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4<head> 4<head>
5 <title>libev</title> 5 <title>libev</title>
6 <meta name="description" content="Pod documentation for libev" /> 6 <meta name="description" content="Pod documentation for libev" />
7 <meta name="inputfile" content="&lt;standard input&gt;" /> 7 <meta name="inputfile" content="&lt;standard input&gt;" />
8 <meta name="outputfile" content="&lt;standard output&gt;" /> 8 <meta name="outputfile" content="&lt;standard output&gt;" />
9 <meta name="created" content="Sat Nov 24 08:20:38 2007" /> 9 <meta name="created" content="Wed Nov 28 18:32:11 2007" />
10 <meta name="generator" content="Pod::Xhtml 1.57" /> 10 <meta name="generator" content="Pod::Xhtml 1.57" />
11<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://res.tst.eu/pod.css"/></head> 11<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://res.tst.eu/pod.css"/></head>
12<body> 12<body>
13<div class="pod"> 13<div class="pod">
14<!-- INDEX START --> 14<!-- INDEX START -->
15<h3 id="TOP">Index</h3> 15<h3 id="TOP">Index</h3>
16 16
17<ul><li><a href="#NAME">NAME</a></li> 17<ul><li><a href="#NAME">NAME</a></li>
18<li><a href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li> 18<li><a href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
19<li><a href="#EXAMPLE_PROGRAM">EXAMPLE PROGRAM</a></li>
19<li><a href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></li> 20<li><a href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></li>
20<li><a href="#FEATURES">FEATURES</a></li> 21<li><a href="#FEATURES">FEATURES</a></li>
21<li><a href="#CONVENTIONS">CONVENTIONS</a></li> 22<li><a href="#CONVENTIONS">CONVENTIONS</a></li>
22<li><a href="#TIME_REPRESENTATION">TIME REPRESENTATION</a></li> 23<li><a href="#TIME_REPRESENTATION">TIME REPRESENTATION</a></li>
23<li><a href="#GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS">GLOBAL FUNCTIONS</a></li> 24<li><a href="#GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS">GLOBAL FUNCTIONS</a></li>
24<li><a href="#FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP">FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP</a></li> 25<li><a href="#FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP">FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP</a></li>
25<li><a href="#ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER">ANATOMY OF A WATCHER</a> 26<li><a href="#ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER">ANATOMY OF A WATCHER</a>
26<ul><li><a href="#SUMMARY_OF_GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS">SUMMARY OF GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS</a></li> 27<ul><li><a href="#GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS">GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS</a></li>
27<li><a href="#ASSOCIATING_CUSTOM_DATA_WITH_A_WATCH">ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER</a></li> 28<li><a href="#ASSOCIATING_CUSTOM_DATA_WITH_A_WATCH">ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER</a></li>
28</ul> 29</ul>
29</li> 30</li>
30<li><a href="#WATCHER_TYPES">WATCHER TYPES</a> 31<li><a href="#WATCHER_TYPES">WATCHER TYPES</a>
31<ul><li><a href="#code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip"><code>ev_io</code> - is this file descriptor readable or writable</a></li> 32<ul><li><a href="#code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip"><code>ev_io</code> - is this file descriptor readable or writable?</a></li>
32<li><a href="#code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti"><code>ev_timer</code> - relative and optionally recurring timeouts</a></li> 33<li><a href="#code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti"><code>ev_timer</code> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts</a></li>
33<li><a href="#code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not"><code>ev_periodic</code> - to cron or not to cron</a></li> 34<li><a href="#code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not"><code>ev_periodic</code> - to cron or not to cron?</a></li>
34<li><a href="#code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a"><code>ev_signal</code> - signal me when a signal gets signalled</a></li> 35<li><a href="#code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a"><code>ev_signal</code> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!</a></li>
35<li><a href="#code_ev_child_code_wait_for_pid_stat"><code>ev_child</code> - wait for pid status changes</a></li> 36<li><a href="#code_ev_child_code_watch_out_for_pro"><code>ev_child</code> - watch out for process status changes</a></li>
37<li><a href="#code_ev_stat_code_did_the_file_attri"><code>ev_stat</code> - did the file attributes just change?</a></li>
36<li><a href="#code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no"><code>ev_idle</code> - when you've got nothing better to do</a></li> 38<li><a href="#code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no"><code>ev_idle</code> - when you've got nothing better to do...</a></li>
37<li><a href="#code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che"><code>ev_prepare</code> and <code>ev_check</code> - customise your event loop</a></li> 39<li><a href="#code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che"><code>ev_prepare</code> and <code>ev_check</code> - customise your event loop!</a></li>
38<li><a href="#code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_"><code>ev_embed</code> - when one backend isn't enough</a></li> 40<li><a href="#code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_"><code>ev_embed</code> - when one backend isn't enough...</a></li>
41<li><a href="#code_ev_fork_code_the_audacity_to_re"><code>ev_fork</code> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork</a></li>
39</ul> 42</ul>
40</li> 43</li>
41<li><a href="#OTHER_FUNCTIONS">OTHER FUNCTIONS</a></li> 44<li><a href="#OTHER_FUNCTIONS">OTHER FUNCTIONS</a></li>
42<li><a href="#LIBEVENT_EMULATION">LIBEVENT EMULATION</a></li> 45<li><a href="#LIBEVENT_EMULATION">LIBEVENT EMULATION</a></li>
43<li><a href="#C_SUPPORT">C++ SUPPORT</a></li> 46<li><a href="#C_SUPPORT">C++ SUPPORT</a></li>
47<li><a href="#MACRO_MAGIC">MACRO MAGIC</a></li>
48<li><a href="#EMBEDDING">EMBEDDING</a>
49<ul><li><a href="#FILESETS">FILESETS</a>
50<ul><li><a href="#CORE_EVENT_LOOP">CORE EVENT LOOP</a></li>
51<li><a href="#LIBEVENT_COMPATIBILITY_API">LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API</a></li>
52<li><a href="#AUTOCONF_SUPPORT">AUTOCONF SUPPORT</a></li>
53</ul>
54</li>
55<li><a href="#PREPROCESSOR_SYMBOLS_MACROS">PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS</a></li>
56<li><a href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></li>
57</ul>
58</li>
59<li><a href="#COMPLEXITIES">COMPLEXITIES</a></li>
44<li><a href="#AUTHOR">AUTHOR</a> 60<li><a href="#AUTHOR">AUTHOR</a>
45</li> 61</li>
46</ul><hr /> 62</ul><hr />
47<!-- INDEX END --> 63<!-- INDEX END -->
48 64
49<h1 id="NAME">NAME</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 65<h1 id="NAME">NAME</h1>
50<div id="NAME_CONTENT"> 66<div id="NAME_CONTENT">
51<p>libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C</p> 67<p>libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C</p>
52 68
53</div> 69</div>
54<h1 id="SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 70<h1 id="SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</h1>
55<div id="SYNOPSIS_CONTENT"> 71<div id="SYNOPSIS_CONTENT">
56<pre> #include &lt;ev.h&gt; 72<pre> #include &lt;ev.h&gt;
57 73
58</pre> 74</pre>
59 75
60</div> 76</div>
61<h1 id="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 77<h1 id="EXAMPLE_PROGRAM">EXAMPLE PROGRAM</h1>
78<div id="EXAMPLE_PROGRAM_CONTENT">
79<pre> #include &lt;ev.h&gt;
80
81 ev_io stdin_watcher;
82 ev_timer timeout_watcher;
83
84 /* called when data readable on stdin */
85 static void
86 stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
87 {
88 /* puts (&quot;stdin ready&quot;); */
89 ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */
90 ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */
91 }
92
93 static void
94 timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
95 {
96 /* puts (&quot;timeout&quot;); */
97 ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */
98 }
99
100 int
101 main (void)
102 {
103 struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
104
105 /* initialise an io watcher, then start it */
106 ev_io_init (&amp;stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
107 ev_io_start (loop, &amp;stdin_watcher);
108
109 /* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */
110 ev_timer_init (&amp;timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
111 ev_timer_start (loop, &amp;timeout_watcher);
112
113 /* loop till timeout or data ready */
114 ev_loop (loop, 0);
115
116 return 0;
117 }
118
119</pre>
120
121</div>
122<h1 id="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</h1>
62<div id="DESCRIPTION_CONTENT"> 123<div id="DESCRIPTION_CONTENT">
63<p>Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a 124<p>Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
64file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage 125file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage
65these event sources and provide your program with events.</p> 126these event sources and provide your program with events.</p>
66<p>To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process 127<p>To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process
… …
70watchers</i>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the 131watchers</i>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
71details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by <i>starting</i> the 132details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by <i>starting</i> the
72watcher.</p> 133watcher.</p>
73 134
74</div> 135</div>
75<h1 id="FEATURES">FEATURES</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 136<h1 id="FEATURES">FEATURES</h1>
76<div id="FEATURES_CONTENT"> 137<div id="FEATURES_CONTENT">
77<p>Libev supports select, poll, the linux-specific epoll and the bsd-specific 138<p>Libev supports <code>select</code>, <code>poll</code>, the Linux-specific <code>epoll</code>, the
78kqueue mechanisms for file descriptor events, relative timers, absolute 139BSD-specific <code>kqueue</code> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
79timers with customised rescheduling, signal events, process status change 140for file descriptor events (<code>ev_io</code>), the Linux <code>inotify</code> interface
80events (related to SIGCHLD), and event watchers dealing with the event 141(for <code>ev_stat</code>), relative timers (<code>ev_timer</code>), absolute timers
81loop mechanism itself (idle, prepare and check watchers). It also is quite 142with customised rescheduling (<code>ev_periodic</code>), synchronous signals
143(<code>ev_signal</code>), process status change events (<code>ev_child</code>), and event
144watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (<code>ev_idle</code>,
145<code>ev_embed</code>, <code>ev_prepare</code> and <code>ev_check</code> watchers) as well as
146file watchers (<code>ev_stat</code>) and even limited support for fork events
147(<code>ev_fork</code>).</p>
148<p>It also is quite fast (see this
82fast (see this <a href="http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html">benchmark</a> comparing 149<a href="http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html">benchmark</a> comparing it to libevent
83it to libevent for example).</p> 150for example).</p>
84 151
85</div> 152</div>
86<h1 id="CONVENTIONS">CONVENTIONS</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 153<h1 id="CONVENTIONS">CONVENTIONS</h1>
87<div id="CONVENTIONS_CONTENT"> 154<div id="CONVENTIONS_CONTENT">
88<p>Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration 155<p>Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will
89will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info 156be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about
90about various configuration options please have a look at the file 157various configuration options please have a look at <strong>EMBED</strong> section in
91<cite>README.embed</cite> in the libev distribution. If libev was configured without 158this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event
92support for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial 159loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name <code>loop</code>
93argument of name <code>loop</code> (which is always of type <code>struct ev_loop *</code>) 160(which is always of type <code>struct ev_loop *</code>) will not have this argument.</p>
94will not have this argument.</p>
95 161
96</div> 162</div>
97<h1 id="TIME_REPRESENTATION">TIME REPRESENTATION</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 163<h1 id="TIME_REPRESENTATION">TIME REPRESENTATION</h1>
98<div id="TIME_REPRESENTATION_CONTENT"> 164<div id="TIME_REPRESENTATION_CONTENT">
99<p>Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the 165<p>Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
100(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near 166(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
101the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is 167the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
102called <code>ev_tstamp</code>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases 168called <code>ev_tstamp</code>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
103to the <code>double</code> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on 169to the <code>double</code> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
104it, you should treat it as such.</p> 170it, you should treat it as such.</p>
105 171
106
107
108
109
110</div> 172</div>
111<h1 id="GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS">GLOBAL FUNCTIONS</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 173<h1 id="GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS">GLOBAL FUNCTIONS</h1>
112<div id="GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS_CONTENT"> 174<div id="GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS_CONTENT">
113<p>These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the 175<p>These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
114library in any way.</p> 176library in any way.</p>
115<dl> 177<dl>
116 <dt>ev_tstamp ev_time ()</dt> 178 <dt>ev_tstamp ev_time ()</dt>
… …
129version of the library your program was compiled against.</p> 191version of the library your program was compiled against.</p>
130 <p>Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch, 192 <p>Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
131as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually 193as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
132compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually 194compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
133not a problem.</p> 195not a problem.</p>
134 <p>Example: make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong 196 <p>Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
135version:</p> 197version.</p>
136<pre> assert ((&quot;libev version mismatch&quot;, 198<pre> assert ((&quot;libev version mismatch&quot;,
137 ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR 199 ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
138 &amp;&amp; ev_version_minor () &gt;= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); 200 &amp;&amp; ev_version_minor () &gt;= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
139 201
140</pre> 202</pre>
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170recommended ones.</p> 232recommended ones.</p>
171 <p>See the description of <code>ev_embed</code> watchers for more info.</p> 233 <p>See the description of <code>ev_embed</code> watchers for more info.</p>
172 </dd> 234 </dd>
173 <dt>ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))</dt> 235 <dt>ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))</dt>
174 <dd> 236 <dd>
175 <p>Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar to the 237 <p>Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
176realloc C function, the semantics are identical). It is used to allocate 238semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to
177and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory 239allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when
178needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially 240memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some
179destructive action. The default is your system realloc function.</p> 241potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc
242function.</p>
180 <p>You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, 243 <p>You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
181free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, 244free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
182or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.</p> 245or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.</p>
183 <p>Example: replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then 246 <p>Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
184retries: better than mine).</p> 247retries).</p>
185<pre> static void * 248<pre> static void *
186 persistent_realloc (void *ptr, long size) 249 persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
187 { 250 {
188 for (;;) 251 for (;;)
189 { 252 {
190 void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size); 253 void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
191 254
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208indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this 271indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
209callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no 272callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no
210matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the 273matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
211requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff 274requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
212(such as abort).</p> 275(such as abort).</p>
213 <p>Example: do the same thing as libev does internally:</p> 276 <p>Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.</p>
214<pre> static void 277<pre> static void
215 fatal_error (const char *msg) 278 fatal_error (const char *msg)
216 { 279 {
217 perror (msg); 280 perror (msg);
218 abort (); 281 abort ();
… …
224</pre> 287</pre>
225 </dd> 288 </dd>
226</dl> 289</dl>
227 290
228</div> 291</div>
229<h1 id="FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP">FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 292<h1 id="FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP">FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP</h1>
230<div id="FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP-2"> 293<div id="FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP-2">
231<p>An event loop is described by a <code>struct ev_loop *</code>. The library knows two 294<p>An event loop is described by a <code>struct ev_loop *</code>. The library knows two
232types of such loops, the <i>default</i> loop, which supports signals and child 295types of such loops, the <i>default</i> loop, which supports signals and child
233events, and dynamically created loops which do not.</p> 296events, and dynamically created loops which do not.</p>
234<p>If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop 297<p>If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
… …
354 <dd> 417 <dd>
355 <p>Similar to <code>ev_default_loop</code>, but always creates a new event loop that is 418 <p>Similar to <code>ev_default_loop</code>, but always creates a new event loop that is
356always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot 419always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
357handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by 420handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
358undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).</p> 421undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).</p>
359 <p>Example: try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.</p> 422 <p>Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.</p>
360<pre> struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV); 423<pre> struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
361 if (!epoller) 424 if (!epoller)
362 fatal (&quot;no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair&quot;); 425 fatal (&quot;no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair&quot;);
363 426
364</pre> 427</pre>
… …
457 be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed. 520 be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
458 - If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK 521 - If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
459 were used, return, otherwise continue with step *. 522 were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.
460 523
461</pre> 524</pre>
462 <p>Example: queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding 525 <p>Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding
463anymore.</p> 526anymore.</p>
464<pre> ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long 527<pre> ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
465 ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) 528 ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
466 ev_loop (my_loop, 0); 529 ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
467 ... jobs done. yeah! 530 ... jobs done. yeah!
… …
486example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not 549example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not
487visible to the libev user and should not keep <code>ev_loop</code> from exiting if 550visible to the libev user and should not keep <code>ev_loop</code> from exiting if
488no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent 551no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
489way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party 552way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
490libraries. Just remember to <i>unref after start</i> and <i>ref before stop</i>.</p> 553libraries. Just remember to <i>unref after start</i> and <i>ref before stop</i>.</p>
491 <p>Example: create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping <code>ev_loop</code> 554 <p>Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping <code>ev_loop</code>
492running when nothing else is active.</p> 555running when nothing else is active.</p>
493<pre> struct dv_signal exitsig; 556<pre> struct ev_signal exitsig;
494 ev_signal_init (&amp;exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); 557 ev_signal_init (&amp;exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
495 ev_signal_start (myloop, &amp;exitsig); 558 ev_signal_start (loop, &amp;exitsig);
496 evf_unref (myloop); 559 evf_unref (loop);
497 560
498</pre> 561</pre>
499 <p>Example: for some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.</p> 562 <p>Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.</p>
500<pre> ev_ref (myloop); 563<pre> ev_ref (loop);
501 ev_signal_stop (myloop, &amp;exitsig); 564 ev_signal_stop (loop, &amp;exitsig);
502 565
503</pre> 566</pre>
504 </dd> 567 </dd>
505</dl> 568</dl>
506 569
570
571
572
573
507</div> 574</div>
508<h1 id="ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER">ANATOMY OF A WATCHER</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 575<h1 id="ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER">ANATOMY OF A WATCHER</h1>
509<div id="ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER_CONTENT"> 576<div id="ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER_CONTENT">
510<p>A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your 577<p>A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
511interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to 578interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
512become readable, you would create an <code>ev_io</code> watcher for that:</p> 579become readable, you would create an <code>ev_io</code> watcher for that:</p>
513<pre> static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) 580<pre> static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
… …
570 </dd> 637 </dd>
571 <dt><code>EV_CHILD</code></dt> 638 <dt><code>EV_CHILD</code></dt>
572 <dd> 639 <dd>
573 <p>The pid specified in the <code>ev_child</code> watcher has received a status change.</p> 640 <p>The pid specified in the <code>ev_child</code> watcher has received a status change.</p>
574 </dd> 641 </dd>
642 <dt><code>EV_STAT</code></dt>
643 <dd>
644 <p>The path specified in the <code>ev_stat</code> watcher changed its attributes somehow.</p>
645 </dd>
575 <dt><code>EV_IDLE</code></dt> 646 <dt><code>EV_IDLE</code></dt>
576 <dd> 647 <dd>
577 <p>The <code>ev_idle</code> watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.</p> 648 <p>The <code>ev_idle</code> watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.</p>
578 </dd> 649 </dd>
579 <dt><code>EV_PREPARE</code></dt> 650 <dt><code>EV_PREPARE</code></dt>
… …
584<code>ev_loop</code> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any 655<code>ev_loop</code> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any
585received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as 656received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
586many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account 657many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
587(for example, a <code>ev_prepare</code> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep 658(for example, a <code>ev_prepare</code> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
588<code>ev_loop</code> from blocking).</p> 659<code>ev_loop</code> from blocking).</p>
660 </dd>
661 <dt><code>EV_EMBED</code></dt>
662 <dd>
663 <p>The embedded event loop specified in the <code>ev_embed</code> watcher needs attention.</p>
664 </dd>
665 <dt><code>EV_FORK</code></dt>
666 <dd>
667 <p>The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
668<code>ev_fork</code>).</p>
589 </dd> 669 </dd>
590 <dt><code>EV_ERROR</code></dt> 670 <dt><code>EV_ERROR</code></dt>
591 <dd> 671 <dd>
592 <p>An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might 672 <p>An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might
593happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev 673happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
… …
601programs, though, so beware.</p> 681programs, though, so beware.</p>
602 </dd> 682 </dd>
603</dl> 683</dl>
604 684
605</div> 685</div>
606<h2 id="SUMMARY_OF_GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS">SUMMARY OF GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS</h2> 686<h2 id="GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS">GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS</h2>
607<div id="SUMMARY_OF_GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS-2"> 687<div id="GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS_CONTENT">
608<p>In the following description, <code>TYPE</code> stands for the watcher type, 688<p>In the following description, <code>TYPE</code> stands for the watcher type,
609e.g. <code>timer</code> for <code>ev_timer</code> watchers and <code>io</code> for <code>ev_io</code> watchers.</p> 689e.g. <code>timer</code> for <code>ev_timer</code> watchers and <code>io</code> for <code>ev_io</code> watchers.</p>
610<dl> 690<dl>
611 <dt><code>ev_init</code> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)</dt> 691 <dt><code>ev_init</code> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)</dt>
612 <dd> 692 <dd>
… …
616the type-specific <code>ev_TYPE_set</code> macro afterwards to initialise the 696the type-specific <code>ev_TYPE_set</code> macro afterwards to initialise the
617type-specific parts. For each type there is also a <code>ev_TYPE_init</code> macro 697type-specific parts. For each type there is also a <code>ev_TYPE_init</code> macro
618which rolls both calls into one.</p> 698which rolls both calls into one.</p>
619 <p>You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped 699 <p>You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
620(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.</p> 700(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.</p>
621 <p>The callbakc is always of type <code>void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, 701 <p>The callback is always of type <code>void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
622int revents)</code>.</p> 702int revents)</code>.</p>
623 </dd> 703 </dd>
624 <dt><code>ev_TYPE_set</code> (ev_TYPE *, [args])</dt> 704 <dt><code>ev_TYPE_set</code> (ev_TYPE *, [args])</dt>
625 <dd> 705 <dd>
626 <p>This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to 706 <p>This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
… …
663events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher 743events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
664is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but 744is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
665<code>ev_TYPE_set</code> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to 745<code>ev_TYPE_set</code> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to
666libev (e.g. you cnanot <code>free ()</code> it).</p> 746libev (e.g. you cnanot <code>free ()</code> it).</p>
667 </dd> 747 </dd>
668 <dt>callback = ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)</dt> 748 <dt>callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)</dt>
669 <dd> 749 <dd>
670 <p>Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.</p> 750 <p>Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.</p>
671 </dd> 751 </dd>
672 <dt>ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)</dt> 752 <dt>ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)</dt>
673 <dd> 753 <dd>
… …
705 struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_; 785 struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
706 ... 786 ...
707 } 787 }
708 788
709</pre> 789</pre>
710<p>More interesting and less C-conformant ways of catsing your callback type 790<p>More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
711have been omitted....</p> 791instead have been omitted.</p>
792<p>Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple
793watchers:</p>
794<pre> struct my_biggy
795 {
796 int some_data;
797 ev_timer t1;
798 ev_timer t2;
799 }
712 800
801</pre>
802<p>In this case getting the pointer to <code>my_biggy</code> is a bit more complicated,
803you need to use <code>offsetof</code>:</p>
804<pre> #include &lt;stddef.h&gt;
713 805
806 static void
807 t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
808 {
809 struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
810 (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
811 }
714 812
813 static void
814 t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
815 {
816 struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
817 (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
818 }
715 819
716 820
821
822
823</pre>
824
717</div> 825</div>
718<h1 id="WATCHER_TYPES">WATCHER TYPES</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 826<h1 id="WATCHER_TYPES">WATCHER TYPES</h1>
719<div id="WATCHER_TYPES_CONTENT"> 827<div id="WATCHER_TYPES_CONTENT">
720<p>This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat 828<p>This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
721information given in the last section.</p> 829information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros,
830functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.</p>
831<p>Members are additionally marked with either <i>[read-only]</i>, meaning that,
832while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect some
833sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while the
834watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or <i>[read-write]</i>, which
835means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher
836is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something
837sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will
838not crash or malfunction in any way.</p>
722 839
723 840
724 841
725 842
726 843
727</div> 844</div>
728<h2 id="code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip"><code>ev_io</code> - is this file descriptor readable or writable</h2> 845<h2 id="code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip"><code>ev_io</code> - is this file descriptor readable or writable?</h2>
729<div id="code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip-2"> 846<div id="code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip-2">
730<p>I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable 847<p>I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable
731in each iteration of the event loop (This behaviour is called 848in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading
732level-triggering because you keep receiving events as long as the 849would not block the process and writing would at least be able to write
733condition persists. Remember you can stop the watcher if you don't want to 850some data. This behaviour is called level-triggering because you keep
734act on the event and neither want to receive future events).</p> 851receiving events as long as the condition persists. Remember you can stop
852the watcher if you don't want to act on the event and neither want to
853receive future events.</p>
735<p>In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per 854<p>In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
736fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file 855fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
737descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not 856descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
738required if you know what you are doing).</p> 857required if you know what you are doing).</p>
739<p>You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends 858<p>You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends
740(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file 859(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file
741descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing 860descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing
742to the same underlying file/socket etc. description (that is, they share 861to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
743the same underlying &quot;file open&quot;).</p> 862the same underlying &quot;file open&quot;).</p>
744<p>If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend 863<p>If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
745(at the time of this writing, this includes only <code>EVBACKEND_SELECT</code> and 864(at the time of this writing, this includes only <code>EVBACKEND_SELECT</code> and
746<code>EVBACKEND_POLL</code>).</p> 865<code>EVBACKEND_POLL</code>).</p>
866<p>Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
867receive &quot;spurious&quot; readyness notifications, that is your callback might
868be called with <code>EV_READ</code> but a subsequent <code>read</code>(2) will actually block
869because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
870lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
871this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
872it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra <code>read</code>(2) returning
873<code>EAGAIN</code> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.</p>
874<p>If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
875play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test
876wether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
877such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
878its own, so its quite safe to use).</p>
747<dl> 879<dl>
748 <dt>ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)</dt> 880 <dt>ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)</dt>
749 <dt>ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)</dt> 881 <dt>ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)</dt>
750 <dd> 882 <dd>
751 <p>Configures an <code>ev_io</code> watcher. The fd is the file descriptor to rceeive 883 <p>Configures an <code>ev_io</code> watcher. The <code>fd</code> is the file descriptor to
752events for and events is either <code>EV_READ</code>, <code>EV_WRITE</code> or <code>EV_READ | 884rceeive events for and events is either <code>EV_READ</code>, <code>EV_WRITE</code> or
753EV_WRITE</code> to receive the given events.</p> 885<code>EV_READ | EV_WRITE</code> to receive the given events.</p>
754 <p>Please note that most of the more scalable backend mechanisms (for example 886 </dd>
755epoll and solaris ports) can result in spurious readyness notifications 887 <dt>int fd [read-only]</dt>
756for file descriptors, so you practically need to use non-blocking I/O (and 888 <dd>
757treat callback invocation as hint only), or retest separately with a safe 889 <p>The file descriptor being watched.</p>
758interface before doing I/O (XLib can do this), or force the use of either 890 </dd>
759<code>EVBACKEND_SELECT</code> or <code>EVBACKEND_POLL</code>, which don't suffer from this 891 <dt>int events [read-only]</dt>
760problem. Also note that it is quite easy to have your callback invoked 892 <dd>
761when the readyness condition is no longer valid even when employing 893 <p>The events being watched.</p>
762typical ways of handling events, so its a good idea to use non-blocking
763I/O unconditionally.</p>
764 </dd> 894 </dd>
765</dl> 895</dl>
766<p>Example: call <code>stdin_readable_cb</code> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well 896<p>Example: Call <code>stdin_readable_cb</code> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
767readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could 897readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
768attempt to read a whole line in the callback:</p> 898attempt to read a whole line in the callback.</p>
769<pre> static void 899<pre> static void
770 stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) 900 stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
771 { 901 {
772 ev_io_stop (loop, w); 902 ev_io_stop (loop, w);
773 .. read from stdin here (or from w-&gt;fd) and haqndle any I/O errors 903 .. read from stdin here (or from w-&gt;fd) and haqndle any I/O errors
… …
784 914
785 915
786</pre> 916</pre>
787 917
788</div> 918</div>
789<h2 id="code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti"><code>ev_timer</code> - relative and optionally recurring timeouts</h2> 919<h2 id="code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti"><code>ev_timer</code> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts</h2>
790<div id="code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti-2"> 920<div id="code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti-2">
791<p>Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a 921<p>Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
792given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.</p> 922given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.</p>
793<p>The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that 923<p>The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
794times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years 924times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years
… …
826repeating. The exact semantics are:</p> 956repeating. The exact semantics are:</p>
827 <p>If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it.</p> 957 <p>If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it.</p>
828 <p>If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat 958 <p>If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat
829value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.</p> 959value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.</p>
830 <p>This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical 960 <p>This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
831example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle 961example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called
832timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60 962idle timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been,
833seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to 963say, 60 seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do
834configure an <code>ev_timer</code> with after=repeat=60 and calling ev_timer_again each 964this is to configure an <code>ev_timer</code> with <code>after</code>=<code>repeat</code>=<code>60</code> and calling
835time you successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle 965<code>ev_timer_again</code> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
836state where you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can stop 966you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
837the timer, and again will automatically restart it if need be.</p> 967socket, you can stop the timer, and again will automatically restart it if
968need be.</p>
969 <p>You can also ignore the <code>after</code> value and <code>ev_timer_start</code> altogether
970and only ever use the <code>repeat</code> value:</p>
971<pre> ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
972 ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
973 ...
974 timer-&gt;again = 17.;
975 ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
976 ...
977 timer-&gt;again = 10.;
978 ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
979
980</pre>
981 <p>This is more efficient then stopping/starting the timer eahc time you want
982to modify its timeout value.</p>
983 </dd>
984 <dt>ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]</dt>
985 <dd>
986 <p>The current <code>repeat</code> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
987or <code>ev_timer_again</code> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
988which is also when any modifications are taken into account.</p>
838 </dd> 989 </dd>
839</dl> 990</dl>
840<p>Example: create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.</p> 991<p>Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.</p>
841<pre> static void 992<pre> static void
842 one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) 993 one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
843 { 994 {
844 .. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here 995 .. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
845 } 996 }
… …
847 struct ev_timer mytimer; 998 struct ev_timer mytimer;
848 ev_timer_init (&amp;mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.); 999 ev_timer_init (&amp;mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
849 ev_timer_start (loop, &amp;mytimer); 1000 ev_timer_start (loop, &amp;mytimer);
850 1001
851</pre> 1002</pre>
852<p>Example: create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of 1003<p>Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
853inactivity.</p> 1004inactivity.</p>
854<pre> static void 1005<pre> static void
855 timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) 1006 timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
856 { 1007 {
857 .. ten seconds without any activity 1008 .. ten seconds without any activity
… …
870 1021
871 1022
872</pre> 1023</pre>
873 1024
874</div> 1025</div>
875<h2 id="code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not"><code>ev_periodic</code> - to cron or not to cron</h2> 1026<h2 id="code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not"><code>ev_periodic</code> - to cron or not to cron?</h2>
876<div id="code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not-2"> 1027<div id="code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not-2">
877<p>Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile 1028<p>Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
878(and unfortunately a bit complex).</p> 1029(and unfortunately a bit complex).</p>
879<p>Unlike <code>ev_timer</code>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time) 1030<p>Unlike <code>ev_timer</code>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
880but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher 1031but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
881to trigger &quot;at&quot; some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a 1032to trigger &quot;at&quot; some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
882periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. c&lt;ev_now () 1033periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. <code>ev_now ()
883+ 10.&gt;) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will 1034+ 10.</code>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will
884take a year to trigger the event (unlike an <code>ev_timer</code>, which would trigger 1035take a year to trigger the event (unlike an <code>ev_timer</code>, which would trigger
885roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time 1036roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time
886again).</p> 1037again).</p>
887<p>They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as 1038<p>They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as
888triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.</p> 1039triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.</p>
… …
960 <p>Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful 1111 <p>Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
961when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return 1112when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
962a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like 1113a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
963program when the crontabs have changed).</p> 1114program when the crontabs have changed).</p>
964 </dd> 1115 </dd>
1116 <dt>ev_tstamp interval [read-write]</dt>
1117 <dd>
1118 <p>The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1119take effect when the periodic timer fires or <code>ev_periodic_again</code> is being
1120called.</p>
1121 </dd>
1122 <dt>ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]</dt>
1123 <dd>
1124 <p>The current reschedule callback, or <code>0</code>, if this functionality is
1125switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1126the periodic timer fires or <code>ev_periodic_again</code> is being called.</p>
1127 </dd>
965</dl> 1128</dl>
966<p>Example: call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the 1129<p>Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
967system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have 1130system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
968potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.</p> 1131potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.</p>
969<pre> static void 1132<pre> static void
970 clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) 1133 clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
971 { 1134 {
… …
975 struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; 1138 struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
976 ev_periodic_init (&amp;hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0); 1139 ev_periodic_init (&amp;hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
977 ev_periodic_start (loop, &amp;hourly_tick); 1140 ev_periodic_start (loop, &amp;hourly_tick);
978 1141
979</pre> 1142</pre>
980<p>Example: the same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:</p> 1143<p>Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:</p>
981<pre> #include &lt;math.h&gt; 1144<pre> #include &lt;math.h&gt;
982 1145
983 static ev_tstamp 1146 static ev_tstamp
984 my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) 1147 my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
985 { 1148 {
… …
987 } 1150 }
988 1151
989 ev_periodic_init (&amp;hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb); 1152 ev_periodic_init (&amp;hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
990 1153
991</pre> 1154</pre>
992<p>Example: call a callback every hour, starting now:</p> 1155<p>Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:</p>
993<pre> struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; 1156<pre> struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
994 ev_periodic_init (&amp;hourly_tick, clock_cb, 1157 ev_periodic_init (&amp;hourly_tick, clock_cb,
995 fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0); 1158 fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
996 ev_periodic_start (loop, &amp;hourly_tick); 1159 ev_periodic_start (loop, &amp;hourly_tick);
997 1160
… …
999 1162
1000 1163
1001</pre> 1164</pre>
1002 1165
1003</div> 1166</div>
1004<h2 id="code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a"><code>ev_signal</code> - signal me when a signal gets signalled</h2> 1167<h2 id="code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a"><code>ev_signal</code> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!</h2>
1005<div id="code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a-2"> 1168<div id="code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a-2">
1006<p>Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific 1169<p>Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1007signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev 1170signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1008will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the 1171will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1009normal event processing, like any other event.</p> 1172normal event processing, like any other event.</p>
… …
1018 <dt>ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)</dt> 1181 <dt>ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)</dt>
1019 <dd> 1182 <dd>
1020 <p>Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one 1183 <p>Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one
1021of the <code>SIGxxx</code> constants).</p> 1184of the <code>SIGxxx</code> constants).</p>
1022 </dd> 1185 </dd>
1186 <dt>int signum [read-only]</dt>
1187 <dd>
1188 <p>The signal the watcher watches out for.</p>
1189 </dd>
1023</dl> 1190</dl>
1024 1191
1025 1192
1026 1193
1027 1194
1028 1195
1029</div> 1196</div>
1030<h2 id="code_ev_child_code_wait_for_pid_stat"><code>ev_child</code> - wait for pid status changes</h2> 1197<h2 id="code_ev_child_code_watch_out_for_pro"><code>ev_child</code> - watch out for process status changes</h2>
1031<div id="code_ev_child_code_wait_for_pid_stat-2"> 1198<div id="code_ev_child_code_watch_out_for_pro-2">
1032<p>Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to 1199<p>Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1033some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).</p> 1200some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).</p>
1034<dl> 1201<dl>
1035 <dt>ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)</dt> 1202 <dt>ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)</dt>
1036 <dt>ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)</dt> 1203 <dt>ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)</dt>
… …
1040at the <code>rstatus</code> member of the <code>ev_child</code> watcher structure to see 1207at the <code>rstatus</code> member of the <code>ev_child</code> watcher structure to see
1041the status word (use the macros from <code>sys/wait.h</code> and see your systems 1208the status word (use the macros from <code>sys/wait.h</code> and see your systems
1042<code>waitpid</code> documentation). The <code>rpid</code> member contains the pid of the 1209<code>waitpid</code> documentation). The <code>rpid</code> member contains the pid of the
1043process causing the status change.</p> 1210process causing the status change.</p>
1044 </dd> 1211 </dd>
1212 <dt>int pid [read-only]</dt>
1213 <dd>
1214 <p>The process id this watcher watches out for, or <code>0</code>, meaning any process id.</p>
1215 </dd>
1216 <dt>int rpid [read-write]</dt>
1217 <dd>
1218 <p>The process id that detected a status change.</p>
1219 </dd>
1220 <dt>int rstatus [read-write]</dt>
1221 <dd>
1222 <p>The process exit/trace status caused by <code>rpid</code> (see your systems
1223<code>waitpid</code> and <code>sys/wait.h</code> documentation for details).</p>
1224 </dd>
1045</dl> 1225</dl>
1046<p>Example: try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.</p> 1226<p>Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.</p>
1047<pre> static void 1227<pre> static void
1048 sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents) 1228 sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
1049 { 1229 {
1050 ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); 1230 ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
1051 } 1231 }
… …
1058 1238
1059 1239
1060</pre> 1240</pre>
1061 1241
1062</div> 1242</div>
1243<h2 id="code_ev_stat_code_did_the_file_attri"><code>ev_stat</code> - did the file attributes just change?</h2>
1244<div id="code_ev_stat_code_did_the_file_attri-2">
1245<p>This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1246<code>stat</code> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
1247compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.</p>
1248<p>The path does not need to exist: changing from &quot;path exists&quot; to &quot;path does
1249not exist&quot; is a status change like any other. The condition &quot;path does
1250not exist&quot; is signified by the <code>st_nlink</code> field being zero (which is
1251otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
1252the stat buffer having unspecified contents.</p>
1253<p>Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply
1254calls <code>stat (2)</code> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You
1255can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify
1256a polling interval of <code>0</code> (highly recommended!) then a <i>suitable,
1257unspecified default</i> value will be used (which you can expect to be around
1258five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also
1259impose a minimum interval which is currently around <code>0.1</code>, but thats
1260usually overkill.</p>
1261<p>This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1262as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1263resource-intensive.</p>
1264<p>At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
1265implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
1266reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the
1267semantics of <code>ev_stat</code> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs
1268to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
1269usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
1270polling.</p>
1271<dl>
1272 <dt>ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)</dt>
1273 <dt>ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)</dt>
1274 <dd>
1275 <p>Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of the given
1276<code>path</code>. The <code>interval</code> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1277be detected and should normally be specified as <code>0</code> to let libev choose
1278a suitable value. The memory pointed to by <code>path</code> must point to the same
1279path for as long as the watcher is active.</p>
1280 <p>The callback will be receive <code>EV_STAT</code> when a change was detected,
1281relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1282last change was detected).</p>
1283 </dd>
1284 <dt>ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)</dt>
1285 <dd>
1286 <p>Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1287watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid
1288detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be
1289useful simply to find out the new values.</p>
1290 </dd>
1291 <dt>ev_statdata attr [read-only]</dt>
1292 <dd>
1293 <p>The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of
1294<code>ev_statdata</code>, this is usually the (or one of the) <code>struct stat</code> types
1295suitable for your system. If the <code>st_nlink</code> member is <code>0</code>, then there
1296was some error while <code>stat</code>ing the file.</p>
1297 </dd>
1298 <dt>ev_statdata prev [read-only]</dt>
1299 <dd>
1300 <p>The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1301<code>prev</code> != <code>attr</code>.</p>
1302 </dd>
1303 <dt>ev_tstamp interval [read-only]</dt>
1304 <dd>
1305 <p>The specified interval.</p>
1306 </dd>
1307 <dt>const char *path [read-only]</dt>
1308 <dd>
1309 <p>The filesystem path that is being watched.</p>
1310 </dd>
1311</dl>
1312<p>Example: Watch <code>/etc/passwd</code> for attribute changes.</p>
1313<pre> static void
1314 passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1315 {
1316 /* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1317 if (w-&gt;attr.st_nlink)
1318 {
1319 printf (&quot;passwd current size %ld\n&quot;, (long)w-&gt;attr.st_size);
1320 printf (&quot;passwd current atime %ld\n&quot;, (long)w-&gt;attr.st_mtime);
1321 printf (&quot;passwd current mtime %ld\n&quot;, (long)w-&gt;attr.st_mtime);
1322 }
1323 else
1324 /* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1325 puts (&quot;wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. &quot;
1326 &quot;if this is windows, they already arrived\n&quot;);
1327 }
1328
1329 ...
1330 ev_stat passwd;
1331
1332 ev_stat_init (&amp;passwd, passwd_cb, &quot;/etc/passwd&quot;);
1333 ev_stat_start (loop, &amp;passwd);
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338</pre>
1339
1340</div>
1063<h2 id="code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no"><code>ev_idle</code> - when you've got nothing better to do</h2> 1341<h2 id="code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no"><code>ev_idle</code> - when you've got nothing better to do...</h2>
1064<div id="code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no-2"> 1342<div id="code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no-2">
1065<p>Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending 1343<p>Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending
1066(prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count). That is, as long 1344(prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count). That is, as long
1067as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals, 1345as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals,
1068imagine) it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle all idle 1346imagine) it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle all idle
… …
1081 <p>Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any 1359 <p>Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1082kind. There is a <code>ev_idle_set</code> macro, but using it is utterly pointless, 1360kind. There is a <code>ev_idle_set</code> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1083believe me.</p> 1361believe me.</p>
1084 </dd> 1362 </dd>
1085</dl> 1363</dl>
1086<p>Example: dynamically allocate an <code>ev_idle</code>, start it, and in the 1364<p>Example: Dynamically allocate an <code>ev_idle</code> watcher, start it, and in the
1087callback, free it. Alos, use no error checking, as usual.</p> 1365callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.</p>
1088<pre> static void 1366<pre> static void
1089 idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents) 1367 idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
1090 { 1368 {
1091 free (w); 1369 free (w);
1092 // now do something you wanted to do when the program has 1370 // now do something you wanted to do when the program has
… …
1101 1379
1102 1380
1103</pre> 1381</pre>
1104 1382
1105</div> 1383</div>
1106<h2 id="code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che"><code>ev_prepare</code> and <code>ev_check</code> - customise your event loop</h2> 1384<h2 id="code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che"><code>ev_prepare</code> and <code>ev_check</code> - customise your event loop!</h2>
1107<div id="code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che-2"> 1385<div id="code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che-2">
1108<p>Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem: 1386<p>Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:
1109prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers 1387prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1110afterwards.</p> 1388afterwards.</p>
1389<p>You <i>must not</i> call <code>ev_loop</code> or similar functions that enter
1390the current event loop from either <code>ev_prepare</code> or <code>ev_check</code>
1391watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The
1392rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in
1393those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be <code>ev_prepare</code>, blocking,
1394<code>ev_check</code> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
1395called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.</p>
1111<p>Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and 1396<p>Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1112their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track 1397their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track
1113variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a 1398variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1114coroutine library and lots more.</p> 1399coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
1400you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
1401in X programs you might want to do an <code>XFlush ()</code> in an <code>ev_prepare</code>
1402watcher).</p>
1115<p>This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need 1403<p>This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
1116to be watched by the other library, registering <code>ev_io</code> watchers for 1404to be watched by the other library, registering <code>ev_io</code> watchers for
1117them and starting an <code>ev_timer</code> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries 1405them and starting an <code>ev_timer</code> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
1118provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for 1406provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
1119any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers 1407any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers
… …
1135 <p>Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no 1423 <p>Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
1136parameters of any kind. There are <code>ev_prepare_set</code> and <code>ev_check_set</code> 1424parameters of any kind. There are <code>ev_prepare_set</code> and <code>ev_check_set</code>
1137macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.</p> 1425macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.</p>
1138 </dd> 1426 </dd>
1139</dl> 1427</dl>
1140<p>Example: *TODO*.</p> 1428<p>Example: To include a library such as adns, you would add IO watchers
1429and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, as required by libadns, and
1430in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows is
1431pseudo-code only of course:</p>
1432<pre> static ev_io iow [nfd];
1433 static ev_timer tw;
1141 1434
1435 static void
1436 io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1437 {
1438 // set the relevant poll flags
1439 // could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1440 struct pollfd *fd = (struct pollfd *)w-&gt;data;
1441 if (revents &amp; EV_READ ) fd-&gt;revents |= fd-&gt;events &amp; POLLIN;
1442 if (revents &amp; EV_WRITE) fd-&gt;revents |= fd-&gt;events &amp; POLLOUT;
1443 }
1142 1444
1445 // create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1446 static void
1447 adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1448 {
1449 int timeout = 3600000;truct pollfd fds [nfd];
1450 // actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1451 adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &amp;nfd, &amp;timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1143 1452
1453 /* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1454 ev_timer_init (&amp;tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
1455 ev_timer_start (loop, &amp;tw);
1144 1456
1457 // create on ev_io per pollfd
1458 for (int i = 0; i &lt; nfd; ++i)
1459 {
1460 ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1461 ((fds [i].events &amp; POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1462 | (fds [i].events &amp; POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1145 1463
1464 fds [i].revents = 0;
1465 iow [i].data = fds + i;
1466 ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1467 }
1468 }
1469
1470 // stop all watchers after blocking
1471 static void
1472 adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1473 {
1474 ev_timer_stop (loop, &amp;tw);
1475
1476 for (int i = 0; i &lt; nfd; ++i)
1477 ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
1478
1479 adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1480 }
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485</pre>
1486
1146</div> 1487</div>
1147<h2 id="code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_"><code>ev_embed</code> - when one backend isn't enough</h2> 1488<h2 id="code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_"><code>ev_embed</code> - when one backend isn't enough...</h2>
1148<div id="code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_-2"> 1489<div id="code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_-2">
1149<p>This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop 1490<p>This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
1150into another (currently only <code>ev_io</code> events are supported in the embedded 1491into another (currently only <code>ev_io</code> events are supported in the embedded
1151loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect 1492loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect
1152fashion and must not be used).</p> 1493fashion and must not be used).</p>
… …
1220 <dd> 1561 <dd>
1221 <p>Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works 1562 <p>Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1222similarly to <code>ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)</code>, but in the most 1563similarly to <code>ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)</code>, but in the most
1223apropriate way for embedded loops.</p> 1564apropriate way for embedded loops.</p>
1224 </dd> 1565 </dd>
1566 <dt>struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]</dt>
1567 <dd>
1568 <p>The embedded event loop.</p>
1569 </dd>
1225</dl> 1570</dl>
1226 1571
1227 1572
1228 1573
1229 1574
1230 1575
1231</div> 1576</div>
1232<h1 id="OTHER_FUNCTIONS">OTHER FUNCTIONS</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 1577<h2 id="code_ev_fork_code_the_audacity_to_re"><code>ev_fork</code> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork</h2>
1578<div id="code_ev_fork_code_the_audacity_to_re-2">
1579<p>Fork watchers are called when a <code>fork ()</code> was detected (usually because
1580whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
1581<code>ev_default_fork</code> or <code>ev_loop_fork</code>). The invocation is done before the
1582event loop blocks next and before <code>ev_check</code> watchers are being called,
1583and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
1584<code>ev_default_fork</code> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
1585handlers will be invoked, too, of course.</p>
1586<dl>
1587 <dt>ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)</dt>
1588 <dd>
1589 <p>Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
1590kind. There is a <code>ev_fork_set</code> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1591believe me.</p>
1592 </dd>
1593</dl>
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599</div>
1600<h1 id="OTHER_FUNCTIONS">OTHER FUNCTIONS</h1>
1233<div id="OTHER_FUNCTIONS_CONTENT"> 1601<div id="OTHER_FUNCTIONS_CONTENT">
1234<p>There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.</p> 1602<p>There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.</p>
1235<dl> 1603<dl>
1236 <dt>ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)</dt> 1604 <dt>ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)</dt>
1237 <dd> 1605 <dd>
… …
1284 1652
1285 1653
1286 1654
1287 1655
1288</div> 1656</div>
1289<h1 id="LIBEVENT_EMULATION">LIBEVENT EMULATION</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 1657<h1 id="LIBEVENT_EMULATION">LIBEVENT EMULATION</h1>
1290<div id="LIBEVENT_EMULATION_CONTENT"> 1658<div id="LIBEVENT_EMULATION_CONTENT">
1291<p>Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot 1659<p>Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
1292emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:</p> 1660emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:</p>
1293<dl> 1661<dl>
1294 <dt>* Use it by including &lt;event.h&gt;, as usual.</dt> 1662 <dt>* Use it by including &lt;event.h&gt;, as usual.</dt>
… …
1304 <dt>* The libev emulation is <i>not</i> ABI compatible to libevent, you need 1672 <dt>* The libev emulation is <i>not</i> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
1305to use the libev header file and library.</dt> 1673to use the libev header file and library.</dt>
1306</dl> 1674</dl>
1307 1675
1308</div> 1676</div>
1309<h1 id="C_SUPPORT">C++ SUPPORT</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 1677<h1 id="C_SUPPORT">C++ SUPPORT</h1>
1310<div id="C_SUPPORT_CONTENT"> 1678<div id="C_SUPPORT_CONTENT">
1311<p>TBD.</p> 1679<p>Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
1680you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
1681the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.</p>
1682<p>To use it,</p>
1683<pre> #include &lt;ev++.h&gt;
1312 1684
1685</pre>
1686<p>(it is not installed by default). This automatically includes <cite>ev.h</cite>
1687and puts all of its definitions (many of them macros) into the global
1688namespace. All C++ specific things are put into the <code>ev</code> namespace.</p>
1689<p>It should support all the same embedding options as <cite>ev.h</cite>, most notably
1690<code>EV_MULTIPLICITY</code>.</p>
1691<p>Here is a list of things available in the <code>ev</code> namespace:</p>
1692<dl>
1693 <dt><code>ev::READ</code>, <code>ev::WRITE</code> etc.</dt>
1694 <dd>
1695 <p>These are just enum values with the same values as the <code>EV_READ</code> etc.
1696macros from <cite>ev.h</cite>.</p>
1697 </dd>
1698 <dt><code>ev::tstamp</code>, <code>ev::now</code></dt>
1699 <dd>
1700 <p>Aliases to the same types/functions as with the <code>ev_</code> prefix.</p>
1701 </dd>
1702 <dt><code>ev::io</code>, <code>ev::timer</code>, <code>ev::periodic</code>, <code>ev::idle</code>, <code>ev::sig</code> etc.</dt>
1703 <dd>
1704 <p>For each <code>ev_TYPE</code> watcher in <cite>ev.h</cite> there is a corresponding class of
1705the same name in the <code>ev</code> namespace, with the exception of <code>ev_signal</code>
1706which is called <code>ev::sig</code> to avoid clashes with the <code>signal</code> macro
1707defines by many implementations.</p>
1708 <p>All of those classes have these methods:</p>
1709 <p>
1710 <dl>
1711 <dt>ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *)</dt>
1712 <dt>ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *, struct ev_loop *)</dt>
1713 <dt>ev::TYPE::~TYPE</dt>
1714 <dd>
1715 <p>The constructor takes a pointer to an object and a method pointer to
1716the event handler callback to call in this class. The constructor calls
1717<code>ev_init</code> for you, which means you have to call the <code>set</code> method
1718before starting it. If you do not specify a loop then the constructor
1719automatically associates the default loop with this watcher.</p>
1720 <p>The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.</p>
1721 </dd>
1722 <dt>w-&gt;set (struct ev_loop *)</dt>
1723 <dd>
1724 <p>Associates a different <code>struct ev_loop</code> with this watcher. You can only
1725do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).</p>
1726 </dd>
1727 <dt>w-&gt;set ([args])</dt>
1728 <dd>
1729 <p>Basically the same as <code>ev_TYPE_set</code>, with the same args. Must be
1730called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
1731automatically stopped and restarted.</p>
1732 </dd>
1733 <dt>w-&gt;start ()</dt>
1734 <dd>
1735 <p>Starts the watcher. Note that there is no <code>loop</code> argument as the
1736constructor already takes the loop.</p>
1737 </dd>
1738 <dt>w-&gt;stop ()</dt>
1739 <dd>
1740 <p>Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no <code>loop</code> argument.</p>
1741 </dd>
1742 <dt>w-&gt;again () <code>ev::timer</code>, <code>ev::periodic</code> only</dt>
1743 <dd>
1744 <p>For <code>ev::timer</code> and <code>ev::periodic</code>, this invokes the corresponding
1745<code>ev_TYPE_again</code> function.</p>
1746 </dd>
1747 <dt>w-&gt;sweep () <code>ev::embed</code> only</dt>
1748 <dd>
1749 <p>Invokes <code>ev_embed_sweep</code>.</p>
1750 </dd>
1751 <dt>w-&gt;update () <code>ev::stat</code> only</dt>
1752 <dd>
1753 <p>Invokes <code>ev_stat_stat</code>.</p>
1754 </dd>
1755 </dl>
1756 </p>
1757 </dd>
1758</dl>
1759<p>Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
1760the constructor.</p>
1761<pre> class myclass
1762 {
1763 ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &amp;w, int revents);
1764 ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &amp;w, int revents);
1765
1766 myclass ();
1767 }
1768
1769 myclass::myclass (int fd)
1770 : io (this, &amp;myclass::io_cb),
1771 idle (this, &amp;myclass::idle_cb)
1772 {
1773 io.start (fd, ev::READ);
1774 }
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779</pre>
1780
1313</div> 1781</div>
1314<h1 id="AUTHOR">AUTHOR</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p> 1782<h1 id="MACRO_MAGIC">MACRO MAGIC</h1>
1783<div id="MACRO_MAGIC_CONTENT">
1784<p>Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is
1785<code>EV_MULTIPLICITY</code>. This option determines wether (most) functions and
1786callbacks have an initial <code>struct ev_loop *</code> argument.</p>
1787<p>To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
1788following macros are defined:</p>
1789<dl>
1790 <dt><code>EV_A</code>, <code>EV_A_</code></dt>
1791 <dd>
1792 <p>This provides the loop <i>argument</i> for functions, if one is required (&quot;ev
1793loop argument&quot;). The <code>EV_A</code> form is used when this is the sole argument,
1794<code>EV_A_</code> is used when other arguments are following. Example:</p>
1795<pre> ev_unref (EV_A);
1796 ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
1797 ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1798
1799</pre>
1800 <p>It assumes the variable <code>loop</code> of type <code>struct ev_loop *</code> is in scope,
1801which is often provided by the following macro.</p>
1802 </dd>
1803 <dt><code>EV_P</code>, <code>EV_P_</code></dt>
1804 <dd>
1805 <p>This provides the loop <i>parameter</i> for functions, if one is required (&quot;ev
1806loop parameter&quot;). The <code>EV_P</code> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
1807<code>EV_P_</code> is used when other parameters are following. Example:</p>
1808<pre> // this is how ev_unref is being declared
1809 static void ev_unref (EV_P);
1810
1811 // this is how you can declare your typical callback
1812 static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1813
1814</pre>
1815 <p>It declares a parameter <code>loop</code> of type <code>struct ev_loop *</code>, quite
1816suitable for use with <code>EV_A</code>.</p>
1817 </dd>
1818 <dt><code>EV_DEFAULT</code>, <code>EV_DEFAULT_</code></dt>
1819 <dd>
1820 <p>Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
1821loop, if multiple loops are supported (&quot;ev loop default&quot;).</p>
1822 </dd>
1823</dl>
1824<p>Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, working regardless of
1825wether multiple loops are supported or not.</p>
1826<pre> static void
1827 check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1828 {
1829 ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
1830 }
1831
1832 ev_check check;
1833 ev_check_init (&amp;check, check_cb);
1834 ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &amp;check);
1835 ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840</pre>
1841
1842</div>
1843<h1 id="EMBEDDING">EMBEDDING</h1>
1844<div id="EMBEDDING_CONTENT">
1845<p>Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
1846applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
1847Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
1848and rxvt-unicode.</p>
1849<p>The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your
1850source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
1851you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
1852libev somewhere in your source tree).</p>
1853
1854</div>
1855<h2 id="FILESETS">FILESETS</h2>
1856<div id="FILESETS_CONTENT">
1857<p>Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
1858in your app.</p>
1859
1860</div>
1861<h3 id="CORE_EVENT_LOOP">CORE EVENT LOOP</h3>
1862<div id="CORE_EVENT_LOOP_CONTENT">
1863<p>To include only the libev core (all the <code>ev_*</code> functions), with manual
1864configuration (no autoconf):</p>
1865<pre> #define EV_STANDALONE 1
1866 #include &quot;ev.c&quot;
1867
1868</pre>
1869<p>This will automatically include <cite>ev.h</cite>, too, and should be done in a
1870single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
1871it, do the same for <cite>ev.h</cite> in all files wishing to use this API (best
1872done by writing a wrapper around <cite>ev.h</cite> that you can include instead and
1873where you can put other configuration options):</p>
1874<pre> #define EV_STANDALONE 1
1875 #include &quot;ev.h&quot;
1876
1877</pre>
1878<p>Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
1879compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
1880as a bug).</p>
1881<p>You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
1882in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):</p>
1883<pre> ev.h
1884 ev.c
1885 ev_vars.h
1886 ev_wrap.h
1887
1888 ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
1889
1890 ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is by default)
1891 ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1892 ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1893 ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1894 ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1895
1896</pre>
1897<p><cite>ev.c</cite> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
1898to compile this single file.</p>
1899
1900</div>
1901<h3 id="LIBEVENT_COMPATIBILITY_API">LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API</h3>
1902<div id="LIBEVENT_COMPATIBILITY_API_CONTENT">
1903<p>To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:</p>
1904<pre> #include &quot;event.c&quot;
1905
1906</pre>
1907<p>in the file including <cite>ev.c</cite>, and:</p>
1908<pre> #include &quot;event.h&quot;
1909
1910</pre>
1911<p>in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes <cite>ev.h</cite>.</p>
1912<p>You need the following additional files for this:</p>
1913<pre> event.h
1914 event.c
1915
1916</pre>
1917
1918</div>
1919<h3 id="AUTOCONF_SUPPORT">AUTOCONF SUPPORT</h3>
1920<div id="AUTOCONF_SUPPORT_CONTENT">
1921<p>Instead of using <code>EV_STANDALONE=1</code> and providing your config in
1922whatever way you want, you can also <code>m4_include([libev.m4])</code> in your
1923<cite>configure.ac</cite> and leave <code>EV_STANDALONE</code> undefined. <cite>ev.c</cite> will then
1924include <cite>config.h</cite> and configure itself accordingly.</p>
1925<p>For this of course you need the m4 file:</p>
1926<pre> libev.m4
1927
1928</pre>
1929
1930</div>
1931<h2 id="PREPROCESSOR_SYMBOLS_MACROS">PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS</h2>
1932<div id="PREPROCESSOR_SYMBOLS_MACROS_CONTENT">
1933<p>Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define
1934before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity
1935and only include the select backend.</p>
1936<dl>
1937 <dt>EV_STANDALONE</dt>
1938 <dd>
1939 <p>Must always be <code>1</code> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
1940keeps libev from including <cite>config.h</cite>, and it also defines dummy
1941implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
1942supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
1943<cite>event.h</cite> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.</p>
1944 </dd>
1945 <dt>EV_USE_MONOTONIC</dt>
1946 <dd>
1947 <p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1948monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use
1949of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
1950usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
1951the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have
1952to make sure you link against any libraries where the <code>clock_gettime</code>
1953function is hiding in (often <cite>-lrt</cite>).</p>
1954 </dd>
1955 <dt>EV_USE_REALTIME</dt>
1956 <dd>
1957 <p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1958realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at
1959runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will
1960be attempted. This effectively replaces <code>gettimeofday</code> by <code>clock_get
1961(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)</code> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries
1962in the description of <code>EV_USE_MONOTONIC</code>, though.</p>
1963 </dd>
1964 <dt>EV_USE_SELECT</dt>
1965 <dd>
1966 <p>If undefined or defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the
1967<code>select</code>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no
1968other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
1969will not be compiled in.</p>
1970 </dd>
1971 <dt>EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET</dt>
1972 <dd>
1973 <p>If defined to <code>1</code>, then the select backend will use the system <code>fd_set</code>
1974structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
1975<code>NFDBITS</code> or <code>fd_mask</code> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on
1976exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
1977low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
1978allows 64 sockets). The <code>FD_SETSIZE</code> macro, set before compilation, might
1979influence the size of the <code>fd_set</code> used.</p>
1980 </dd>
1981 <dt>EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET</dt>
1982 <dd>
1983 <p>When defined to <code>1</code>, the select backend will assume that
1984select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
1985wants osf handles on win32 (this is the case when the select to
1986be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
1987<code>_get_osfhandle</code> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
1988it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
1989on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.</p>
1990 </dd>
1991 <dt>EV_USE_POLL</dt>
1992 <dd>
1993 <p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the <code>poll</code>(2)
1994backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
1995takes precedence over select.</p>
1996 </dd>
1997 <dt>EV_USE_EPOLL</dt>
1998 <dd>
1999 <p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
2000<code>epoll</code>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2001otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the
2002preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.</p>
2003 </dd>
2004 <dt>EV_USE_KQUEUE</dt>
2005 <dd>
2006 <p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2007<code>kqueue</code>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
2008otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2009backend for BSD and BSD-like systems, although on most BSDs kqueue only
2010supports some types of fds correctly (the only platform we found that
2011supports ptys for example was NetBSD), so kqueue might be compiled in, but
2012not be used unless explicitly requested. The best way to use it is to find
2013out whether kqueue supports your type of fd properly and use an embedded
2014kqueue loop.</p>
2015 </dd>
2016 <dt>EV_USE_PORT</dt>
2017 <dd>
2018 <p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the Solaris
201910 port style backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2020otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2021backend for Solaris 10 systems.</p>
2022 </dd>
2023 <dt>EV_USE_DEVPOLL</dt>
2024 <dd>
2025 <p>reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.</p>
2026 </dd>
2027 <dt>EV_USE_INOTIFY</dt>
2028 <dd>
2029 <p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2030interface to speed up <code>ev_stat</code> watchers. Its actual availability will
2031be detected at runtime.</p>
2032 </dd>
2033 <dt>EV_H</dt>
2034 <dd>
2035 <p>The name of the <cite>ev.h</cite> header file used to include it. The default if
2036undefined is <code>&lt;ev.h&gt;</code> in <cite>event.h</cite> and <code>&quot;ev.h&quot;</code> in <cite>ev.c</cite>. This
2037can be used to virtually rename the <cite>ev.h</cite> header file in case of conflicts.</p>
2038 </dd>
2039 <dt>EV_CONFIG_H</dt>
2040 <dd>
2041 <p>If <code>EV_STANDALONE</code> isn't <code>1</code>, this variable can be used to override
2042<cite>ev.c</cite>'s idea of where to find the <cite>config.h</cite> file, similarly to
2043<code>EV_H</code>, above.</p>
2044 </dd>
2045 <dt>EV_EVENT_H</dt>
2046 <dd>
2047 <p>Similarly to <code>EV_H</code>, this macro can be used to override <cite>event.c</cite>'s idea
2048of how the <cite>event.h</cite> header can be found.</p>
2049 </dd>
2050 <dt>EV_PROTOTYPES</dt>
2051 <dd>
2052 <p>If defined to be <code>0</code>, then <cite>ev.h</cite> will not define any function
2053prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
2054occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
2055around libev functions.</p>
2056 </dd>
2057 <dt>EV_MULTIPLICITY</dt>
2058 <dd>
2059 <p>If undefined or defined to <code>1</code>, then all event-loop-specific functions
2060will have the <code>struct ev_loop *</code> as first argument, and you can create
2061additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
2062for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
2063argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.</p>
2064 </dd>
2065 <dt>EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE</dt>
2066 <dd>
2067 <p>If undefined or defined to be <code>1</code>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2068defined to be <code>0</code>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
2069code.</p>
2070 </dd>
2071 <dt>EV_EMBED_ENABLE</dt>
2072 <dd>
2073 <p>If undefined or defined to be <code>1</code>, then embed watchers are supported. If
2074defined to be <code>0</code>, then they are not.</p>
2075 </dd>
2076 <dt>EV_STAT_ENABLE</dt>
2077 <dd>
2078 <p>If undefined or defined to be <code>1</code>, then stat watchers are supported. If
2079defined to be <code>0</code>, then they are not.</p>
2080 </dd>
2081 <dt>EV_FORK_ENABLE</dt>
2082 <dd>
2083 <p>If undefined or defined to be <code>1</code>, then fork watchers are supported. If
2084defined to be <code>0</code>, then they are not.</p>
2085 </dd>
2086 <dt>EV_MINIMAL</dt>
2087 <dd>
2088 <p>If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2089speed, define this symbol to <code>1</code>. Currently only used for gcc to override
2090some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.</p>
2091 </dd>
2092 <dt>EV_PID_HASHSIZE</dt>
2093 <dd>
2094 <p><code>ev_child</code> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2095pid. The default size is <code>16</code> (or <code>1</code> with <code>EV_MINIMAL</code>), usually more
2096than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
2097increase this value (<i>must</i> be a power of two).</p>
2098 </dd>
2099 <dt>EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE</dt>
2100 <dd>
2101 <p><code>ev_staz</code> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2102inotify watch id. The default size is <code>16</code> (or <code>1</code> with <code>EV_MINIMAL</code>),
2103usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of <code>ev_stat</code>
2104watchers you might want to increase this value (<i>must</i> be a power of
2105two).</p>
2106 </dd>
2107 <dt>EV_COMMON</dt>
2108 <dd>
2109 <p>By default, all watchers have a <code>void *data</code> member. By redefining
2110this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2111members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2112though, and it must be identical each time.</p>
2113 <p>For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:</p>
2114<pre> #define EV_COMMON \
2115 SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2116 SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing &quot;;&quot; */
2117
2118</pre>
2119 </dd>
2120 <dt>EV_CB_DECLARE (type)</dt>
2121 <dt>EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)</dt>
2122 <dt>ev_set_cb (ev, cb)</dt>
2123 <dd>
2124 <p>Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
2125and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
2126definition and a statement, respectively. See the <cite>ev.v</cite> header file for
2127their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2128avoid the <code>struct ev_loop *</code> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2129method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.</p>
2130
2131</div>
2132<h2 id="EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</h2>
2133<div id="EXAMPLES_CONTENT">
2134 <p>For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
2135verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
2136(<a href="http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html">http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html</a>). It has the libev files in
2137the <cite>libev/</cite> subdirectory and includes them in the <cite>EV/EVAPI.h</cite> (public
2138interface) and <cite>EV.xs</cite> (implementation) files. Only the <cite>EV.xs</cite> file
2139will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header
2140file.</p>
2141 <p>The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a <cite>ev_cpp.h</cite> header file
2142that everybody includes and which overrides some autoconf choices:</p>
2143<pre> #define EV_USE_POLL 0
2144 #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2145 #define EV_PERIODICS 0
2146 #define EV_CONFIG_H &lt;config.h&gt;
2147
2148 #include &quot;ev++.h&quot;
2149
2150</pre>
2151 <p>And a <cite>ev_cpp.C</cite> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:</p>
2152<pre> #include &quot;ev_cpp.h&quot;
2153 #include &quot;ev.c&quot;
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158</pre>
2159
2160</div>
2161<h1 id="COMPLEXITIES">COMPLEXITIES</h1>
2162<div id="COMPLEXITIES_CONTENT">
2163 <p>In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
2164libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
2165documentation for <code>ev_default_init</code>.</p>
2166 <p>
2167 <dl>
2168 <dt>Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)</dt>
2169 <dt>Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)</dt>
2170 <dt>Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)</dt>
2171 <dt>Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)</dt>
2172 <dt>Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))</dt>
2173 <dt>Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)</dt>
2174 <dt>Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)</dt>
2175 <dt>Activating one watcher: O(1)</dt>
2176 </dl>
2177 </p>
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183</div>
2184<h1 id="AUTHOR">AUTHOR</h1>
1315<div id="AUTHOR_CONTENT"> 2185<div id="AUTHOR_CONTENT">
1316<p>Marc Lehmann &lt;libev@schmorp.de&gt;.</p> 2186 <p>Marc Lehmann &lt;libev@schmorp.de&gt;.</p>
1317 2187
1318</div> 2188</div>
1319</div></body> 2189</div></body>
1320</html> 2190</html>

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