invoked at all \- the |
|
|
3135 | lowest priority will do. |
|
|
3136 | .PP |
|
|
3137 | This mode of operation can be useful together with an \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher, |
|
|
3138 | to do something on each event loop iteration \- for example to balance load |
|
|
3139 | between different connections. |
|
|
3140 | .PP |
|
|
3141 | See \*(L"Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect\*(R" for a longer |
|
|
3142 | example. |
|
|
3143 | .PP |
2982 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
3144 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
2983 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
3145 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
2984 | .IP "ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)" 4 |
3146 | .IP "ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)" 4 |
2985 | .IX Item "ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)" |
3147 | .IX Item "ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)" |
2986 | Initialises and configures the idle watcher \- it has no parameters of any |
3148 | Initialises and configures the idle watcher \- it has no parameters of any |
… | |
… | |
2991 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
3153 | .IX Subsection "Examples" |
2992 | .PP |
3154 | .PP |
2993 | Example: Dynamically allocate an \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watcher, start it, and in the |
3155 | Example: Dynamically allocate an \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watcher, start it, and in the |
2994 | callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual. |
3156 | callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual. |
2995 | .PP |
3157 | .PP |
2996 | .Vb 7 |
3158 | .Vb 5 |
2997 | \& static void |
3159 | \& static void |
2998 | \& idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents) |
3160 | \& idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents) |
2999 | \& { |
3161 | \& { |
|
|
3162 | \& // stop the watcher |
|
|
3163 | \& ev_idle_stop (loop, w); |
|
|
3164 | \& |
|
|
3165 | \& // now we can free it |
3000 | \& free (w); |
3166 | \& free (w); |
|
|
3167 | \& |
3001 | \& // now do something you wanted to do when the program has |
3168 | \& // now do something you wanted to do when the program has |
3002 | \& // no longer anything immediate to do. |
3169 | \& // no longer anything immediate to do. |
3003 | \& } |
3170 | \& } |
3004 | \& |
3171 | \& |
3005 | \& ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle)); |
3172 | \& ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle)); |
… | |
… | |
3007 | \& ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher); |
3174 | \& ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher); |
3008 | .Ve |
3175 | .Ve |
3009 | .ie n .SS """ev_prepare"" and ""ev_check"" \- customise your event loop!" |
3176 | .ie n .SS """ev_prepare"" and ""ev_check"" \- customise your event loop!" |
3010 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_prepare\fP and \f(CWev_check\fP \- customise your event loop!" |
3177 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_prepare\fP and \f(CWev_check\fP \- customise your event loop!" |
3011 | .IX Subsection "ev_prepare and ev_check - customise your event loop!" |
3178 | .IX Subsection "ev_prepare and ev_check - customise your event loop!" |
3012 | Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs: |
3179 | Prepare and check watchers are often (but not always) used in pairs: |
3013 | prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers |
3180 | prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers |
3014 | afterwards. |
3181 | afterwards. |
3015 | .PP |
3182 | .PP |
3016 | You \fImust not\fR call \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR or similar functions that enter |
3183 | You \fImust not\fR call \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR (or similar functions that enter the |
3017 | the current event loop from either \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR |
3184 | current event loop) or \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR from either \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR or |
3018 | watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The |
3185 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, |
3019 | rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in |
3186 | however. The rationale behind this is that you do not need to check |
3020 | those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR, blocking, |
3187 | for recursion in those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be |
3021 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be |
3188 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR, blocking, \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR so if you have one watcher of each |
3022 | called in pairs bracketing the blocking call. |
3189 | kind they will always be called in pairs bracketing the blocking call. |
3023 | .PP |
3190 | .PP |
3024 | Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and |
3191 | Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and |
3025 | their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track |
3192 | their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track |
3026 | variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a |
3193 | variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a |
3027 | coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if |
3194 | coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if |
… | |
… | |
3045 | with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine |
3212 | with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine |
3046 | of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event |
3213 | of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event |
3047 | loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping |
3214 | loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping |
3048 | low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks). |
3215 | low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks). |
3049 | .PP |
3216 | .PP |
3050 | It is recommended to give \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers highest (\f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR) |
3217 | When used for this purpose, it is recommended to give \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers |
3051 | priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers |
3218 | highest (\f(CW\*(C`EV_MAXPRI\*(C'\fR) priority, to ensure that they are being run before |
3052 | after the poll (this doesn't matter for \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers). |
3219 | any other watchers after the poll (this doesn't matter for \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR |
|
|
3220 | watchers). |
3053 | .PP |
3221 | .PP |
3054 | Also, \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers (and \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers, too) should not |
3222 | Also, \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers (and \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR watchers, too) should not |
3055 | activate (\*(L"feed\*(R") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they |
3223 | activate (\*(L"feed\*(R") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they |
3056 | might get executed before other \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers did their job. As |
3224 | might get executed before other \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers did their job. As |
3057 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event |
3225 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event |
3058 | loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their |
3226 | loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their |
3059 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with |
3227 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with |
3060 | others). |
3228 | others). |
|
|
3229 | .PP |
|
|
3230 | \fIAbusing an \f(CI\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fI watcher for its side-effect\fR |
|
|
3231 | .IX Subsection "Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect" |
|
|
3232 | .PP |
|
|
3233 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR (and less often also \f(CW\*(C`ev_prepare\*(C'\fR) watchers can also be |
|
|
3234 | useful because they are called once per event loop iteration. For |
|
|
3235 | example, if you want to handle a large number of connections fairly, you |
|
|
3236 | normally only do a bit of work for each active connection, and if there |
|
|
3237 | is more work to do, you wait for the next event loop iteration, so other |
|
|
3238 | connections have a chance of making progress. |
|
|
3239 | .PP |
|
|
3240 | Using an \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher is almost enough: it will be called on the |
|
|
3241 | next event loop iteration. However, that isn't as soon as possible \- |
|
|
3242 | without external events, your \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher will not be invoked. |
|
|
3243 | .PP |
|
|
3244 | This is where \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watchers come in handy \- all you need is a |
|
|
3245 | single global idle watcher that is active as long as you have one active |
|
|
3246 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher. The \f(CW\*(C`ev_idle\*(C'\fR watcher makes sure the event loop |
|
|
3247 | will not sleep, and the \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watcher makes sure a callback gets |
|
|
3248 | invoked. Neither watcher alone can do that. |
3061 | .PP |
3249 | .PP |
3062 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
3250 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
3063 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
3251 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
3064 | .IP "ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)" 4 |
3252 | .IP "ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)" 4 |
3065 | .IX Item "ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)" |
3253 | .IX Item "ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)" |
… | |
… | |
3176 | .Ve |
3364 | .Ve |
3177 | .PP |
3365 | .PP |
3178 | Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you |
3366 | Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you |
3179 | want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can |
3367 | want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can |
3180 | override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the |
3368 | override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the |
3181 | main loop is now no longer controllable by \s-1EV\s0. The \f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR module uses |
3369 | main loop is now no longer controllable by \s-1EV.\s0 The \f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR module uses |
3182 | this approach, effectively embedding \s-1EV\s0 as a client into the horrible |
3370 | this approach, effectively embedding \s-1EV\s0 as a client into the horrible |
3183 | libglib event loop. |
3371 | libglib event loop. |
3184 | .PP |
3372 | .PP |
3185 | .Vb 4 |
3373 | .Vb 4 |
3186 | \& static gint |
3374 | \& static gint |
… | |
… | |
3270 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
3458 | \fIWatcher-Specific Functions and Data Members\fR |
3271 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
3459 | .IX Subsection "Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members" |
3272 | .IP "ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" 4 |
3460 | .IP "ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" 4 |
3273 | .IX Item "ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" |
3461 | .IX Item "ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" |
3274 | .PD 0 |
3462 | .PD 0 |
3275 | .IP "ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" 4 |
3463 | .IP "ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" 4 |
3276 | .IX Item "ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" |
3464 | .IX Item "ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)" |
3277 | .PD |
3465 | .PD |
3278 | Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be |
3466 | Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be |
3279 | embeddable. If the callback is \f(CW0\fR, then \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed_sweep\*(C'\fR will be |
3467 | embeddable. If the callback is \f(CW0\fR, then \f(CW\*(C`ev_embed_sweep\*(C'\fR will be |
3280 | invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback |
3468 | invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback |
3281 | to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done, |
3469 | to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done, |
… | |
… | |
3300 | .PP |
3488 | .PP |
3301 | .Vb 3 |
3489 | .Vb 3 |
3302 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0); |
3490 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0); |
3303 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0; |
3491 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0; |
3304 | \& ev_embed embed; |
3492 | \& ev_embed embed; |
3305 | \& |
3493 | \& |
3306 | \& // see if there is a chance of getting one that works |
3494 | \& // see if there is a chance of getting one that works |
3307 | \& // (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection) |
3495 | \& // (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection) |
3308 | \& loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends () |
3496 | \& loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends () |
3309 | \& ? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()) |
3497 | \& ? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()) |
3310 | \& : 0; |
3498 | \& : 0; |
… | |
… | |
3326 | .PP |
3514 | .PP |
3327 | .Vb 3 |
3515 | .Vb 3 |
3328 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
3516 | \& struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
3329 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0; |
3517 | \& struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0; |
3330 | \& ev_embed embed; |
3518 | \& ev_embed embed; |
3331 | \& |
3519 | \& |
3332 | \& if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE) |
3520 | \& if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE) |
3333 | \& if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)) |
3521 | \& if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)) |
3334 | \& { |
3522 | \& { |
3335 | \& ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket); |
3523 | \& ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket); |
3336 | \& ev_embed_start (loop, &embed); |
3524 | \& ev_embed_start (loop, &embed); |
… | |
… | |
3344 | .ie n .SS """ev_fork"" \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
3532 | .ie n .SS """ev_fork"" \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
3345 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_fork\fP \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
3533 | .el .SS "\f(CWev_fork\fP \- the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
3346 | .IX Subsection "ev_fork - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
3534 | .IX Subsection "ev_fork - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork" |
3347 | Fork watchers are called when a \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR was detected (usually because |
3535 | Fork watchers are called when a \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR was detected (usually because |
3348 | whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling |
3536 | whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling |
3349 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR). The invocation is done before the |
3537 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_fork\*(C'\fR). The invocation is done before the event loop blocks next |
3350 | event loop blocks next and before \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are being called, |
3538 | and before \f(CW\*(C`ev_check\*(C'\fR watchers are being called, and only in the child |
3351 | and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling |
3539 | after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR cheats |
3352 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_default_fork\*(C'\fR cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork |
3540 | and calls it in the wrong process, the fork handlers will be invoked, too, |
3353 | handlers will be invoked, too, of course. |
3541 | of course. |
3354 | .PP |
3542 | .PP |
3355 | \fIThe special problem of life after fork \- how is it possible?\fR |
3543 | \fIThe special problem of life after fork \- how is it possible?\fR |
3356 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?" |
3544 | .IX Subsection "The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?" |
3357 | .PP |
3545 | .PP |
3358 | Most uses of \f(CW\*(C`fork()\*(C'\fR consist of forking, then some simple calls to set |
3546 | Most uses of \f(CW\*(C`fork ()\*(C'\fR consist of forking, then some simple calls to set |
3359 | up/change the process environment, followed by a call to \f(CW\*(C`exec()\*(C'\fR. This |
3547 | up/change the process environment, followed by a call to \f(CW\*(C`exec()\*(C'\fR. This |
3360 | sequence should be handled by libev without any problems. |
3548 | sequence should be handled by libev without any problems. |
3361 | .PP |
3549 | .PP |
3362 | This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling |
3550 | This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling |
3363 | in the child, or both parent in child, in effect \*(L"continuing\*(R" after the |
3551 | in the child, or both parent in child, in effect \*(L"continuing\*(R" after the |
… | |
… | |
3444 | it by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR, which is thread\- and signal safe. |
3632 | it by calling \f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR, which is thread\- and signal safe. |
3445 | .PP |
3633 | .PP |
3446 | This functionality is very similar to \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR watchers, as signals, |
3634 | This functionality is very similar to \f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR watchers, as signals, |
3447 | too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed |
3635 | too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed |
3448 | (i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of |
3636 | (i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of |
3449 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async_sent\*(C'\fR calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind |
3637 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_async_send\*(C'\fR calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind |
3450 | of \*(L"global async watchers\*(R" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused |
3638 | of \*(L"global async watchers\*(R" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused |
3451 | signal, and \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal\*(C'\fR to signal this watcher from another thread, |
3639 | signal, and \f(CW\*(C`ev_feed_signal\*(C'\fR to signal this watcher from another thread, |
3452 | even without knowing which loop owns the signal. |
3640 | even without knowing which loop owns the signal. |
3453 | .PP |
3641 | .PP |
3454 | \fIQueueing\fR |
3642 | \fIQueueing\fR |
… | |
… | |
3580 | is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async |
3768 | is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async |
3581 | notification, and the callback being invoked. |
3769 | notification, and the callback being invoked. |
3582 | .SH "OTHER FUNCTIONS" |
3770 | .SH "OTHER FUNCTIONS" |
3583 | .IX Header "OTHER FUNCTIONS" |
3771 | .IX Header "OTHER FUNCTIONS" |
3584 | There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now. |
3772 | There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now. |
3585 | .IP "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)" 4 |
3773 | .IP "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback, arg)" 4 |
3586 | .IX Item "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)" |
3774 | .IX Item "ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback, arg)" |
3587 | This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your |
3775 | This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your |
3588 | callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both |
3776 | callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both |
3589 | watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd |
3777 | watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd |
3590 | or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or |
3778 | or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or |
3591 | more watchers yourself. |
3779 | more watchers yourself. |
… | |
… | |
3603 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_ERROR\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EV_TIMER\*(C'\fR) and the \f(CW\*(C`arg\*(C'\fR |
3791 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_ERROR\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_READ\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`EV_WRITE\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EV_TIMER\*(C'\fR) and the \f(CW\*(C`arg\*(C'\fR |
3604 | value passed to \f(CW\*(C`ev_once\*(C'\fR. Note that it is possible to receive \fIboth\fR |
3792 | value passed to \f(CW\*(C`ev_once\*(C'\fR. Note that it is possible to receive \fIboth\fR |
3605 | a timeout and an io event at the same time \- you probably should give io |
3793 | a timeout and an io event at the same time \- you probably should give io |
3606 | events precedence. |
3794 | events precedence. |
3607 | .Sp |
3795 | .Sp |
3608 | Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on \s-1STDIN_FILENO\s0. |
3796 | Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on \s-1STDIN_FILENO.\s0 |
3609 | .Sp |
3797 | .Sp |
3610 | .Vb 7 |
3798 | .Vb 7 |
3611 | \& static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg) |
3799 | \& static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg) |
3612 | \& { |
3800 | \& { |
3613 | \& if (revents & EV_READ) |
3801 | \& if (revents & EV_READ) |
… | |
… | |
3629 | .SH "COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)" |
3817 | .SH "COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)" |
3630 | .IX Header "COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)" |
3818 | .IX Header "COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)" |
3631 | This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately |
3819 | This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately |
3632 | obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this |
3820 | obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this |
3633 | section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else. |
3821 | section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else. |
3634 | .SS "\s-1ASSOCIATING\s0 \s-1CUSTOM\s0 \s-1DATA\s0 \s-1WITH\s0 A \s-1WATCHER\s0" |
3822 | .SS "\s-1ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER\s0" |
3635 | .IX Subsection "ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER" |
3823 | .IX Subsection "ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER" |
3636 | Each watcher has, by default, a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member that you can read |
3824 | Each watcher has, by default, a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member that you can read |
3637 | or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used |
3825 | or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used |
3638 | to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and |
3826 | to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and |
3639 | don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that |
3827 | don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that |
… | |
… | |
3665 | \& } |
3853 | \& } |
3666 | .Ve |
3854 | .Ve |
3667 | .PP |
3855 | .PP |
3668 | More interesting and less C\-conformant ways of casting your callback |
3856 | More interesting and less C\-conformant ways of casting your callback |
3669 | function type instead have been omitted. |
3857 | function type instead have been omitted. |
3670 | .SS "\s-1BUILDING\s0 \s-1YOUR\s0 \s-1OWN\s0 \s-1COMPOSITE\s0 \s-1WATCHERS\s0" |
3858 | .SS "\s-1BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS\s0" |
3671 | .IX Subsection "BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS" |
3859 | .IX Subsection "BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS" |
3672 | Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple |
3860 | Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple |
3673 | embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines |
3861 | embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines |
3674 | multiple libev event sources into one \*(L"super-watcher\*(R": |
3862 | multiple libev event sources into one \*(L"super-watcher\*(R": |
3675 | .PP |
3863 | .PP |
… | |
… | |
3703 | \& { |
3891 | \& { |
3704 | \& struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *) |
3892 | \& struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *) |
3705 | \& (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2)); |
3893 | \& (((char *)w) \- offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2)); |
3706 | \& } |
3894 | \& } |
3707 | .Ve |
3895 | .Ve |
3708 | .SS "\s-1AVOIDING\s0 \s-1FINISHING\s0 \s-1BEFORE\s0 \s-1RETURNING\s0" |
3896 | .SS "\s-1AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING\s0" |
3709 | .IX Subsection "AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING" |
3897 | .IX Subsection "AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING" |
3710 | Often you have structures like this in event-based programs: |
3898 | Often you have structures like this in event-based programs: |
3711 | .PP |
3899 | .PP |
3712 | .Vb 4 |
3900 | .Vb 4 |
3713 | \& callback () |
3901 | \& callback () |
… | |
… | |
3735 | already been invoked. |
3923 | already been invoked. |
3736 | .PP |
3924 | .PP |
3737 | A common way around all these issues is to make sure that |
3925 | A common way around all these issues is to make sure that |
3738 | \&\f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR \fIalways\fR returns before the callback is invoked. If |
3926 | \&\f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR \fIalways\fR returns before the callback is invoked. If |
3739 | \&\f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR immediately knows the result, it can artificially |
3927 | \&\f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR immediately knows the result, it can artificially |
3740 | delay invoking the callback by e.g. using a \f(CW\*(C`prepare\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`idle\*(C'\fR watcher |
3928 | delay invoking the callback by using a \f(CW\*(C`prepare\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`idle\*(C'\fR watcher for |
3741 | for example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher |
3929 | example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher and |
3742 | and pushing it into the pending queue: |
3930 | pushing it into the pending queue: |
3743 | .PP |
3931 | .PP |
3744 | .Vb 2 |
3932 | .Vb 2 |
3745 | \& ev_set_cb (watcher, callback); |
3933 | \& ev_set_cb (watcher, callback); |
3746 | \& ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0); |
3934 | \& ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0); |
3747 | .Ve |
3935 | .Ve |
3748 | .PP |
3936 | .PP |
3749 | This way, \f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR can safely return before the callback is |
3937 | This way, \f(CW\*(C`start_new_request\*(C'\fR can safely return before the callback is |
3750 | invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much. |
3938 | invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much. |
3751 | .SS "\s-1MODEL/NESTED\s0 \s-1EVENT\s0 \s-1LOOP\s0 \s-1INVOCATIONS\s0 \s-1AND\s0 \s-1EXIT\s0 \s-1CONDITIONS\s0" |
3939 | .SS "\s-1MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS\s0" |
3752 | .IX Subsection "MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS" |
3940 | .IX Subsection "MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS" |
3753 | Often (especially in \s-1GUI\s0 toolkits) there are places where you have |
3941 | Often (especially in \s-1GUI\s0 toolkits) there are places where you have |
3754 | \&\fImodal\fR interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively |
3942 | \&\fImodal\fR interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively |
3755 | invoking \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR. |
3943 | invoking \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR. |
3756 | .PP |
3944 | .PP |
3757 | This brings the problem of exiting \- a callback might want to finish the |
3945 | This brings the problem of exiting \- a callback might want to finish the |
3758 | main \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked \*(L"Quit\*(R", but |
3946 | main \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked \*(L"Quit\*(R", but |
3759 | a modal \*(L"Are you sure?\*(R" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one |
3947 | a modal \*(L"Are you sure?\*(R" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one |
3760 | and not the main one (e.g. user clocked \*(L"Ok\*(R" in a modal dialog), or some |
3948 | and not the main one (e.g. user clocked \*(L"Ok\*(R" in a modal dialog), or some |
3761 | other combination: In these cases, \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR will not work alone. |
3949 | other combination: In these cases, a simple \f(CW\*(C`ev_break\*(C'\fR will not work. |
3762 | .PP |
3950 | .PP |
3763 | The solution is to maintain \*(L"break this loop\*(R" variable for each \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR |
3951 | The solution is to maintain \*(L"break this loop\*(R" variable for each \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR |
3764 | invocation, and use a loop around \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR until the condition is |
3952 | invocation, and use a loop around \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR until the condition is |
3765 | triggered, using \f(CW\*(C`EVRUN_ONCE\*(C'\fR: |
3953 | triggered, using \f(CW\*(C`EVRUN_ONCE\*(C'\fR: |
3766 | .PP |
3954 | .PP |
… | |
… | |
3788 | \& exit_main_loop = 1; |
3976 | \& exit_main_loop = 1; |
3789 | \& |
3977 | \& |
3790 | \& // exit both |
3978 | \& // exit both |
3791 | \& exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1; |
3979 | \& exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1; |
3792 | .Ve |
3980 | .Ve |
3793 | .SS "\s-1THREAD\s0 \s-1LOCKING\s0 \s-1EXAMPLE\s0" |
3981 | .SS "\s-1THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE\s0" |
3794 | .IX Subsection "THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE" |
3982 | .IX Subsection "THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE" |
3795 | Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different |
3983 | Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different |
3796 | thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are |
3984 | thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are |
3797 | created/added/removed. |
3985 | created/added/removed. |
3798 | .PP |
3986 | .PP |
… | |
… | |
3939 | .PP |
4127 | .PP |
3940 | Note that sending the \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher is required because otherwise |
4128 | Note that sending the \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher is required because otherwise |
3941 | an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge |
4129 | an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge |
3942 | about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new |
4130 | about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new |
3943 | watchers in the next event loop iteration. |
4131 | watchers in the next event loop iteration. |
3944 | .SS "\s-1THREADS\s0, \s-1COROUTINES\s0, \s-1CONTINUATIONS\s0, \s-1QUEUES\s0... \s-1INSTEAD\s0 \s-1OF\s0 \s-1CALLBACKS\s0" |
4132 | .SS "\s-1THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS\s0" |
3945 | .IX Subsection "THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS" |
4133 | .IX Subsection "THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS" |
3946 | While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it |
4134 | While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it |
3947 | is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some |
4135 | is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some |
3948 | kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that |
4136 | kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that |
3949 | doesn't need callbacks anymore. |
4137 | doesn't need callbacks anymore. |
… | |
… | |
3971 | .PP |
4159 | .PP |
3972 | .Vb 6 |
4160 | .Vb 6 |
3973 | \& void |
4161 | \& void |
3974 | \& wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w) |
4162 | \& wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w) |
3975 | \& { |
4163 | \& { |
3976 | \& ev_cb_set (w) = current_coro; |
4164 | \& ev_set_cb (w, current_coro); |
3977 | \& switch_to (libev_coro); |
4165 | \& switch_to (libev_coro); |
3978 | \& } |
4166 | \& } |
3979 | .Ve |
4167 | .Ve |
3980 | .PP |
4168 | .PP |
3981 | That basically suspends the coroutine inside \f(CW\*(C`wait_for_event\*(C'\fR and |
4169 | That basically suspends the coroutine inside \f(CW\*(C`wait_for_event\*(C'\fR and |
… | |
… | |
3985 | You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue \- |
4173 | You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue \- |
3986 | instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of |
4174 | instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of |
3987 | switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify |
4175 | switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify |
3988 | any waiters. |
4176 | any waiters. |
3989 | .PP |
4177 | .PP |
3990 | To embed libev, see \s-1EMBEDDING\s0, but in short, it's easiest to create two |
4178 | To embed libev, see \*(L"\s-1EMBEDDING\*(R"\s0, but in short, it's easiest to create two |
3991 | files, \fImy_ev.h\fR and \fImy_ev.c\fR that include the respective libev files: |
4179 | files, \fImy_ev.h\fR and \fImy_ev.c\fR that include the respective libev files: |
3992 | .PP |
4180 | .PP |
3993 | .Vb 4 |
4181 | .Vb 4 |
3994 | \& // my_ev.h |
4182 | \& // my_ev.h |
3995 | \& #define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb; |
4183 | \& #define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb; |
3996 | \& #define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)\->cb); |
4184 | \& #define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)\->cb) |
3997 | \& #include "../libev/ev.h" |
4185 | \& #include "../libev/ev.h" |
3998 | \& |
4186 | \& |
3999 | \& // my_ev.c |
4187 | \& // my_ev.c |
4000 | \& #define EV_H "my_ev.h" |
4188 | \& #define EV_H "my_ev.h" |
4001 | \& #include "../libev/ev.c" |
4189 | \& #include "../libev/ev.c" |
… | |
… | |
4041 | The normal C \s-1API\s0 should work fine when used from \*(C+: both ev.h and the |
4229 | The normal C \s-1API\s0 should work fine when used from \*(C+: both ev.h and the |
4042 | libev sources can be compiled as \*(C+. Therefore, code that uses the C \s-1API\s0 |
4230 | libev sources can be compiled as \*(C+. Therefore, code that uses the C \s-1API\s0 |
4043 | will work fine. |
4231 | will work fine. |
4044 | .PP |
4232 | .PP |
4045 | Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed |
4233 | Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed |
4046 | to libev: exceptions may be thrown only from watcher callbacks, all |
4234 | to libev: exceptions may be thrown only from watcher callbacks, all other |
4047 | other callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and periodioc |
4235 | callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and periodic reschedule |
4048 | reschedule callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a \f(CW\*(C`throw |
4236 | callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a \f(CW\*(C`noexcept\*(C'\fR |
4049 | ()\*(C'\fR specification. If you have code that needs to be compiled as both C |
4237 | specification. If you have code that needs to be compiled as both C and |
4050 | and \*(C+ you can use the \f(CW\*(C`EV_THROW\*(C'\fR macro for this: |
4238 | \&\*(C+ you can use the \f(CW\*(C`EV_NOEXCEPT\*(C'\fR macro for this: |
4051 | .PP |
4239 | .PP |
4052 | .Vb 6 |
4240 | .Vb 6 |
4053 | \& static void |
4241 | \& static void |
4054 | \& fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_THROW |
4242 | \& fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_NOEXCEPT |
4055 | \& { |
4243 | \& { |
4056 | \& perror (msg); |
4244 | \& perror (msg); |
4057 | \& abort (); |
4245 | \& abort (); |
4058 | \& } |
4246 | \& } |
4059 | \& |
4247 | \& |
4060 | \& ... |
4248 | \& ... |
4061 | \& ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error); |
4249 | \& ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error); |
4062 | .Ve |
4250 | .Ve |
4063 | .PP |
4251 | .PP |
4064 | The only \s-1API\s0 functions that can currently throw exceptions are \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR, |
4252 | The only \s-1API\s0 functions that can currently throw exceptions are \f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR, |
4065 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_inoke\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_invoke_pending\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_destroy\*(C'\fR (the latter |
4253 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_invoke\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ev_invoke_pending\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_destroy\*(C'\fR (the latter |
4066 | because it runs cleanup watchers). |
4254 | because it runs cleanup watchers). |
4067 | .PP |
4255 | .PP |
4068 | Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself |
4256 | Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself |
4069 | is compiled with a \*(C+ compiler or your C and \*(C+ environments allow |
4257 | is compiled with a \*(C+ compiler or your C and \*(C+ environments allow |
4070 | throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do). |
4258 | throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do). |
… | |
… | |
4187 | \& void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents) |
4375 | \& void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents) |
4188 | \& { |
4376 | \& { |
4189 | \& ... |
4377 | \& ... |
4190 | \& } |
4378 | \& } |
4191 | \& } |
4379 | \& } |
4192 | \& |
4380 | \& |
4193 | \& myfunctor f; |
4381 | \& myfunctor f; |
4194 | \& |
4382 | \& |
4195 | \& ev::io w; |
4383 | \& ev::io w; |
4196 | \& w.set (&f); |
4384 | \& w.set (&f); |
4197 | .Ve |
4385 | .Ve |
… | |
… | |
4215 | .IX Item "w->set (loop)" |
4403 | .IX Item "w->set (loop)" |
4216 | Associates a different \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop\*(C'\fR with this watcher. You can only |
4404 | Associates a different \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop\*(C'\fR with this watcher. You can only |
4217 | do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either). |
4405 | do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either). |
4218 | .IP "w\->set ([arguments])" 4 |
4406 | .IP "w\->set ([arguments])" 4 |
4219 | .IX Item "w->set ([arguments])" |
4407 | .IX Item "w->set ([arguments])" |
4220 | Basically the same as \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR, with the same arguments. Either this |
4408 | Basically the same as \f(CW\*(C`ev_TYPE_set\*(C'\fR (except for \f(CW\*(C`ev::embed\*(C'\fR watchers>), |
4221 | method or a suitable start method must be called at least once. Unlike the |
4409 | with the same arguments. Either this method or a suitable start method |
4222 | C counterpart, an active watcher gets automatically stopped and restarted |
4410 | must be called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher |
4223 | when reconfiguring it with this method. |
4411 | gets automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this |
|
|
4412 | method. |
|
|
4413 | .Sp |
|
|
4414 | For \f(CW\*(C`ev::embed\*(C'\fR watchers this method is called \f(CW\*(C`set_embed\*(C'\fR, to avoid |
|
|
4415 | clashing with the \f(CW\*(C`set (loop)\*(C'\fR method. |
4224 | .IP "w\->start ()" 4 |
4416 | .IP "w\->start ()" 4 |
4225 | .IX Item "w->start ()" |
4417 | .IX Item "w->start ()" |
4226 | Starts the watcher. Note that there is no \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR argument, as the |
4418 | Starts the watcher. Note that there is no \f(CW\*(C`loop\*(C'\fR argument, as the |
4227 | constructor already stores the event loop. |
4419 | constructor already stores the event loop. |
4228 | .IP "w\->start ([arguments])" 4 |
4420 | .IP "w\->start ([arguments])" 4 |
… | |
… | |
4286 | there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces |
4478 | there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces |
4287 | to \f(CW\*(C`libadns\*(C'\fR (\f(CW\*(C`EV::ADNS\*(C'\fR, but \f(CW\*(C`AnyEvent::DNS\*(C'\fR is preferred nowadays), |
4479 | to \f(CW\*(C`libadns\*(C'\fR (\f(CW\*(C`EV::ADNS\*(C'\fR, but \f(CW\*(C`AnyEvent::DNS\*(C'\fR is preferred nowadays), |
4288 | \&\f(CW\*(C`Net::SNMP\*(C'\fR (\f(CW\*(C`Net::SNMP::EV\*(C'\fR) and the \f(CW\*(C`libglib\*(C'\fR event core (\f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR |
4480 | \&\f(CW\*(C`Net::SNMP\*(C'\fR (\f(CW\*(C`Net::SNMP::EV\*(C'\fR) and the \f(CW\*(C`libglib\*(C'\fR event core (\f(CW\*(C`Glib::EV\*(C'\fR |
4289 | and \f(CW\*(C`EV::Glib\*(C'\fR). |
4481 | and \f(CW\*(C`EV::Glib\*(C'\fR). |
4290 | .Sp |
4482 | .Sp |
4291 | It can be found and installed via \s-1CPAN\s0, its homepage is at |
4483 | It can be found and installed via \s-1CPAN,\s0 its homepage is at |
4292 | <http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>. |
4484 | <http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>. |
4293 | .IP "Python" 4 |
4485 | .IP "Python" 4 |
4294 | .IX Item "Python" |
4486 | .IX Item "Python" |
4295 | Python bindings can be found at <http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It |
4487 | Python bindings can be found at <http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It |
4296 | seems to be quite complete and well-documented. |
4488 | seems to be quite complete and well-documented. |
… | |
… | |
4304 | Roger Pack reports that using the link order \f(CW\*(C`\-lws2_32 \-lmsvcrt\-ruby\-190\*(C'\fR |
4496 | Roger Pack reports that using the link order \f(CW\*(C`\-lws2_32 \-lmsvcrt\-ruby\-190\*(C'\fR |
4305 | makes rev work even on mingw. |
4497 | makes rev work even on mingw. |
4306 | .IP "Haskell" 4 |
4498 | .IP "Haskell" 4 |
4307 | .IX Item "Haskell" |
4499 | .IX Item "Haskell" |
4308 | A haskell binding to libev is available at |
4500 | A haskell binding to libev is available at |
4309 | http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi\-bin/hackage\-scripts/package/hlibev <http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>. |
4501 | <http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi\-bin/hackage\-scripts/package/hlibev>. |
4310 | .IP "D" 4 |
4502 | .IP "D" 4 |
4311 | .IX Item "D" |
4503 | .IX Item "D" |
4312 | Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (\fIev.d\fR) for libev, to |
4504 | Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (\fIev.d\fR) for libev, to |
4313 | be found at <http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>. |
4505 | be found at <http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>. |
4314 | .IP "Ocaml" 4 |
4506 | .IP "Ocaml" 4 |
4315 | .IX Item "Ocaml" |
4507 | .IX Item "Ocaml" |
4316 | Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at |
4508 | Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at |
4317 | http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml\-ev/ <http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>. |
4509 | <http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml\-ev/>. |
4318 | .IP "Lua" 4 |
4510 | .IP "Lua" 4 |
4319 | .IX Item "Lua" |
4511 | .IX Item "Lua" |
4320 | Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the |
4512 | Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the |
4321 | time of this writing, only \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR), to be found at |
4513 | time of this writing, only \f(CW\*(C`ev_io\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_timer\*(C'\fR), to be found at |
4322 | http://github.com/brimworks/lua\-ev <http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>. |
4514 | <http://github.com/brimworks/lua\-ev>. |
|
|
4515 | .IP "Javascript" 4 |
|
|
4516 | .IX Item "Javascript" |
|
|
4517 | Node.js (<http://nodejs.org>) uses libev as the underlying event library. |
|
|
4518 | .IP "Others" 4 |
|
|
4519 | .IX Item "Others" |
|
|
4520 | There are others, and I stopped counting. |
4323 | .SH "MACRO MAGIC" |
4521 | .SH "MACRO MAGIC" |
4324 | .IX Header "MACRO MAGIC" |
4522 | .IX Header "MACRO MAGIC" |
4325 | Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental |
4523 | Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental |
4326 | of which is \f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR. This option determines whether (most) |
4524 | of which is \f(CW\*(C`EV_MULTIPLICITY\*(C'\fR. This option determines whether (most) |
4327 | functions and callbacks have an initial \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR argument. |
4525 | functions and callbacks have an initial \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR argument. |
… | |
… | |
4410 | .SS "\s-1FILESETS\s0" |
4608 | .SS "\s-1FILESETS\s0" |
4411 | .IX Subsection "FILESETS" |
4609 | .IX Subsection "FILESETS" |
4412 | Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files |
4610 | Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files |
4413 | in your application. |
4611 | in your application. |
4414 | .PP |
4612 | .PP |
4415 | \fI\s-1CORE\s0 \s-1EVENT\s0 \s-1LOOP\s0\fR |
4613 | \fI\s-1CORE EVENT LOOP\s0\fR |
4416 | .IX Subsection "CORE EVENT LOOP" |
4614 | .IX Subsection "CORE EVENT LOOP" |
4417 | .PP |
4615 | .PP |
4418 | To include only the libev core (all the \f(CW\*(C`ev_*\*(C'\fR functions), with manual |
4616 | To include only the libev core (all the \f(CW\*(C`ev_*\*(C'\fR functions), with manual |
4419 | configuration (no autoconf): |
4617 | configuration (no autoconf): |
4420 | .PP |
4618 | .PP |
… | |
… | |
4447 | \& ev_vars.h |
4645 | \& ev_vars.h |
4448 | \& ev_wrap.h |
4646 | \& ev_wrap.h |
4449 | \& |
4647 | \& |
4450 | \& ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only |
4648 | \& ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only |
4451 | \& |
4649 | \& |
4452 | \& ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default) |
4650 | \& ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled |
4453 | \& ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
4651 | \& ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled |
4454 | \& ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
4652 | \& ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled |
|
|
4653 | \& ev_linuxaio.c only when the linux aio backend is enabled |
|
|
4654 | \& ev_iouring.c only when the linux io_uring backend is enabled |
4455 | \& ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
4655 | \& ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled |
4456 | \& ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
4656 | \& ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled |
4457 | .Ve |
4657 | .Ve |
4458 | .PP |
4658 | .PP |
4459 | \&\fIev.c\fR includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need |
4659 | \&\fIev.c\fR includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need |
4460 | to compile this single file. |
4660 | to compile this single file. |
4461 | .PP |
4661 | .PP |
4462 | \fI\s-1LIBEVENT\s0 \s-1COMPATIBILITY\s0 \s-1API\s0\fR |
4662 | \fI\s-1LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API\s0\fR |
4463 | .IX Subsection "LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API" |
4663 | .IX Subsection "LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API" |
4464 | .PP |
4664 | .PP |
4465 | To include the libevent compatibility \s-1API\s0, also include: |
4665 | To include the libevent compatibility \s-1API,\s0 also include: |
4466 | .PP |
4666 | .PP |
4467 | .Vb 1 |
4667 | .Vb 1 |
4468 | \& #include "event.c" |
4668 | \& #include "event.c" |
4469 | .Ve |
4669 | .Ve |
4470 | .PP |
4670 | .PP |
… | |
… | |
4472 | .PP |
4672 | .PP |
4473 | .Vb 1 |
4673 | .Vb 1 |
4474 | \& #include "event.h" |
4674 | \& #include "event.h" |
4475 | .Ve |
4675 | .Ve |
4476 | .PP |
4676 | .PP |
4477 | in the files that want to use the libevent \s-1API\s0. This also includes \fIev.h\fR. |
4677 | in the files that want to use the libevent \s-1API.\s0 This also includes \fIev.h\fR. |
4478 | .PP |
4678 | .PP |
4479 | You need the following additional files for this: |
4679 | You need the following additional files for this: |
4480 | .PP |
4680 | .PP |
4481 | .Vb 2 |
4681 | .Vb 2 |
4482 | \& event.h |
4682 | \& event.h |
4483 | \& event.c |
4683 | \& event.c |
4484 | .Ve |
4684 | .Ve |
4485 | .PP |
4685 | .PP |
4486 | \fI\s-1AUTOCONF\s0 \s-1SUPPORT\s0\fR |
4686 | \fI\s-1AUTOCONF SUPPORT\s0\fR |
4487 | .IX Subsection "AUTOCONF SUPPORT" |
4687 | .IX Subsection "AUTOCONF SUPPORT" |
4488 | .PP |
4688 | .PP |
4489 | Instead of using \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE=1\*(C'\fR and providing your configuration in |
4689 | Instead of using \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE=1\*(C'\fR and providing your configuration in |
4490 | whatever way you want, you can also \f(CW\*(C`m4_include([libev.m4])\*(C'\fR in your |
4690 | whatever way you want, you can also \f(CW\*(C`m4_include([libev.m4])\*(C'\fR in your |
4491 | \&\fIconfigure.ac\fR and leave \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE\*(C'\fR undefined. \fIev.c\fR will then |
4691 | \&\fIconfigure.ac\fR and leave \f(CW\*(C`EV_STANDALONE\*(C'\fR undefined. \fIev.c\fR will then |
… | |
… | |
4494 | For this of course you need the m4 file: |
4694 | For this of course you need the m4 file: |
4495 | .PP |
4695 | .PP |
4496 | .Vb 1 |
4696 | .Vb 1 |
4497 | \& libev.m4 |
4697 | \& libev.m4 |
4498 | .Ve |
4698 | .Ve |
4499 | .SS "\s-1PREPROCESSOR\s0 \s-1SYMBOLS/MACROS\s0" |
4699 | .SS "\s-1PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS\s0" |
4500 | .IX Subsection "PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS" |
4700 | .IX Subsection "PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS" |
4501 | Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to |
4701 | Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to |
4502 | define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in |
4702 | define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in |
4503 | the absence of autoconf is documented for every option. |
4703 | the absence of autoconf is documented for every option. |
4504 | .PP |
4704 | .PP |
4505 | Symbols marked with \*(L"(h)\*(R" do not change the \s-1ABI\s0, and can have different |
4705 | Symbols marked with \*(L"(h)\*(R" do not change the \s-1ABI,\s0 and can have different |
4506 | values when compiling libev vs. including \fIev.h\fR, so it is permissible |
4706 | values when compiling libev vs. including \fIev.h\fR, so it is permissible |
4507 | to redefine them before including \fIev.h\fR without breaking compatibility |
4707 | to redefine them before including \fIev.h\fR without breaking compatibility |
4508 | to a compiled library. All other symbols change the \s-1ABI\s0, which means all |
4708 | to a compiled library. All other symbols change the \s-1ABI,\s0 which means all |
4509 | users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible |
4709 | users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible |
4510 | settings. |
4710 | settings. |
4511 | .IP "\s-1EV_COMPAT3\s0 (h)" 4 |
4711 | .IP "\s-1EV_COMPAT3\s0 (h)" 4 |
4512 | .IX Item "EV_COMPAT3 (h)" |
4712 | .IX Item "EV_COMPAT3 (h)" |
4513 | Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this |
4713 | Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this |
… | |
… | |
4579 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then libev will assume that \f(CW\*(C`eventfd ()\*(C'\fR is |
4779 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then libev will assume that \f(CW\*(C`eventfd ()\*(C'\fR is |
4580 | available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve |
4780 | available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve |
4581 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR performance and reduce resource consumption. |
4781 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR performance and reduce resource consumption. |
4582 | If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc |
4782 | If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc |
4583 | 2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled. |
4783 | 2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled. |
|
|
4784 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_SIGNALFD\s0" 4 |
|
|
4785 | .IX Item "EV_USE_SIGNALFD" |
|
|
4786 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then libev will assume that \f(CW\*(C`signalfd ()\*(C'\fR is |
|
|
4787 | available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This enables |
|
|
4788 | the use of \s-1EVFLAG_SIGNALFD\s0 for faster and simpler signal handling. If |
|
|
4789 | undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc |
|
|
4790 | 2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled. |
|
|
4791 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_TIMERFD\s0" 4 |
|
|
4792 | .IX Item "EV_USE_TIMERFD" |
|
|
4793 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then libev will assume that \f(CW\*(C`timerfd ()\*(C'\fR is |
|
|
4794 | available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This allows |
|
|
4795 | libev to detect time jumps accurately. If undefined, it will be enabled |
|
|
4796 | if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.8 or newer and define |
|
|
4797 | \&\f(CW\*(C`TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET\*(C'\fR, otherwise disabled. |
|
|
4798 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_EVENTFD\s0" 4 |
|
|
4799 | .IX Item "EV_USE_EVENTFD" |
|
|
4800 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, then libev will assume that \f(CW\*(C`eventfd ()\*(C'\fR is |
|
|
4801 | available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve |
|
|
4802 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_signal\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR performance and reduce resource consumption. |
|
|
4803 | If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc |
|
|
4804 | 2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled. |
4584 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_SELECT\s0" 4 |
4805 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_SELECT\s0" 4 |
4585 | .IX Item "EV_USE_SELECT" |
4806 | .IX Item "EV_USE_SELECT" |
4586 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the |
4807 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the |
4587 | \&\f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no |
4808 | \&\f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no |
4588 | other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend |
4809 | other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend |
… | |
… | |
4622 | .IX Item "EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd)" |
4843 | .IX Item "EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd)" |
4623 | If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this |
4844 | If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this |
4624 | macro can be used to override the \f(CW\*(C`close\*(C'\fR function, useful to unregister |
4845 | macro can be used to override the \f(CW\*(C`close\*(C'\fR function, useful to unregister |
4625 | file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close |
4846 | file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close |
4626 | the underlying \s-1OS\s0 handle. |
4847 | the underlying \s-1OS\s0 handle. |
|
|
4848 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_WSASOCKET\s0" 4 |
|
|
4849 | .IX Item "EV_USE_WSASOCKET" |
|
|
4850 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will use \f(CW\*(C`WSASocket\*(C'\fR to create its internal |
|
|
4851 | communication socket, which works better in some environments. Otherwise, |
|
|
4852 | the normal \f(CW\*(C`socket\*(C'\fR function will be used, which works better in other |
|
|
4853 | environments. |
4627 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_POLL\s0" 4 |
4854 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_POLL\s0" 4 |
4628 | .IX Item "EV_USE_POLL" |
4855 | .IX Item "EV_USE_POLL" |
4629 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR(2) |
4856 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR(2) |
4630 | backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non\-win32 platforms. It |
4857 | backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non\-win32 platforms. It |
4631 | takes precedence over select. |
4858 | takes precedence over select. |
… | |
… | |
4634 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux |
4861 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux |
4635 | \&\f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime, |
4862 | \&\f(CW\*(C`epoll\*(C'\fR(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime, |
4636 | otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred |
4863 | otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred |
4637 | backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the |
4864 | backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the |
4638 | headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled. |
4865 | headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled. |
|
|
4866 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_LINUXAIO\s0" 4 |
|
|
4867 | .IX Item "EV_USE_LINUXAIO" |
|
|
4868 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux aio |
|
|
4869 | backend (\f(CW\*(C`EV_USE_EPOLL\*(C'\fR must also be enabled). If undefined, it will be |
|
|
4870 | enabled on linux, otherwise disabled. |
|
|
4871 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_IOURING\s0" 4 |
|
|
4872 | .IX Item "EV_USE_IOURING" |
|
|
4873 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the Linux |
|
|
4874 | io_uring backend (\f(CW\*(C`EV_USE_EPOLL\*(C'\fR must also be enabled). Due to it's |
|
|
4875 | current limitations it has to be requested explicitly. If undefined, it |
|
|
4876 | will be enabled on linux, otherwise disabled. |
4639 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_KQUEUE\s0" 4 |
4877 | .IP "\s-1EV_USE_KQUEUE\s0" 4 |
4640 | .IX Item "EV_USE_KQUEUE" |
4878 | .IX Item "EV_USE_KQUEUE" |
4641 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the \s-1BSD\s0 style |
4879 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will compile in support for the \s-1BSD\s0 style |
4642 | \&\f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime, |
4880 | \&\f(CW\*(C`kqueue\*(C'\fR(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime, |
4643 | otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred |
4881 | otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred |
… | |
… | |
4668 | between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on |
4906 | between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on |
4669 | different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies |
4907 | different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies |
4670 | and makes libev faster. |
4908 | and makes libev faster. |
4671 | .IP "\s-1EV_NO_THREADS\s0" 4 |
4909 | .IP "\s-1EV_NO_THREADS\s0" 4 |
4672 | .IX Item "EV_NO_THREADS" |
4910 | .IX Item "EV_NO_THREADS" |
4673 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will assume that it will never be called |
4911 | If defined to be \f(CW1\fR, libev will assume that it will never be called from |
4674 | from different threads, which is a stronger assumption than \f(CW\*(C`EV_NO_SMP\*(C'\fR, |
4912 | different threads (that includes signal handlers), which is a stronger |
4675 | above. This reduces dependencies and makes libev faster. |
4913 | assumption than \f(CW\*(C`EV_NO_SMP\*(C'\fR, above. This reduces dependencies and makes |
|
|
4914 | libev faster. |
4676 | .IP "\s-1EV_ATOMIC_T\s0" 4 |
4915 | .IP "\s-1EV_ATOMIC_T\s0" 4 |
4677 | .IX Item "EV_ATOMIC_T" |
4916 | .IX Item "EV_ATOMIC_T" |
4678 | Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing \f(CW0\fR or \f(CW1\fR) whose |
4917 | Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing \f(CW0\fR or \f(CW1\fR) whose |
4679 | access is atomic and serialised with respect to other threads or signal |
4918 | access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No |
4680 | contexts. No such type is easily found in the C language, so you can |
4919 | such type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own |
4681 | provide your own type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used |
4920 | type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal |
4682 | both for signal handler \*(L"locking\*(R" as well as for signal and thread safety |
4921 | handler \*(L"locking\*(R" as well as for signal and thread safety in \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR |
4683 | in \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watchers. |
4922 | watchers. |
4684 | .Sp |
4923 | .Sp |
4685 | In the absence of this define, libev will use \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t volatile\*(C'\fR |
4924 | In the absence of this define, libev will use \f(CW\*(C`sig_atomic_t volatile\*(C'\fR |
4686 | (from \fIsignal.h\fR), which is usually good enough on most platforms, |
4925 | (from \fIsignal.h\fR), which is usually good enough on most platforms. |
4687 | although strictly speaking using a type that also implies a memory fence |
|
|
4688 | is required. |
|
|
4689 | .IP "\s-1EV_H\s0 (h)" 4 |
4926 | .IP "\s-1EV_H\s0 (h)" 4 |
4690 | .IX Item "EV_H (h)" |
4927 | .IX Item "EV_H (h)" |
4691 | The name of the \fIev.h\fR header file used to include it. The default if |
4928 | The name of the \fIev.h\fR header file used to include it. The default if |
4692 | undefined is \f(CW"ev.h"\fR in \fIevent.h\fR, \fIev.c\fR and \fIev++.h\fR. This can be |
4929 | undefined is \f(CW"ev.h"\fR in \fIevent.h\fR, \fIev.c\fR and \fIev++.h\fR. This can be |
4693 | used to virtually rename the \fIev.h\fR header file in case of conflicts. |
4930 | used to virtually rename the \fIev.h\fR header file in case of conflicts. |
… | |
… | |
4732 | all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space |
4969 | all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space |
4733 | and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (\-2 .. +2) is usually |
4970 | and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (\-2 .. +2) is usually |
4734 | fine. |
4971 | fine. |
4735 | .Sp |
4972 | .Sp |
4736 | If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these |
4973 | If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these |
4737 | both to \f(CW0\fR will save some memory and \s-1CPU\s0. |
4974 | both to \f(CW0\fR will save some memory and \s-1CPU.\s0 |
4738 | .IP "\s-1EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE\s0, \s-1EV_IDLE_ENABLE\s0, \s-1EV_EMBED_ENABLE\s0, \s-1EV_STAT_ENABLE\s0, \s-1EV_PREPARE_ENABLE\s0, \s-1EV_CHECK_ENABLE\s0, \s-1EV_FORK_ENABLE\s0, \s-1EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE\s0, \s-1EV_ASYNC_ENABLE\s0, \s-1EV_CHILD_ENABLE\s0." 4 |
4975 | .IP "\s-1EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE, EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE, EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.\s0" 4 |
4739 | .IX Item "EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE, EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE, EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE." |
4976 | .IX Item "EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE, EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE, EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE." |
4740 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR (and the platform supports it), then |
4977 | If undefined or defined to be \f(CW1\fR (and the platform supports it), then |
4741 | the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then it |
4978 | the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be \f(CW0\fR, then it |
4742 | is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code size. |
4979 | is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code size. |
4743 | .IP "\s-1EV_FEATURES\s0" 4 |
4980 | .IP "\s-1EV_FEATURES\s0" 4 |
… | |
… | |
4901 | called. If set to \f(CW2\fR, then the internal verification code will be |
5138 | called. If set to \f(CW2\fR, then the internal verification code will be |
4902 | called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to \f(CW3\fR, then the |
5139 | called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to \f(CW3\fR, then the |
4903 | verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down |
5140 | verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down |
4904 | libev considerably. |
5141 | libev considerably. |
4905 | .Sp |
5142 | .Sp |
|
|
5143 | Verification errors are reported via C's \f(CW\*(C`assert\*(C'\fR mechanism, so if you |
|
|
5144 | disable that (e.g. by defining \f(CW\*(C`NDEBUG\*(C'\fR) then no errors will be reported. |
|
|
5145 | .Sp |
4906 | The default is \f(CW1\fR, unless \f(CW\*(C`EV_FEATURES\*(C'\fR overrides it, in which case it |
5146 | The default is \f(CW1\fR, unless \f(CW\*(C`EV_FEATURES\*(C'\fR overrides it, in which case it |
4907 | will be \f(CW0\fR. |
5147 | will be \f(CW0\fR. |
4908 | .IP "\s-1EV_COMMON\s0" 4 |
5148 | .IP "\s-1EV_COMMON\s0" 4 |
4909 | .IX Item "EV_COMMON" |
5149 | .IX Item "EV_COMMON" |
4910 | By default, all watchers have a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member. By redefining |
5150 | By default, all watchers have a \f(CW\*(C`void *data\*(C'\fR member. By redefining |
… | |
… | |
4931 | and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member |
5171 | and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member |
4932 | definition and a statement, respectively. See the \fIev.h\fR header file for |
5172 | definition and a statement, respectively. See the \fIev.h\fR header file for |
4933 | their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to |
5173 | their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to |
4934 | avoid the \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR as first argument in all cases, or to use |
5174 | avoid the \f(CW\*(C`struct ev_loop *\*(C'\fR as first argument in all cases, or to use |
4935 | method calls instead of plain function calls in \*(C+. |
5175 | method calls instead of plain function calls in \*(C+. |
4936 | .SS "\s-1EXPORTED\s0 \s-1API\s0 \s-1SYMBOLS\s0" |
5176 | .SS "\s-1EXPORTED API SYMBOLS\s0" |
4937 | .IX Subsection "EXPORTED API SYMBOLS" |
5177 | .IX Subsection "EXPORTED API SYMBOLS" |
4938 | If you need to re-export the \s-1API\s0 (e.g. via a \s-1DLL\s0) and you need a list of |
5178 | If you need to re-export the \s-1API\s0 (e.g. via a \s-1DLL\s0) and you need a list of |
4939 | exported symbols, you can use the provided \fISymbol.*\fR files which list |
5179 | exported symbols, you can use the provided \fISymbol.*\fR files which list |
4940 | all public symbols, one per line: |
5180 | all public symbols, one per line: |
4941 | .PP |
5181 | .PP |
… | |
… | |
4995 | \& #include "ev_cpp.h" |
5235 | \& #include "ev_cpp.h" |
4996 | \& #include "ev.c" |
5236 | \& #include "ev.c" |
4997 | .Ve |
5237 | .Ve |
4998 | .SH "INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT" |
5238 | .SH "INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT" |
4999 | .IX Header "INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT" |
5239 | .IX Header "INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT" |
5000 | .SS "\s-1THREADS\s0 \s-1AND\s0 \s-1COROUTINES\s0" |
5240 | .SS "\s-1THREADS AND COROUTINES\s0" |
5001 | .IX Subsection "THREADS AND COROUTINES" |
5241 | .IX Subsection "THREADS AND COROUTINES" |
5002 | \fI\s-1THREADS\s0\fR |
5242 | \fI\s-1THREADS\s0\fR |
5003 | .IX Subsection "THREADS" |
5243 | .IX Subsection "THREADS" |
5004 | .PP |
5244 | .PP |
5005 | All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly |
5245 | All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly |
… | |
… | |
5051 | An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only |
5291 | An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only |
5052 | work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the |
5292 | work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the |
5053 | default loop and triggering an \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher from the default loop |
5293 | default loop and triggering an \f(CW\*(C`ev_async\*(C'\fR watcher from the default loop |
5054 | watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal. |
5294 | watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal. |
5055 | .PP |
5295 | .PP |
5056 | See also \*(L"\s-1THREAD\s0 \s-1LOCKING\s0 \s-1EXAMPLE\s0\*(R". |
5296 | See also \*(L"\s-1THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE\*(R"\s0. |
5057 | .PP |
5297 | .PP |
5058 | \fI\s-1COROUTINES\s0\fR |
5298 | \fI\s-1COROUTINES\s0\fR |
5059 | .IX Subsection "COROUTINES" |
5299 | .IX Subsection "COROUTINES" |
5060 | .PP |
5300 | .PP |
5061 | Libev is very accommodating to coroutines (\*(L"cooperative threads\*(R"): |
5301 | Libev is very accommodating to coroutines (\*(L"cooperative threads\*(R"): |
… | |
… | |
5066 | that you must not do this from \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR reschedule callbacks. |
5306 | that you must not do this from \f(CW\*(C`ev_periodic\*(C'\fR reschedule callbacks. |
5067 | .PP |
5307 | .PP |
5068 | Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside |
5308 | Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside |
5069 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as |
5309 | \&\f(CW\*(C`ev_run\*(C'\fR, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as |
5070 | they do not call any callbacks. |
5310 | they do not call any callbacks. |
5071 | .SS "\s-1COMPILER\s0 \s-1WARNINGS\s0" |
5311 | .SS "\s-1COMPILER WARNINGS\s0" |
5072 | .IX Subsection "COMPILER WARNINGS" |
5312 | .IX Subsection "COMPILER WARNINGS" |
5073 | Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a |
5313 | Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a |
5074 | lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently |
5314 | lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently |
5075 | scared by this. |
5315 | scared by this. |
5076 | .PP |
5316 | .PP |
… | |
… | |
5128 | .PP |
5368 | .PP |
5129 | If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project |
5369 | If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project |
5130 | I suggest using suppression lists. |
5370 | I suggest using suppression lists. |
5131 | .SH "PORTABILITY NOTES" |
5371 | .SH "PORTABILITY NOTES" |
5132 | .IX Header "PORTABILITY NOTES" |
5372 | .IX Header "PORTABILITY NOTES" |
5133 | .SS "\s-1GNU/LINUX\s0 32 \s-1BIT\s0 \s-1LIMITATIONS\s0" |
5373 | .SS "\s-1GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS\s0" |
5134 | .IX Subsection "GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS" |
5374 | .IX Subsection "GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS" |
5135 | GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file |
5375 | GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file |
5136 | interfaces but \fIdisables\fR them by default. |
5376 | interfaces but \fIdisables\fR them by default. |
5137 | .PP |
5377 | .PP |
5138 | That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support |
5378 | That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support |
5139 | files larger than 2GiB or so, which mainly affects \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers. |
5379 | files larger than 2GiB or so, which mainly affects \f(CW\*(C`ev_stat\*(C'\fR watchers. |
5140 | .PP |
5380 | .PP |
5141 | Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue |
5381 | Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue |
5142 | by enabling the large file \s-1API\s0, which makes them incompatible with the |
5382 | by enabling the large file \s-1API,\s0 which makes them incompatible with the |
5143 | standard libev compiled for their system. |
5383 | standard libev compiled for their system. |
5144 | .PP |
5384 | .PP |
5145 | Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file \s-1API\s0 itself as this would |
5385 | Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file \s-1API\s0 itself as this would |
5146 | suddenly make it incompatible to the default compile time environment, |
5386 | suddenly make it incompatible to the default compile time environment, |
5147 | i.e. all programs not using special compile switches. |
5387 | i.e. all programs not using special compile switches. |
5148 | .SS "\s-1OS/X\s0 \s-1AND\s0 \s-1DARWIN\s0 \s-1BUGS\s0" |
5388 | .SS "\s-1OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS\s0" |
5149 | .IX Subsection "OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS" |
5389 | .IX Subsection "OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS" |
5150 | The whole thing is a bug if you ask me \- basically any system interface |
5390 | The whole thing is a bug if you ask me \- basically any system interface |
5151 | you touch is broken, whether it is locales, poll, kqueue or even the |
5391 | you touch is broken, whether it is locales, poll, kqueue or even the |
5152 | OpenGL drivers. |
5392 | OpenGL drivers. |
5153 | .PP |
5393 | .PP |
… | |
… | |
5175 | .PP |
5415 | .PP |
5176 | \fI\f(CI\*(C`select\*(C'\fI is buggy\fR |
5416 | \fI\f(CI\*(C`select\*(C'\fI is buggy\fR |
5177 | .IX Subsection "select is buggy" |
5417 | .IX Subsection "select is buggy" |
5178 | .PP |
5418 | .PP |
5179 | All that's left is \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this |
5419 | All that's left is \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this |
5180 | one up as well: On \s-1OS/X\s0, \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR actively limits the number of file |
5420 | one up as well: On \s-1OS/X,\s0 \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR actively limits the number of file |
5181 | descriptors you can pass in to 1024 \- your program suddenly crashes when |
5421 | descriptors you can pass in to 1024 \- your program suddenly crashes when |
5182 | you use more. |
5422 | you use more. |
5183 | .PP |
5423 | .PP |
5184 | There is an undocumented \*(L"workaround\*(R" for this \- defining |
5424 | There is an undocumented \*(L"workaround\*(R" for this \- defining |
5185 | \&\f(CW\*(C`_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT\*(C'\fR, which libev tries to use, so select \fIshould\fR |
5425 | \&\f(CW\*(C`_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT\*(C'\fR, which libev tries to use, so select \fIshould\fR |
5186 | work on \s-1OS/X\s0. |
5426 | work on \s-1OS/X.\s0 |
5187 | .SS "\s-1SOLARIS\s0 \s-1PROBLEMS\s0 \s-1AND\s0 \s-1WORKAROUNDS\s0" |
5427 | .SS "\s-1SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS\s0" |
5188 | .IX Subsection "SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS" |
5428 | .IX Subsection "SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS" |
5189 | \fI\f(CI\*(C`errno\*(C'\fI reentrancy\fR |
5429 | \fI\f(CI\*(C`errno\*(C'\fI reentrancy\fR |
5190 | .IX Subsection "errno reentrancy" |
5430 | .IX Subsection "errno reentrancy" |
5191 | .PP |
5431 | .PP |
5192 | The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so |
5432 | The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so |
… | |
… | |
5209 | great. |
5449 | great. |
5210 | .PP |
5450 | .PP |
5211 | If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting |
5451 | If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting |
5212 | the environment variable \f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS=3\*(C'\fR to only allow \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR and |
5452 | the environment variable \f(CW\*(C`LIBEV_FLAGS=3\*(C'\fR to only allow \f(CW\*(C`poll\*(C'\fR and |
5213 | \&\f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR backends. |
5453 | \&\f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR backends. |
5214 | .SS "\s-1AIX\s0 \s-1POLL\s0 \s-1BUG\s0" |
5454 | .SS "\s-1AIX POLL BUG\s0" |
5215 | .IX Subsection "AIX POLL BUG" |
5455 | .IX Subsection "AIX POLL BUG" |
5216 | \&\s-1AIX\s0 unfortunately has a broken \f(CW\*(C`poll.h\*(C'\fR header. Libev works around |
5456 | \&\s-1AIX\s0 unfortunately has a broken \f(CW\*(C`poll.h\*(C'\fR header. Libev works around |
5217 | this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even |
5457 | this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even |
5218 | compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR works fine |
5458 | compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR works fine |
5219 | with large bitsets on \s-1AIX\s0, and \s-1AIX\s0 is dead anyway. |
5459 | with large bitsets on \s-1AIX,\s0 and \s-1AIX\s0 is dead anyway. |
5220 | .SS "\s-1WIN32\s0 \s-1PLATFORM\s0 \s-1LIMITATIONS\s0 \s-1AND\s0 \s-1WORKAROUNDS\s0" |
5460 | .SS "\s-1WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS\s0" |
5221 | .IX Subsection "WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS" |
5461 | .IX Subsection "WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS" |
5222 | \fIGeneral issues\fR |
5462 | \fIGeneral issues\fR |
5223 | .IX Subsection "General issues" |
5463 | .IX Subsection "General issues" |
5224 | .PP |
5464 | .PP |
5225 | Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. \s-1POSIX\s0) that libev |
5465 | Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. \s-1POSIX\s0) that libev |
… | |
… | |
5294 | \& #define EV_USE_SELECT 1 |
5534 | \& #define EV_USE_SELECT 1 |
5295 | \& #define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */ |
5535 | \& #define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */ |
5296 | .Ve |
5536 | .Ve |
5297 | .PP |
5537 | .PP |
5298 | Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a |
5538 | Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a |
5299 | complexity in the O(nA\*^X) range when using win32. |
5539 | complexity in the O(nX) range when using win32. |
5300 | .PP |
5540 | .PP |
5301 | \fILimited number of file descriptors\fR |
5541 | \fILimited number of file descriptors\fR |
5302 | .IX Subsection "Limited number of file descriptors" |
5542 | .IX Subsection "Limited number of file descriptors" |
5303 | .PP |
5543 | .PP |
5304 | Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. |
5544 | Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. |
… | |
… | |
5320 | by calling \f(CW\*(C`_setmaxstdio\*(C'\fR, which can increase this limit to \f(CW2048\fR |
5560 | by calling \f(CW\*(C`_setmaxstdio\*(C'\fR, which can increase this limit to \f(CW2048\fR |
5321 | (another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft |
5561 | (another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft |
5322 | runtime libraries. This might get you to about \f(CW512\fR or \f(CW2048\fR sockets |
5562 | runtime libraries. This might get you to about \f(CW512\fR or \f(CW2048\fR sockets |
5323 | (depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, |
5563 | (depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, |
5324 | you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but |
5564 | you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but |
5325 | the cost of calling select (O(nA\*^X)) will likely make this unworkable. |
5565 | the cost of calling select (O(nX)) will likely make this unworkable. |
5326 | .SS "\s-1PORTABILITY\s0 \s-1REQUIREMENTS\s0" |
5566 | .SS "\s-1PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS\s0" |
5327 | .IX Subsection "PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS" |
5567 | .IX Subsection "PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS" |
5328 | In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the |
5568 | In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the |
5329 | backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions: |
5569 | backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions: |
5330 | .ie n .IP """void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)"" must have compatible calling conventions regardless of ""ev_watcher_type *""." 4 |
5570 | .ie n .IP """void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)"" must have compatible calling conventions regardless of ""ev_watcher_type *""." 4 |
5331 | .el .IP "\f(CWvoid (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)\fR must have compatible calling conventions regardless of \f(CWev_watcher_type *\fR." 4 |
5571 | .el .IP "\f(CWvoid (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)\fR must have compatible calling conventions regardless of \f(CWev_watcher_type *\fR." 4 |
5332 | .IX Item "void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents) must have compatible calling conventions regardless of ev_watcher_type *." |
5572 | .IX Item "void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents) must have compatible calling conventions regardless of ev_watcher_type *." |
5333 | Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal |
5573 | Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal |
5334 | structure (guaranteed by \s-1POSIX\s0 but not by \s-1ISO\s0 C for example), but it also |
5574 | structure (guaranteed by \s-1POSIX\s0 but not by \s-1ISO C\s0 for example), but it also |
5335 | assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher |
5575 | assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher |
5336 | callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev |
5576 | callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev |
5337 | calls them using an \f(CW\*(C`ev_watcher *\*(C'\fR internally. |
5577 | calls them using an \f(CW\*(C`ev_watcher *\*(C'\fR internally. |
|
|
5578 | .IP "null pointers and integer zero are represented by 0 bytes" 4 |
|
|
5579 | .IX Item "null pointers and integer zero are represented by 0 bytes" |
|
|
5580 | Libev uses \f(CW\*(C`memset\*(C'\fR to initialise structs and arrays to \f(CW0\fR bytes, and |
|
|
5581 | relies on this setting pointers and integers to null. |
5338 | .IP "pointer accesses must be thread-atomic" 4 |
5582 | .IP "pointer accesses must be thread-atomic" 4 |
5339 | .IX Item "pointer accesses must be thread-atomic" |
5583 | .IX Item "pointer accesses must be thread-atomic" |
5340 | Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and |
5584 | Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and |
5341 | writable in one piece \- this is the case on all current architectures. |
5585 | writable in one piece \- this is the case on all current architectures. |
5342 | .ie n .IP """sig_atomic_t volatile"" must be thread-atomic as well" 4 |
5586 | .ie n .IP """sig_atomic_t volatile"" must be thread-atomic as well" 4 |
… | |
… | |
5355 | thread\*(R" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would |
5599 | thread\*(R" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would |
5356 | be compatible with libev. Interaction between \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR and |
5600 | be compatible with libev. Interaction between \f(CW\*(C`sigprocmask\*(C'\fR and |
5357 | \&\f(CW\*(C`pthread_sigmask\*(C'\fR could complicate things, however. |
5601 | \&\f(CW\*(C`pthread_sigmask\*(C'\fR could complicate things, however. |
5358 | .Sp |
5602 | .Sp |
5359 | The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads |
5603 | The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads |
5360 | except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as |
5604 | except the initial one, and run the signal handling loop in the initial |
5361 | well. |
5605 | thread as well. |
5362 | .ie n .IP """long"" must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" 4 |
5606 | .ie n .IP """long"" must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" 4 |
5363 | .el .IP "\f(CWlong\fR must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" 4 |
5607 | .el .IP "\f(CWlong\fR must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" 4 |
5364 | .IX Item "long must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" |
5608 | .IX Item "long must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes" |
5365 | To improve portability and simplify its \s-1API\s0, libev uses \f(CW\*(C`long\*(C'\fR internally |
5609 | To improve portability and simplify its \s-1API,\s0 libev uses \f(CW\*(C`long\*(C'\fR internally |
5366 | instead of \f(CW\*(C`size_t\*(C'\fR when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX |
5610 | instead of \f(CW\*(C`size_t\*(C'\fR when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX |
5367 | systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at |
5611 | systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at |
5368 | least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of |
5612 | least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of |
5369 | watchers. |
5613 | watchers. |
5370 | .ie n .IP """double"" must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" 4 |
5614 | .ie n .IP """double"" must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" 4 |
… | |
… | |
5372 | .IX Item "double must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" |
5616 | .IX Item "double must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy" |
5373 | The type \f(CW\*(C`double\*(C'\fR is used to represent timestamps. It is required to |
5617 | The type \f(CW\*(C`double\*(C'\fR is used to represent timestamps. It is required to |
5374 | have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is |
5618 | have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is |
5375 | good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy |
5619 | good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy |
5376 | (the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by |
5620 | (the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by |
5377 | implementations using \s-1IEEE\s0 754, which is basically all existing ones. |
5621 | implementations using \s-1IEEE 754,\s0 which is basically all existing ones. |
5378 | .Sp |
5622 | .Sp |
5379 | With \s-1IEEE\s0 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the |
5623 | With \s-1IEEE 754\s0 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the |
5380 | year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 \- by then, libev |
5624 | year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 \- by then, libev |
5381 | is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use \f(CW\*(C`long double\*(C'\fR or |
5625 | is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use \f(CW\*(C`long double\*(C'\fR or |
5382 | something like that, just kidding). |
5626 | something like that, just kidding). |
5383 | .PP |
5627 | .PP |
5384 | If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note. |
5628 | If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note. |
… | |
… | |
5446 | calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently |
5690 | calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently |
5447 | blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all |
5691 | blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all |
5448 | running async watchers or all signal numbers. |
5692 | running async watchers or all signal numbers. |
5449 | .SH "PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X" |
5693 | .SH "PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X" |
5450 | .IX Header "PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X" |
5694 | .IX Header "PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X" |
5451 | The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the \s-1API\s0. |
5695 | The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the \s-1API.\s0 |
5452 | .PP |
5696 | .PP |
5453 | At the moment, the \f(CW\*(C`ev.h\*(C'\fR header file provides compatibility definitions |
5697 | At the moment, the \f(CW\*(C`ev.h\*(C'\fR header file provides compatibility definitions |
5454 | for all changes, so most programs should still compile. The compatibility |
5698 | for all changes, so most programs should still compile. The compatibility |
5455 | layer might be removed in later versions of libev, so better update to the |
5699 | layer might be removed in later versions of libev, so better update to the |
5456 | new \s-1API\s0 early than late. |
5700 | new \s-1API\s0 early than late. |
5457 | .ie n .IP """EV_COMPAT3"" backwards compatibility mechanism" 4 |
5701 | .ie n .IP """EV_COMPAT3"" backwards compatibility mechanism" 4 |
5458 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_COMPAT3\fR backwards compatibility mechanism" 4 |
5702 | .el .IP "\f(CWEV_COMPAT3\fR backwards compatibility mechanism" 4 |
5459 | .IX Item "EV_COMPAT3 backwards compatibility mechanism" |
5703 | .IX Item "EV_COMPAT3 backwards compatibility mechanism" |
5460 | The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by |
5704 | The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by |
5461 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_COMPAT3\*(C'\fR. See \*(L"\s-1MACROS\s0\*(R" in \s-1PREPROCESSOR\s0 \s-1SYMBOLS\s0 in the \s-1EMBEDDING\s0 |
5705 | \&\f(CW\*(C`EV_COMPAT3\*(C'\fR. See \*(L"\s-1PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS\*(R"\s0 in the \*(L"\s-1EMBEDDING\*(R"\s0 |
5462 | section. |
5706 | section. |
5463 | .ie n .IP """ev_default_destroy"" and ""ev_default_fork"" have been removed" 4 |
5707 | .ie n .IP """ev_default_destroy"" and ""ev_default_fork"" have been removed" 4 |
5464 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_default_destroy\fR and \f(CWev_default_fork\fR have been removed" 4 |
5708 | .el .IP "\f(CWev_default_destroy\fR and \f(CWev_default_fork\fR have been removed" 4 |
5465 | .IX Item "ev_default_destroy and ev_default_fork have been removed" |
5709 | .IX Item "ev_default_destroy and ev_default_fork have been removed" |
5466 | These calls can be replaced easily by their \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_xxx\*(C'\fR counterparts: |
5710 | These calls can be replaced easily by their \f(CW\*(C`ev_loop_xxx\*(C'\fR counterparts: |
… | |
… | |
5506 | .SH "GLOSSARY" |
5750 | .SH "GLOSSARY" |
5507 | .IX Header "GLOSSARY" |
5751 | .IX Header "GLOSSARY" |
5508 | .IP "active" 4 |
5752 | .IP "active" 4 |
5509 | .IX Item "active" |
5753 | .IX Item "active" |
5510 | A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped. |
5754 | A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped. |
5511 | See \*(L"\s-1WATCHER\s0 \s-1STATES\s0\*(R" for details. |
5755 | See \*(L"\s-1WATCHER STATES\*(R"\s0 for details. |
5512 | .IP "application" 4 |
5756 | .IP "application" 4 |
5513 | .IX Item "application" |
5757 | .IX Item "application" |
5514 | In this document, an application is whatever is using libev. |
5758 | In this document, an application is whatever is using libev. |
5515 | .IP "backend" 4 |
5759 | .IP "backend" 4 |
5516 | .IX Item "backend" |
5760 | .IX Item "backend" |
… | |
… | |
5543 | The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes |
5787 | The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes |
5544 | watchers and events. |
5788 | watchers and events. |
5545 | .IP "pending" 4 |
5789 | .IP "pending" 4 |
5546 | .IX Item "pending" |
5790 | .IX Item "pending" |
5547 | A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been |
5791 | A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been |
5548 | detected. See \*(L"\s-1WATCHER\s0 \s-1STATES\s0\*(R" for details. |
5792 | detected. See \*(L"\s-1WATCHER STATES\*(R"\s0 for details. |
5549 | .IP "real time" 4 |
5793 | .IP "real time" 4 |
5550 | .IX Item "real time" |
5794 | .IX Item "real time" |
5551 | The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :) |
5795 | The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :) |
5552 | .IP "wall-clock time" 4 |
5796 | .IP "wall-clock time" 4 |
5553 | .IX Item "wall-clock time" |
5797 | .IX Item "wall-clock time" |